dr11 expository structures -kaye

11 Expository

StructuresBy: Kayce Joy L. SaliendrezDR

Kayce Joy L. Saliendrez BEEd III

2Expository

Latin “expositio” – to set forth Webster Dictionary –setting forth of facts ,ideas, detailed explanation

3


• Types of Exposition

• The Paragraph Structure


4The Paragraph Structure

• Greek “para”-by the side of and “graphein”- to write

• Group of unified sentences• Unified by a central idea-topic

sentence

• The way the ideas are arranged in the paragraph


5Paragraph Structure

1. Deductive 2. Inductive3. The topic sentence can be

found in the middle4. The main idea is implied


6Deductive

General Particular

Topic Sentence

Supporting Details

Kayce Joy L. Saliendrez BEEd III 7

Deductive

Generalization

Supporting Details


The habit of smoking is unhealthy for young persons because it adversely affects the blood. The red blood corpuscles of young persons are not yet fully developed. They are not yet fully charged with normal supply of oxygen. This is the reason why young boys who smoke are pale. Palpitation of the heart commonly results because of lack of oxygen supply. This may be followed by the permanent weakness. The whole system may be enfeebled and mental as well as physical vigor impaired. Teachers can tell who of their students are addicted to smoking merely by the appearance of the smokers. This inferiority may also be evident in their intellectual and bodily indolence. The evil effects of tobacco are not so evident in mature people. But competent physicians assert that tobacco cannot be safely used by everyone


9Inductive

Particular General

Supporting Details

Generalization


10Example

Practically, then, at present, advancement in life means becoming conspicuous in life, obtaining position which shall be acknowledged by others to be respectable or honorable. We do not understand by this advancement, in general, the mere maing of money, but being known to have made it;not the accomplishment of any great aim, but by being seen to have accomplished it. In a word, we mean the gratification for our thirst for applause


11

The topic sentence may be found in the middle

• Sentences before and after the topic sentence support the general idea or topic

Topic Sentence


12

Sample passage

When a camera flash is used in a low-light environment, the subject's eyes may appear red in the finished photograph. What is known as "red-eye" is the result of light from the flash reflecting off the pupils of the eyes. The phenomenon of red-eye can be lessened by using the red-eye reduction feature found on many SLR cameras. This feature activates a lamp which shines a small light directly into the subject's eyes. When this happens, the diameter of the pupil is reduced, thus tightening the opening in the iris. Since a smaller pupil means a smaller host for the reflection, the chances of red-eye occurring are greatly reduced.


13

The main idea is implied

• The sentences are of equal rank and all the ideas contribute to one topic

• Used paragraph as transitional devices


14

Example

Radios have been stolen from four cars in our parking garage this month. Each time, the thieves have managed to get by the parking garage security with radios in hand, even though they do not have a parking garage identification card, which people must show as they enter and exit the garage. Yet each time, the security officers say they have seen nothing unusual.


15

Do you wear glasses? Make sure your glasses fit well. The earpieces should be at eye level. Don’t try to adjust the earpieces yourself. Take your glasses for adjustments to the place you bought them. Keep your glasses in a case when you’re not wearing them. This will prevent scratches. Keep the lenses clean. A soft cloth is best for cleaning.


Find the main idea of the paragraphs. Identify its paragraph structure

People often refer to taxes in terms of their being much too high. In reality, they are probably even higher than you think, because in addition to the federal income tax we are now studying, there are many other Federal, State, and local taxes, including sales taxes, inheritance taxes, state income taxes, personal property taxes, real estate taxes, and others. These are just some of the most obvious ones.a. Taxes are much too high.b. We pay more taxes than we may realize.c. Inheritance taxes and real estate taxes are unfair.d. Some taxes are hidden.


17

The fact that electronic computers are now used for data processing has led the general Public to believe that it is a mysterious, complicated science and that the computers areGiant brains. Both of these ideas are false. A computer is basically just a high-speed adding Machine that performs the functions it is told to. If the input data are varied even a little, The computer is unable to operate until it is programmed to accept the variations. The Business operations it performs are impressive only because of the extremely high speed of Manipulation, but most of these operations have been used for decades. Unlike man, the Computer performs repetitive calculations without getting tired or bored.a. A computer is a high-speed adding machine.b. A computer is a mysterious giant brain.c. A computer is impressive because of its high speed.d. A computer is superior to man in many ways.


18

Find the topic sentence. Identify its paragraph structure

Constructing a wedding cake is a complicated process. Before any baking takes place, the size of the cake and the decorative design to be used must be determined. Then the layers are baked. On a large cake the bottom layers may be as much as sixteen inches in diameter. Because of their size, these layers must be baked one at a time, a process which may actually take an entire day. Once the layers are cooled, same-size pairs are matched and frosted. Since large wedding cakes are surprisingly heavy, half-inch dowel rods must be measured, cut, and carefully driven into the bottom layers. These wooden posts provide hidden support for the weighty upper layers. When all the layers are set in place, flowers, garlands and leaves of frosting are added. These delicate touches individualize the wedding cake and transform it from merely a cake into a culinary work of art.


People do it every day. They log on to their favorite website and browse for hours, checking out bargains. They dump every possible wish into their shopping carts, knowing they can cast each one aside before they finalize their purchases. On the way, they may enter a sweepstakes in the hopes of winning a trip to Cabo San Lucas, or maybe even a new SUV. And then, when they have decided on their purchases, they enter private information without giving it a thought. With a keystroke, they release their personal data into what may or may not be a secure zone. Despite what much of the public believes, internet shopping is not safe.


20

Exposition

Form of discourse whose primary purpose is to explain or interpret facts and ideas.Exposition is used in description, narration, and argumentation


21Types of Exposition

• Time Arrangement• Space Arrangement• Process• Example • Analysis by partition• Analysis by classification• Analogy• Comparison and contrast• Definition• Cause and effect• Familiar to unfamiliar


22

Time Arrangement

• “Chronological arrangement”• Patterns of arrangement are used

in narration as in tracing step-by-step the sequence of events


23

SAMPLE PASSAGE:

The Olympic games began as athletic festivals to honor the Greek gods. The most important festival was held in the valley of Olympia to honor Zeus, the king of the gods. It was this festival that became the Olympic games in 776 B.C. These games were ended in A.D. 394 by the Roman Emperor who ruled Greece. No Olympic games were held for more than 1,500 years. Then the modern Olympics began in 1896. Almost 300 male athletes competed in the first modern Olympics In the games held in 1900, female athletes were allowed to compete. The games have continued every four years since 1896 except during World War II, and they will most likely continue for many years to come.


24

Space Arrangement

• It involves description

CUE WORDS: for example, the characteristics are, etc.

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER:


Sample Passage:

The Olympic symbol consists of five interlocking rings. The rings represent the five continents - Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America - from which athletes come to compete in the games. The rings are colored black blue, green, red, and yellow. At least one of these colors is found in the flag of every country sending athletes to compete in the Olympic games.


26

Process

• Explain how to make or do something• Simple or complex• Simple process-an elementary

explanation• Complex process-complicated

method


27

Process

2. Add cheese.

3. Cook onone side.

4. Flip omelet.


28Process The author lists items or events in

numerical or chronological order.

CUE WORDS: first, second, third; next; then; finally…

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER:


29

The best way to treat a wound is to first wash it with soap and water.Wipe the cut with a piece of sterilized cotton or clean cloth.Apply a little iodine to disinfect it.Cover it with bandage.What you will use for bandage depends upon the size and location of the wound.Small,prepared bandages are good for small wounds.For larger wounds,use a gauze or a folded piece of cotton.Wrap this around the wound and hold it in place by the narrow strips of adhesive tape to keep the bandage a snug fit. Don't bandage in a wound too tightly because this may shut off the circulation of the blood

Sample passage


30Example

• Proving a point and explaining a rule or generalization by giving an example


31

Example


32Analysis by partition

• The analytic method entails the breaking down of a subject into its components parts and showing their relation to one another and to the subject as a whole


33A Sample Passage

Beavers are among the best known of the rodents.They are thickset and heavy,weighing up to sixty-five pounds. Their legs are short and strong.The hind feet are webbed and these help them in swimming.The tail is flat and naked,covered with scales.The tail is used used as a rudder when swimming; it also serves to make loud splashes as warning of danger to the beaver colony, and to prop up the beaver when he is gnawing down trees.


34Analysis by Classification

• Division of elements that make up an idea or an object

• Each division is independent of the others although each contribute to the general theme


35

A Sample Passage

There are many types of microphone available.Each has certain advantages and disadvantages.The first is the carbon microphone,which consist of a diaphragm and a small cup filled with carbon granules.The second is the crystal microphone and this is the mostly used in lower-cost installations.It has a relatively high output level and high impedance.The last type is the dynamic microphone,which consist of a metal diaphragm , a coil that is connected to it, and a magnet.Its construction and operation are similar to those of a dynamic speaker.


36

Analogy

• Shows relation of likeness between two things• Consists of the attributes or

circumstances as effects• familiar -----unfamiliar• Used in law courts, in solving

problems in geometry and in explaining certain idea in simple terms


37

A book is like a single house. It is a mansion of many rooms on different levels, of different sizes and shapes, with different outlooks, rooms with different functions to perform. These rooms are independent in part. Each has its own structure and interior decoration. But they are not absolutely independent and separate. They are connected by doors and arches, by corridors and stairways. Because they are connected, the partial function which each performs contributes its share to the usefulness of the whole house. Otherwise the house would not be


38Comparison &Contrast

• Compare two or more objects or ideas to show the similarities or differences or both


39Comparison & Contrast

however even thoughbut on the contraryyet otherwisedespite in comparisonstill on the other hand

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER:


40

SAMPLE PASSAGE:

Julio studies in the living rrom where all members of the family sit and talk or listen to the radio or watch tv. Mary takes her books and goes to a corner where she can be alone to prepare her lessons. Julio opens his book,read for a while, leans over to pat his dog,whistles the tune being played on the radio,yawns, and returns to his book. Mary reads her book and allows nothing to disturb her. She reads and writes carefully with concentration. When both are in class next morning,Julio cannot understand why he cannot answer the questions because he knows that he studied his lesson the night before. Mary knows her lesson and answers the questions right.at the end of the year, of course, Julio fails and Mary is promoted to the next grade.


41

Definition

• Explanation of a word, phrase or an idea using words that are easily understood by the reader

• It involves two main steps


42

Two main steps

• Classification- the inclusion of a term in the general group to which it belongs by its component• Differentiation – it includes the

characteristics or descriptive words that would show how an object is different from other s belonging to the same kind


43

Intensive definition Extensive definition

• consist of only one or two sentences

• use clear and simple terms

• Do not employ any derivation of the word being defined.

• Do not make definition too broad or too narrow

• usually employs various devices

• example • partition or

classification • cause and effect• telling what the idea or

object is not like


44

Sample passage

Barangay and its variants balanhai,biniday,baranghai was originally a boat, possibly of Malay design,that could carry from 60 to 90 persons.The term likewise used to mean ethnic grou=ping that settled in the archipelago in pre-Spanish times.Thus, the name for the vessel would be used in early Spanish chronicles to refer to an indigenous Philippine political unit at the time of Spanish contact.Today,when Filipinos form associations or organized as a such,the grouping is popularly called barangay.


45Cause and Effect

Gives the causes of a certain event as well as its effect

An action and its results are explained.

Cause Effect

Students did not learnthe material.

They performed poorly on the test.


46Cause and Effect

for this reason thusin order to as a resultbecauseconsequentlyso that on account oftherefore accordingly

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER:


47

Example

It is a good thing for us to realize that we have duties as well as rights. If we think only of our rights, our country will perish, we know it. If we think only of what the country should do for us, we forget that we owe to our country.it is a good thing to enjoy all our rights as citizens of our country, but we must remember that the natural result of enjoying one's rights is the obligation of safeguarding those rights. Rights imply that realization of duties-the duty to serve our country, in peace and in time of need.


48

SAMPLE PASSAGE:

There are several reasons why so many people attend the Olympic games or watch them on television. One reason is tradition. The name Olympics and the torch and flame remind people of the ancient games. People can escape the ordinariness of daily life by attending or watching the Olympics. They like to identify with someone else's individual sacrifice and accomplishment. National pride is another reason, and an athlete's or a team's hard earned victory becomes a nation's victory. There are national medal counts and people keep track of how many medals their country's athletes have won.


49Familiar to unfamiliar

It makes use of a familiar object or event to explain what is

unfamiliar


50Practice

1. Read each passage.2. Determine how the text is

organized.3. Write your answer.


51

Popular Sports

Football and baseball are two of the most popular sports in the country. They have many things in common. For one, they are both team sports, and they both require players to advance to an end or “home” point on the playing field. However, football requires players to carry the ball to the end zone, whereas in baseball, it is the defending team that controls the ball while it is in play.


52Studying for a Test

Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. The first thing that you must do is take out your notes. Open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your notebook. When you are done, close your notebook and see if you remember the ideas that you were studying. Still don’t remember? Open your notebook back up a try again.


53Peanut Butter and Jelly

After a long day at school, I came home and watched “Cops,” my favorite show. During the commercial breaks, I got up and made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. I took the bread out of the cabinet, spread the jelly and peanut butter on the bread, and stuck the two pieces together. I enjoyed that sandwich as I watched the rest of “Cops.”


54The Gym Room

The gym room at the high school down the street from me is huge. Along the North and South walls are bleachers that fold up during gym. Coach pulls the bleachers out for big games. At the end of the East and West walls are basketball hoops. The ceilings are very high and at the top of the gym are many large windows. The windows go all the way around the gym. There are also ropes that are either tucked away or hang from the ceilings in the middle of the gym. The ropes intimidate some students. That gym is my favorite place.


55Eligibility

Being involved in after school sports and clubs is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore, students have to meet eligibility requirements. If students have any “D”s or “F”s, they are not allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in the club. Lastly, students need to keep good attendance. If students miss school, they most certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a team is a lot of responsibility. If students are not proving to be responsible, they will not be permitted to be in clubs or teams.


56Answers

1. Compare and contrast2. Sequential3. Sequential4. Description5. Cause and effect


57

Identify the following as to the expository structure used.

Choose your answer from the list of methods of exposition.


Piranha are omnivorous, freshwater fish, which are mostly known for their single row of sharp, triangular teeth in both jaws. Piranhas’ teeth come together in a scissor-like bite and are used for puncture and tearing. Baby piranha are small, about the size of a thumbnail, but full-grown piranha grow up to about 6-10 inches, and some individual fish up to 2 feet long have been found. The many species of piranha vary in color, though most are either silvery with an orange underbelly and throat or almost entirely black.


You can safely swim with piranhas, but it’s important to know how and when to do it. First, chose an appropriate time, preferably at night and during the rainy season. Avoid piranha-infested waters during the dry season, when food supplies are low and piranhas are more desperate. Piranhas feed during the day, so night-time swimming is much safer. Second, streamline your movement. Wild or erratic activity attracts the attention of piranhas. Swim slowly and smoothly. Finally, never enter the water with an open wound or raw meat. Piranhas attack larger animals only when they are wounded. The presence of blood in the water may tempt the fish to attack. If you follow these simple precautions, you will have little to fear.


Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species of fish, depending on whom you ask. The many species fall into four genera: Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus, and Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus genus are the most common variety, the kind you might find in a pet store. Pygopristis piranha are herbivores, feasting on seeds and fruits, not flesh. In contrast, fish in the Serrasalmus genus eat only meat, and their teeth are razor-sharp. Pristobrycon are the least friendly of all piranhas; they often bite the fins of other fish, even fish of the same species. The label piranha, then, refers to a wide variety of species.


Students are often confounded by the prospect of writing an essay for the first time. I tell them that the process of writing an essay is not much different than the process of building a fence around a yard. Both the fence and the essay are structures, systems composed of interrelated parts that function as a whole. First one determines the need for the structure, gauging whether it will help to solve some problem one has identified or make matters worse. Next will come some kind of rough plan and a determination of necessary parts and equipment. At about this stage, the writer or builder generally stops to ponder whether the project will be worth what it costs.


There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best sellers-unread,untouched(this deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink ,not books).The second has a great many books-few of them read through, most of them dipped into,but all of them read is clean and shiny as the day they were bought (this person is probably like to make books of his own,but is restrained by the false respect of their physical appearance).The third has a few books or many-every one of them dogeared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by the continual use,marked and scribbled in from front to back(this man owns his books).


Propaganda is the expression of opinions or action by individuals or groups deliberately designed to influence the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups with reference to predetermined ends.


64

Propaganda differs from scientific analysis.The propagandist is trying to put across good or bad,whereas the scientific is trying to discover truth and fact.Often the propagandist does not want careful scrutiny and criticism; he wants to bring about a specific action.


It is easier to recognize propaganda if we are familiar with the seven common propaganda vices. These are:

a. The Name Calling Deviceb.The Glittering Generalities Devicec.The Transfer Deviced.The Testimonial Devicee.The Plain Folks Devicef.The Card Stacking Device


66

In the story of "The Little Red Hen", the story teller begins with finding of the rice grains.The story continues when the little red hen asks questions like: Who will help me plant the rice?Who will help me harvest the rice?Who will help me pound the rice?Who will help me bake the bread?


67

An engineer is surveying a piece of land.On the map he prepares, he has to give the landmarks.There is a creek running in a broken arc along the northwest section.There are two rows of coconut on the east and a cart trail on the south.


68

The comma has many uses. One rule is: Do not use a comma to separate adjectives that seem to modify a following noun but which really modify each other or have become a part of the noun.


The kingdom of heaven is like unto a net that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind; which when it was full, they drew to share , and sat down, and gathered the goods on top the vessels, but cast the bad away. So shall it be all the end of the world; angels shall come forth, and severe the wicked from the just.- Matthew 13:47-49


70References

• Writer's choice Vol.10• Writer's choice Vol.• Developmental Reading 1• Hidalgo, Araceli C. et.al.Effective

Communication in English.College English (JMC Press,Inc. 1982)

• Baraceros,Ph.D, Esther I. English 3; English for Academic Writing.Manila,Philippines:Rex Bookstore,inc.

• Serrano,Josephine B. Third Edition,Better English for the Philippine High Schools, Third year, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,Inc.1994


71

References

• http://www.rit.edu/ntid/rate/sea/processes/paragraph/process/placement

http://www.rit.edu/ntid/rate/sea/processes/paragraph/process/placement



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