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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 1
第三单元:殖民和独立革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
主要观念:
3.1 荷兰,英国,和法国对纽约州的影响
3.2 殖民依赖和改造地理环境的方法
3.3 殖民时期社会的经济体系
3.4 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造起 13 个殖民地
3.5 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造我们的社区,
地区,和州
3.6 殖民地时期的生活方式和日常活动
3.7 殖民时期的政府
3.8 革命的起因
3.9 住在纽约的个人和团体的重要成就
3.10 纽约的地理位置对战争的影响
3.11 纽约的印第安人对战争的影响
3.12 长岛战役的作用
3.13 萨拉托加战役的作用
3.14 纽约州的效忠者和反对英国者
3.15 独立革命时期的领导者
3.16 独立革命战争的结果
Key Ideas:
3.1 Dutch, English, and French influences in
New York State
3.2 Ways that colonists depended on and
modified their physical environment
3.3 The economic system in colonial societies
3.4 Cultural similarities and differences that
helped shaped the 13 colonies
3.5 Cultural similarities and differences that
helped shaped our community, local
region, and State
3.6 Different lifestyles and daily activities in
the colonies
3.7 Colonial governments
3.8 Causes for revolution
3.9 Important accomplishments of individuals
and groups living in our community and
region
3.10 How the location of New York State
influenced the War
3.11 How Native American Indians in New
York State influenced the War
3.12 The role of the Battle of Long Island
3.13 The role of the Battle of Saratoga
3.14 Loyalists and Patriots in New York State
3.15 Leaders of the Revolution
3.16 Effects of the Revolutionary War
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 2
单元大纲 Unit Overview
当 1492 年哥伦布(Columbus) 发现新大陆的消息传
回欧洲以后,其他的欧洲探险家相继而来,希望
能够在北美洲和南美洲发掘天然资源。1600年中
期以前, 法国,英国,和荷兰已经探险过大西洋彼
岸,就是现在的美国,并在北美洲建立殖民地,
尤其是英国和荷兰沿著大西洋岸建立他们的殖民
地。 许多欧洲人为了寻找新的生活也跟着来到美
洲殖民地。
1700 年中期,法国和英国为了争夺位于阿帕拉契
山脉 (the Appalachian Mountains) 和密西西比河
(Mississippi River) 中间的土地控制权而战。1776
年, 13 个英国殖民地决定脱离大英帝国统治。
英国控制了纽约,阻隔了新英格兰殖民地和南部
的殖民地。英国战胜了起初的几场战役,但是却
输掉了重要的萨拉托加战役。经过 6年艰苦的战
争,美国终于赢得了最后胜利。美国独立革命让
13 个殖民地成为一个独立的国家。美国人可以制
定自己的法律。他们创建了一个以自由为基本理
念的国家。
When news of Columbus’s 1492 voyage to the
Americas reached Europe, other European
explorers followed, hoping to exploit the natural
resources in North and South America. By the
1600s France, England, and the Netherlands had
explored the Atlantic coast of what is now the
United States and had established colonies in
North America. England and the Netherlands
had an interest in the lands along the Atlantic
coast. Many Europeans looking for a new life
followed.
In the mid 1700s, France and England were
fighting over control of the part of America
between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River. In 1776, the 13 British
colonies decided to break away from Great
Britain.
British control of New York would have
separated the New England colonies from the
Southern colonies. The British won early battles
but lost the important Battle of Saratoga. After
six long years of war, the Americans had finally
won. The American Revolution made the 13
colonies a separate country. The Americans
could now make their own laws. They began to
build a country based on ideas of freedom.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 3
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?
Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.1 主要观念
荷兰,英国,和法国对纽约州的影响
3.1 Key Idea Dutch, English, and French influences in New
York State
詞汇:
1. 文化遗产 2. 容忍 3.多元化
4. 英国大宪章 5. 修改 6.法国清教徒
7. 工匠
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. heritage 2. toleration 3. diversity
4. Magna Carta 5. adapted 6. Huguenots
7. artisans
摘要:
欧洲探险家回到他们的国家,报告有关新大陆的
种种富饶资源,许多国家的人民都争相到新大陆
定居。在 1600 年到 1776年间,位于现在的纽约
地区,受到至少来自三个不同地方的人的影响:
荷兰人,法国人,和英国人。来自不同地方的人
带来了新的语言,运动,事物,建筑物,宗教,
和习惯。
Summary:
When the European explorers went back to their
countries and told about all the riches in the New
World, many countries were anxious to set up a
new colony there. Between 1600 and 1776, the
present day NY area was influenced by at least
three different groups: the Dutch, the French,
and the British. Each different group of people
brought in new languages, sports, foods,
building styles, possibly religions, and customs.
内容:
荷兰人对纽约的影响
在荷兰西印度公司(Dutch West India Company)
派送 110个定居者沿著哈德逊河谷建立交易站以
后,荷兰人于 1624 年抵达现在的曼哈顿尖端。这
片土地是由荷兰管理者,彼得・米纽伊特(Peter
Minuit),於 1626 年和欧冈昆(Algonquins)族以
价值约 24美元的物品交换得来。荷兰将这个新的
殖民地命名为新阿姆斯特丹(New Amsterdam),并
修建街道,水道,风车和农庄。40年后,于 1664
年,英国将荷兰殖民地夺取下来,并重新命名为
纽约。
虽然荷兰佔据纽约仅有 40年的历史,但是荷兰在
纽约留下了重要的历史标志。荷兰人带来了许多
运动项目,例如,保龄球和溜冰。荷兰人的食
物,例如鸡蛋饼(waffles),凉拌生菜丝
(coleslaw),和甜甜圈(doughnuts),到如今仍然
受到纽约人的喜爱。生菜和番茄也是由荷兰人带
到纽约来的。有些荷兰人特有的石头和砖头建筑
物至今仍存在于纽约。荷兰人的文化遗产也可由
Content:
The Dutch Influence in New York
The Dutch arrived on the tip of what is now
Manhattan in 1624, after the Dutch West India
Company sent 110 settlers to establish a trading
post along Hudson River Valley. The land was
purchased from the Algonquin tribe in 1626 by
the Dutch leader, Peter Minuit, for goods worth
about 24 dollars. The Dutch named their new
colony New Amsterdam and built streets, canals,
windmills and farmhouses. Forty years later, in
1664, the British captured the Dutch colony and
renamed it New York.
Although the Dutch had a presence in New York
for only 40 years, they had left an important
mark on New York. The Dutch brought sports
such as bowling and ice- skating to New York.
Dutch foods, like waffles, coleslaw, and
doughnuts, are still enjoyed by New Yorkers.
Lettuce and tomatoes were both brought to New
York by the Dutch. Some Dutch stone and brick
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 4
许多纽约的地名中显现。例如布鲁克林
(Brooklyn)和哈林(Harlem)都是荷兰字。但是荷
兰人对纽约的最大影响是,荷兰欢迎不同国家来
的人民住到纽约。荷兰人建立了一个宗教自由和
文化多元化的范例, 让后代子孙沿袭下去。
英国人对纽约的影响
英国人将荷兰殖民地拿下之后重新命名为纽约。
英国人设立了一个增加人口的目标。英国鼓励来
自各种不同文化背景和国家的人住到纽约。1698
年至 1771年,纽约殖民地的人口从 12,000 人增
长到将近 200,000 人。
英国对纽约的影响之一,是人民以英语为母语。
纽约市在英国的管理之下,成为一个重要的交易
港口。纽约市也是约翰・彼得・曾格审判(John
Peter Zengertrial)的发源地,帮助北美洲建立
大众传播自由的雏形。
最重要的是,美国宪法是直接受到英国大宪章
(Magna Carta)的影响;修改后的英国司法系统,
成为殖民地独立的基本概念。
法国人对纽约的影响
法国清教徒(French Huguenots)想实践他们的宗
教自由,在法国却被强迫禁止。1678 年,他们在
现今的城市,新帕尔茨(New Paltz)和新洛薛尔
(New Rochelle),附近沿着哈德逊河谷(Hudson
buildings still survive. The Dutch heritage can
also be seen in place names around the state ─
Brooklyn and Harlem are Dutch words. The
most important influence that the Dutch had on
New York was that they welcomed people from
different places to live in New York. The Dutch
set an example of religious toleration and
cultural diversity, which has been followed by
later generations.
The British Influence in New York
After the British captured the Dutch colony and
renamed it New York, the British set a goal to
increase the population. The British encouraged
people from different cultures and countries to
live here. The population in the New York
colony grew from 12,000 in 1698 to nearly
200,000 in 1771.
One of the influences that the British had on
New York is the fact that people spoke English
as their mother language. New York City grew
in importance as a trading port while under
British rule. The city hosted the seminal John
Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish
the freedom of the press in North America
Most importantly, the American
Constitution was directly influenced by the
British Magna Carta. The colonists believed
that the laws of the Magna Carta, which defined
and protected their rights in Great Britain, should
also be in effect in the colonies. Violation of
these rights by Great Britain led to the colonists
fight for independence. After the was, many of
the Magna Carta’s laws were adapted and
included in the U.S. Constitution.
The French Influence in New York
French Huguenots wanted to practice their
religion and were forced from France for doing
so. In 1678 the Huguenots settled in the Hudson
River Valley around the present day cities of
New Paltz and New Rochelle, so that they could
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 5
River Valley)定居下来,实行他们自己的宗教信
仰。他们对于当地有许多影响。很多法国名称到
现在仍可以找到。法国清教徒是工作非常勤奋的
一群人,他们展现并和其他的定居者分享他们耕
种技术。他们也相信男女有相等的机会接受教
育。他们在当地也提供许多相当精致的工匠和技
工,包括蕾丝(lace)制造者,时钟制造者,和家
俱制造者。50 年以后,由于荷兰人和英国人的人
口增加,法国语言逐渐消失。
have the freedom to practice their
religion. Their influences on the area were
many. Many French names are still found
there. The Huguenots were a very hard working
people, and they demonstrated and shared their
farming methods with the other settlers. They
also believed in men and women having equal
opportunities for education. In addition, they
provided the area with many fine artisans and
craftsmen, including lace makers, clock makers,
and furniture makers. After about 50 years, the
French language began to disappear because of
the increased Dutch and English population.
复习:
比较荷兰人,英国人,和法国人对于纽约的影响
有何类似?有何不同?
Review:
Compare and contrast the influences of the
Dutch, English, and French.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 6
第三单元:殖民和革命时期
Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.2 主要观念
殖民依赖地理环境的方法
3.2 Key Idea Ways that colonists depended on and modified
their physical environment
詞汇:
1.地理 2. 农业 3. 建立
4. 毛皮 5. 制造(大量)6. 种植园
7. 经济作物
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. geography 2. agriculture 3. establish
4. pelt 5. manufacture 6. plantation
7. cash crops
摘要:
英国殖民地的成长和富裕,吸引了欧洲各地的人
民过来定居。时间长久下来,13 个殖民地开始分
成三个区域。每一个区域都有不同的地理环境,
天气,和天然资源,这些都影响到殖民地的农业
经济活动和交易。
Summary:
The English colonies grew and made money.
They attracted people from all over Europe.
Over time, 13 colonies began to fit into three
regions. Each region had different geography,
climate and natural resources, which affected
their economic activities of agriculture and trade.
内容:
13 个殖民地分成三个区域:新英格兰殖民地,中
部殖民地,和南部殖民地。每一个区域都有些许
不同。
新英格兰殖民地:
新英格兰殖民地包括麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts),罗
德岛(Rhode Island),康涅狄格(Connecticut),和新
罕布什尔(New Hampshire)。
新英格兰有很长的冬季和短的耕种季节,加上许
多山脉,并且土壤多岩石,土地不适合耕种。殖
民们耕种的农作物只足够自己的家庭。所以他们
必须寻找其他的方法来赚钱。
早期,大部分的殖民居住在沿海一带的城镇。这
些殖民利用天然资源来帮助他们的经济。内地森
林提供造船需要的树木。森林里的许多动物帮助
Content:
The 13 colonies were divided into three regions:
the New England colonies, the Middle colonies,
and the Southern colonies. Each region was a
little different from the others.
New England Colonies::
The New England colonies were Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.
New England had long, cold winters and short
growing seasons; in addition, there were many
mountains, and the soil was rocky and not good
for farming. The colonists could only grow
enough food to feed their own families. So, the
colonists had to find other ways to earn money.
In the early years, most colonists lived in towns
along the ocean. The colonists used natural
resources to help their economy. The inland
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 7
交易毛皮。新英格兰的商人们和英国人,印第安
人,和其他地区的殖民地进行交易。殖民运送毛
皮,铁,木材,鱼,烟草,和稻米到英国。英国
运送工具,枪,家具,布料,瓷器,茶叶,和丝
绸到殖民地。
在港口城镇的渔夫提供新英格兰殖民食物。他们
捕捉蚌壳,牡蛎,鱈鱼,和比目鱼。有些捕捉鲸
鱼。殖民利用鲸鱼的许多部分。鲸鱼油用来点油
灯。鲸鱼皮制作皮包和手提袋。
因此,新英格兰的经济集中在交易,造船,捕
鱼,和小型农场。大部分的经济活动都集中在城
市和港口。
中部殖民地:
中部殖民地包括纽约(New York),纽泽西(New
Jersey),德拉瓦(Delaware),和宾夕法尼亚
(Pennsylvania)。
中部殖民地是新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民地的混
合。中部殖民地有山丘,和肥沃的土地。在这里
定居的人民建立了许多小型的农场。
中部殖民地被称作“面包篮“。这裡的谷类非常
丰富。妇女们用这些谷类作面包和甜食。殖民们
出口小麦,大麦,燕麦和牲畜到南方。
河流从阿帕拉契山脉(Appalachian Mountains)流入
海洋。这些河流孕育了肥沃健康的土地,并使交
易更容易。内地的农夫们可以利用河流运送他们
的物品。船再载运这些物品到港口城市。在那
里,这些物品再装运到大船上。
forests provided trees for building ships. The
many animals living in the forests supported the
fur trade. The merchants in New England traded
with the British, Native Americans, and with
other colonies. Colonists sent furs, iron, lumber,
fish, tobacco, and rice to Great Britain. England
sent tools, guns, furniture, cloth, fine china, teas,
and silks to the colonies.
Fishermen in the port towns provided food for
the colonists of the region. They caught clams,
oysters, cod, and halibut. Some men also hunted
whales. Colonists used many parts of whales.
Whale blubber fueled oil lamps. The skin of the
whales was made into purses and bags.
The economy in New England was based on
trade, shipbuilding, fishing, and small farms.
Most of the economic activities were located in
cities and ports.
Middle Colonies:
The Middle colonies were New York, New
Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.
The Middle colonies were a mix of the Southern
and New England colonies. The middle colonies
had hills and rich, fertile soil. The people who
settled here established many small farms.
The middle colonies were called the “Bread
Basket” colonies. Grain was plentiful. Women
used the grain to make breads and sweets. The
colonists exported wheat, barley, oats, and
livestock to the South.
Rivers flowed from the Appalachian Mountains
to the ocean. These rivers made the land
healthy. They also helped make trading very
easy. Farmers who lived inland could send their
goods on the rivers. The boats took the goods to
the port cities. There, the products could be
loaded onto large ships.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 8
中部殖民地和制造业也有关。打铁工厂非常重
要。铁用来制造枪,斧头,和工具。
南部殖民地:
南部殖民地包括维吉尼亚(Virginia),马利兰
(Maryland),北卡罗莱纳(North Carolina),南卡罗
莱纳(South Carolina),和乔治亚(Georgia)。
耕种对於这里的殖民是非常重要的。南方的土地
是种植大量农作物的理想地带。在南方,气候温
暖,耕种季节非常长;加上有许多河流让土壤保
持水分和肥沃。
南方因为它的大型种植园而出名。南方殖民种植
大量的农作物例如烟草,稻米,玉米,和产靛的
豌豆科植物,并卖到欧洲。南部有许多奴隶,大
片农庄,和工厂。
许多南部人都是富裕的种植园主。富裕的种植园
主对地方活动有绝大的控制权利,南部殖民地的
日常生活也都围绕着种植园的活动。
The middle colonies were also involved in
manufacturing. The iron industry was very
important. Iron was used to make guns, axes,
and tools.
Southern Colonies:
The Southern colonies were Virginia, Maryland,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Farming was very important to the southern
colonists. The land in the South was ideal for
planting large crops. The climate was warm and
the growing season was very long. There were
many rivers to keep the soil moist and fertile.
The South was famous for its large plantations.
They grew large cash crops of tobacco, rice,
corn, and indigo to be sold in Europe. The South
had many slaves, big plantations, and factories.
Many of the southerners were rich plantation
owners. Wealthy landowners had more control
over local activities, and the life in the Southern
colonies revolved around the plantation.
复习:
1. 最初的 13 个殖民地的位置在哪里?
2. 每一个区域的主要经济活动是什么?
3. 地理环境如何造成殖民地之间的经济和社
交上的差异?
Review:
1. Where was the location of the original 13
colonies?
2. What were the major economic activities of
each region?
3. How did geography help lead to economic
and social diversity in the colonies?
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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?
Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.3 主要观念
殖民时期社会的经济系统
3.3 Key Idea
The economic system in colonial societies
詞汇:
1. 原材料 2. 进口 3. 出口
4. 三角贸易路线 5. 奴隶
6. 学徒 7. 工匠
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. raw materials 2. import 3. export
4. Triangular Trade Routes 5. slave
6. apprentice 7. craftsmen
摘要:
13 个殖民地的差异为大英帝国提供了丰富的经济
可能性。也滋养富裕了殖民地。
Summary:
The diversity of the 13 colonies offered a great
deal of economic possibilities to the British
Empire. It would also nourish the colonies with
wealth.
内容:
1700 年中期,许多沿着大西洋岸的小镇都已发展
为城市。大城市包括:马萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的
波士顿(Boston),纽约的纽约市,宾夕法尼亚
(Pennsylvania)的费城(Philadelphia),维吉尼亚
(Virginia)的诺福克(Norfolk),和南卡罗莱纳(South
Carolina)的查尔斯顿(Charleston)。
这些大城市都有很好的港口。城市成功的发展是
因为当地的交易。船只抵达港口带来新的定居者
和进口的商品。几个星期过后,船只再载满了出
口物品离开, 运到其他的国家去卖。从殖民地出口
的物品为原材料,可以用来制造完成品。这些原
材料包括:皮毛,木材,鱼干,和经济作物例如
烟草,产靛的豌豆科植物(indigo),和稻米。
许多船只跟随著英国和殖民地之间的交易路线航
行。这是因为英国政府通过法律控制殖民地的交
易。殖民地只能将他们的出口物品送往英国或英
属殖民地。同时,殖民地也只能购买从英国制造
的商品。
Content:
By the middle of the 1700s, several towns along
the Atlantic coast had grown into cities. The
larger cities were Boston in the Massachusetts
colony, New York City in the colony of New
York, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, Norfolk in
Virginia, and Charleston in South Carolina.
Each of the cities had good harbors. Cities grew
successful because of their trade. Ships arrived at
the city ports carrying new settlers and imported
goods. After several weeks in the harbor, the
ships sailed away loaded with exports. Exports
are goods sold in other countries. Exports from
the colonies were raw materials that could be
made into a finished product. Colonial exports
included furs, lumber, dried fish and cash crops
like tobacco, indigo, and rice.
Many ships followed a direct trade route
between Britain and its American colonies. This
was because the British government had passed
laws controlling the trade of the colonies. The
colonies could send their exports only to Britain
or to other British colonies. Also, the colonies
could only buy manufactured goods from
Britain.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 10
有些船只沿着我们现在所谓的三角贸易路线航
行。这条三角贸易路线连接英国,英属殖民地,
和非洲,形成大西洋上一个大三角形贸易路线的
三个顶点。三角贸易路线从英国输送出商品,从
13 个殖民地输送出原材料, 从非洲输送出奴隶。
沿岸城市的人民同时也从事其他的生意。有些人
利用海洋讨生活,例如捕鱼,捕鲸鱼,或造船。
其他有些是具有特殊技能的工匠,例如帽子制造
者,木匠,裁缝师,和印刷匠。制造木桶者,制
造木桶来储存食物和材料。轮匠为马车制作车
轮。
年轻人则通过做学徒来学习新工作。学徒和工匠
的家人住在一起。学徒在和工匠一家人一起工作
的期间,工匠要提供学徒吃和住。学徒替工匠工
作的几年期间,学习手艺但没有工资。
Some ships traveled on what came to be known
as the Triangular Trade Routes. These trade
routes linked Britain, the British colonies, and
Africa as the three points of a great triangle on
the Atlantic Ocean. The Triangular Trade
Routes carried manufactured goods from Britain
and raw materials from the 13 colonies. Slaves
were transported from Africa.
People in coastal cities also worked in other
kinds of businesses. Some people made their
living from the sea, by fishing, whaling, or
shipbuilding. Other people were craftsmen with
special skills like hat makers, carpenters, tailors,
and printers. The cooper made barrels to store
food and supplies. The wheelwright made
wheels for carriages.
Young people learned new jobs by becoming an
apprentice. An apprentice would move in with
the family of a skilled worker. The family would
provide him with food and a place to live while
the apprentice worked in the family’s business.
The apprentice did not get paid. He agreed to
work for the craftsman for a number of years
while he learned the trade.
复习:
1. 三角贸易路线如何将英国,英属殖民地,
和非洲三地连接起来?
2. 殖民地时期人民的工作如何和他们的生活
有关?
Review:
1. How did the Triangular Trade Route link
Britain, the British colonies, and Africa?
2. How was the people’s work in colonial time
related to their life?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 11
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.4 主要观念
文化差异和类同帮助塑造 13 个殖民地
3.4 Key Idea
Cultural similarities and differences that helped
shaped the 13 colonies
詞汇:
1. 宗教 2. 求道者 3. 清教徒
4. 教友派信徒 5. 道德 6. 指导
7. 契约仆人
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. religion 2. Pilgrims 3. Puritan
4. Quakers 5. moral 6. guidance
7. indentured servant
摘要:
许多原因让英国人到殖民地定居。有些为了追寻
财富。 大部份的人是为了追寻宗教自由和政府自
由。
Summary:
The British settled in colonies for many reasons.
Some of the English people were seeking their
fortune in America. Most people hoped to find
freedom of religion and freedom of government.
内容:
新英格兰殖民地
定居在新英格兰殖民地的人想和自己的家人在一
起并实践他们自己的宗教。
起初新英格兰殖民地是一个大殖民地。由两派不
同宗教信仰的人民定居这里开始。1620 年,来自
英国的清教徒(Pilgrims)乘坐五月花号
(Mayflower)来到新英格兰并在普里茅斯海湾
(Plymouth Bay) 建立殖民地。1629 年,另一群
清教徒(Puritans)跟随而来。成功地在麻萨诸塞
海湾(Massachusetts Bay)建立殖民地。
1636 年,有些清教徒(Puritans) 开始离开麻萨
诸塞(Massachusetts)。 许多定居在新罕布什尔
(New Hampshire),另一些则到其他的区域。这些
人民有些是想要肥沃的土地,有些仍继续寻找宗
教自由。
求道者(Pilgrims )离开英国是因为他们想要宗教
自由,但是有些麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的清教
徒(Puritans)不接受和他们有不同宗教信仰的
人。罗杰・魏廉斯(Roger Williams),一个清教
Content:
New England Colonies
The people who settled in the New England
colonies wanted to keep their family unit
together and practice their own religion.
New England started as one large colony. It was
settled by two different religious groups. In
1620, the Pilgrims came over from England on
the Mayflower. They started a colony in
Plymouth Bay. The Puritans followed in 1629.
They started the successful Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
In 1636, some Puritans began to leave
Massachusetts. Many settled in New
Hampshire, while some traveled to other regions.
Some of these people wanted fertile farmland.
Others were still looking for religious freedom.
The Pilgrims had left England because they
wanted freedom of religion, but some Puritans in
Massachusetts did not accept people who did not
share their beliefs. Roger Williams, a Puritan
minister, believed that Puritans should allow
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徒(Puritans)牧师,认为清教徒(Puritans)应该
允许其他的人有遵随自己信仰的自由。1636 年,
罗杰・魏廉斯(Roger Williams)和他的追随者建
立了罗德岛(Rhode Island)殖民地。
中部殖民地
多样性是可以形容中部殖民地的一个字。这表示
住在中部殖民地的人民彼此非常的不同。
建立中部殖民地的人民寻求宗教自由(主要在宾
夕法尼亚(Pennsylvania))或是以赚钱为目的。
很多人没有将他们的家人一起从英国带过来。 这
些人是很辛苦的铁工厂和造船厂里最需要的适合
人选。
1681 年,英国国王查理二世(King Charles II)
将一大片土地给了威廉・潘 (William Penn)。
威廉・潘(William Penn)是一个教友派信徒
(Quaker)。教友派信徒(Quakers) 相信所有的
人,不论信仰,种族,和性别,都是平等的。他
们甚至鼓励女性出来传教和为自己说话。威廉・
潘(William Penn)开放宾夕法尼亚
(Pennsylvania) 给任何宗教信仰的人。费城
(Philadelphia) 很快的成为北美最大的城市之
一。
南部殖民地
维吉尼亚(Virginia)是 13个殖民地的第一个,而
乔治亚(Georgia)是最后一个。
南部殖民地的创立者大部分是为了赚钱的目的。
和新英格兰殖民地的人民一样,他们带着他们的
家人一起过来 定居在种植园。但是他们的主要动
机是想要利用经济市场来赚取丰硕的利润。
种植园农作物的种植和培育需要很大的人力。刚
other people to follow their own religions. In
1636, William and some of his followers
founded the colony of Rhode Island.
Middle Colonies
Diversity is one word that describes the middle
colonies. This means that the people who lived
in the middle colonies were very different from
one another.
The people who founded the Middle Colonies
wanted to practice their own religion
(Pennsylvania mainly) or to make money. Many
of these people didn't bring their families with
them from England and were the perfect workers
for the hard work required in ironworks and
shipyards.
In 1681, King Charles II gave a large piece of
land to William Penn. Penn was a Quaker. The
Quakers believe that all people – of every
religion, race, and gender – are equal. They
even encouraged women to preach and speak
out. William opened Pennsylvania to people of
every religious belief. Philadelphia quickly
became one of the largest cities in North
America.
Southern Colonies
Virginia was the first of the thirteen English
colonies and Georgia was the last of the thirteen
original colonies.
The founders of the Southern Colonies were, for
the most part, out to make money. They brought
their families, as did the New England colonists,
and they kept their families together on the
plantations. But their main motivation was to
make the good money that was available in the
new American market.
Plantation crops and tending them took a lot of
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开始, 种植园的主人雇用契约仆人。契约仆人是
一群很穷的人,他们以在殖民地工作来偿还从英
国过来的旅费。到了 1600 年后期,种植园的主人
使用从非洲来的奴隶。
work. At first, the owners used indentured
servants. These were men and women who were
very poor. They paid off the cost of their trip
from England by working in the colonies. By
the late 1600s, the plantation owners were using
slave labor from Africa.
复习:
什么样不同的理由让人民定居到 13个殖民地?
Review:
What were the different reasons that people
settled in the 13 colonies?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 14
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.5 主要观念
文化差异和类同帮助塑造我们的社区,地区,和
州
3.5 Key Idea
Cultural similarities and differences that helped
shaped our community, local region, and State
詞汇:
1. 契约仆人 2. 文化
3. 奴隶制度 4. 庄园 5. 佃农
6. 商人 7. 双楼屋
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. indentured servant 2. culture
3. slavery 4. manor 5. tenant farmer
6. merchant 7. double house
摘要:
1700 以前,超过一万八千人住在英属纽约殖民
地。纽约市和奥伯尼(Albany)为主要城市。其他
的纽约人住在沿着哈德逊河谷的村庄或农场,和
长岛。1700开始,殖民定居的地点开始往莫哈克
(Mohawk)河谷推进。
Summary:
By 1700, more than 18,000 people lived in
British New York. New York City and Albany
were the two main towns. Most other New
Yorkers lived in villages or on farms along the
Hudson River Valley and on Long Island. By the
1700s, settlement had pushed into the Mohawk
River Valley.
内容:
纽约的人
定居於纽约殖民地的人来自许多不同的地方,有不
同的文化,和实践不同的宗教信仰。
法国胡格诺派(Huguenots)在哈德逊河谷(Hudson
River Valley)建立他们的社区。他们来到纽约为
了可以自由地实践他们的宗教信仰。其他来到纽
约的人还有德国人(Germans)。德国人(Germans)
沿著哈德逊河(Hudson River)和莫哈克河(Mohawk
River)定居。
并不是每一个从欧洲来到纽约的人都有钱买地或
做生意。有些人是契约仆人。他们保证替殖民地
的雇主工作一段时间。雇主则帮他们负担他们来
殖民地的船费作为报酬。雇用期结束,他们便可
以自由,寻找其他的工作。
1745 年左右,在纽约超过五分之一的人是非裔美
Content:
People in New York
The people who settled in the New York colony
came from many different places, had different
cultures, and practiced different religions.
French Huguenots set up communities in the
Hudson River Valley. They arrived in New
York so they could practice their religion freely.
Another group of people to come to New York
was the Germans. The Germans settled along
the Hudson River and Mohawk River.
Not everyone who came to New York from
Europe had money to buy land or set up a
business. Some people came as indentured
servants. They promised to work for an
employer in the colony for a period of time. In
return, the employer paid for their boat trip to the
colony. At the end of their service, they were
free to find other jobs.
By 1745 more than one fifth of the people in
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 15
国人。有些非裔美国人是自由身。但是,大部份
是生下来即是奴隶,或是以奴隶的身份被带入北
美。有些奴役非裔美国人在农场工作。有些做家
务。其他的是技术性的铁匠,裁缝师,木匠,鞋
匠,金匠,和皮匠。
哈德逊河谷的生活
沿着哈德逊河的有钱地主住在大庄园里。佃农租
借他们的地来耕种。农夫种植谷类,蔬菜,和果
园。在庄园里,农事不是唯一的活动。那里还有
磨坊,把麦子磨成面粉;锯木厰,把木头切成木
板;或炼铁厂,工人把铁做成铁钉,水壶,锅
子,和炉子。
奥伯尼和纽约市的生活
奥伯尼和纽约市是殖民地里最大的两个社区。
到了 1750年,大约有 11,000 的人口住在奥伯
尼。许多是荷兰人(Dutch),也有英国人和苏格兰
人(Scottish)。奥伯尼大约有十分之一的人口是
非裔美国人。他们大部份是奴隶。许多商人拥有
船只。商人将他们的船只装满了货物,顺着哈德
逊河送往纽约市。
1750 年,超过 13,000人住在纽约市。纽约市里
有很多客栈,为旅客提供住宿。许多人拥有商店
或客栈。其他的人是裁缝师,面包师傅,木桶制
造者,木匠,或铁匠。他们经常是在双楼屋生活
和工作。这种屋子在底楼有店面,住家在楼上。
有些纽约市的权势人物就是有钱的商人。他们住
在港口附近。他们和世界各地的人做生意。
New York were African Americans. Some
African Americans were free. Most, however,
were either born into or brought to North
America in slavery. Some enslaved African
Americans worked on farms. Some did
housework. Others were skilled blacksmiths,
tailors, carpenters, shoemakers, goldsmiths, and
leatherworkers.
Life in the Hudson River Valley
Wealthy landowners lived in manors along the
Hudson River. Tenant farmers paid them rent to
use their land. The farmers grew wheat and
planted vegetable gardens and fruit orchards. In
the manors, farming was not the only activity.
There were also gristmills, which is a place
where grain is ground into flour; sawmils, where
logs were cut into boards; or ironworks, where
skilled workers made iron nails, kettles, pots,
and stoves.
Life in Albany and New York City
Albany and New York City were the two largest
communities in the colony.
By 1750, about 11,000 people lived in Albany.
Many were Dutch, but there were also English
and Scottish. About one-tenth of Albany’s
population was African American. Most were
enslaved people. Many merchants owned boats.
The merchants would load their ships with goods
and ship the goods down the Hudson River to
New York City.
Over 13,000 people lived in New York City in
1750. In the city, there were many inns with
rooms for travelers. Many people owned shops
or inns. Others were tailors, bakers, barrel
makers, carpenters, or blacksmiths. They often
lived and worked in what were called double
houses. These houses had a business on the
ground floor and a home upstairs. Some of New
York City’s leading citizens were wealthy
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 16
merchants. They lived near the harbor. They
owned businesses that traded goods with people
all over the world.
复习:
1. 人们为什么要来纽约定居?
2. 非裔美国人在殖民时期的纽约做什么样不同
的工作?
3. 纽约殖民地时期的生活是怎么样的情形?
Review:
1. Why did people come to settle in New
York?
2. What different kinds of jobs did African
Americans have in colonial New York?
3. What was life like in the New York colony?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 17
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.6 主要观念
殖民地时期的生活方式和日常活动
3.6 Key Idea
Different lifestyles and daily activities in
colonies
詞汇:
1. 壁炉 2. 铁匠 3. 磨坊主人
4. 製作桶子的人 5. 学徒 6. 业者
7. 校舍 8. 入门书 9. 地理
10. 马裤 11. 长袜
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. fireplace 2. blacksmith 3. miller
4. cooper 5. apprentices 6. craftsperson
7. schoolhouse 8. primer 9. geography
10. breeches 11. stockings
摘要:
殖民地时期农场的生活和现在是不同的。那时候
没有自来水或电。如果有马路的话,马路经常是
很糟糕的。殖民地时期人民的生活也是非常艰难
的。很多都是契约仆人或是奴隶。食物经常不
够,医药也是非常缺乏。
Summary:
Life was different on a farm in the colonies than
it is today. There was no running water or
electricity. Roads were often poor, if they
existed at all. Life was difficult for the settlers
who lived in colonial times. Many of them
arrived on these shores as indentured servants or
slaves. Food was often scarce, and medical care
was lacking.
内容:
许多殖民建造木头房子。木头就从邻近的森林砍
伐。大部份的房子都有石头砌成的壁炉。炉火温
暖房屋,同时也用来煮饭。那时候的房屋没有洗
水槽或厕所。厕所在室外的一间小屋子里叫做必
需品(necessary)。人们在他们的床底下放一个便
壶(chamber pot)。他们在半夜就用夜壶而不必走
到外面的厕所。
他们从外面将井水提到家里。他们用装了冷水的
水罐来每天清洗自己。一年只能洗几次澡。
殖民们辛苦地工作。他们必须自己种植粮食,并
自己制作家具和碗盘。通常是男人到外面工作。
女人则在家里工作。她们制作蜡烛,奶油,肥
皂,和毛线。她们煮饭,缝纫,照顾小孩。
Content:
Many colonists built wooden houses. The wood
came from nearby forests. Most houses had a
stone fireplace. Its fire heated the house. It also
was used for cooking. There were no sinks or
toilets in the house. The toilet was outside in a
small building called a necessary. People kept
chamber pots under their beds. They used these
pots during the night so they would not have to
walk to the outdoor toilet.
People carried water to the house from an
outdoor well. They used a pitcher of cold water
to wash themselves every day. They only took a
bath a few times a year.
Colonists worked hard. They grew their own
food and made their own furniture and plates.
Some people, usually men, worked outdoors.
Women worked at home. They made candles,
butter, soap, and yarn. They cooked, sewed, and
took care of the children.
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城里,有铁匠制造马蹄和铁质工具。磨坊工人磨
制面粉。桶匠制作木桶和水桶。
小孩经常需要工作。他们很早就起床挤牛奶,捡
蛋,和餵鸡。并不是全部的小孩都去学校,但是
所有的小孩都跟父母学习。男孩学习建造,打
猎,和捕鱼。女孩学习烹飪,缝纫,和纺纱织
布。女孩帮忙母亲从田里採收和准备全家的食
物。有些男孩在 10岁左右便成为学徒。他们帮忙
工匠做事来求得工作经验。
有些父母花钱请老师来家里替孩子上课。其他的
孩子到校舍上课。校舍只有一间房间。 校舍里只
有一个老师。老师要教所有不同年龄的孩子閲
读,写字,和算术。学校不是免费的。父母缴钱
或食物给老师作为费用。所有不同年龄的孩子都
在同一间房间里学习。不守秩序的孩子会被罚坐
在角落面壁思过或接受鞭笞。
老师没有黑板也没有铅笔。许多学校也没有纸。
小孩阅读圣经和入门书。有时候他们用羽毛笔或
煤块在树皮上写字。小小孩用角帖书(hornbook)
学习。角帖书的样子像一个木桨,是由动物的角
製成,可以握在手中。
大部份的女孩在学习到一些阅读和写字以后便离
开学校。她们留在家里帮忙烹飪,清理,和缝
纫。有些男孩在他们 12岁之前便离开学校开始工
作。其他的男孩则继续升学到高中或大学,学习
地理和拉丁语言。
衣服很昂贵并需要很长的时间制作。大部份的人
只有两套衣服。女孩和妇女经常穿著长裙盖住她
们的脚踝和手肘。在家里,她们穿著围裙来保持
In the town, the blacksmith made horseshoes and
iron tools. The miller made flour. The cooper
made barrels and buckets.
Children always had work to do. They woke up
early to milk the cows, gather eggs, and feed the
chickens. Not all children went to school, but all
children learned lessons from their parents.
Boys learned to build, hunt, and fish. Girls
learned to cook, sew, and spin thread. Girls
helped their mothers gather food from the fields
and cook meals for all the family. Some boys, as
young as ten years old, became apprentices.
They learned a job by helping a craftsperson.
Some parents paid a teacher to give their
children lessons at home. Other children went to
a small one-room school, called a schoolhouse.
There was only one teacher in the schoolhouse to
teach reading, writing, and math to children of
all ages. Schools were not free. Parents sent
money or food to pay the teacher. Children of
all ages learned in the same room. Children who
behaved badly sat in a corner or received a
whipping.
There were no blackboards and pencils. Many
schools had no paper. Children read from the
Bible and from a book called a primer.
Sometimes they wrote on a flat piece of tree bark
with a feather pen or a lump of coal. Young
children learned from a hornbook. A hornbook
was like a wooden paddle. It was made from an
animal horn and it was held in the hand.
Most girls left school after they learned to read
and write a little. They stayed home to help
cook, clean, and make clothes. Some boys left
school to work before they were twelve years
old. Other went to high school or college and
learned geography and the Latin language.
Clothes were expensive and took time to make.
Most people had just two outfits. Girls and
women always wore long dresses that covered
their ankles and elbows. At home, they wore
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衣著乾净。她们甚至在家里都戴著帽子。男人和
男孩不穿长裤。他们穿的是长到膝盖的裤子称作
马裤。冬天的时候,如果他们要到户外,他们会
穿毛质长袜。那个时候,拉链还没有发明。因此
裤子用的是扣子。男人和男孩还会穿着背心和夹
克。
aprons to keep their dresses clean. They always
wore hats on their heads, even at home. Many
men and boys did not wear long pants. They
wore knee-length pants called breeches. When
they were not outdoors in cold weather, they
wore long, woolen stockings. Zippers were not
invented yet. The pants had buttons instead.
Men and boys wore vests and jackets.
复习:
1. 形容殖民地时期的小孩生活方式。
2. 形容殖民地时期的学校。
3. 形容殖民地时期的衣著。
Review:
1. Describe the colonial child’s life.
2. Describe the colonial school.
3. Describe the colonial clothing.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 20
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?
Essential Question:
How did the American Revolution affect lives in New
York?
3.7 主要观念
殖民時期的政府
3.7 Key Idea
Colonial governments
詞汇:
1. 总督 2. 宪章 3. 代表
4. 大会 5. 曾格审判
6. 陪审团 7. 报刊 8. 法院
9. 印刷自由 10. 抵触,不合
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. governor 2. Charter 3. representative
4. Assembly 5. The Zenger Trial
6. jury 7. press 8. court
9. Freedom of Press 10. conflict
摘要:
1776 年以前,13个殖民地是属于英国的一部份。
它们在英国法律的管理之下。然而,英国距离遥
远,殖民地逐渐的发展出自己独特形式的政府。
Summary:
Before 1776, the thirteen colonies were considered part
of England. They were subject to British law. However,
England was far away, and the colonies gradually
developed their own unique form of government.
内容:
英国从荷兰人手中拿下新荷兰(New Netherland)
以后,英国同意让荷兰居民保有他们的土地,和
继续实行宗教信仰自由。英国国王指派一个总督
来管理殖民地。英国距离殖民地太遥远,无法藉
法令来管理殖民地每天的活动。因此,英国颁佈
了宪章,给予当初建立殖民地的群体有限的政治
管理权力。
这个宪章,就像是宪法,保证殖民宗教信仰的自
由,和要求陪审团审判的权利。宪章也同时产生
了一个法律制定体系是由选举出来的代表们组
成,称之为大会(Assembly)。大会站在殖民的立
场维护殖民的公正利益。从伦敦指派的总督代表
英国的立场。
1730 年左右,约翰・彼得・曾格(John Peter
Zenger)出版了一份报纸指控总督的欺诈。总督将
曾格关进监狱。并进行审判。总督预计会赢得这
场官司。因为英国法律明文规定人民不可以发佈
任何东西指出政府的错处。但是,当曾格的律师
证明报纸上所有的指控都是事实,曾格赢得了这
场官司。法院相信曾格是无罪的。曾格审判是朝
向印刷自由 (Freedom of the Press) 的重要一
步。人民有权利印刷或传播新闻。
殖民地的范畴小,英国对於殖民地的政府如何管
Content:
After England took over New Netherlands from the
Dutch, the English agreed to let Dutch settlers keep their
lands, and continue to follow the practice of religious
freedom for the colonists. The English king appointed a
governor to rule the colony. England was too far away
from the colonies to pass laws governing the everyday
activities of the colonies. So, it granted charters giving
limited governing powers to the company that founded
each colony.
The charter, like a constitution, guaranteed colonists
freedom of religion and the right to a trial by jury. The
charter also created a law-making body of elected
representatives known as the Assembly. The assembly
defended the interests of the colonists. The governor,
appointed in London, represented the interests of
England.
In the 1730s, John Peter Zenger published a newspaper
that accused the governor of being dishonest. The
governor threw Zenger in jail. Zenger was put on trial.
The governor expected to win the case. British law said
that people could not print things that found fault with
the government. But Zenger won his case when his
lawyer was able to show that his statements were true.
The court believed Zenger was not guilty. The Zenger
Trial was an important step toward Freedom of the Press,
the right of people to print or tell the news.
As long as the colonies were small, Great Britain did not
take a great interest in their government. However, once
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理并没有太大的兴趣,然而,一旦殖民地的范畴
越来越大,越来越富有,英国开始留意殖民地的
情形。殖民们仍是属於英国。英国的国王或皇后
才是国家的最高权威。
逐渐地,殖民们的需要和要求开始和英国法律有
抵触。这个现象开始於法国及印第安人之战期
间。战争造成的结果之一是殖民们开始觉得他们
越来越以美国人自居,而不是英国人。这个也造
成殖民们和英国之间的矛盾。
由宪章(Chart)管理的殖民期从 1600 年中开始直
到 1776 年为止。然后,13 个殖民地变成一个独立
的国家,美国(the United States)。
the colonies became larger and richer, Great Britain
began to take more notice of what was going on in the
colonies. The colonists were still subjects of Great
Britain and the King or Queen of England was the final
authority on government matters.
Eventually, the wants and needs of the colonists began to
come into conflict with the laws passed by Great Britain.
This began to happen especially during the time of the
French and Indian Wars. One result of those wars was
that the colonists began to feel more like Americans and
less like British citizens. This too contributed to the
conflict between the colonists and the British.
Ruled by colonial charter had begun in the 1600's. It
lasted until 1776. Then the 13 colonies became an
independent country, the United States.
复习:
1. 谁代表英国管理殖民地?
2. 什么是宪章(charter)?
3. 宪章(charter)可以向殖民保证什么权利?
4. 曾格审判对於人类的自由产生什么样的冲
击?
Review:
1. Who represented English rule in the colonies?
2. What was a charter?
3. What can a charter guarantee to colonists?
4. What was the impact of the Zenger Trial on people’s
freedom?
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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.8 主要观念
革命的起因
3.8 Key Idea
Causes for revolution
詞汇:
1. 英国国会 2. 法案 3. 忠贞者
4. 反抗英国政府者 5. 抵制 6. 抗议
7. 代表 8. 自由之子
9. 废除 10. 代表团成员
11. 代表大会 12. 民兵
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. Parliament 2. act 3. Loyalist
4. Patriot 5. boycott 6. protest
7. representative 8. Sons of Liberty
9. repeal 10. delegate
11. congress 12. militia
摘要:
法国和印第安人战役让英国花了很多的钱。乔治国
王三世想经由提高税收让殖民们负担战争的花费。
殖民认为英国的法律和徵税对他们来说很不公平而
越来越愤怒。殖民和英国之间的矛盾和冲突日益严
重。每一个冲突都将他们更往战争推进。逐渐的,
殖民开始為独立而战。1776 年,13 个殖民地决定脱
离英国而独立。
Summary:
The French and Indian War cost the British a lot
of money. King George III wanted the colonists
to pay for the war through higher taxes. The
colonists became angry with British laws and
taxes that they thought were unfair. Problems
between the colonists and the British grew worse
and worse. Each problem led them closer to war.
Eventually, the colonists began to fight a war for
independence. In 1776, the 13 British colonies
decided to break away from Great Britain.
内容:
法国和印第安人的战役
从 1754 年到 1763 年,英国和法国为了争夺加拿大
(Canada)和俄亥俄河谷(Ohio River Valley)的控制
权而开战。伊洛郭依族(Iroquois) 帮助英国,而欧
冈昆族 (Algonquian)帮助法国。 英国得到最后的
胜利,然而,这场战争却让英国花了很多钱。英国
政府认为英国士兵是在保护殖民,因此殖民应该帮
忙负担费用。所以,英国决定在某些物品上赋税。
糖法案
1764 年,英国国会通过了糖法案,在所有不是从英
国来的糖,糖蜜,和甜酒上加税。
Content:
French and Indian War
From 1754 to 1763, Great Britain and France
fought the French and Indian War for control of
Canada and the Ohio River Valley. The Iroquois
sided with the British, while most Algonquian
tribes helped the French. Great Britain won the
war in the end. However, this war had cost the
British a lot of money. The British government
thought that because the British soldiers were
protecting the colonists, the colonists should help
pay. So the British decided to make the colonists
pay taxes on certain goods.
Sugar Act
In 1764, the British parliament passed the Sugar
Act, which taxed all sugar, molasses, and rum
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印花税法案
1765 年,英国国会通过了印花税法案。这个法案强
迫殖民必须买一种特别的印花在所有的纸张上,例
如报纸,传单,甚至纸牌。这个税法让许多殖民愤
怒。殖民认为这个税法对他们来说很不公平,因为
他们在英国国会里没有代表。没有代表,就表示对
他们生活造成影响的这些法案,他们无法表示赞成
或反对。“没有代表就没有税”变成他们的呐喊。
愤怒的殖民们抵制印花税。
印花税法案让殖民们团结一致共同抵抗英国国会的
税法。有些加入自由之子(Sons of Liberty)。成员
採取和平或暴力的方式。例如,他们放火烧掉收税
人的房子。有些则成立了团体叫做印花税法案代表
大会(Stamp Act Congress),传递他们的声音给国
王。印花税法案代表大会(Stamp Act Congress) 同
时也给日后大陆会议(Continental Congress)建立
了模型。一年之后,英国国会废除了印花税法案。
汤森法案
1767 年,英国通过新法案。在从英国运往殖民地的
玻璃,纸张,茶叶,颜料,和其他物品上加税。殖
民联合抵制英国物品,这让英国商人损失惨重并向
英国国会抱怨。1770 年,英国国会废除大部份的汤
森税法但是仍保留茶叶税。
这是在证明英国仍然是有权利对殖民征税。
波士顿大屠杀
英国担心对殖民地失去控制,1768年,英国国会派
brought to the colonies from non-British sources.
Stamp Act
In 1765, the Parliament passed the Stamp Act.
This act forced colonists to buy special stamps for
all kinds of paper, such as newspapers,
pamphlets, and even decks of playing cards. This
tax made many colonists angry. The colonists
didn't think it was fair because they had no
representatives in Parliament. Without
representatives, colonists had no way to influence
laws, created by the British government, that
affected their lives. “No taxation without
representation” became their cry. Angry
colonists boycotted the stamps.
The Stamp Act united many colonists in opposing
Parliament’s attempt to find new areas of
taxation. Some joined the Sons of Liberty, whose
members took both peaceful and violent action.
For example, they burned down the houses of the
tax collectors. Some of the colonists even formed
a group called the Stamp Act Congress, which
voiced its concerns to the Crown. The Stamp Act
Congress also gave the colonists a model for the
Continental Congress. Parliament repealed the
Stamp Act one year later.
The Townsend Act
In 1767, the British passed new taxes on glass,
paper, teas, paints and other goods shipped to the
colonies from Britain. The colonists reacted by
boycotting British goods, and British merchants
lost money and complained. By 1770, the
Parliament repealed most of the Townsend Acts
but kept taxes on tea only.
It was to prove that England still had the power to tax the colonists.
Boston Massacre Fearing that Britain was losing control of the
colonies, in 1768 Parliament moved 1,000 British
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1000 名士兵前往波士顿。这个举动造成紧张。
1770 年三月,英国士兵成为一群愤怒的殖民攻击的
目标。他们嘲弄英国士兵并向他们投掷雪球。士兵
越来越紧张,其中一个士兵开了一枪,其他的士兵
跟着开枪。这次事件中,5个殖民被开枪打死。殖
民们扭曲部份事实并散播消息,说士兵们没有任何
理由朝殖民们无情地开枪。这个事件被称为波士顿
大屠杀。
茶叶法案
殖民从别的国家买茶叶,因此就不用付茶叶税。
1773 年,英国通过了茶叶法案。这个法案给以英国
商人完全的控制权,将茶叶卖到殖民地。这个法案
让殖民们更加愤怒。
波士顿茶叶派对
为了抗议茶叶法案,1773 年 12月的一个夜晚,一
群自由之子的成员假扮成印第安人登上载运茶叶的
船只。他们用斧头砍碎船上的每一箱茶叶并将 342
箱茶叶倒入波士顿港口。
这个事件很快的变成大家熟知的“波士顿茶叶派
对”。1774年,纽约的反抗英国者也效法波士顿。
他们登上纽约港口的船只开他们自己的“派对”。
他们将 18箱茶叶倒入港口。
无法容忍法案
狂怒的英国国会将波士顿港口关闭,并取消许多麻
萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的权利作为对茶叶派对的惩
罚。这些新法律非常严苛,以致殖民们称之为无法
容忍法案。
soldiers to Boston. This increased the tension.
In March 1770, some British soldiers became the
target of a crowd of angry colonists. They jeered
and threw snowballs at the British soldiers. The
soldiers became nervous and one private shot his
musket, and then the rest began to shoot. Five
colonists were killed in the incident. Colonists
twisted the facts of what happened and spread the
news, saying the soldiers had fired in cold blood
and without a reason. It was called the Boston
Massacre.
Tea Act The colonists bought tea from other countries so
they would not have to pay the tea tax. In 1773,
England passed the Tea Act. This act gave
British merchant a monopoly, a complete control,
on tea sold to the colonies. This made the
colonists even angrier.
Boston Tea Party To protest the Tea Act , members of the Sons of
Liberty dressed up as Indians and boarded the tea
ships on the night of December 16, 1773. They
chopped up every crate of tea in the ships' holds
and dumped 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbor.
The incident quickly became known as the
"Boston Tea Party". In 1774, Patriots in New
York City followed Boston's lead. They boarded
ships in New York Harbor and had their own "tea
party". They dumped 18 boxes of tea into the
harbor.
Intolerable Acts
A furious Parliament punished Boston for its “tea
party” by closing Boston harbor to all ships and
taking many powers away from the
Massachusetts colony. These new laws were so
harsh that the colonists called them the
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第一次大陆会议
对于英国国会的行动和法律,殖民们聚集一起准备
反击。1774年,56个来自各个殖民地的代表,除了
乔治亚,在费城(Philadelphia)聚集,召开第一次
大陆会议以表示对麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的支
持。代表们写了一份声明,坚持殖民有权利管理自
己的事务。他们警告英国,如果英国攻击殖民地的
话,他们将会反击。他们也同时召集殖民共同抵制
英国商品。会议结束前,代表们同意如果和英国的
关系无法得到改善,他们将再一次聚集。
列克星顿和康克战役
1775 年 4月 19日,英国士兵发现麻萨诸塞
(Massachusetts) 的民兵在康克 (Concord) 藏有军
火,他们准备前往拿下军火。民兵快速的在列克星
顿(Lexington)附近聚集阻挡英国士兵。没有人知道
是谁开了第一枪,但是一些民兵和一个英国士兵死
亡。英国士兵继续往康克(Concord)前进。双方在康
克(Concord)第二次交战。这些战事开始了美国独立
革命。
攻克提康德罗加堡垒
民兵组织领袖伊森・艾伦(Ethan Allen)计划攻击在
查普兰湖(Lake Champlain)的提康德罗加堡垒。
1775 年 5月 10日,艾伦和他的手下,绿山南孩
(Green Mountain Boys),偷偷潜入英国堡垒。这次
攻击进行得非常顺利,绿山南孩(Green Mountain
Boys)很快地拿下堡垒并夺取了许多大炮,帮助日后
反抗英国者赢得其他的战役。
第二次大陆会议
1775 年 5月,殖民地的代表们在费城
Intolerable Acts.
First Continental Congress In response to these actions and laws, the
colonists banded together to fight back. In 1774,
56 delegates came from every colony, except
Georgia, to meet in Philadelphia for the First
Continental Congress to show support for
Massachusetts. Delegates wrote a statement
insisting on the right of the colonists to run their
own affairs. They warned that if the British
attacked, they would fight back. They called on
colonists to stop buying British goods. Before
leaving, the delegates agreed to meet again if
relations with Britain didn’t improve.
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
On April 19, 1775, British soldiers found out that
the Massachusetts militia had stored weapons in
Concord, Massachusetts, and they marched to
take them. The militia quickly gathered nearby
at Lexington to stop the British. No one knows
who fired the first shot, but several militiamen
and one British soldier were killed. The British
moved on to Concord, where the fighting
continued. These battles marked the start of the
American Revolution.
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga A militia leader named Ethan Allen planned to
attack Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain. On
May 10, 1775, Allen and his men, called the
Green Mountain Boys, sneaked into the British
fort. The attack went so well that the Green
Mountain Boys were able to take over the fort
quickly. The cannons they captured at
Ticonderoga would help the Patriots win other
battles.
Second Continental Congress
In May 1775, delegates from the colonies
gathered in Philadelphia. This meeting was
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(Philadelphia)召开了第二次大陆会议。
这次会议做了许多重要决定。代表们决定殖民地应
该脱离英国管理而独立。汤玛斯・杰佛逊(Thomas
Jefferson)被要求撰写一份声明解释决定独立的理
由,这份声明即为独立宣言(Declaration of
Independence)。代表们的另一个决定是将民兵组织
起来。他们决定成立一个军队称为美国大陆军
(American Continental Army)。1776 年 6月 4
日,会议正式指派乔治・华盛顿(George
Washington)为总司令。
独立宣言
1776 年 7月 4日,大陆会议同意了宣言。纽约市的
人民在几天之后听到了独立宣言的消息。当天傍
晚,兴奋的反抗英国者把英国国王乔治三世的铜像
拉扯下来并烧掉。用这些铁,他们制作子弹来反抗
英国。
called the Second Continental Congress.
The Second Continental Congress decided
many important things. At the Congress, they
decided that the colonies should become
independent from British rule. Thomas Jefferson
was asked to write a statement explaining the
decision. The statement is known as the
Declaration of Independence.
Another thing they decided was to organize the
militia. They decided to form an army called the
American Continental Army. On June 14, 1776,
the Congress officially appointed George
Washington as the commander-in-chief of the
army.
Declaration of Independence
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress
approved the Declaration. People in New York
City heard about the Declaration of Independence
several days later. That evening, excited Patriots
tore down a statue of the British King, George III.
They melted down the metal statue and made
bullets to use against the British with the melted
metal.
复习:
1. 为什么英国政府决定殖民们应该在某些物品
上帮忙付税?
2. 殖民对於这些税愤怒的最主要原因是什么?
3. 殖民们为什么要向英国宣战?
Review:
1. Why did the British government decide the
colonists should help pay taxes on certain
goods?
2. What was the main reason that the colonists
were angry over these taxes?
3. Why did the colonists go to war with Britain?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 27
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.9 主要观念
住在纽约的个人和团体的重要成就
3.9 Key Idea Important accomplishments of individuals and
groups living in our community and region.
詞汇:
1. 任期 2. 巡逻 3. 严苛的 4. 批判
5. 罪 6. 代表 7. 宪法
8. 副总统
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. term 2. patrol 3. harsh 4. criticize
5. guilty 6. representative 7. constitution
8. vice president
摘要:
有很多住在纽约的个人和团体,对纽约都有重要
的贡献。每一个人在独立战争之前或期间,都扮
演非常重要的角色。
Summary:
There were many important accomplishments of
both individuals and groups living in New York.
Each one of them played an important role before
and during the Revolutionary War Period.
内容:
彼得・史蒂文生
威廉・凯夫特(Willem Kieft)於 1638 年成为新荷
兰的总督。凯夫特制订了许多殖民们不满意的法
令。他也试图要印第安人付税。这些决定经常造
成殖民和印第安人之间的分歧或冲突。
1647 年,荷兰政府派彼得・史蒂文生(Peter
Stuyvesant)接替总督的职位。希望藉由他的坚强
意志能为新阿姆斯特丹带来新秩序。史蒂文生為
殖民地做了很多的改善。第一座医院和第一间邮
局都是在他的任期内完成。他还建立了一个系统
称作“拨浪鼓警告“(rattle watch),人民半夜在
街上巡逻检视火烛。如果他们发现有失火,他们
便会旋转拨浪鼓发出警告的声音。史蒂文生也尝
试弥补对印第安人的不公平。例如,他坚持要合
理的支付印第安人对殖民提供的服务。然而,史
蒂文生严苛的领导,惹恼许多的殖民。
Content:
Peter Stuyvesant
Willem Kieft became governor of New Netherland
in 1638. Kieft made many laws that the colonists
did not like. He tried to make the Native
Americans pay taxes. These decisions often
caused disagreements and fighting between the
colonists and the Native Americans.
The Dutch government sent Peter Stuyvesant to
take over as governor in 1647, hoping that this
strong-willed man would bring order to New
Amsterdam. Stuyvesant made many
improvements to the colony. New Amsterdam’s
first hospital and post office were established
during his term as governor. He also set up a
system called “rattle watch” in which people
patrolled the street at night looking for fire. If they
found a fire, they would sound the alarm by
whirling a rattle device. Stuyvesant also tried to
correct some wrongs against the Indians. For
instance, he insisted that Indians be paid properly
for their services.
However, Stuyvesant’s harsh leadership angered
many of the colonists.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 28
约翰・彼得・曾格
随着纽约殖民地的成长,许多殖民对於政府该如
何运作有不同的想法。约翰・彼得・曾格(John
Peter Zenger)不认同政府领导者的作为。1733
年,他开始出版一种报纸叫做纽约周刊(New-York
Weekly Journal)。曾格刊登了一篇文章公然批判
当时的管理者,威廉・柯斯比(William Cosby)。
柯斯比将曾格逮捕并关入监牢。之后,於 1735 年
的审判,陪审团判决曾格没有罪。这个审判的结
果為日后保障言论自由和新闻自由设立了一个典
范。
乔治・克林顿
乔治・克林顿担任纽约的代表出席 1776年第二次
大陆会议。虽然他协助制订独立宣言,但是他没
有任何机会在这份重要文件上签名。美国独立革
命期间,乔治华盛顿召集克林顿到纽约,带领大
陆军的军队。
1777 年,克林顿协助建立纽约的第一部宪法
(constitution)。 同年,他被选为纽约的第一任
州长。从 1777 年到 1795年,克林顿连续担任六
任州长。於 1801年,他又再度被选為州长,任期
又多了一期。乔治克林顿总共担任纽约州长计 22
年之久。这是最长的时间。克林顿於 1804年,汤
玛斯・杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson)总统任期内担
任副总统。而后,於 1808 年,在詹姆斯・麦德生
(James Madison)总统任期内再度担任副总统。
秀波・路丁顿
如同许多其他的纽约人,十六岁的秀波・路丁顿
(Sybil Ludington)和她的家人支持殖民的自由之
战。1777年的 4月 26日,路丁顿(Ludington)家
得到消息,英国军抱火攻击位於 25英哩以外康涅
John Peter Zenger
As the colony of New York grew, many colonists
had different ideas about how the government
should be run. John Peter Zenger was one colonist
who disagreed with the government leaders. In
1733, he began publishing a newspaper called the
New-York Weekly Journal. Zenger published
articles that openly criticized the governor,
William Cosby. Cosby had Zenger arrested and
put in jail for publishing these articles. In a trial in
1735, a jury said that Zenger was not guilty. The
results of this trial set an example for protecting
the rights to free speech and freedom of the press.
George Clinton
George Clinton served as one of New York’s
representatives to the Second Continental
Congress in 1776. Although he helped to make
decisions about the Declaration of Independence,
he never had a chance to sign this important
document. George Washington called Clinton to
New York to lead troops for the Continental Army
during the American Revolution.
In 1777, Clinton helped to establish New York’s
first constitution. He was elected as the first
governor of New York during that same year.
Clinton served as governor for six terms in a row,
from 1777 to 1795. He was elected as governor
again in 1801 and served one more term. George
Clinton served as governor of New York for a total
of twenty-two years. This is the longest amount of
time that a governor has ever held office in New
York. Clinton later served as vice president of the
United States under Thomas Jefferson in 1804,
and again under James Madison in 1808.
Sybil Ludington
Like many New Yorkers, sixteen-year-old Sybil
Ludington and her family supported the colonies’
fight for freedom. On April 26, 1777, news came
to the Ludingtons that the British had set fire to
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 29
狄格州(Connecticut,)的丹波瑞城(Danbury)。秀
波帮助她的父亲警告临近一带的反对英国者
(patriot)士兵,英国军队将会朝这个方向过来。
许多人相信是秀波在这个漆黑并下着雨的夜晚,
骑马 40英哩沿著佛德瑞克伯格城
(Fredericksburg)现在改名为路丁顿城
(Ludingtonville).协助联络和聚集了士兵。第二
天,他们前进到丹波瑞城和其他的反对英国者汇
集,对抗英国。英国军队被强迫撤离。世人们皆
相信由于秀波的帮助,她的城镇才得以不被英国
攻击。
Danbury, Connecticut, a town just twenty-five
miles away. Sybil helped her father warn the
patriot soldiers in the area that the British were
coming. Many people believe that Sybil rode for
forty miles through the dark, rainy countryside
around Fredericksburg, New York (now known as
Ludingtonville), to help gather the soldiers
together. The next day, the men rode to Danbury
and joined other patriot soldiers to fight the
British. The British soldiers were forced to turn
back. It is believed that because of Sybil’s help,
her town was saved from a British attack.
复习:
1. 彼得・史蒂文生的重要成就是什么?
2. 彼得・曾格审判造成最重要的结果是什
么?
3. 乔治・克林顿的重要成就有哪些?
4. 秀波・路丁顿做了什么?
Review:
1. What were the important accomplishments of
Peter Stuyvesant?
2. What was the most important result of Peter
Zenger’s trial?
3. What were the important accomplishments of
George Clinton?
4. What did Sybil Ludington do?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 30
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.10 主要观念
纽约的地理位置影响了战争 3.10 Key Idea
How the location of New York State influenced
the War
詞汇:
1. 水路 2. 路径 3. 至关重要的
4. 决定性的 5. 关键的
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. waterways 2. route 3. vital
4. decisive 5. crucial
摘要:
美国独立战争期间,纽约扮演了一个决定性和关键
性的角色。那是因为纽约的地点和它的水路。美国
独立战争期间,将近三分之一的战争发生在纽约。
Summary:
New York played a decisive and crucial role in
America's fight for independence. It was because
of New York’s location and its waterways. Nearly
one third of all the battles fought during the
American Revolution were fought in New York
State.
内容:
1775 年,殖民地民兵和英国在列克星顿和康克交
战。这个战争开始了美国独立革命。
一年之内纽约成为一个至关重要的地点。原因是它
的地理位置。纽约介於新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民
地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,那将隔开新英格
兰殖民地和南部殖民地。如此一来,殖民地之间的
传递消息和设备用品会更加困难。对於士兵的往返
也会非常艰难。
纽约在美国独立战争期间扮演了关键性的角色的另
一个重要原因是纽约有主要水路。能否控制哈德逊
河对两边战事来说是至关紧要。几乎整个战争期
间,英国佔领了纽约市和它的港口。大陆军控制并
佔据大部份的哈德逊河,这可以让他们接驳到哈德
逊河谷。在布鲁克林战役之后,哈德逊河也提供华
盛顿的军队逃离的路径。并确保大陆军可以继续奋
战。
Content:
In 1775, the colonial militia and the British fought
each other at Lexington and Concord. This was
the start of the American Revolution.
Within a year New York became a key state in the
war for independence. The reason was its
location. New York was about half way between
the New England colonies and the Southern
colonies. If the British controlled New York, the
New England colonies would then be separated
from the Southern colonies. It would be much
more difficult for the colonies to send messages
and supplies to each other. It would be also be
much harder to send soldiers back and forth.
The other important reason that New York played
a crucial role in the American Revolution was that
New York has major waterway routes.
Controlling the Hudson River was vital to the war
effort on both sides. The British held New York
City and its port for most of the war. The
Continental Army was able to hold and control
most of the Hudson River allowing them access to
the entire Hudson Valley. The Hudson River
provided a vital escape route for Washington's
army after the Battle of Brooklyn and ensured that
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 31
美国独立战争期间,所有的战役有将近三分之一是
在纽约州发生。夺取提康德罗加堡垒,奥里斯卡尼
战役,和萨拉托加战役只是其中几个发生在纽约土
地上的主要战役。
the Continental Army could continue the fight.
Nearly one third of all the battles fought during the
American Revolution were fought in New York
State. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga, the Battles
of Oriskany and Saratoga are just a few of the
major events that took place on New York soil.
复习:
1. 为什么在美国独立战争期间,纽约扮演了一个
决定性和关键性的角色?
2. 纽约的哪个水路帮助大陆军在布鲁克林战役失
败之后顺利逃往?
Review:
1. Why did New York play a decisive and
crucial role in America's fight for
independence?
2. Which New York waterways helped the
Continental Army escaped after the Battle of
Brooklyn?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 32
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.11 主要观念
纽约印第安人对战争的影响 3.11 Key Idea
How Native American Indians in New York State
influenced the War
詞彙:
1. 中立的 2. 盟友 3. 效忠者 4. 突袭
5. 边境 6. 屠杀 7. 敌对的
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. neutral 2. allies 3. Loyalists 4. raids
5. frontier 6. massacre 7. hostile
摘要:
1.美国独立战争期间,许多印第安人的领袖帮助英
国军队。他们害怕一旦殖民地赢得了胜利,殖民们
会夺走更多印第安人的领土。
Summary:
During the American Revolution, many Native
American leaders helped the British soldiers.
They feared that the colonists would take more
land from Native Americans if the colonies won
the war.
内容:
在美国独立战争期间,伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois
Confederacy)并不同意站在任何一边。1775 年在邻
近奥伯尼(Albany)开的政务会中,伊洛郭依
(Iroquois)一开始决定英国和殖民之间的战争是他
们自己的战争,他们应该尽量保持中立。约瑟夫・
布兰特(Joseph Brant)是莫哈克族(Mohawk)的酋
长。他站在英国那边对抗殖民。他对於殖民们夺走
伊洛郭依(Iroquois)族的土地非常愤怒。他认为一
旦殖民地独立了之后,伊洛郭依(Iroquois)将会丧
失更多的土地。他说服了是莫哈克族(Mohawk),瑟
拿卡斯族(Senecas),欧拿达伽族(Onondagas),和
卡尤伽族(Cayugas)他们必须站在英国这边。但是
欧内达族(Oneidas) 和塔斯卡洛拉族
(Tuscaroras)后来靠向美国并变成美国的盟友一起
作战。欧内达族(Oneidas)甚至帮忙提供粮食给乔
治华盛顿的将军队。
莫哈克族(Mohawk)后来惩罚欧内达族(Oneidas) 因
为他们帮助美国军队。约瑟夫布兰特(Joseph
Brant) 成为英国军队的队长和领袖。他参与了许
多主要的独立战役。他率领一个军团攻击欧内达族
(Oneidas)村庄,杀伤数百,造成欧内达族
(Oneidas)巨大的创伤。对立两方分裂了伊洛郭依
邦联(IroquoisConfederacy),他们从此再也无法
Content:
The Iroquois Confederacy did not agree on which
side to support during the Revolutionary War. At a
council fire near Albany in 1775, the leaders of the
Iroquois first decided the war between the British
and the American colonists was a private war, and
they should try to remain neutral. Joseph Brant
was a Mohawk chief. He sided with the British
against the colonists. He was angry at the colonists
for taking Iroquois land. He said the Iroquois
would lose even more of their land if the American
colonies became independent. He convinced the
Mohawks, Senecas, Onondagas, and Cayugas that
they must side with England. The Oneidas and
Tuscaroras later took the side of the Americans
and became their allies in the fight for
independence. The Oneidas even helped supply
food to General George Washington's army.
The Mohawks later punished the Oneidas for
helping the American Army. Joseph Brant,
(Thayendanega), had become a British Army
Captain and leader. He fought in many major
Revolutionary War battles. He led a war party
which attacked Oneida villages, killing hundreds,
and causing great suffering among the Oneidas. Taking sides against each other split the Iroquois
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 33
像以前一样强壮。
1700 年后期,莫哈克族 (Mohawks)和效忠英国者
(Loyalists)对位于纽约边境的农村定居者进行突
击。英国试图切断送往华盛顿和美国军队的粮食和
马匹。被突击的农村遭受屠杀并被摧毁。
1779 年,华盛顿大将军派 4000名士兵由苏利文将
军 (Sullivan)和克林顿将军(Clinton)率领,前往
纽约西部边境阻止突袭并惩罚伊洛郭依
(Iroquois),因为他们在独立战争期间支持英国。
他们行军穿越纽约,沿途焚烧村庄,玉米田,果
园,并摧毁任何属於伊洛郭依(Iroquois)的东西。
许多伊洛郭依人(Iroquois)逃往树林里躲藏。约瑟
夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)和他的跟随者逃往加拿
大。伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois Confederacy)的力量
从此注定毁灭。所有的伊洛郭依族(Iroquois)被清
除,打开独立战争之后美国定居者拓疆之路。
Confederacy, and they were never as strong again.
In the late 1770's the Mohawks fought along side
British Loyalists carrying out quick raids against
American settlers living on farms in New York's
frontier. The British were trying to stop supplies of
food and horses from reaching General
Washington and the American Army. There were
many massacres in which farms were raided and
destroyed.
In 1779, General Washington sent an army of
4,000 soldiers, led by Generals Sullivan and
Clinton, to western New York to stop the raids on
the frontier and punish the Iroquois for supporting
the British during the Revolutionary War. They
marched across the state, burning villages,
cornfields, orchards, and destroying anything that
belonged to the Iroquois. Many Iroquois escaped
certain death by leaving their villages and hiding
in the woods. Joseph Brant and his followers
escaped to Canada. The strength of the Iroquois
Confederacy was doomed. All the Iroquois were
cleared out, making way for American settlers
after the Revolutionary War.
复习:
1. 约瑟夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)对於英国和
美国殖民地之间的战争观点是什么?
2. 伊洛郭依族(Iroquois)如何影响美国独立战
争?
3. 美国独立战争如何影响伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois Confederacy)?
Review:
1. What was the viewpoint of Joseph Brant on the
battle between British and American colonies?
2. How did the Iroquois affect the American
Revolution?
3. How did the American Revolutionary War
affect the Iroquois Confederacy?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 34
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.12 主要观念
长岛战役的作用 3.12 Key Idea
The role of the Battle of Long Island
詞汇:
投降
Vocabulary & Phrases:
surrender
摘要:
这场战役,美国士兵溃败。英国停止抱轰,等待
大陆军投降。华盛顿将军带领他的军队利用大雾
划船穿越东河(East River)逃到曼哈顿。纽约因
此在英国的统治之下直到独立战争结束。
Summary:
In this battle, American soldiers were beaten
badly. The British stopped firing and waited for
the Continental Army to surrender. General
Washington and his troops escaped in a big fog
by rowing boats across the East River to
Manhattan. New York was under British control
until the end of the Revolutionary War.
内容:
1776 年 8月 27日, 当纽约人把英国国王乔治三
世的铜像拉下来的三个星期以后,千万的英国士
兵登陆长岛。英国甚至从德国雇用士兵来和爱国
者抗战。
纽约成为独立战争中的一个最主要的州。其中一
个原因是它处的地理位置。纽约位于新英格兰殖
民地和南部殖民地的中间。乔治华盛顿明白如果
英国控制了纽约将会产生什么后果。新英格兰殖
民地将会和南部殖民地分离。这样一来对於殖民
彼此间传递讯息和设备将会更困难。对於士兵的
往返也会更艰难。他一定要阻止英国。
1776 年 8月,华盛顿和他的士兵在长岛,就是现
在的布鲁克林,与英国兵队交会。战争开始。这
场战争对美国士兵来说进行得并不顺利。他们惨
败。英国停止炮轰并等待大陆军队投降。爱国者
战斗的非常辛苦,但是他们还是投降了。
Content:
On August 27, 1776, three weeks after New
Yorkers had pulled down the statue of King
George III, thousands of British soldiers landed
on Long Island. Britain even hired Hessian
soldiers from Germany to fight the Patriots.
New York became a key state in the war for
independence. One reason was its location. New
York was about halfway between the New
England colonies and the Southern colonies.
George Washington knew what would happen if
the British controlled New York. The New
England colonies would then be separated from
the Southern colonies. It would be much more
difficult for the colonies to send messages and
supplies to each other. It would also be much
harder to send soldiers back and forth. He had to
try to stop the British!!
In August 1776, Washington and his soldiers met
the British on Long Island, in what is now
Brooklyn, New York. A battle began. The battle
didn't go well for the American soldiers. They
were beaten badly. The British stopped firing
their rifles and cannons and waited for the
Continental Army to surrender, or give up. The
Patriots fought hard, but they were surrendered.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 35
然而,华盛顿将军有别的计划。当大雾移近,华
盛顿和他的军队划船穿过东河到曼哈顿。然后他
们再往北行军到安全地带。几个星期之后,美国
军队和英国军队在曼哈顿再次交战。又一次的,
大陆军被打败。11月,华盛顿和他的士兵离开纽
约前进到纽泽西。从此以后纽约在英国的控制之
下,直到独立战争结束。
拿下纽约以后,英国军队继续穿过纽泽西由后追
击华盛顿和大陆军队。两方军队进入冬季的扎
营。
However, General Washington had other plans.
When a heavy fog moved in, Washington and his
troops escaped by rowing boats across the East
River to Manhattan. Then they marched north to
safety. A few weeks later the Americans and
British fought each other in Manhattan. Once
again, the Continental Army lost. In November,
Washington and his soldiers left the city and went
to New Jersey. Now New York City was under
British control. It stayed that way until the end of
the war.
After capturing New York City, the British
chased Washington and the Continental Army
through New Jersey. Then both armies went to
their winter camps.
复习:
1. 为什么纽约在美国独立战争中是一个最主要的
州?
2. 大陆军在长岛之战中的情况如何?
3. 乔治华盛顿如何计划撤逃?
4. 长岛之战造成的结果是什么?
Review:
1. Why was New York a key state in the
American Revolutionary War?
2. How did the Battle of Long Island go for the
Continental Army?
3. What was George Washington's plan to
escape?
4. What was the result of the Battle of Long
Island?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 36
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.13 主要观念
萨拉托加战役的作用 3.13 Key Idea
The role of the Battle of Saratoga
詞汇:
1. 优势 2. 海军 3. 德国赫斯佣兵
4. 击败 5. 胜利 6. 说服,使相信
7. 转捩点
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. advantage 2. navy 3. Hessians
4. defeat 5. victory 6. convince
7. turning point
摘要:
萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩点。
它让法国相信美国可以赢得胜利,并协助美国独
立战争。
Summary:
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point of the
American Revolutionary War. It convinced the
French that America could win the war and help
the Americans.
内容:
1775 年至 1777年,英美对抗期间,英国佔有许多
优势。英国有庞大的军队和优良的海军。英国甚
至雇用德国赫斯佣兵(Hessians),来帮他们打仗。
相反的,美国只有小型的,没有训练过的军队,
没有海军,没有财力支援。在南部的战役,华盛
顿和大陆军,节节吃败仗。但是在北部,情况有
些不同。
伯高英(Burgoyne)将军的计划
英国的伯高英(Burgoyne)将军有一个计划将整个
纽约拿下。伯高英将军和他的士兵由加拿大南
下;圣莱杰(St Leger)中校率领军队从奥斯威戈
(Oswego)行军到莫哈克山谷(Mohawk Valley);威
廉・浩(William Howe)将军则从纽约市往北到哈
德逊山谷(HudsonValley)。他们三路军队再全部
往奥伯尼(Albany)前进。一旦英国拿下奥伯尼,
纽约殖民地将全部在他们的手里。
伯高英将军和他的士兵于 1777年 6月由加拿大进
入纽约。他们在提康德罗加堡 (Fort
Ticonderoga)附近击败美国军,并拿下了乔治湖
(Lake George)。随后,他们往萨拉托加
Content:
From 1775 until 1777, Great Britain had many
advantages over the Americans. The British had
a large army and the greatest navy. The British
even paid German soldiers, called Hessians, to
fight with them in battles. In contrast, the
Americans had a smaller, untrained army, no
navy and little money. In the south, the battles
were not good for the Americans. Washington
and the Continental Army had lost many battles.
But in the north, things were a little different.
General Burgoyne's Plan
British General John Burgoyne had a plan to
capture the entire New York colony. General
Burgoyne and his soldiers would head south from
Canada; Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger would
march from Oswego down the Mohawk Valley;
and General Sir William Howe would come up
the Hudson Valley from New York City. They
would all march toward Albany. Once the British
captured Albany, the New York colony would be
in their hands.
General Burgoyne and his soldiers entered New
York in June 1777. They defeated the American
forces near Fort Ticonderoga, and they captured
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 37
(Saratoga)前进。
8 月初期,从奥斯威戈(Oswego)出发的英国士兵
在奥里斯卡尼(Oriskany)附近袭击美国军。英国
这边的其中一位领导者是莫哈克(Mohawk)酋长约
瑟夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)。大部份的印第安
人都站在英国这边,这是因为他们认为美国人欺
骗他们夺走他们的土地。英国军队被击败。他们
撤退回到奥斯威戈(Oswego)。
萨拉托加战役实际上是发生在三个星期内的两场
战争。发生在比米斯高地(Bemis Heights) 的第
二场萨拉托加战役,美国军队攻破英军防綫。伯
高英将军的军队被由霍雷肖・盖茨(Horatio
Gates)将军带领的美国军打败。从纽约市出发的
英国军队离开时间太晚,以致於无法支援伯高英
将军。
10 天之后,1777年 10月 17日,英国伯高英将军
向美国霍雷肖・盖茨将军投降。在这两场萨拉托
加战役里,大约有 1700名英国士兵死亡,受伤,
或被俘虏。剩余的 6000名士兵成为犯人。损失如
此之多的兵力,英国军队的实力大大地消减。
萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩点。
它让法国相信美国人有能力赢得战争。因此,法
国决定提供士兵和金钱来帮助美国打仗。
Lake George. They then marched on to Saratoga.
In early August, the British soldiers who had
started from Oswego attacked the American
soldiers near Oriskany. One of the leaders on the
British side at Oriskany was Mohawk Chief
Joseph Brant. Most Native Americans sided with
the British. They believed that they had been
cheated out their land by the Americans. The
British were driven back at the Battle of
Oriskany. They returned to Oswego.
The battle of Saratoga is really two battles that
took place over three weeks. At the second
Saratoga battle, at Bemis Heights, the Americans
broke through the British lines. Burgoyne’s
troops were defeated by American soldiers led by
General Horatio Gates. The British soldiers from
New York City left the city too late to help
General Burgoyne.
Ten days later, on October 17, 1777, British
General John Burgoyne surrendered to American
General Horatio Gates. In the two Saratoga
battles, about 1,700 British soldiers were killed,
wounded, or captured. The remaining 6,000
British soldiers became prisoners. With the loss
of so many troops, the British army was deeply
weakened.
This victory of Saratoga was a turning point of
the American Revolution. It helped convince
France that the Americans could win the war.
France decided to help the Americans by sending
soldiers and money.
复习:
1. 为什么英国想要拿下纽约殖民地?
2. 什么是英国伯高英将军拿下纽约殖民地的计
划?
3. 为什么英国伯高英将军的计划失败?
4. 为什么我们说萨拉托加战役是美国独立战争的
一个转捩点?
Review:
1. Why did the British want to capture the New
York Colony?
2. What was the British General Burgoyne's
plan to capture New York?
3. Why did the British General Burgoyne's plan
fail?
4. Why do we say the Battle of Saratoga was a
turning point of the American Revolution?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 38
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.14 主要观念
纽约州的效忠者和爱国独立者 3.14 Key Idea
Loyalists and Patriots in New York State
詞汇:
1. 爱国独立者 2. 效忠者 3. 忠貞不渝
4. 中立
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. Patriot 2. Loyalist 3. loyal
4. neutral
摘要:
13 个殖民地为了是否要英国统治而争斗。殖民们有
不同的见解和看法。有些站在英国立场,有些响往
脱离英国独立,有些不愿意见到英国和殖民地之间
有战争
Summary:
In the struggle over British rule in the 13 colonies,
the colonists had different points of view. Some
sided with the British. Some favored breaking all
ties with Great Britain. Some colonists wanted to
avoid war between Britain and the colonies.
内容:
美国独立战争期间,殖民必须决定是支持独立战争
还是对英国和英国国王乔治三世保持忠诚。有些无
法决定该站在哪一边而保持中立。这些人不想对抗
英国士兵也不想对抗殖民。他们希望英国和殖民地
能够尽快的联合起来。
支持独立的殖民称作爱国独立者(Patriots)。然而
并不是殖民地的每一个人都想要打仗。成千的人们
忠诚于英国政府。反对脱离英国而独立的殖民称作
效忠者(Loyalists)。
大部份的反对英国者(Patriots)支持独立是因为他
们对於英国政府的徵税政策感到愤怒。这些反对英
国者(Patriots)认为英国政府没有权利向殖民征
税。实际上,他们认为英国政府根本没有权利来管
理殖民地。反对英国者(Patriots)想要自己制订自
己的法律。许多反对英国者(Patriots)住在新英格
兰(New England)殖民地,特别是麻萨诸塞
(Massachusetts)。
Content:
During the American Revolution, the colonists had
to decide to support the War for Independence or
remain loyal to the British and King George III.
Some colonists could not decide which side to
choose and remained neutral during the war.
Those colonists didn’t want to fight against the
British soldiers or against the colonists. They
hoped that Great Britain and colonies could soon
be united.
Those who supported independence from Britain
were known as Patriots. Not everyone in the
colonies wanted to fight. Thousands of people
were loyal to the British government. Colonists
who opposed independence from Britain were
known as Loyalists.
Most Patriots supported independence because
they were angered by the British government’s tax
policies. These Patriots believed the British
government did not have the right to tax the
colonists. In fact, they thought that the British
government did not have the right to rule the
colonies at all. The Patriots wanted to make their
own laws. Many Patriots live in the New England
Colonies, especially Massachusetts.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 39
许多效忠者(Loyalists)在英国还有他们的家人和
朋友。或者他们是和英国之间有紧密贸易关系的商
人。有些则是英国教会的成员。效忠者
(Loyalists) 对於能够成为强大帝国的一份子觉得
充满感激。有些认为殖民们没有自我管理的经验。
有些则认为殖民不可能打赢英国。纽约地区的效忠
者(Loyalists)比其他的殖民地多。
乔治华盛顿将军成为大陆军的总司令之后,虽然纽
约的许多殖民对英国仍是保持忠诚,但是有许多加
入华盛顿的军队对抗英国。有时候,同一个家庭有
反对英国者(Patriots)也有效忠者(Loyalists)。
不同的论点让家庭四分五裂。
男人参军后,就无法再照顾他们的农场和生意,这
对经济造成了损失。每天的日常用品对大部份的殖
民而言,变成非常难取得。因为这些用品都被送给
打仗的士兵。效忠者(Loyalists)也会把日常用品
藏起来,试图减弱反对英国者(Patriots)的作战能
力。
美国独立战争期间,效忠者(Loyalists)的处境很
危险。许多效忠者(Loyalists) 被残酷的攻击或杀
害。他们的土地或房子被摧毁或夺走。
Many Loyalists had family and friends in Great
Britain or were shopkeepers or traders with strong
business ties to Britain. Some were members of
the Church of England. They appreciated the
benefits of being part of a powerful empire. Some
felt the colonists didn’t have the experience to
govern themselves. Others felt the colonies
couldn’t win a war against Britain. New York had
more Loyalists than any other colony.
General George Washington became commander
in chief of the Continental Army. Though many
colonists in New York remained loyal to England,
many joined Washington’s army to fight England.
Sometimes there were Loyalists and Patriots
within the same family. Different viewpoints tore
the family apart.
The economy suffered as men went off to fight,
leaving behind their farms and businesses.
Everyday supplies were hard for most colonists to
get because they were being sent to the soldiers
who were fighting the war. Loyalists often hid
supplies, trying to weaken the Patriots’ ability to
fight.
During the American Revolution, the Loyalists’
situation was dangerous. Many Loyalists were
brutally attacked and killed. Their property was
destroyed or taken away.
复习:
1. 反对英国者(Patriots)的论点是什么?
2. 效忠者(Loyalists) 的论点是什么?
Review:
1. What was the Patriots’ point of view?
2. What was the Loyalists’ point of view?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 40
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.15 主要观念
独立革命时期的领导者 3.15 Key Idea
Leaders of the Revolution
詞汇:
1. 平民,老百姓 2. 大陆会议
3. 独立宣言 4. 反对英国者
5. 条约,公约 6. 造反的,叛乱的
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. civilians 2. Continental Congress
3. Declaration of Independence 4. Patriots
5. treaty 6. rebellious
摘要:
美国独立革命期间,有一些伟大的领导者带领殖民
们和英国抗争并赢得最后的独立。不仅如此,他们
在美国的歷史上具有重要的影响力。
Summary:
During the American Revolutionary period, there
were some great leaders who were not only
leading colonists to fight against Great Britain to
gain their independence, but who also had great
influences on American history.
内容:
乔治・华盛顿将军
美国军队是由 13个殖民地的人民组成。它称作大
陆军(Continental Army),而乔治・华盛顿被推选
出来的总司令。那表示他负责管理所有的士兵和统
帅。他是一个伟大并具有智慧的军事领导者。
大陆军其实根本不像是一个军队。它是由一万五千
名没有受过训练,武装的老百姓组成,并且大部份
都是农民。他们没有什么钱,武器装备也不够。海
军规模非常小并势力薄弱。华盛顿在战争中带领着
他们和英国抗战,面对当时世界上最强大的军队之
一。经过六年的奋战,大陆军最终迫使英国离开殖
民地。华盛顿的贡献,胆识,和智慧让他后来被推
选为美国的第一任总统。
汤玛斯・杰佛逊
汤玛斯・杰佛逊在美国独立革命期间是一个律师。
他在维吉尼亚(Virginia)生长,后来成为第二次大
Content:
General George Washington
The American Army was made up of soldiers from
all of the 13 colonies. It was called the Continental
Army, and General George Washington was made
Commander in Chief. This meant that he was in
charge of all of the soldiers and officers in the
army. He was a great and wise military leader.
The Continental Army was not much of an army at
all. It was made up of 15,000 untrained, armed
civilians, who were mostly farmers. They had very
little money and few weapons or supplies. The
Navy was very small and weak. Washington led
them in a war against Great Britain, one of the
mightiest armies in the world. After six years of
fighting, his Continental Army was able to drive
England from the American colonies.
Washington's dedication, courage, and wisdom
helped him to later be chosen as the first President
of the United States.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was a lawyer during the
American Revolution. Born and raised in
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 41
陆会议议员和维吉尼亚州的第二任州长。由他撰写
的独立宣言,解释为什么 13个殖民地要脱离英国
而独立,并建立属于自己的国家。汤玛斯深信人民
有权利管理自己,并有权利选择他们自己的领导
者。独立革命胜利之后,汤玛斯成为美国的第三任
总统。
班杰明・富兰克林
班杰明・富兰克林帮助成立函授委员会(Committee
of Correspondence),帮助领导者利用写信在各个
殖民地之间互相传递讯息。他也帮助成立大陆会
议,让殖民们在革命独立期间联合起来,共同对抗
英国的统治。富兰克林并代表殖民发言,到英国抗
议英国的法律和税案。后来,他并协助替战后与英
国的和平公约奠基。班杰明富兰克林是个作家,发
明家,和科学家。他伟大的智慧,机智,和天赋让
他成为美国歷史上最多才多艺的公民。
伊森・艾伦
伊森・艾伦是佛蒙特(Vermont)地带的一个叛乱组
织,绿山男孩(Green Mountain Boys),的首领。他
带领 300个追随者,夜间突击位於纽约上州的堡
垒,英国控制的提康德罗加堡垒。绿山男孩佔领了
堡垒并虏获 300门大炮。他们带着这些大炮,行走
数英里到麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的波士顿
(Boston)。他们将大炮交给美国军队对抗英国。这
些大炮帮助美国赢得了其他战役。1775 年,伊森
・艾伦和他的随从到加拿大(Canada)攻击蒙特利尔
(Montreal)。他被英国逮捕,并关进英国监狱。
Virginia, Jefferson was a member of the Second
Continental Congress and the second governor of
Virginia. He wrote the Declaration of
Independence, which explained why the 13
American colonies were breaking away from
England and starting their own country. Jefferson
believed that the people had the right to govern
themselves and choose their own leaders. After
the revolution, Jefferson became the third
President of the United States.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin helped organize the Committee
of Correspondence, which helped patriot leaders
throughout the colonies keep in touch with one
another by writing letters. He also helped organize
the Continental Congress, which united the
colonists in their revolution against British
rule. Franklin traveled to England to protest
English laws and taxes and to speak for the
colonists. He later helped lay the groundwork for
the peace treaty with England.
Benjamin Franklin was an author, inventor, and
scientist. His great wisdom, wit, and talent made
him one of America's most gifted citizens.
Ethan Allen
Ethan Allen was a patriot leader of a rebellious
group of soldiers from Vermont known as the
Green Mountain Boys. He led 300 of his men in a
nighttime raid on the British-controlled fort, Fort
Ticonderoga, in upstate New York. The Green
Mountain Boys captured the fort and 300 cannons.
They carried these cannons many miles to Boston,
Massachusetts. They handed them over to the
American Army to fight the British. The cannons
helped the Patriots win other battles. In 1775,
Allen and his men went to Canada to attack
Montreal. He was captured by the British and sent
to England where he was put into prison.
复习:
这些伟大的美国领导者,他们共同的特性是什么?
Review:
What are the common characteristics these great
American Leaders shared?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 42
第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods
关键问题:
美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in
New York?
3.16 主要观念
独立革命战争的结果 3.16 Key Idea
Effects of the Revolutionary War
詞汇:
1. 代表 2. 首都 3. 宪法
4. 邦联 5. 批准,同意
6. 总统 7. 议会 8.最高司法院
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. representative 2. capital 3. Constitution
4. Articles of Confederation 5. ratify
6. President 7. Congress 8. Supreme Court
摘要:
当纽约於 1776 年变成一个州,纽约的人撰写了纽
约宪法并选举出州长。13个州也形成了美国,一个
新的国家。之后,美国人撰写了美国宪法,并选举
出美国总统。
Summary:
When New York became a state in 1776, New
Yorkers wrote a constitution and elected a
governor. The 13 states also formed the United
States, a new nation. Later, Americans wrote the
United States Constitution and elected a President.
内容:
新的州
1776 年, 106 个来自纽约不同地方的代表聚集在纽
约市撰写纽约宪法. 为了不被逮捕,代表们不停改
变聚会地点. 每一次的聚会地点都成为纽约的首都
14 位被挑选出来的委员成立一个委员会来撰写纽约
宪法. 约翰・杰是其中一位委员.是他的主张并致
力通过把独立宣言纳入纽约宪法的一部份.
1777 年四月二十日,纽约宪法在金士顿签署完成.
成為纽约州的法律.
1777 年,投票者选出乔治・克林顿成为纽约的第一
任州长.纽约人一再的选举乔治克林顿州长达十八
年之久
1797 年, 纽约人把州府从金士顿迁到奥伯尼
(Albany) ,因為奥伯尼 (Albany)比其他城市更位
于中心地理位置,并且大家都很容易到达。
新的国家
Content:
New State
In 1776, a group of 106 representatives from
different parts of New York met in New York City
to write a constitution. To keep from being
captured, the representatives moved from place to
place. Each of these places became the capital of
New York.
A committee, consisting of 14 members, was
chosen to write a constitution. John Jay was one
of the committee members. It was his idea to
make the Declaration of Independence part of New
York’s constitution.
On April 20, 1777, the New York Constitution
was signed in Kingston. It became the law of New
York State.
In 1777, voters chose George Clinton to be the
governor of New York. New Yorkers elected
Clinton governor again and again for the next 18
years.
In 1797, New Yorkers moved the capital from
Kingston to Albany. Albany is more centrally
located than any of the other cities and easier for
everyone to get to.
New Nation
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 43
1776 年, 纽约和其他 12个州联合起来成为美利坚
合众国(the United States of America). 这些新
的州同时同意在邦联之下,成立一个新国家政府。
每一个州都想要独立.没有一个州愿意放弃太多的
权力, 因此造成新中央政府无力软弱。 许多美国
人开始相信美国需要一个更强壮的政府。这个有力
的政府应该有总统,议会,和最高司法院。这个新
宪法打造了我们现在国家政府的雏形。
1787 年五月, 亚力山大・汉米顿和其他代表聚集
在宾州的费城,致力撰写美国宪法.
1787 年九月,在费城的代表们签署了美国宪法, 当
时有三位来自纽约的代表, 亚力山大汉米顿是唯一
的一位纽约人签署了美国宪法. 另外两位代表因为
不同意宪法而於 7月打道回府。
宪法必需经过十三个州里的至少九个州批准后才可
以成为国家法律. 1788年六月二十一日, 新罕布夏
是第九个州批准了宪法, 宪法正式成为美国的法
律。
1788 年七月, 纽约投票通过同意宪法,票数相当接
近,30 票赞成,27票反对。纽约因此成为美国第
十一个州.
1789 年,乔治・华盛顿被选為美国第一任总统. 约
翰杰成为国家第一个大法官。亚力山大・汉米顿成
为国家第一个财政部长。
那时候,纽约市是美国的首都.到 1790 年, 政府把
国家首都从纽约市迁到费城。
In 1776, New York and the other 12 states joined
together to become the United States of America.
The new states also agreed to a new national
government formed under the Articles of
Confederation.
Each state wanted to be independent. No state
wanted to give up much of its power to the central
government. This made the new central
government very weak. Many Americans began
to believe that the United States needed a stronger
government. This stronger government should
have a President, Congress, and Supreme Court.
The new constitution, creating a strong central
government, forms the basis of our national
government today.
In May 1787, Hamilton and other representatives
met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to work on the
Constitution.
In September 1787, the representatives in
Philadelphia signed the Constitution. There were
three representatives from New York; Alexander
Hamilton was the only New Yorker to sign the
United States Constitution. The other two did not
want to ratify the Constitution. They went home
in July.
The Constitution had to be ratified by at least 9 of
the 13 states, before it could become our country’s
law. New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the
Constitution on June 21, 1788. The Constitution then
became the law of the United States.
In July 1788, New York voted for ratification.
The vote was close — 30 for and 27 against. New
York became the eleventh state in the United
States.
In 1789, George Washington was elected the first
President of the United States. John Jay became
the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Alexander Hamilton became the nation’s first
Secretary of the Treasury.
At that time, New York City was the nation’s
capital. In 1790, the government moved the
country’s capital from New York City to
Philadelphia.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 44
复习:
1. 美国宪法通过之前,什么样的文件提供美国政
府架构的雏形?
2. 美国独立战争之后,这些新独立自主的州面临
最大的困难是什么?
3. 美国人认为一个强壮的政府应该要拥有什么?
4. 谁是美国的第一任总统?
Review:
1. Which document provided a plan for the
structure of the U.S. government in the period
before the U.S. Constitution was ratified?
2. What was the greatest problem the newly
independent states faced after the American
Revolution?
3. What did the Americans think a strong
government should have?
4. Who was the first President of the United
States of America?
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 45
答案
3.1
荷兰人,英国人,和法国人都带进来他们不同的语
言,运动,事物,建筑物,宗教,和习惯。他们都
勤奋认真,并遗留下来他们重要的文化遗产。荷兰
人建立了一个宗教自由和和文化多元化的范例。最
重要的一项影响是,美国宪法是直接受到英国大宪
章的影响。修改后的英国司法系统,成为殖民地独
立的基本概念。
3.2
1. 13 个殖民地位于大西洋沿岸。
2. 新英格兰的经济集中在交易,造船,捕鱼,和
小型农场。大部分的经济活动都集中在城市和
港口。中部殖民地的经济主要是农业和製造
业,特别是铁工厂。南部殖民地的经济是种植
经济作物,例如烟草,稻米,玉米,和产靛的
豌豆科植物,并卖到欧洲。
3. 新英格兰有很长的冬季和短的耕种季节,加上
许多山脉,并且土壤多岩石,土地不适合耕
种。内地森林提供造船需要的树木。森林里的
许多动物帮助交易毛皮。中部殖民地有山丘,
和肥沃的土地。河流从阿帕拉契山脉流入海
洋。这些河流造成肥沃健康的土地,并帮助交
易更容易。耕种对於这裡的殖民是非常重要
的。南方的土地是种植大量农作物的理想地
带。在南方,气候温暖,耕种季节非常长;加
上有许多河流让土壤保持水分和肥沃。
Answer Key
3.1
The Dutch, English, and French all brought
in different languages, sports, foods, building
styles, possibly religions, and customs. They were
all hard-working people who left an important
culture heritage. The Dutch set an example of
religious toleration and cultural diversity. Most
importantly, however, is that the American
Constitution was directly influenced by the British
Magna Carta. The colonists believed that the
laws of the Magna Carta, which defined and
protected their rights in Great Britain, should also
be in effect in the colonies. Violation of these
rights by Great Britain led to the colonists’ fight
for independence. After the war, many of the
Magna Carta’s laws were adapted and included in
the U.S. Constitution.
3.2
1. The 13 colonies were located along the
Atlantic coast.
2. The economy in New England included trade,
shipbuilding, fishing, and small farms. Most
of the economic activities were located in
cities and ports. The economy in the Middle
Colonies included farming and manufacturing,
especially the iron industry. The economy in
Southern Colonies was growing large cash
crops of tobacco, rice, corn, and indigo to be
sold in Europe.
3. New England had cold long winters and short
growing seasons; in addition, there were many
mountains, and the soil was rocky and not
good for farming. The inland forests provided
trees for building ships. The many animals
living in the forests supported the fur trade.
The middle colonies had hills and rich, fertile
soil. Rivers flowed from the Appalachian
Mountains to the ocean. These rivers made the
land healthy and make trading very easy.
Farming was very important to the southern
colonists. The land in the South was ideal for
planting large crops. The climate was warm
and the growing season was very long. There
were many rivers to keep the soil moist and
fertile.
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 46
3.3
1. 这条三角贸易路线连接英国,英属殖民地,和
非洲,形成大西洋上一个大三角形贸易路綫的
三个顶点。三角贸易路线从英国输送出商品,
从 13个殖民地输送出原材料,从非洲输送出奴
隶。
2。沿岸城市的人民利用海洋讨生活,例如捕鱼,
捕鲸鱼,或造船。其他有些是具有特殊技能的
工匠,
3.4
定居在新英格兰殖民地的人想和自己的家人在一起
并实践他们自己的宗教。住在中部殖民地的人民彼
此非常的不同。中部殖民地的人民寻求宗教自由
(主要在宾夕法尼亚)或是以赚钱为目的。很多人
没有将他们的家人一起从英国带过来。南部殖民地
的人民大部份是为了赚钱为目的。他们带着他们的
家人一起过来 定居在种植园。
3.5
1. 法国胡格诺派人定居纽约是为了可以自由的实
践他们的宗教信仰。有些人是以契约仆人的身
份定居在纽约。
2. 有些奴隶非裔美国人在农场工作。有些做家
务。其他的是技术性的铁匠,裁缝师,木匠,
鞋匠,金匠,和皮匠。
3 沿著哈德逊河,有许多有钱地主住在大庄园
里。佃农租借他们的地来耕种。许多住在奥伯
尼和纽约市的人是商人或拥有商店,忙碌的买
卖货品。
3.6
1. 1. 殖民地时期的小孩经常需要工作。他们很早
就起床挤牛奶,捡蛋,和餵鸡。并不是全部的
3.3
1. The Triangular Trade Route linked Britain, the
British colonies, and Africa as the three points
of a great triangle on the Atlantic Ocean. The
Triangular Trade Routes carried manufactured
goods from Britain and raw materials from the
13 colonies. Slaves were transported from
Africa.
2. People who lived in coastal cities made their
living from the sea, by fishing, whaling, or
shipbuilding. Other people were craftsmen
with special skills.
3.4
The people who settled in the New England
Colonies wanted to keep their family unit together
and practice their own religion. The people who
lived in the middle colonies were very different
from one another. They were looking to practice
their own religion (Pennsylvania mainly) or to
make money. Many of these people didn't bring
their families with them from England. Colonists
of the Southern Colonies were, for the most part,
out to make money. They brought their families
and they kept them together on the plantations.
3.5
1. French Huguenots settled in New York so that
they could practice their religion freely. Some
people came to New York as indentured
servants.
2. In New York, some enslaved African
Americans worked on farms. Some did
housework. Others were skilled blacksmiths,
tailors, carpenters, shoemakers, goldsmiths,
and leatherworkers.
3. Wealthy landowners lived in manors along the
Hudson River. Tenant farmers paid them rent
to use their land. Many people who lived in
Albany and New York were merchants, or
they owned shops and stores, buying and
selling goods.
3.6
1. In colonial time, children always had work to
do. They woke up early to milk the cows,
gather eggs, and feed the chickens. Not all
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小孩都去学校,但是所有的小孩都跟父母学
习。男孩学习建造,打猎,和捕鱼。女孩学习
烹飪,缝纫,和纺纱织布。女孩帮忙母亲从田
里採收和准备全家的食物。有些男孩在 10岁左
右便成为学徒。他们帮忙业者做事来求得工作
经验。
2. 殖民地时期的孩子到只有一间房间的校舍上
课。 校舍里只有一个老师。老师要教所有不同
年龄的孩子閲读,写字,和算术。学校不是免
费的。父母缴钱或食物给老师作为费用。所有
不同年龄的孩子都在同一间房间里学习。不守
秩序的孩子会被罚坐在角落面壁思过或接受鞭
韃。小孩閲读圣经和入门书。小小孩从角帖书
学习。
3。 殖民地时期,女孩和妇女经常穿著长裙盖住她
们的脚踝和手肘。在家里,她们穿著围裙来保
持衣著乾净。她们甚至在家里都戴著帽子。男
人和男孩不穿长裤。他们穿的是长到膝盖的裤
子称作马裤。冬天的时候,如果他们要到户
外,他们会穿毛质长袜。那个时候,拉链还没
有发明。因此裤子用的是扣子。男人和男孩还
会穿著背心和夹克。
3.7
1. 英国国王指派一个总督来管理殖民地。
2. 宪章就像是宪法。
3. 宪章保证殖民宗教信仰的自由,和要求陪审团
审判的权利。
4. 曾格审判是朝向印刷自的重要一步。人民有权
利印刷或传播新闻。
3.8
1. 法国和印第安人战役后,英国虽然得到最后的
胜利,这场战争却让英国花了很多钱。英国政
府认为英国士兵是在保护殖民,因此殖民应该
帮忙负担费用。所以,英国决定在某些物品上
赋税。
children went to school, but all children
learned lessons from their parents. Boys
learned to build, hunt, and fish. Gils learned
to cook, sew, and spin thread. Girls helped
their mothers gather food from the fields and
cook meals for all the family. Some boys, as
young as ten years old, became apprentices.
They learned a job by helping a craftsperson
2. In colonial time, children went to a small one-
room school, called a schoolhouse. There was
only one teacher in the schoolhouse to teach
reading, writing, and math to children of all
ages. Schools were not free. Parents sent
money or food to pay the teacher. Children of
all ages learned in the same room. Children
who behaved badly sat in a corner or received
a whipping. Children read from the Bible and
from a book called a primer. Young children
learned from a hornbook.
3. In colonial time, girls and women always
wore long dresses that covered their ankles
and elbows. At home, they wore aprons to
keep their dresses clean. They always wore
hats on their heads, even at home. Many men
and boys did not wear long pants. They wore
knee-length pants called breeches. When they
were not outdoors in cold weather, they wore
long, woolen stockings. Zippers were not
invented yet. The pants had buttons instead.
Men and boys wore vests and jackets.
3.7
1. The English king appointed a governor to rule
the colony.
2. A charter was like a constitution.
3. The charter guaranteed colonists freedom of
religion and right to a trial by jury.
4. The Zenger Trial was an important step toward
Freedom of the Press, the right of people to
print or tell the news.
3.8
1. Great Britain fought and won the French and
Indian War in the end. However, this war had
cost the British a lot of money. The British
government thought that because the British
soldiers were protecting the colonists, the
colonists should help pay. So the British
decided to make the colonists pay taxes on
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2. 税法让许多殖民愤怒。殖民认为税法对他们来
说很不公平,因为他们在英国国会里没有代
表。没有代表,就表示对他们生活造成影响的
这些法案,他们无法表示赞成或反对。
3. 殖民地想要脱离英国管理而独立。
3.9
1. 史蒂文生建立了新阿姆斯特丹的第一座医院和
第一间邮局。他还建立了一个系统称作“拨浪
鼓警告,人民半夜在街上巡逻检视火烛。史蒂文
生也尝试弥补对印第安人的不公平。例如,他
坚持要合理的支付印第安人对殖民提供的服
务。
2. 彼得・曾格审判最重要的结果是为日后保障言
论自由和新闻自由设立了一个典范。
3. 克林顿协助建立纽约的第一部宪法。他被选为
纽约的第一任州长。
4. 秀波帮助她的父亲警告临近一带的反对英国者
士兵,英国军队将会朝这个方向过来。秀波在
一个漆黑并下着雨的夜晚,骑马 40英哩沿著佛
德瑞克伯格城.协助联络聚集士兵。由於秀波的
帮助,她的城镇得以不被英国攻击。
3.10
1. 纽约在独立战争期间扮演者一个决定性的角
色。原因是它的地理位置。纽约介於新英格兰
殖民地和南部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了
纽约,那将隔开新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民
地。如此一来,殖民地之间的传递消息和设备
用品会更加困难。对於士兵的往返也会非常艰
难。
2. 在布鲁克林战役之后,哈德逊河提供华盛顿的
军队逃往的路径。并确保大陆军可以继续奋
战。
certain goods.
2. These taxes made many colonists angry. The
colonists didn't think it was fair because they
had no representatives in Parliament. Without
representatives, colonists had no way to
influence laws created by the British
government that affected their lives.
3. The colonies wanted to become independent
from British rule.
3.9
1. Stuyvesant built New Amsterdam’s first
hospital and post office. He also set up a
system called “rattle watch” in which people
patrolled the street at night looking for fire.
Stuyvesant also tried to correct some wrongs
against the Indians. For instance, he insisted
that Indians be paid properly for their
services.
2. The most important result from the Peter
Zenger’s trial was that it set an example for
protecting the rights to free speech and
freedom of the press.
3. Clinton helped to establish New York’s first
constitution. He was elected as the first
governor of New York during that same year.
4. Sybil helped her father warn the patriot
soldiers in the area that the British were
coming. Sybil rode for forty miles through
the dark, rainy countryside around
Fredericksburg, New York, helping gather the
soldiers together. Because of Sybil’s help, her
town was saved from a British attack.
3.10
1. New York played a decisive and crucial role
in America's fight for independence because
New York was located about half way
between the New England colonies and the
Southern colonies. If the British controlled
New York, the New England colonies would
then be separated from the Southern colonies.
It would be much more difficult for the
colonies to send messages and supplies to
each other. It would be also be much harder
to send soldiers back and forth.
2. The Hudson River provided a vital escape
route for Washington's army after the Battle
of Brooklyn and ensured that the Continental
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 49
3.11
1. 约瑟夫・布兰特站在英国那边对抗殖民。他对
於殖民们夺走伊洛郭依族的土地非常愤怒。他
认为一旦殖民地独立了之后,伊洛郭依将会丧
失更多的土地。
2. 欧内达族和塔斯卡洛拉族后来靠向美国并变成
美国的盟友一起作战。欧内达族甚至帮忙提供
粮食给乔治华盛顿的将军队。
3. 对立两方分裂了伊洛郭依邦联,他们从此再也
无法像以前一样强壮。独立战争以后,所有的
伊洛郭依族被清除,打开独立战争之后美国定
居者拓疆之路。
3.12
1. 纽约成为独立战争中的一个最主要的州是因为
它的地理位置。纽约位于新英格兰殖民地和南
部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,新英
格兰殖民地将会和南部殖民地分离。这样一来
对於殖民彼此间传递讯息和设备将会更困难。
对於士兵的往返也会更艰难。
2. 华盛顿和他的士兵在长岛战役里惨败。
3. 华盛顿和他的军队计划逃亡,在大雾里划船穿
过东河到曼哈顿。然后他们再往北行军到安全
地带。
4. 长岛战役以后,纽约在英国的控制之下,直到
独立战争结束。
3.13
1. 英国想要拿下纽约是因为纽约介於新英格兰和
南部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,英
国将会更容易传递讯息和输送用品。士兵南北
往返也会更容易。
2. 伯高英将军和他的士兵由加拿大南下;圣莱杰
Army could continue the fight.
3.11
1. Joseph Brant sided with the British against the
colonists. He was angry at the colonists for
taking Iroquois land. He said the Iroquois
would lose even more of their lands if the
American colonies became independent.
2. The Oneidas and Tuscaroras took the side of
the Americans and became their allies in the
fight for independence. The Oneidas even
helped supply food to General George
Washington's army.
3. Taking sides against each other in the
Revolutionary War split the Iroquois
Confederacy, and they were never as strong
again. After the revolution, all the Iroquois
were cleared out, making way for American
settlers after the Revolutionary War.
3.12
1. New York was a key state in the war for
independence because of its location. New
York was about halfway between the New
England colonies and the Southern colonies.
If the British controlled New York, the New
England colonies would then be separated
from the Southern colonies. It would be much
more difficult for the colonies to send
messages and supplies to each other. It would
also be much harder to send soldiers back and
forth.
2. In the Battle of Long Island, Washington and
his soldiers were beaten badly.
3. Washington and his troops escaped by rowing
boats across the East River to Manhattan in a
heavy fog. Then they marched north to safety.
4. New York City was under British control. It
stayed that way until the end of the war.
3.13
1. The British wanted to capture the New York
Colony because New York was located
halfway between the New England colonies
and the Southern colonies. If the British
controlled New York, it would be easier for
the British to send messages and supplies. It
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 50
中校率领军队从奥斯威戈行军到莫哈克山谷;
威廉・浩将军则从纽约市往北到哈德逊山谷。
他们三路军队再全部往奥伯尼前进。一旦英国
拿下奥伯尼,纽约殖民地将全部在他们的手
里。
3. 从奥斯威戈出发的英国士兵在奥里斯卡尼附近
被美国军袭败。他们撤退回到奥斯威戈。而从
纽约市出发的英国军队离开时间太晚,以致於
无法支援伯高英将军。
4. 萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩
点,因为它让法国相信美国人有能力赢得战
争。因此,法国决定提供士兵和金钱来帮助美
国打仗。
3.14
1. 反对英国者(Patriots)认为英国政府没有权利
向殖民徵税。实际上,他们认为英国政府根本
没有权利来管理殖民地。反对英国者
(Patriots)想要自己制订自己的法律。
2. 许多忠贞者(Loyalists)在英国还有他们的家人
和朋友。或者他们是和英国之间有紧密贸易关
系的商人。有些则是英国教会的成员。忠贞者
(Loyalists) 对於能够成为强大帝国的一份子
觉得充满感激。有些认为殖民们没有自我管理
的经验。有些则认为殖民不可能打赢英国。
3.15
这些伟大的美国领导者的共同特色是他们都拥有领
导力。他们勇敢,有决定性,并贯彻到底。
3.16
1. 美国宪法通过之前,邦联提供美国政府架构
would also be much easier to send soldiers
back and forth.
2. General Burgoyne and his soldiers would head
south from Canada; Lieutenant Colonel St.
Leger would march from Oswego down the
Mohawk Valley; and General Sir William
Howe would come up the Hudson Valley from
New York City. They would all march toward
Albany. Once the British captured Albany, the
New York colony would be in their hands.
3. The British General Burgoyne's plan failed
because the British soldiers who had started
from Oswego were defeated near Oriskany.
They were driven back to Oswego. The other
British soldiers from New York City left the
city too late to help General Burgoyne.
4. The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point of
the American Revolution because it helped
convince France that the Americans could win
the war. France decided to help the Americans
by sending soldiers and money.
3.14
1. Most Patriots supported independence
because they were angered by the British
government’s tax policies. These Patriots
believed the British government did not have
the right to tax the colonists. In fact, they
thought that the British government did not
have the right to rule the colonies at all. The
Patriots wanted to make their own laws.
2. Many Loyalists had family and friends in
Great Britain or were shopkeepers or traders
with strong business ties with Britain. Some
were members of the Church of England.
They appreciated the benefits of being part of
a powerful empire. Some felt the colonists
didn’t have the experience to govern
themselves. Others felt the colonies couldn’t
win a war against Britain.
3.15
These great American leaders were brave,
decisive, and determined.
3.16
1. The Articles of Confederation provided a plan
for the structure of the U.S. government in the
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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 51
的雏形.
2. 美国独立战争之后,这些新独立自主的州面
临最大的困难是每一个州都想要独立.没有一个州
愿意放弃太多的权力,因此造成新中央政府无力软
弱.
3. 强而有力的政府应该有总统,议会,和最高
司法院。
4. 乔治华盛顿為美国第一任总统。
period before the U.S. Constitution was
ratified.
2. The greatest problem the newly independent
states faced was that each state wanted to be
independent. No state wanted to give up
much of its power. This made the new central
government very weak.
3. The strong government should have a
President, Congress, and Supreme Court.
4. George Washington was the first President of
the United States.
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