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Draft_5_15_10 ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 Unit 3 Page 1 第三单元:殖民和独立革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 主要观念: 3.1 荷兰,英国,和法国对纽约州的影响 3.2 殖民依赖和改造地理环境的方法 3.3 殖民时期社会的经济体系 3.4 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造起 13 个殖民地 3.5 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造我们的社区, 地区,和州 3.6 殖民地时期的生活方式和日常活动 3.7 殖民时期的政府 3.8 革命的起因 3.9 住在纽约的个人和团体的重要成就 3.10 纽约的地理位置对战争的影响 3.11 纽约的印第安人对战争的影响 3.12 长岛战役的作用 3.13 萨拉托加战役的作用 3.14 纽约州的效忠者和反对英国者 3.15 独立革命时期的领导者 3.16 独立革命战争的结果 Key Ideas: 3.1 Dutch, English, and French influences in New York State 3.2 Ways that colonists depended on and modified their physical environment 3.3 The economic system in colonial societies 3.4 Cultural similarities and differences that helped shaped the 13 colonies 3.5 Cultural similarities and differences that helped shaped our community, local region, and State 3.6 Different lifestyles and daily activities in the colonies 3.7 Colonial governments 3.8 Causes for revolution 3.9 Important accomplishments of individuals and groups living in our community and region 3.10 How the location of New York State influenced the War 3.11 How Native American Indians in New York State influenced the War 3.12 The role of the Battle of Long Island 3.13 The role of the Battle of Saratoga 3.14 Loyalists and Patriots in New York State 3.15 Leaders of the Revolution 3.16 Effects of the Revolutionary War

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Page 1: Draft 5 15 10 - New York University...Draft_5_15_10 ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 4 许多纽约的地名中显现。例如布鲁克林 (Brooklyn)和哈林(Harlem)都是荷兰字。但是荷

Draft_5_15_10

ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 1

第三单元:殖民和独立革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

主要观念:

3.1 荷兰,英国,和法国对纽约州的影响

3.2 殖民依赖和改造地理环境的方法

3.3 殖民时期社会的经济体系

3.4 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造起 13 个殖民地

3.5 文化的差异和类同帮助塑造我们的社区,

地区,和州

3.6 殖民地时期的生活方式和日常活动

3.7 殖民时期的政府

3.8 革命的起因

3.9 住在纽约的个人和团体的重要成就

3.10 纽约的地理位置对战争的影响

3.11 纽约的印第安人对战争的影响

3.12 长岛战役的作用

3.13 萨拉托加战役的作用

3.14 纽约州的效忠者和反对英国者

3.15 独立革命时期的领导者

3.16 独立革命战争的结果

Key Ideas:

3.1 Dutch, English, and French influences in

New York State

3.2 Ways that colonists depended on and

modified their physical environment

3.3 The economic system in colonial societies

3.4 Cultural similarities and differences that

helped shaped the 13 colonies

3.5 Cultural similarities and differences that

helped shaped our community, local

region, and State

3.6 Different lifestyles and daily activities in

the colonies

3.7 Colonial governments

3.8 Causes for revolution

3.9 Important accomplishments of individuals

and groups living in our community and

region

3.10 How the location of New York State

influenced the War

3.11 How Native American Indians in New

York State influenced the War

3.12 The role of the Battle of Long Island

3.13 The role of the Battle of Saratoga

3.14 Loyalists and Patriots in New York State

3.15 Leaders of the Revolution

3.16 Effects of the Revolutionary War

Page 2: Draft 5 15 10 - New York University...Draft_5_15_10 ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 4 许多纽约的地名中显现。例如布鲁克林 (Brooklyn)和哈林(Harlem)都是荷兰字。但是荷

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 2

单元大纲 Unit Overview

当 1492 年哥伦布(Columbus) 发现新大陆的消息传

回欧洲以后,其他的欧洲探险家相继而来,希望

能够在北美洲和南美洲发掘天然资源。1600年中

期以前, 法国,英国,和荷兰已经探险过大西洋彼

岸,就是现在的美国,并在北美洲建立殖民地,

尤其是英国和荷兰沿著大西洋岸建立他们的殖民

地。 许多欧洲人为了寻找新的生活也跟着来到美

洲殖民地。

1700 年中期,法国和英国为了争夺位于阿帕拉契

山脉 (the Appalachian Mountains) 和密西西比河

(Mississippi River) 中间的土地控制权而战。1776

年, 13 个英国殖民地决定脱离大英帝国统治。

英国控制了纽约,阻隔了新英格兰殖民地和南部

的殖民地。英国战胜了起初的几场战役,但是却

输掉了重要的萨拉托加战役。经过 6年艰苦的战

争,美国终于赢得了最后胜利。美国独立革命让

13 个殖民地成为一个独立的国家。美国人可以制

定自己的法律。他们创建了一个以自由为基本理

念的国家。

When news of Columbus’s 1492 voyage to the

Americas reached Europe, other European

explorers followed, hoping to exploit the natural

resources in North and South America. By the

1600s France, England, and the Netherlands had

explored the Atlantic coast of what is now the

United States and had established colonies in

North America. England and the Netherlands

had an interest in the lands along the Atlantic

coast. Many Europeans looking for a new life

followed.

In the mid 1700s, France and England were

fighting over control of the part of America

between the Appalachian Mountains and the

Mississippi River. In 1776, the 13 British

colonies decided to break away from Great

Britain.

British control of New York would have

separated the New England colonies from the

Southern colonies. The British won early battles

but lost the important Battle of Saratoga. After

six long years of war, the Americans had finally

won. The American Revolution made the 13

colonies a separate country. The Americans

could now make their own laws. They began to

build a country based on ideas of freedom.

Page 3: Draft 5 15 10 - New York University...Draft_5_15_10 ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 4 许多纽约的地名中显现。例如布鲁克林 (Brooklyn)和哈林(Harlem)都是荷兰字。但是荷

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 3

第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?

Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.1 主要观念

荷兰,英国,和法国对纽约州的影响

3.1 Key Idea Dutch, English, and French influences in New

York State

詞汇:

1. 文化遗产 2. 容忍 3.多元化

4. 英国大宪章 5. 修改 6.法国清教徒

7. 工匠

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. heritage 2. toleration 3. diversity

4. Magna Carta 5. adapted 6. Huguenots

7. artisans

摘要:

欧洲探险家回到他们的国家,报告有关新大陆的

种种富饶资源,许多国家的人民都争相到新大陆

定居。在 1600 年到 1776年间,位于现在的纽约

地区,受到至少来自三个不同地方的人的影响:

荷兰人,法国人,和英国人。来自不同地方的人

带来了新的语言,运动,事物,建筑物,宗教,

和习惯。

Summary:

When the European explorers went back to their

countries and told about all the riches in the New

World, many countries were anxious to set up a

new colony there. Between 1600 and 1776, the

present day NY area was influenced by at least

three different groups: the Dutch, the French,

and the British. Each different group of people

brought in new languages, sports, foods,

building styles, possibly religions, and customs.

内容:

荷兰人对纽约的影响

在荷兰西印度公司(Dutch West India Company)

派送 110个定居者沿著哈德逊河谷建立交易站以

后,荷兰人于 1624 年抵达现在的曼哈顿尖端。这

片土地是由荷兰管理者,彼得・米纽伊特(Peter

Minuit),於 1626 年和欧冈昆(Algonquins)族以

价值约 24美元的物品交换得来。荷兰将这个新的

殖民地命名为新阿姆斯特丹(New Amsterdam),并

修建街道,水道,风车和农庄。40年后,于 1664

年,英国将荷兰殖民地夺取下来,并重新命名为

纽约。

虽然荷兰佔据纽约仅有 40年的历史,但是荷兰在

纽约留下了重要的历史标志。荷兰人带来了许多

运动项目,例如,保龄球和溜冰。荷兰人的食

物,例如鸡蛋饼(waffles),凉拌生菜丝

(coleslaw),和甜甜圈(doughnuts),到如今仍然

受到纽约人的喜爱。生菜和番茄也是由荷兰人带

到纽约来的。有些荷兰人特有的石头和砖头建筑

物至今仍存在于纽约。荷兰人的文化遗产也可由

Content:

The Dutch Influence in New York

The Dutch arrived on the tip of what is now

Manhattan in 1624, after the Dutch West India

Company sent 110 settlers to establish a trading

post along Hudson River Valley. The land was

purchased from the Algonquin tribe in 1626 by

the Dutch leader, Peter Minuit, for goods worth

about 24 dollars. The Dutch named their new

colony New Amsterdam and built streets, canals,

windmills and farmhouses. Forty years later, in

1664, the British captured the Dutch colony and

renamed it New York.

Although the Dutch had a presence in New York

for only 40 years, they had left an important

mark on New York. The Dutch brought sports

such as bowling and ice- skating to New York.

Dutch foods, like waffles, coleslaw, and

doughnuts, are still enjoyed by New Yorkers.

Lettuce and tomatoes were both brought to New

York by the Dutch. Some Dutch stone and brick

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许多纽约的地名中显现。例如布鲁克林

(Brooklyn)和哈林(Harlem)都是荷兰字。但是荷

兰人对纽约的最大影响是,荷兰欢迎不同国家来

的人民住到纽约。荷兰人建立了一个宗教自由和

文化多元化的范例, 让后代子孙沿袭下去。

英国人对纽约的影响

英国人将荷兰殖民地拿下之后重新命名为纽约。

英国人设立了一个增加人口的目标。英国鼓励来

自各种不同文化背景和国家的人住到纽约。1698

年至 1771年,纽约殖民地的人口从 12,000 人增

长到将近 200,000 人。

英国对纽约的影响之一,是人民以英语为母语。

纽约市在英国的管理之下,成为一个重要的交易

港口。纽约市也是约翰・彼得・曾格审判(John

Peter Zengertrial)的发源地,帮助北美洲建立

大众传播自由的雏形。

最重要的是,美国宪法是直接受到英国大宪章

(Magna Carta)的影响;修改后的英国司法系统,

成为殖民地独立的基本概念。

法国人对纽约的影响

法国清教徒(French Huguenots)想实践他们的宗

教自由,在法国却被强迫禁止。1678 年,他们在

现今的城市,新帕尔茨(New Paltz)和新洛薛尔

(New Rochelle),附近沿着哈德逊河谷(Hudson

buildings still survive. The Dutch heritage can

also be seen in place names around the state ─

Brooklyn and Harlem are Dutch words. The

most important influence that the Dutch had on

New York was that they welcomed people from

different places to live in New York. The Dutch

set an example of religious toleration and

cultural diversity, which has been followed by

later generations.

The British Influence in New York

After the British captured the Dutch colony and

renamed it New York, the British set a goal to

increase the population. The British encouraged

people from different cultures and countries to

live here. The population in the New York

colony grew from 12,000 in 1698 to nearly

200,000 in 1771.

One of the influences that the British had on

New York is the fact that people spoke English

as their mother language. New York City grew

in importance as a trading port while under

British rule. The city hosted the seminal John

Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish

the freedom of the press in North America

Most importantly, the American

Constitution was directly influenced by the

British Magna Carta. The colonists believed

that the laws of the Magna Carta, which defined

and protected their rights in Great Britain, should

also be in effect in the colonies. Violation of

these rights by Great Britain led to the colonists

fight for independence. After the was, many of

the Magna Carta’s laws were adapted and

included in the U.S. Constitution.

The French Influence in New York

French Huguenots wanted to practice their

religion and were forced from France for doing

so. In 1678 the Huguenots settled in the Hudson

River Valley around the present day cities of

New Paltz and New Rochelle, so that they could

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 5

River Valley)定居下来,实行他们自己的宗教信

仰。他们对于当地有许多影响。很多法国名称到

现在仍可以找到。法国清教徒是工作非常勤奋的

一群人,他们展现并和其他的定居者分享他们耕

种技术。他们也相信男女有相等的机会接受教

育。他们在当地也提供许多相当精致的工匠和技

工,包括蕾丝(lace)制造者,时钟制造者,和家

俱制造者。50 年以后,由于荷兰人和英国人的人

口增加,法国语言逐渐消失。

have the freedom to practice their

religion. Their influences on the area were

many. Many French names are still found

there. The Huguenots were a very hard working

people, and they demonstrated and shared their

farming methods with the other settlers. They

also believed in men and women having equal

opportunities for education. In addition, they

provided the area with many fine artisans and

craftsmen, including lace makers, clock makers,

and furniture makers. After about 50 years, the

French language began to disappear because of

the increased Dutch and English population.

复习:

比较荷兰人,英国人,和法国人对于纽约的影响

有何类似?有何不同?

Review:

Compare and contrast the influences of the

Dutch, English, and French.

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 6

第三单元:殖民和革命时期

Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.2 主要观念

殖民依赖地理环境的方法

3.2 Key Idea Ways that colonists depended on and modified

their physical environment

詞汇:

1.地理 2. 农业 3. 建立

4. 毛皮 5. 制造(大量)6. 种植园

7. 经济作物

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. geography 2. agriculture 3. establish

4. pelt 5. manufacture 6. plantation

7. cash crops

摘要:

英国殖民地的成长和富裕,吸引了欧洲各地的人

民过来定居。时间长久下来,13 个殖民地开始分

成三个区域。每一个区域都有不同的地理环境,

天气,和天然资源,这些都影响到殖民地的农业

经济活动和交易。

Summary:

The English colonies grew and made money.

They attracted people from all over Europe.

Over time, 13 colonies began to fit into three

regions. Each region had different geography,

climate and natural resources, which affected

their economic activities of agriculture and trade.

内容:

13 个殖民地分成三个区域:新英格兰殖民地,中

部殖民地,和南部殖民地。每一个区域都有些许

不同。

新英格兰殖民地:

新英格兰殖民地包括麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts),罗

德岛(Rhode Island),康涅狄格(Connecticut),和新

罕布什尔(New Hampshire)。

新英格兰有很长的冬季和短的耕种季节,加上许

多山脉,并且土壤多岩石,土地不适合耕种。殖

民们耕种的农作物只足够自己的家庭。所以他们

必须寻找其他的方法来赚钱。

早期,大部分的殖民居住在沿海一带的城镇。这

些殖民利用天然资源来帮助他们的经济。内地森

林提供造船需要的树木。森林里的许多动物帮助

Content:

The 13 colonies were divided into three regions:

the New England colonies, the Middle colonies,

and the Southern colonies. Each region was a

little different from the others.

New England Colonies::

The New England colonies were Massachusetts,

Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.

New England had long, cold winters and short

growing seasons; in addition, there were many

mountains, and the soil was rocky and not good

for farming. The colonists could only grow

enough food to feed their own families. So, the

colonists had to find other ways to earn money.

In the early years, most colonists lived in towns

along the ocean. The colonists used natural

resources to help their economy. The inland

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 7

交易毛皮。新英格兰的商人们和英国人,印第安

人,和其他地区的殖民地进行交易。殖民运送毛

皮,铁,木材,鱼,烟草,和稻米到英国。英国

运送工具,枪,家具,布料,瓷器,茶叶,和丝

绸到殖民地。

在港口城镇的渔夫提供新英格兰殖民食物。他们

捕捉蚌壳,牡蛎,鱈鱼,和比目鱼。有些捕捉鲸

鱼。殖民利用鲸鱼的许多部分。鲸鱼油用来点油

灯。鲸鱼皮制作皮包和手提袋。

因此,新英格兰的经济集中在交易,造船,捕

鱼,和小型农场。大部分的经济活动都集中在城

市和港口。

中部殖民地:

中部殖民地包括纽约(New York),纽泽西(New

Jersey),德拉瓦(Delaware),和宾夕法尼亚

(Pennsylvania)。

中部殖民地是新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民地的混

合。中部殖民地有山丘,和肥沃的土地。在这里

定居的人民建立了许多小型的农场。

中部殖民地被称作“面包篮“。这裡的谷类非常

丰富。妇女们用这些谷类作面包和甜食。殖民们

出口小麦,大麦,燕麦和牲畜到南方。

河流从阿帕拉契山脉(Appalachian Mountains)流入

海洋。这些河流孕育了肥沃健康的土地,并使交

易更容易。内地的农夫们可以利用河流运送他们

的物品。船再载运这些物品到港口城市。在那

里,这些物品再装运到大船上。

forests provided trees for building ships. The

many animals living in the forests supported the

fur trade. The merchants in New England traded

with the British, Native Americans, and with

other colonies. Colonists sent furs, iron, lumber,

fish, tobacco, and rice to Great Britain. England

sent tools, guns, furniture, cloth, fine china, teas,

and silks to the colonies.

Fishermen in the port towns provided food for

the colonists of the region. They caught clams,

oysters, cod, and halibut. Some men also hunted

whales. Colonists used many parts of whales.

Whale blubber fueled oil lamps. The skin of the

whales was made into purses and bags.

The economy in New England was based on

trade, shipbuilding, fishing, and small farms.

Most of the economic activities were located in

cities and ports.

Middle Colonies:

The Middle colonies were New York, New

Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

The Middle colonies were a mix of the Southern

and New England colonies. The middle colonies

had hills and rich, fertile soil. The people who

settled here established many small farms.

The middle colonies were called the “Bread

Basket” colonies. Grain was plentiful. Women

used the grain to make breads and sweets. The

colonists exported wheat, barley, oats, and

livestock to the South.

Rivers flowed from the Appalachian Mountains

to the ocean. These rivers made the land

healthy. They also helped make trading very

easy. Farmers who lived inland could send their

goods on the rivers. The boats took the goods to

the port cities. There, the products could be

loaded onto large ships.

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 8

中部殖民地和制造业也有关。打铁工厂非常重

要。铁用来制造枪,斧头,和工具。

南部殖民地:

南部殖民地包括维吉尼亚(Virginia),马利兰

(Maryland),北卡罗莱纳(North Carolina),南卡罗

莱纳(South Carolina),和乔治亚(Georgia)。

耕种对於这里的殖民是非常重要的。南方的土地

是种植大量农作物的理想地带。在南方,气候温

暖,耕种季节非常长;加上有许多河流让土壤保

持水分和肥沃。

南方因为它的大型种植园而出名。南方殖民种植

大量的农作物例如烟草,稻米,玉米,和产靛的

豌豆科植物,并卖到欧洲。南部有许多奴隶,大

片农庄,和工厂。

许多南部人都是富裕的种植园主。富裕的种植园

主对地方活动有绝大的控制权利,南部殖民地的

日常生活也都围绕着种植园的活动。

The middle colonies were also involved in

manufacturing. The iron industry was very

important. Iron was used to make guns, axes,

and tools.

Southern Colonies:

The Southern colonies were Virginia, Maryland,

North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Farming was very important to the southern

colonists. The land in the South was ideal for

planting large crops. The climate was warm and

the growing season was very long. There were

many rivers to keep the soil moist and fertile.

The South was famous for its large plantations.

They grew large cash crops of tobacco, rice,

corn, and indigo to be sold in Europe. The South

had many slaves, big plantations, and factories.

Many of the southerners were rich plantation

owners. Wealthy landowners had more control

over local activities, and the life in the Southern

colonies revolved around the plantation.

复习:

1. 最初的 13 个殖民地的位置在哪里?

2. 每一个区域的主要经济活动是什么?

3. 地理环境如何造成殖民地之间的经济和社

交上的差异?

Review:

1. Where was the location of the original 13

colonies?

2. What were the major economic activities of

each region?

3. How did geography help lead to economic

and social diversity in the colonies?

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 9

第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?

Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.3 主要观念

殖民时期社会的经济系统

3.3 Key Idea

The economic system in colonial societies

詞汇:

1. 原材料 2. 进口 3. 出口

4. 三角贸易路线 5. 奴隶

6. 学徒 7. 工匠

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. raw materials 2. import 3. export

4. Triangular Trade Routes 5. slave

6. apprentice 7. craftsmen

摘要:

13 个殖民地的差异为大英帝国提供了丰富的经济

可能性。也滋养富裕了殖民地。

Summary:

The diversity of the 13 colonies offered a great

deal of economic possibilities to the British

Empire. It would also nourish the colonies with

wealth.

内容:

1700 年中期,许多沿着大西洋岸的小镇都已发展

为城市。大城市包括:马萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的

波士顿(Boston),纽约的纽约市,宾夕法尼亚

(Pennsylvania)的费城(Philadelphia),维吉尼亚

(Virginia)的诺福克(Norfolk),和南卡罗莱纳(South

Carolina)的查尔斯顿(Charleston)。

这些大城市都有很好的港口。城市成功的发展是

因为当地的交易。船只抵达港口带来新的定居者

和进口的商品。几个星期过后,船只再载满了出

口物品离开, 运到其他的国家去卖。从殖民地出口

的物品为原材料,可以用来制造完成品。这些原

材料包括:皮毛,木材,鱼干,和经济作物例如

烟草,产靛的豌豆科植物(indigo),和稻米。

许多船只跟随著英国和殖民地之间的交易路线航

行。这是因为英国政府通过法律控制殖民地的交

易。殖民地只能将他们的出口物品送往英国或英

属殖民地。同时,殖民地也只能购买从英国制造

的商品。

Content:

By the middle of the 1700s, several towns along

the Atlantic coast had grown into cities. The

larger cities were Boston in the Massachusetts

colony, New York City in the colony of New

York, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, Norfolk in

Virginia, and Charleston in South Carolina.

Each of the cities had good harbors. Cities grew

successful because of their trade. Ships arrived at

the city ports carrying new settlers and imported

goods. After several weeks in the harbor, the

ships sailed away loaded with exports. Exports

are goods sold in other countries. Exports from

the colonies were raw materials that could be

made into a finished product. Colonial exports

included furs, lumber, dried fish and cash crops

like tobacco, indigo, and rice.

Many ships followed a direct trade route

between Britain and its American colonies. This

was because the British government had passed

laws controlling the trade of the colonies. The

colonies could send their exports only to Britain

or to other British colonies. Also, the colonies

could only buy manufactured goods from

Britain.

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ALBETAC Social Studies Bilingual Study Notes Gr. 4 – Unit 3 Page 10

有些船只沿着我们现在所谓的三角贸易路线航

行。这条三角贸易路线连接英国,英属殖民地,

和非洲,形成大西洋上一个大三角形贸易路线的

三个顶点。三角贸易路线从英国输送出商品,从

13 个殖民地输送出原材料, 从非洲输送出奴隶。

沿岸城市的人民同时也从事其他的生意。有些人

利用海洋讨生活,例如捕鱼,捕鲸鱼,或造船。

其他有些是具有特殊技能的工匠,例如帽子制造

者,木匠,裁缝师,和印刷匠。制造木桶者,制

造木桶来储存食物和材料。轮匠为马车制作车

轮。

年轻人则通过做学徒来学习新工作。学徒和工匠

的家人住在一起。学徒在和工匠一家人一起工作

的期间,工匠要提供学徒吃和住。学徒替工匠工

作的几年期间,学习手艺但没有工资。

Some ships traveled on what came to be known

as the Triangular Trade Routes. These trade

routes linked Britain, the British colonies, and

Africa as the three points of a great triangle on

the Atlantic Ocean. The Triangular Trade

Routes carried manufactured goods from Britain

and raw materials from the 13 colonies. Slaves

were transported from Africa.

People in coastal cities also worked in other

kinds of businesses. Some people made their

living from the sea, by fishing, whaling, or

shipbuilding. Other people were craftsmen with

special skills like hat makers, carpenters, tailors,

and printers. The cooper made barrels to store

food and supplies. The wheelwright made

wheels for carriages.

Young people learned new jobs by becoming an

apprentice. An apprentice would move in with

the family of a skilled worker. The family would

provide him with food and a place to live while

the apprentice worked in the family’s business.

The apprentice did not get paid. He agreed to

work for the craftsman for a number of years

while he learned the trade.

复习:

1. 三角贸易路线如何将英国,英属殖民地,

和非洲三地连接起来?

2. 殖民地时期人民的工作如何和他们的生活

有关?

Review:

1. How did the Triangular Trade Route link

Britain, the British colonies, and Africa?

2. How was the people’s work in colonial time

related to their life?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.4 主要观念

文化差异和类同帮助塑造 13 个殖民地

3.4 Key Idea

Cultural similarities and differences that helped

shaped the 13 colonies

詞汇:

1. 宗教 2. 求道者 3. 清教徒

4. 教友派信徒 5. 道德 6. 指导

7. 契约仆人

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. religion 2. Pilgrims 3. Puritan

4. Quakers 5. moral 6. guidance

7. indentured servant

摘要:

许多原因让英国人到殖民地定居。有些为了追寻

财富。 大部份的人是为了追寻宗教自由和政府自

由。

Summary:

The British settled in colonies for many reasons.

Some of the English people were seeking their

fortune in America. Most people hoped to find

freedom of religion and freedom of government.

内容:

新英格兰殖民地

定居在新英格兰殖民地的人想和自己的家人在一

起并实践他们自己的宗教。

起初新英格兰殖民地是一个大殖民地。由两派不

同宗教信仰的人民定居这里开始。1620 年,来自

英国的清教徒(Pilgrims)乘坐五月花号

(Mayflower)来到新英格兰并在普里茅斯海湾

(Plymouth Bay) 建立殖民地。1629 年,另一群

清教徒(Puritans)跟随而来。成功地在麻萨诸塞

海湾(Massachusetts Bay)建立殖民地。

1636 年,有些清教徒(Puritans) 开始离开麻萨

诸塞(Massachusetts)。 许多定居在新罕布什尔

(New Hampshire),另一些则到其他的区域。这些

人民有些是想要肥沃的土地,有些仍继续寻找宗

教自由。

求道者(Pilgrims )离开英国是因为他们想要宗教

自由,但是有些麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的清教

徒(Puritans)不接受和他们有不同宗教信仰的

人。罗杰・魏廉斯(Roger Williams),一个清教

Content:

New England Colonies

The people who settled in the New England

colonies wanted to keep their family unit

together and practice their own religion.

New England started as one large colony. It was

settled by two different religious groups. In

1620, the Pilgrims came over from England on

the Mayflower. They started a colony in

Plymouth Bay. The Puritans followed in 1629.

They started the successful Massachusetts Bay

Colony.

In 1636, some Puritans began to leave

Massachusetts. Many settled in New

Hampshire, while some traveled to other regions.

Some of these people wanted fertile farmland.

Others were still looking for religious freedom.

The Pilgrims had left England because they

wanted freedom of religion, but some Puritans in

Massachusetts did not accept people who did not

share their beliefs. Roger Williams, a Puritan

minister, believed that Puritans should allow

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徒(Puritans)牧师,认为清教徒(Puritans)应该

允许其他的人有遵随自己信仰的自由。1636 年,

罗杰・魏廉斯(Roger Williams)和他的追随者建

立了罗德岛(Rhode Island)殖民地。

中部殖民地

多样性是可以形容中部殖民地的一个字。这表示

住在中部殖民地的人民彼此非常的不同。

建立中部殖民地的人民寻求宗教自由(主要在宾

夕法尼亚(Pennsylvania))或是以赚钱为目的。

很多人没有将他们的家人一起从英国带过来。 这

些人是很辛苦的铁工厂和造船厂里最需要的适合

人选。

1681 年,英国国王查理二世(King Charles II)

将一大片土地给了威廉・潘 (William Penn)。

威廉・潘(William Penn)是一个教友派信徒

(Quaker)。教友派信徒(Quakers) 相信所有的

人,不论信仰,种族,和性别,都是平等的。他

们甚至鼓励女性出来传教和为自己说话。威廉・

潘(William Penn)开放宾夕法尼亚

(Pennsylvania) 给任何宗教信仰的人。费城

(Philadelphia) 很快的成为北美最大的城市之

一。

南部殖民地

维吉尼亚(Virginia)是 13个殖民地的第一个,而

乔治亚(Georgia)是最后一个。

南部殖民地的创立者大部分是为了赚钱的目的。

和新英格兰殖民地的人民一样,他们带着他们的

家人一起过来 定居在种植园。但是他们的主要动

机是想要利用经济市场来赚取丰硕的利润。

种植园农作物的种植和培育需要很大的人力。刚

other people to follow their own religions. In

1636, William and some of his followers

founded the colony of Rhode Island.

Middle Colonies

Diversity is one word that describes the middle

colonies. This means that the people who lived

in the middle colonies were very different from

one another.

The people who founded the Middle Colonies

wanted to practice their own religion

(Pennsylvania mainly) or to make money. Many

of these people didn't bring their families with

them from England and were the perfect workers

for the hard work required in ironworks and

shipyards.

In 1681, King Charles II gave a large piece of

land to William Penn. Penn was a Quaker. The

Quakers believe that all people – of every

religion, race, and gender – are equal. They

even encouraged women to preach and speak

out. William opened Pennsylvania to people of

every religious belief. Philadelphia quickly

became one of the largest cities in North

America.

Southern Colonies

Virginia was the first of the thirteen English

colonies and Georgia was the last of the thirteen

original colonies.

The founders of the Southern Colonies were, for

the most part, out to make money. They brought

their families, as did the New England colonists,

and they kept their families together on the

plantations. But their main motivation was to

make the good money that was available in the

new American market.

Plantation crops and tending them took a lot of

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开始, 种植园的主人雇用契约仆人。契约仆人是

一群很穷的人,他们以在殖民地工作来偿还从英

国过来的旅费。到了 1600 年后期,种植园的主人

使用从非洲来的奴隶。

work. At first, the owners used indentured

servants. These were men and women who were

very poor. They paid off the cost of their trip

from England by working in the colonies. By

the late 1600s, the plantation owners were using

slave labor from Africa.

复习:

什么样不同的理由让人民定居到 13个殖民地?

Review:

What were the different reasons that people

settled in the 13 colonies?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.5 主要观念

文化差异和类同帮助塑造我们的社区,地区,和

3.5 Key Idea

Cultural similarities and differences that helped

shaped our community, local region, and State

詞汇:

1. 契约仆人 2. 文化

3. 奴隶制度 4. 庄园 5. 佃农

6. 商人 7. 双楼屋

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. indentured servant 2. culture

3. slavery 4. manor 5. tenant farmer

6. merchant 7. double house

摘要:

1700 以前,超过一万八千人住在英属纽约殖民

地。纽约市和奥伯尼(Albany)为主要城市。其他

的纽约人住在沿着哈德逊河谷的村庄或农场,和

长岛。1700开始,殖民定居的地点开始往莫哈克

(Mohawk)河谷推进。

Summary:

By 1700, more than 18,000 people lived in

British New York. New York City and Albany

were the two main towns. Most other New

Yorkers lived in villages or on farms along the

Hudson River Valley and on Long Island. By the

1700s, settlement had pushed into the Mohawk

River Valley.

内容:

纽约的人

定居於纽约殖民地的人来自许多不同的地方,有不

同的文化,和实践不同的宗教信仰。

法国胡格诺派(Huguenots)在哈德逊河谷(Hudson

River Valley)建立他们的社区。他们来到纽约为

了可以自由地实践他们的宗教信仰。其他来到纽

约的人还有德国人(Germans)。德国人(Germans)

沿著哈德逊河(Hudson River)和莫哈克河(Mohawk

River)定居。

并不是每一个从欧洲来到纽约的人都有钱买地或

做生意。有些人是契约仆人。他们保证替殖民地

的雇主工作一段时间。雇主则帮他们负担他们来

殖民地的船费作为报酬。雇用期结束,他们便可

以自由,寻找其他的工作。

1745 年左右,在纽约超过五分之一的人是非裔美

Content:

People in New York

The people who settled in the New York colony

came from many different places, had different

cultures, and practiced different religions.

French Huguenots set up communities in the

Hudson River Valley. They arrived in New

York so they could practice their religion freely.

Another group of people to come to New York

was the Germans. The Germans settled along

the Hudson River and Mohawk River.

Not everyone who came to New York from

Europe had money to buy land or set up a

business. Some people came as indentured

servants. They promised to work for an

employer in the colony for a period of time. In

return, the employer paid for their boat trip to the

colony. At the end of their service, they were

free to find other jobs.

By 1745 more than one fifth of the people in

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国人。有些非裔美国人是自由身。但是,大部份

是生下来即是奴隶,或是以奴隶的身份被带入北

美。有些奴役非裔美国人在农场工作。有些做家

务。其他的是技术性的铁匠,裁缝师,木匠,鞋

匠,金匠,和皮匠。

哈德逊河谷的生活

沿着哈德逊河的有钱地主住在大庄园里。佃农租

借他们的地来耕种。农夫种植谷类,蔬菜,和果

园。在庄园里,农事不是唯一的活动。那里还有

磨坊,把麦子磨成面粉;锯木厰,把木头切成木

板;或炼铁厂,工人把铁做成铁钉,水壶,锅

子,和炉子。

奥伯尼和纽约市的生活

奥伯尼和纽约市是殖民地里最大的两个社区。

到了 1750年,大约有 11,000 的人口住在奥伯

尼。许多是荷兰人(Dutch),也有英国人和苏格兰

人(Scottish)。奥伯尼大约有十分之一的人口是

非裔美国人。他们大部份是奴隶。许多商人拥有

船只。商人将他们的船只装满了货物,顺着哈德

逊河送往纽约市。

1750 年,超过 13,000人住在纽约市。纽约市里

有很多客栈,为旅客提供住宿。许多人拥有商店

或客栈。其他的人是裁缝师,面包师傅,木桶制

造者,木匠,或铁匠。他们经常是在双楼屋生活

和工作。这种屋子在底楼有店面,住家在楼上。

有些纽约市的权势人物就是有钱的商人。他们住

在港口附近。他们和世界各地的人做生意。

New York were African Americans. Some

African Americans were free. Most, however,

were either born into or brought to North

America in slavery. Some enslaved African

Americans worked on farms. Some did

housework. Others were skilled blacksmiths,

tailors, carpenters, shoemakers, goldsmiths, and

leatherworkers.

Life in the Hudson River Valley

Wealthy landowners lived in manors along the

Hudson River. Tenant farmers paid them rent to

use their land. The farmers grew wheat and

planted vegetable gardens and fruit orchards. In

the manors, farming was not the only activity.

There were also gristmills, which is a place

where grain is ground into flour; sawmils, where

logs were cut into boards; or ironworks, where

skilled workers made iron nails, kettles, pots,

and stoves.

Life in Albany and New York City

Albany and New York City were the two largest

communities in the colony.

By 1750, about 11,000 people lived in Albany.

Many were Dutch, but there were also English

and Scottish. About one-tenth of Albany’s

population was African American. Most were

enslaved people. Many merchants owned boats.

The merchants would load their ships with goods

and ship the goods down the Hudson River to

New York City.

Over 13,000 people lived in New York City in

1750. In the city, there were many inns with

rooms for travelers. Many people owned shops

or inns. Others were tailors, bakers, barrel

makers, carpenters, or blacksmiths. They often

lived and worked in what were called double

houses. These houses had a business on the

ground floor and a home upstairs. Some of New

York City’s leading citizens were wealthy

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merchants. They lived near the harbor. They

owned businesses that traded goods with people

all over the world.

复习:

1. 人们为什么要来纽约定居?

2. 非裔美国人在殖民时期的纽约做什么样不同

的工作?

3. 纽约殖民地时期的生活是怎么样的情形?

Review:

1. Why did people come to settle in New

York?

2. What different kinds of jobs did African

Americans have in colonial New York?

3. What was life like in the New York colony?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.6 主要观念

殖民地时期的生活方式和日常活动

3.6 Key Idea

Different lifestyles and daily activities in

colonies

詞汇:

1. 壁炉 2. 铁匠 3. 磨坊主人

4. 製作桶子的人 5. 学徒 6. 业者

7. 校舍 8. 入门书 9. 地理

10. 马裤 11. 长袜

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. fireplace 2. blacksmith 3. miller

4. cooper 5. apprentices 6. craftsperson

7. schoolhouse 8. primer 9. geography

10. breeches 11. stockings

摘要:

殖民地时期农场的生活和现在是不同的。那时候

没有自来水或电。如果有马路的话,马路经常是

很糟糕的。殖民地时期人民的生活也是非常艰难

的。很多都是契约仆人或是奴隶。食物经常不

够,医药也是非常缺乏。

Summary:

Life was different on a farm in the colonies than

it is today. There was no running water or

electricity. Roads were often poor, if they

existed at all. Life was difficult for the settlers

who lived in colonial times. Many of them

arrived on these shores as indentured servants or

slaves. Food was often scarce, and medical care

was lacking.

内容:

许多殖民建造木头房子。木头就从邻近的森林砍

伐。大部份的房子都有石头砌成的壁炉。炉火温

暖房屋,同时也用来煮饭。那时候的房屋没有洗

水槽或厕所。厕所在室外的一间小屋子里叫做必

需品(necessary)。人们在他们的床底下放一个便

壶(chamber pot)。他们在半夜就用夜壶而不必走

到外面的厕所。

他们从外面将井水提到家里。他们用装了冷水的

水罐来每天清洗自己。一年只能洗几次澡。

殖民们辛苦地工作。他们必须自己种植粮食,并

自己制作家具和碗盘。通常是男人到外面工作。

女人则在家里工作。她们制作蜡烛,奶油,肥

皂,和毛线。她们煮饭,缝纫,照顾小孩。

Content:

Many colonists built wooden houses. The wood

came from nearby forests. Most houses had a

stone fireplace. Its fire heated the house. It also

was used for cooking. There were no sinks or

toilets in the house. The toilet was outside in a

small building called a necessary. People kept

chamber pots under their beds. They used these

pots during the night so they would not have to

walk to the outdoor toilet.

People carried water to the house from an

outdoor well. They used a pitcher of cold water

to wash themselves every day. They only took a

bath a few times a year.

Colonists worked hard. They grew their own

food and made their own furniture and plates.

Some people, usually men, worked outdoors.

Women worked at home. They made candles,

butter, soap, and yarn. They cooked, sewed, and

took care of the children.

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城里,有铁匠制造马蹄和铁质工具。磨坊工人磨

制面粉。桶匠制作木桶和水桶。

小孩经常需要工作。他们很早就起床挤牛奶,捡

蛋,和餵鸡。并不是全部的小孩都去学校,但是

所有的小孩都跟父母学习。男孩学习建造,打

猎,和捕鱼。女孩学习烹飪,缝纫,和纺纱织

布。女孩帮忙母亲从田里採收和准备全家的食

物。有些男孩在 10岁左右便成为学徒。他们帮忙

工匠做事来求得工作经验。

有些父母花钱请老师来家里替孩子上课。其他的

孩子到校舍上课。校舍只有一间房间。 校舍里只

有一个老师。老师要教所有不同年龄的孩子閲

读,写字,和算术。学校不是免费的。父母缴钱

或食物给老师作为费用。所有不同年龄的孩子都

在同一间房间里学习。不守秩序的孩子会被罚坐

在角落面壁思过或接受鞭笞。

老师没有黑板也没有铅笔。许多学校也没有纸。

小孩阅读圣经和入门书。有时候他们用羽毛笔或

煤块在树皮上写字。小小孩用角帖书(hornbook)

学习。角帖书的样子像一个木桨,是由动物的角

製成,可以握在手中。

大部份的女孩在学习到一些阅读和写字以后便离

开学校。她们留在家里帮忙烹飪,清理,和缝

纫。有些男孩在他们 12岁之前便离开学校开始工

作。其他的男孩则继续升学到高中或大学,学习

地理和拉丁语言。

衣服很昂贵并需要很长的时间制作。大部份的人

只有两套衣服。女孩和妇女经常穿著长裙盖住她

们的脚踝和手肘。在家里,她们穿著围裙来保持

In the town, the blacksmith made horseshoes and

iron tools. The miller made flour. The cooper

made barrels and buckets.

Children always had work to do. They woke up

early to milk the cows, gather eggs, and feed the

chickens. Not all children went to school, but all

children learned lessons from their parents.

Boys learned to build, hunt, and fish. Girls

learned to cook, sew, and spin thread. Girls

helped their mothers gather food from the fields

and cook meals for all the family. Some boys, as

young as ten years old, became apprentices.

They learned a job by helping a craftsperson.

Some parents paid a teacher to give their

children lessons at home. Other children went to

a small one-room school, called a schoolhouse.

There was only one teacher in the schoolhouse to

teach reading, writing, and math to children of

all ages. Schools were not free. Parents sent

money or food to pay the teacher. Children of

all ages learned in the same room. Children who

behaved badly sat in a corner or received a

whipping.

There were no blackboards and pencils. Many

schools had no paper. Children read from the

Bible and from a book called a primer.

Sometimes they wrote on a flat piece of tree bark

with a feather pen or a lump of coal. Young

children learned from a hornbook. A hornbook

was like a wooden paddle. It was made from an

animal horn and it was held in the hand.

Most girls left school after they learned to read

and write a little. They stayed home to help

cook, clean, and make clothes. Some boys left

school to work before they were twelve years

old. Other went to high school or college and

learned geography and the Latin language.

Clothes were expensive and took time to make.

Most people had just two outfits. Girls and

women always wore long dresses that covered

their ankles and elbows. At home, they wore

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衣著乾净。她们甚至在家里都戴著帽子。男人和

男孩不穿长裤。他们穿的是长到膝盖的裤子称作

马裤。冬天的时候,如果他们要到户外,他们会

穿毛质长袜。那个时候,拉链还没有发明。因此

裤子用的是扣子。男人和男孩还会穿着背心和夹

克。

aprons to keep their dresses clean. They always

wore hats on their heads, even at home. Many

men and boys did not wear long pants. They

wore knee-length pants called breeches. When

they were not outdoors in cold weather, they

wore long, woolen stockings. Zippers were not

invented yet. The pants had buttons instead.

Men and boys wore vests and jackets.

复习:

1. 形容殖民地时期的小孩生活方式。

2. 形容殖民地时期的学校。

3. 形容殖民地时期的衣著。

Review:

1. Describe the colonial child’s life.

2. Describe the colonial school.

3. Describe the colonial clothing.

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活?

Essential Question:

How did the American Revolution affect lives in New

York?

3.7 主要观念

殖民時期的政府

3.7 Key Idea

Colonial governments

詞汇:

1. 总督 2. 宪章 3. 代表

4. 大会 5. 曾格审判

6. 陪审团 7. 报刊 8. 法院

9. 印刷自由 10. 抵触,不合

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. governor 2. Charter 3. representative

4. Assembly 5. The Zenger Trial

6. jury 7. press 8. court

9. Freedom of Press 10. conflict

摘要:

1776 年以前,13个殖民地是属于英国的一部份。

它们在英国法律的管理之下。然而,英国距离遥

远,殖民地逐渐的发展出自己独特形式的政府。

Summary:

Before 1776, the thirteen colonies were considered part

of England. They were subject to British law. However,

England was far away, and the colonies gradually

developed their own unique form of government.

内容:

英国从荷兰人手中拿下新荷兰(New Netherland)

以后,英国同意让荷兰居民保有他们的土地,和

继续实行宗教信仰自由。英国国王指派一个总督

来管理殖民地。英国距离殖民地太遥远,无法藉

法令来管理殖民地每天的活动。因此,英国颁佈

了宪章,给予当初建立殖民地的群体有限的政治

管理权力。

这个宪章,就像是宪法,保证殖民宗教信仰的自

由,和要求陪审团审判的权利。宪章也同时产生

了一个法律制定体系是由选举出来的代表们组

成,称之为大会(Assembly)。大会站在殖民的立

场维护殖民的公正利益。从伦敦指派的总督代表

英国的立场。

1730 年左右,约翰・彼得・曾格(John Peter

Zenger)出版了一份报纸指控总督的欺诈。总督将

曾格关进监狱。并进行审判。总督预计会赢得这

场官司。因为英国法律明文规定人民不可以发佈

任何东西指出政府的错处。但是,当曾格的律师

证明报纸上所有的指控都是事实,曾格赢得了这

场官司。法院相信曾格是无罪的。曾格审判是朝

向印刷自由 (Freedom of the Press) 的重要一

步。人民有权利印刷或传播新闻。

殖民地的范畴小,英国对於殖民地的政府如何管

Content:

After England took over New Netherlands from the

Dutch, the English agreed to let Dutch settlers keep their

lands, and continue to follow the practice of religious

freedom for the colonists. The English king appointed a

governor to rule the colony. England was too far away

from the colonies to pass laws governing the everyday

activities of the colonies. So, it granted charters giving

limited governing powers to the company that founded

each colony.

The charter, like a constitution, guaranteed colonists

freedom of religion and the right to a trial by jury. The

charter also created a law-making body of elected

representatives known as the Assembly. The assembly

defended the interests of the colonists. The governor,

appointed in London, represented the interests of

England.

In the 1730s, John Peter Zenger published a newspaper

that accused the governor of being dishonest. The

governor threw Zenger in jail. Zenger was put on trial.

The governor expected to win the case. British law said

that people could not print things that found fault with

the government. But Zenger won his case when his

lawyer was able to show that his statements were true.

The court believed Zenger was not guilty. The Zenger

Trial was an important step toward Freedom of the Press,

the right of people to print or tell the news.

As long as the colonies were small, Great Britain did not

take a great interest in their government. However, once

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理并没有太大的兴趣,然而,一旦殖民地的范畴

越来越大,越来越富有,英国开始留意殖民地的

情形。殖民们仍是属於英国。英国的国王或皇后

才是国家的最高权威。

逐渐地,殖民们的需要和要求开始和英国法律有

抵触。这个现象开始於法国及印第安人之战期

间。战争造成的结果之一是殖民们开始觉得他们

越来越以美国人自居,而不是英国人。这个也造

成殖民们和英国之间的矛盾。

由宪章(Chart)管理的殖民期从 1600 年中开始直

到 1776 年为止。然后,13 个殖民地变成一个独立

的国家,美国(the United States)。

the colonies became larger and richer, Great Britain

began to take more notice of what was going on in the

colonies. The colonists were still subjects of Great

Britain and the King or Queen of England was the final

authority on government matters.

Eventually, the wants and needs of the colonists began to

come into conflict with the laws passed by Great Britain.

This began to happen especially during the time of the

French and Indian Wars. One result of those wars was

that the colonists began to feel more like Americans and

less like British citizens. This too contributed to the

conflict between the colonists and the British.

Ruled by colonial charter had begun in the 1600's. It

lasted until 1776. Then the 13 colonies became an

independent country, the United States.

复习:

1. 谁代表英国管理殖民地?

2. 什么是宪章(charter)?

3. 宪章(charter)可以向殖民保证什么权利?

4. 曾格审判对於人类的自由产生什么样的冲

击?

Review:

1. Who represented English rule in the colonies?

2. What was a charter?

3. What can a charter guarantee to colonists?

4. What was the impact of the Zenger Trial on people’s

freedom?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.8 主要观念

革命的起因

3.8 Key Idea

Causes for revolution

詞汇:

1. 英国国会 2. 法案 3. 忠贞者

4. 反抗英国政府者 5. 抵制 6. 抗议

7. 代表 8. 自由之子

9. 废除 10. 代表团成员

11. 代表大会 12. 民兵

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. Parliament 2. act 3. Loyalist

4. Patriot 5. boycott 6. protest

7. representative 8. Sons of Liberty

9. repeal 10. delegate

11. congress 12. militia

摘要:

法国和印第安人战役让英国花了很多的钱。乔治国

王三世想经由提高税收让殖民们负担战争的花费。

殖民认为英国的法律和徵税对他们来说很不公平而

越来越愤怒。殖民和英国之间的矛盾和冲突日益严

重。每一个冲突都将他们更往战争推进。逐渐的,

殖民开始為独立而战。1776 年,13 个殖民地决定脱

离英国而独立。

Summary:

The French and Indian War cost the British a lot

of money. King George III wanted the colonists

to pay for the war through higher taxes. The

colonists became angry with British laws and

taxes that they thought were unfair. Problems

between the colonists and the British grew worse

and worse. Each problem led them closer to war.

Eventually, the colonists began to fight a war for

independence. In 1776, the 13 British colonies

decided to break away from Great Britain.

内容:

法国和印第安人的战役

从 1754 年到 1763 年,英国和法国为了争夺加拿大

(Canada)和俄亥俄河谷(Ohio River Valley)的控制

权而开战。伊洛郭依族(Iroquois) 帮助英国,而欧

冈昆族 (Algonquian)帮助法国。 英国得到最后的

胜利,然而,这场战争却让英国花了很多钱。英国

政府认为英国士兵是在保护殖民,因此殖民应该帮

忙负担费用。所以,英国决定在某些物品上赋税。

糖法案

1764 年,英国国会通过了糖法案,在所有不是从英

国来的糖,糖蜜,和甜酒上加税。

Content:

French and Indian War

From 1754 to 1763, Great Britain and France

fought the French and Indian War for control of

Canada and the Ohio River Valley. The Iroquois

sided with the British, while most Algonquian

tribes helped the French. Great Britain won the

war in the end. However, this war had cost the

British a lot of money. The British government

thought that because the British soldiers were

protecting the colonists, the colonists should help

pay. So the British decided to make the colonists

pay taxes on certain goods.

Sugar Act

In 1764, the British parliament passed the Sugar

Act, which taxed all sugar, molasses, and rum

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印花税法案

1765 年,英国国会通过了印花税法案。这个法案强

迫殖民必须买一种特别的印花在所有的纸张上,例

如报纸,传单,甚至纸牌。这个税法让许多殖民愤

怒。殖民认为这个税法对他们来说很不公平,因为

他们在英国国会里没有代表。没有代表,就表示对

他们生活造成影响的这些法案,他们无法表示赞成

或反对。“没有代表就没有税”变成他们的呐喊。

愤怒的殖民们抵制印花税。

印花税法案让殖民们团结一致共同抵抗英国国会的

税法。有些加入自由之子(Sons of Liberty)。成员

採取和平或暴力的方式。例如,他们放火烧掉收税

人的房子。有些则成立了团体叫做印花税法案代表

大会(Stamp Act Congress),传递他们的声音给国

王。印花税法案代表大会(Stamp Act Congress) 同

时也给日后大陆会议(Continental Congress)建立

了模型。一年之后,英国国会废除了印花税法案。

汤森法案

1767 年,英国通过新法案。在从英国运往殖民地的

玻璃,纸张,茶叶,颜料,和其他物品上加税。殖

民联合抵制英国物品,这让英国商人损失惨重并向

英国国会抱怨。1770 年,英国国会废除大部份的汤

森税法但是仍保留茶叶税。

这是在证明英国仍然是有权利对殖民征税。

波士顿大屠杀

英国担心对殖民地失去控制,1768年,英国国会派

brought to the colonies from non-British sources.

Stamp Act

In 1765, the Parliament passed the Stamp Act.

This act forced colonists to buy special stamps for

all kinds of paper, such as newspapers,

pamphlets, and even decks of playing cards. This

tax made many colonists angry. The colonists

didn't think it was fair because they had no

representatives in Parliament. Without

representatives, colonists had no way to influence

laws, created by the British government, that

affected their lives. “No taxation without

representation” became their cry. Angry

colonists boycotted the stamps.

The Stamp Act united many colonists in opposing

Parliament’s attempt to find new areas of

taxation. Some joined the Sons of Liberty, whose

members took both peaceful and violent action.

For example, they burned down the houses of the

tax collectors. Some of the colonists even formed

a group called the Stamp Act Congress, which

voiced its concerns to the Crown. The Stamp Act

Congress also gave the colonists a model for the

Continental Congress. Parliament repealed the

Stamp Act one year later.

The Townsend Act

In 1767, the British passed new taxes on glass,

paper, teas, paints and other goods shipped to the

colonies from Britain. The colonists reacted by

boycotting British goods, and British merchants

lost money and complained. By 1770, the

Parliament repealed most of the Townsend Acts

but kept taxes on tea only.

It was to prove that England still had the power to tax the colonists.

Boston Massacre Fearing that Britain was losing control of the

colonies, in 1768 Parliament moved 1,000 British

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1000 名士兵前往波士顿。这个举动造成紧张。

1770 年三月,英国士兵成为一群愤怒的殖民攻击的

目标。他们嘲弄英国士兵并向他们投掷雪球。士兵

越来越紧张,其中一个士兵开了一枪,其他的士兵

跟着开枪。这次事件中,5个殖民被开枪打死。殖

民们扭曲部份事实并散播消息,说士兵们没有任何

理由朝殖民们无情地开枪。这个事件被称为波士顿

大屠杀。

茶叶法案

殖民从别的国家买茶叶,因此就不用付茶叶税。

1773 年,英国通过了茶叶法案。这个法案给以英国

商人完全的控制权,将茶叶卖到殖民地。这个法案

让殖民们更加愤怒。

波士顿茶叶派对

为了抗议茶叶法案,1773 年 12月的一个夜晚,一

群自由之子的成员假扮成印第安人登上载运茶叶的

船只。他们用斧头砍碎船上的每一箱茶叶并将 342

箱茶叶倒入波士顿港口。

这个事件很快的变成大家熟知的“波士顿茶叶派

对”。1774年,纽约的反抗英国者也效法波士顿。

他们登上纽约港口的船只开他们自己的“派对”。

他们将 18箱茶叶倒入港口。

无法容忍法案

狂怒的英国国会将波士顿港口关闭,并取消许多麻

萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的权利作为对茶叶派对的惩

罚。这些新法律非常严苛,以致殖民们称之为无法

容忍法案。

soldiers to Boston. This increased the tension.

In March 1770, some British soldiers became the

target of a crowd of angry colonists. They jeered

and threw snowballs at the British soldiers. The

soldiers became nervous and one private shot his

musket, and then the rest began to shoot. Five

colonists were killed in the incident. Colonists

twisted the facts of what happened and spread the

news, saying the soldiers had fired in cold blood

and without a reason. It was called the Boston

Massacre.

Tea Act The colonists bought tea from other countries so

they would not have to pay the tea tax. In 1773,

England passed the Tea Act. This act gave

British merchant a monopoly, a complete control,

on tea sold to the colonies. This made the

colonists even angrier.

Boston Tea Party To protest the Tea Act , members of the Sons of

Liberty dressed up as Indians and boarded the tea

ships on the night of December 16, 1773. They

chopped up every crate of tea in the ships' holds

and dumped 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbor.

The incident quickly became known as the

"Boston Tea Party". In 1774, Patriots in New

York City followed Boston's lead. They boarded

ships in New York Harbor and had their own "tea

party". They dumped 18 boxes of tea into the

harbor.

Intolerable Acts

A furious Parliament punished Boston for its “tea

party” by closing Boston harbor to all ships and

taking many powers away from the

Massachusetts colony. These new laws were so

harsh that the colonists called them the

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第一次大陆会议

对于英国国会的行动和法律,殖民们聚集一起准备

反击。1774年,56个来自各个殖民地的代表,除了

乔治亚,在费城(Philadelphia)聚集,召开第一次

大陆会议以表示对麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的支

持。代表们写了一份声明,坚持殖民有权利管理自

己的事务。他们警告英国,如果英国攻击殖民地的

话,他们将会反击。他们也同时召集殖民共同抵制

英国商品。会议结束前,代表们同意如果和英国的

关系无法得到改善,他们将再一次聚集。

列克星顿和康克战役

1775 年 4月 19日,英国士兵发现麻萨诸塞

(Massachusetts) 的民兵在康克 (Concord) 藏有军

火,他们准备前往拿下军火。民兵快速的在列克星

顿(Lexington)附近聚集阻挡英国士兵。没有人知道

是谁开了第一枪,但是一些民兵和一个英国士兵死

亡。英国士兵继续往康克(Concord)前进。双方在康

克(Concord)第二次交战。这些战事开始了美国独立

革命。

攻克提康德罗加堡垒

民兵组织领袖伊森・艾伦(Ethan Allen)计划攻击在

查普兰湖(Lake Champlain)的提康德罗加堡垒。

1775 年 5月 10日,艾伦和他的手下,绿山南孩

(Green Mountain Boys),偷偷潜入英国堡垒。这次

攻击进行得非常顺利,绿山南孩(Green Mountain

Boys)很快地拿下堡垒并夺取了许多大炮,帮助日后

反抗英国者赢得其他的战役。

第二次大陆会议

1775 年 5月,殖民地的代表们在费城

Intolerable Acts.

First Continental Congress In response to these actions and laws, the

colonists banded together to fight back. In 1774,

56 delegates came from every colony, except

Georgia, to meet in Philadelphia for the First

Continental Congress to show support for

Massachusetts. Delegates wrote a statement

insisting on the right of the colonists to run their

own affairs. They warned that if the British

attacked, they would fight back. They called on

colonists to stop buying British goods. Before

leaving, the delegates agreed to meet again if

relations with Britain didn’t improve.

The Battle of Lexington and Concord

On April 19, 1775, British soldiers found out that

the Massachusetts militia had stored weapons in

Concord, Massachusetts, and they marched to

take them. The militia quickly gathered nearby

at Lexington to stop the British. No one knows

who fired the first shot, but several militiamen

and one British soldier were killed. The British

moved on to Concord, where the fighting

continued. These battles marked the start of the

American Revolution.

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga A militia leader named Ethan Allen planned to

attack Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain. On

May 10, 1775, Allen and his men, called the

Green Mountain Boys, sneaked into the British

fort. The attack went so well that the Green

Mountain Boys were able to take over the fort

quickly. The cannons they captured at

Ticonderoga would help the Patriots win other

battles.

Second Continental Congress

In May 1775, delegates from the colonies

gathered in Philadelphia. This meeting was

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(Philadelphia)召开了第二次大陆会议。

这次会议做了许多重要决定。代表们决定殖民地应

该脱离英国管理而独立。汤玛斯・杰佛逊(Thomas

Jefferson)被要求撰写一份声明解释决定独立的理

由,这份声明即为独立宣言(Declaration of

Independence)。代表们的另一个决定是将民兵组织

起来。他们决定成立一个军队称为美国大陆军

(American Continental Army)。1776 年 6月 4

日,会议正式指派乔治・华盛顿(George

Washington)为总司令。

独立宣言

1776 年 7月 4日,大陆会议同意了宣言。纽约市的

人民在几天之后听到了独立宣言的消息。当天傍

晚,兴奋的反抗英国者把英国国王乔治三世的铜像

拉扯下来并烧掉。用这些铁,他们制作子弹来反抗

英国。

called the Second Continental Congress.

The Second Continental Congress decided

many important things. At the Congress, they

decided that the colonies should become

independent from British rule. Thomas Jefferson

was asked to write a statement explaining the

decision. The statement is known as the

Declaration of Independence.

Another thing they decided was to organize the

militia. They decided to form an army called the

American Continental Army. On June 14, 1776,

the Congress officially appointed George

Washington as the commander-in-chief of the

army.

Declaration of Independence

On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress

approved the Declaration. People in New York

City heard about the Declaration of Independence

several days later. That evening, excited Patriots

tore down a statue of the British King, George III.

They melted down the metal statue and made

bullets to use against the British with the melted

metal.

复习:

1. 为什么英国政府决定殖民们应该在某些物品

上帮忙付税?

2. 殖民对於这些税愤怒的最主要原因是什么?

3. 殖民们为什么要向英国宣战?

Review:

1. Why did the British government decide the

colonists should help pay taxes on certain

goods?

2. What was the main reason that the colonists

were angry over these taxes?

3. Why did the colonists go to war with Britain?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.9 主要观念

住在纽约的个人和团体的重要成就

3.9 Key Idea Important accomplishments of individuals and

groups living in our community and region.

詞汇:

1. 任期 2. 巡逻 3. 严苛的 4. 批判

5. 罪 6. 代表 7. 宪法

8. 副总统

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. term 2. patrol 3. harsh 4. criticize

5. guilty 6. representative 7. constitution

8. vice president

摘要:

有很多住在纽约的个人和团体,对纽约都有重要

的贡献。每一个人在独立战争之前或期间,都扮

演非常重要的角色。

Summary:

There were many important accomplishments of

both individuals and groups living in New York.

Each one of them played an important role before

and during the Revolutionary War Period.

内容:

彼得・史蒂文生

威廉・凯夫特(Willem Kieft)於 1638 年成为新荷

兰的总督。凯夫特制订了许多殖民们不满意的法

令。他也试图要印第安人付税。这些决定经常造

成殖民和印第安人之间的分歧或冲突。

1647 年,荷兰政府派彼得・史蒂文生(Peter

Stuyvesant)接替总督的职位。希望藉由他的坚强

意志能为新阿姆斯特丹带来新秩序。史蒂文生為

殖民地做了很多的改善。第一座医院和第一间邮

局都是在他的任期内完成。他还建立了一个系统

称作“拨浪鼓警告“(rattle watch),人民半夜在

街上巡逻检视火烛。如果他们发现有失火,他们

便会旋转拨浪鼓发出警告的声音。史蒂文生也尝

试弥补对印第安人的不公平。例如,他坚持要合

理的支付印第安人对殖民提供的服务。然而,史

蒂文生严苛的领导,惹恼许多的殖民。

Content:

Peter Stuyvesant

Willem Kieft became governor of New Netherland

in 1638. Kieft made many laws that the colonists

did not like. He tried to make the Native

Americans pay taxes. These decisions often

caused disagreements and fighting between the

colonists and the Native Americans.

The Dutch government sent Peter Stuyvesant to

take over as governor in 1647, hoping that this

strong-willed man would bring order to New

Amsterdam. Stuyvesant made many

improvements to the colony. New Amsterdam’s

first hospital and post office were established

during his term as governor. He also set up a

system called “rattle watch” in which people

patrolled the street at night looking for fire. If they

found a fire, they would sound the alarm by

whirling a rattle device. Stuyvesant also tried to

correct some wrongs against the Indians. For

instance, he insisted that Indians be paid properly

for their services.

However, Stuyvesant’s harsh leadership angered

many of the colonists.

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约翰・彼得・曾格

随着纽约殖民地的成长,许多殖民对於政府该如

何运作有不同的想法。约翰・彼得・曾格(John

Peter Zenger)不认同政府领导者的作为。1733

年,他开始出版一种报纸叫做纽约周刊(New-York

Weekly Journal)。曾格刊登了一篇文章公然批判

当时的管理者,威廉・柯斯比(William Cosby)。

柯斯比将曾格逮捕并关入监牢。之后,於 1735 年

的审判,陪审团判决曾格没有罪。这个审判的结

果為日后保障言论自由和新闻自由设立了一个典

范。

乔治・克林顿

乔治・克林顿担任纽约的代表出席 1776年第二次

大陆会议。虽然他协助制订独立宣言,但是他没

有任何机会在这份重要文件上签名。美国独立革

命期间,乔治华盛顿召集克林顿到纽约,带领大

陆军的军队。

1777 年,克林顿协助建立纽约的第一部宪法

(constitution)。 同年,他被选为纽约的第一任

州长。从 1777 年到 1795年,克林顿连续担任六

任州长。於 1801年,他又再度被选為州长,任期

又多了一期。乔治克林顿总共担任纽约州长计 22

年之久。这是最长的时间。克林顿於 1804年,汤

玛斯・杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson)总统任期内担

任副总统。而后,於 1808 年,在詹姆斯・麦德生

(James Madison)总统任期内再度担任副总统。

秀波・路丁顿

如同许多其他的纽约人,十六岁的秀波・路丁顿

(Sybil Ludington)和她的家人支持殖民的自由之

战。1777年的 4月 26日,路丁顿(Ludington)家

得到消息,英国军抱火攻击位於 25英哩以外康涅

John Peter Zenger

As the colony of New York grew, many colonists

had different ideas about how the government

should be run. John Peter Zenger was one colonist

who disagreed with the government leaders. In

1733, he began publishing a newspaper called the

New-York Weekly Journal. Zenger published

articles that openly criticized the governor,

William Cosby. Cosby had Zenger arrested and

put in jail for publishing these articles. In a trial in

1735, a jury said that Zenger was not guilty. The

results of this trial set an example for protecting

the rights to free speech and freedom of the press.

George Clinton

George Clinton served as one of New York’s

representatives to the Second Continental

Congress in 1776. Although he helped to make

decisions about the Declaration of Independence,

he never had a chance to sign this important

document. George Washington called Clinton to

New York to lead troops for the Continental Army

during the American Revolution.

In 1777, Clinton helped to establish New York’s

first constitution. He was elected as the first

governor of New York during that same year.

Clinton served as governor for six terms in a row,

from 1777 to 1795. He was elected as governor

again in 1801 and served one more term. George

Clinton served as governor of New York for a total

of twenty-two years. This is the longest amount of

time that a governor has ever held office in New

York. Clinton later served as vice president of the

United States under Thomas Jefferson in 1804,

and again under James Madison in 1808.

Sybil Ludington

Like many New Yorkers, sixteen-year-old Sybil

Ludington and her family supported the colonies’

fight for freedom. On April 26, 1777, news came

to the Ludingtons that the British had set fire to

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狄格州(Connecticut,)的丹波瑞城(Danbury)。秀

波帮助她的父亲警告临近一带的反对英国者

(patriot)士兵,英国军队将会朝这个方向过来。

许多人相信是秀波在这个漆黑并下着雨的夜晚,

骑马 40英哩沿著佛德瑞克伯格城

(Fredericksburg)现在改名为路丁顿城

(Ludingtonville).协助联络和聚集了士兵。第二

天,他们前进到丹波瑞城和其他的反对英国者汇

集,对抗英国。英国军队被强迫撤离。世人们皆

相信由于秀波的帮助,她的城镇才得以不被英国

攻击。

Danbury, Connecticut, a town just twenty-five

miles away. Sybil helped her father warn the

patriot soldiers in the area that the British were

coming. Many people believe that Sybil rode for

forty miles through the dark, rainy countryside

around Fredericksburg, New York (now known as

Ludingtonville), to help gather the soldiers

together. The next day, the men rode to Danbury

and joined other patriot soldiers to fight the

British. The British soldiers were forced to turn

back. It is believed that because of Sybil’s help,

her town was saved from a British attack.

复习:

1. 彼得・史蒂文生的重要成就是什么?

2. 彼得・曾格审判造成最重要的结果是什

么?

3. 乔治・克林顿的重要成就有哪些?

4. 秀波・路丁顿做了什么?

Review:

1. What were the important accomplishments of

Peter Stuyvesant?

2. What was the most important result of Peter

Zenger’s trial?

3. What were the important accomplishments of

George Clinton?

4. What did Sybil Ludington do?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.10 主要观念

纽约的地理位置影响了战争 3.10 Key Idea

How the location of New York State influenced

the War

詞汇:

1. 水路 2. 路径 3. 至关重要的

4. 决定性的 5. 关键的

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. waterways 2. route 3. vital

4. decisive 5. crucial

摘要:

美国独立战争期间,纽约扮演了一个决定性和关键

性的角色。那是因为纽约的地点和它的水路。美国

独立战争期间,将近三分之一的战争发生在纽约。

Summary:

New York played a decisive and crucial role in

America's fight for independence. It was because

of New York’s location and its waterways. Nearly

one third of all the battles fought during the

American Revolution were fought in New York

State.

内容:

1775 年,殖民地民兵和英国在列克星顿和康克交

战。这个战争开始了美国独立革命。

一年之内纽约成为一个至关重要的地点。原因是它

的地理位置。纽约介於新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民

地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,那将隔开新英格

兰殖民地和南部殖民地。如此一来,殖民地之间的

传递消息和设备用品会更加困难。对於士兵的往返

也会非常艰难。

纽约在美国独立战争期间扮演了关键性的角色的另

一个重要原因是纽约有主要水路。能否控制哈德逊

河对两边战事来说是至关紧要。几乎整个战争期

间,英国佔领了纽约市和它的港口。大陆军控制并

佔据大部份的哈德逊河,这可以让他们接驳到哈德

逊河谷。在布鲁克林战役之后,哈德逊河也提供华

盛顿的军队逃离的路径。并确保大陆军可以继续奋

战。

Content:

In 1775, the colonial militia and the British fought

each other at Lexington and Concord. This was

the start of the American Revolution.

Within a year New York became a key state in the

war for independence. The reason was its

location. New York was about half way between

the New England colonies and the Southern

colonies. If the British controlled New York, the

New England colonies would then be separated

from the Southern colonies. It would be much

more difficult for the colonies to send messages

and supplies to each other. It would be also be

much harder to send soldiers back and forth.

The other important reason that New York played

a crucial role in the American Revolution was that

New York has major waterway routes.

Controlling the Hudson River was vital to the war

effort on both sides. The British held New York

City and its port for most of the war. The

Continental Army was able to hold and control

most of the Hudson River allowing them access to

the entire Hudson Valley. The Hudson River

provided a vital escape route for Washington's

army after the Battle of Brooklyn and ensured that

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美国独立战争期间,所有的战役有将近三分之一是

在纽约州发生。夺取提康德罗加堡垒,奥里斯卡尼

战役,和萨拉托加战役只是其中几个发生在纽约土

地上的主要战役。

the Continental Army could continue the fight.

Nearly one third of all the battles fought during the

American Revolution were fought in New York

State. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga, the Battles

of Oriskany and Saratoga are just a few of the

major events that took place on New York soil.

复习:

1. 为什么在美国独立战争期间,纽约扮演了一个

决定性和关键性的角色?

2. 纽约的哪个水路帮助大陆军在布鲁克林战役失

败之后顺利逃往?

Review:

1. Why did New York play a decisive and

crucial role in America's fight for

independence?

2. Which New York waterways helped the

Continental Army escaped after the Battle of

Brooklyn?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.11 主要观念

纽约印第安人对战争的影响 3.11 Key Idea

How Native American Indians in New York State

influenced the War

詞彙:

1. 中立的 2. 盟友 3. 效忠者 4. 突袭

5. 边境 6. 屠杀 7. 敌对的

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. neutral 2. allies 3. Loyalists 4. raids

5. frontier 6. massacre 7. hostile

摘要:

1.美国独立战争期间,许多印第安人的领袖帮助英

国军队。他们害怕一旦殖民地赢得了胜利,殖民们

会夺走更多印第安人的领土。

Summary:

During the American Revolution, many Native

American leaders helped the British soldiers.

They feared that the colonists would take more

land from Native Americans if the colonies won

the war.

内容:

在美国独立战争期间,伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois

Confederacy)并不同意站在任何一边。1775 年在邻

近奥伯尼(Albany)开的政务会中,伊洛郭依

(Iroquois)一开始决定英国和殖民之间的战争是他

们自己的战争,他们应该尽量保持中立。约瑟夫・

布兰特(Joseph Brant)是莫哈克族(Mohawk)的酋

长。他站在英国那边对抗殖民。他对於殖民们夺走

伊洛郭依(Iroquois)族的土地非常愤怒。他认为一

旦殖民地独立了之后,伊洛郭依(Iroquois)将会丧

失更多的土地。他说服了是莫哈克族(Mohawk),瑟

拿卡斯族(Senecas),欧拿达伽族(Onondagas),和

卡尤伽族(Cayugas)他们必须站在英国这边。但是

欧内达族(Oneidas) 和塔斯卡洛拉族

(Tuscaroras)后来靠向美国并变成美国的盟友一起

作战。欧内达族(Oneidas)甚至帮忙提供粮食给乔

治华盛顿的将军队。

莫哈克族(Mohawk)后来惩罚欧内达族(Oneidas) 因

为他们帮助美国军队。约瑟夫布兰特(Joseph

Brant) 成为英国军队的队长和领袖。他参与了许

多主要的独立战役。他率领一个军团攻击欧内达族

(Oneidas)村庄,杀伤数百,造成欧内达族

(Oneidas)巨大的创伤。对立两方分裂了伊洛郭依

邦联(IroquoisConfederacy),他们从此再也无法

Content:

The Iroquois Confederacy did not agree on which

side to support during the Revolutionary War. At a

council fire near Albany in 1775, the leaders of the

Iroquois first decided the war between the British

and the American colonists was a private war, and

they should try to remain neutral. Joseph Brant

was a Mohawk chief. He sided with the British

against the colonists. He was angry at the colonists

for taking Iroquois land. He said the Iroquois

would lose even more of their land if the American

colonies became independent. He convinced the

Mohawks, Senecas, Onondagas, and Cayugas that

they must side with England. The Oneidas and

Tuscaroras later took the side of the Americans

and became their allies in the fight for

independence. The Oneidas even helped supply

food to General George Washington's army.

The Mohawks later punished the Oneidas for

helping the American Army. Joseph Brant,

(Thayendanega), had become a British Army

Captain and leader. He fought in many major

Revolutionary War battles. He led a war party

which attacked Oneida villages, killing hundreds,

and causing great suffering among the Oneidas. Taking sides against each other split the Iroquois

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像以前一样强壮。

1700 年后期,莫哈克族 (Mohawks)和效忠英国者

(Loyalists)对位于纽约边境的农村定居者进行突

击。英国试图切断送往华盛顿和美国军队的粮食和

马匹。被突击的农村遭受屠杀并被摧毁。

1779 年,华盛顿大将军派 4000名士兵由苏利文将

军 (Sullivan)和克林顿将军(Clinton)率领,前往

纽约西部边境阻止突袭并惩罚伊洛郭依

(Iroquois),因为他们在独立战争期间支持英国。

他们行军穿越纽约,沿途焚烧村庄,玉米田,果

园,并摧毁任何属於伊洛郭依(Iroquois)的东西。

许多伊洛郭依人(Iroquois)逃往树林里躲藏。约瑟

夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)和他的跟随者逃往加拿

大。伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois Confederacy)的力量

从此注定毁灭。所有的伊洛郭依族(Iroquois)被清

除,打开独立战争之后美国定居者拓疆之路。

Confederacy, and they were never as strong again.

In the late 1770's the Mohawks fought along side

British Loyalists carrying out quick raids against

American settlers living on farms in New York's

frontier. The British were trying to stop supplies of

food and horses from reaching General

Washington and the American Army. There were

many massacres in which farms were raided and

destroyed.

In 1779, General Washington sent an army of

4,000 soldiers, led by Generals Sullivan and

Clinton, to western New York to stop the raids on

the frontier and punish the Iroquois for supporting

the British during the Revolutionary War. They

marched across the state, burning villages,

cornfields, orchards, and destroying anything that

belonged to the Iroquois. Many Iroquois escaped

certain death by leaving their villages and hiding

in the woods. Joseph Brant and his followers

escaped to Canada. The strength of the Iroquois

Confederacy was doomed. All the Iroquois were

cleared out, making way for American settlers

after the Revolutionary War.

复习:

1. 约瑟夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)对於英国和

美国殖民地之间的战争观点是什么?

2. 伊洛郭依族(Iroquois)如何影响美国独立战

争?

3. 美国独立战争如何影响伊洛郭依邦联(Iroquois Confederacy)?

Review:

1. What was the viewpoint of Joseph Brant on the

battle between British and American colonies?

2. How did the Iroquois affect the American

Revolution?

3. How did the American Revolutionary War

affect the Iroquois Confederacy?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.12 主要观念

长岛战役的作用 3.12 Key Idea

The role of the Battle of Long Island

詞汇:

投降

Vocabulary & Phrases:

surrender

摘要:

这场战役,美国士兵溃败。英国停止抱轰,等待

大陆军投降。华盛顿将军带领他的军队利用大雾

划船穿越东河(East River)逃到曼哈顿。纽约因

此在英国的统治之下直到独立战争结束。

Summary:

In this battle, American soldiers were beaten

badly. The British stopped firing and waited for

the Continental Army to surrender. General

Washington and his troops escaped in a big fog

by rowing boats across the East River to

Manhattan. New York was under British control

until the end of the Revolutionary War.

内容:

1776 年 8月 27日, 当纽约人把英国国王乔治三

世的铜像拉下来的三个星期以后,千万的英国士

兵登陆长岛。英国甚至从德国雇用士兵来和爱国

者抗战。

纽约成为独立战争中的一个最主要的州。其中一

个原因是它处的地理位置。纽约位于新英格兰殖

民地和南部殖民地的中间。乔治华盛顿明白如果

英国控制了纽约将会产生什么后果。新英格兰殖

民地将会和南部殖民地分离。这样一来对於殖民

彼此间传递讯息和设备将会更困难。对於士兵的

往返也会更艰难。他一定要阻止英国。

1776 年 8月,华盛顿和他的士兵在长岛,就是现

在的布鲁克林,与英国兵队交会。战争开始。这

场战争对美国士兵来说进行得并不顺利。他们惨

败。英国停止炮轰并等待大陆军队投降。爱国者

战斗的非常辛苦,但是他们还是投降了。

Content:

On August 27, 1776, three weeks after New

Yorkers had pulled down the statue of King

George III, thousands of British soldiers landed

on Long Island. Britain even hired Hessian

soldiers from Germany to fight the Patriots.

New York became a key state in the war for

independence. One reason was its location. New

York was about halfway between the New

England colonies and the Southern colonies.

George Washington knew what would happen if

the British controlled New York. The New

England colonies would then be separated from

the Southern colonies. It would be much more

difficult for the colonies to send messages and

supplies to each other. It would also be much

harder to send soldiers back and forth. He had to

try to stop the British!!

In August 1776, Washington and his soldiers met

the British on Long Island, in what is now

Brooklyn, New York. A battle began. The battle

didn't go well for the American soldiers. They

were beaten badly. The British stopped firing

their rifles and cannons and waited for the

Continental Army to surrender, or give up. The

Patriots fought hard, but they were surrendered.

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然而,华盛顿将军有别的计划。当大雾移近,华

盛顿和他的军队划船穿过东河到曼哈顿。然后他

们再往北行军到安全地带。几个星期之后,美国

军队和英国军队在曼哈顿再次交战。又一次的,

大陆军被打败。11月,华盛顿和他的士兵离开纽

约前进到纽泽西。从此以后纽约在英国的控制之

下,直到独立战争结束。

拿下纽约以后,英国军队继续穿过纽泽西由后追

击华盛顿和大陆军队。两方军队进入冬季的扎

营。

However, General Washington had other plans.

When a heavy fog moved in, Washington and his

troops escaped by rowing boats across the East

River to Manhattan. Then they marched north to

safety. A few weeks later the Americans and

British fought each other in Manhattan. Once

again, the Continental Army lost. In November,

Washington and his soldiers left the city and went

to New Jersey. Now New York City was under

British control. It stayed that way until the end of

the war.

After capturing New York City, the British

chased Washington and the Continental Army

through New Jersey. Then both armies went to

their winter camps.

复习:

1. 为什么纽约在美国独立战争中是一个最主要的

州?

2. 大陆军在长岛之战中的情况如何?

3. 乔治华盛顿如何计划撤逃?

4. 长岛之战造成的结果是什么?

Review:

1. Why was New York a key state in the

American Revolutionary War?

2. How did the Battle of Long Island go for the

Continental Army?

3. What was George Washington's plan to

escape?

4. What was the result of the Battle of Long

Island?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.13 主要观念

萨拉托加战役的作用 3.13 Key Idea

The role of the Battle of Saratoga

詞汇:

1. 优势 2. 海军 3. 德国赫斯佣兵

4. 击败 5. 胜利 6. 说服,使相信

7. 转捩点

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. advantage 2. navy 3. Hessians

4. defeat 5. victory 6. convince

7. turning point

摘要:

萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩点。

它让法国相信美国可以赢得胜利,并协助美国独

立战争。

Summary:

The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point of the

American Revolutionary War. It convinced the

French that America could win the war and help

the Americans.

内容:

1775 年至 1777年,英美对抗期间,英国佔有许多

优势。英国有庞大的军队和优良的海军。英国甚

至雇用德国赫斯佣兵(Hessians),来帮他们打仗。

相反的,美国只有小型的,没有训练过的军队,

没有海军,没有财力支援。在南部的战役,华盛

顿和大陆军,节节吃败仗。但是在北部,情况有

些不同。

伯高英(Burgoyne)将军的计划

英国的伯高英(Burgoyne)将军有一个计划将整个

纽约拿下。伯高英将军和他的士兵由加拿大南

下;圣莱杰(St Leger)中校率领军队从奥斯威戈

(Oswego)行军到莫哈克山谷(Mohawk Valley);威

廉・浩(William Howe)将军则从纽约市往北到哈

德逊山谷(HudsonValley)。他们三路军队再全部

往奥伯尼(Albany)前进。一旦英国拿下奥伯尼,

纽约殖民地将全部在他们的手里。

伯高英将军和他的士兵于 1777年 6月由加拿大进

入纽约。他们在提康德罗加堡 (Fort

Ticonderoga)附近击败美国军,并拿下了乔治湖

(Lake George)。随后,他们往萨拉托加

Content:

From 1775 until 1777, Great Britain had many

advantages over the Americans. The British had

a large army and the greatest navy. The British

even paid German soldiers, called Hessians, to

fight with them in battles. In contrast, the

Americans had a smaller, untrained army, no

navy and little money. In the south, the battles

were not good for the Americans. Washington

and the Continental Army had lost many battles.

But in the north, things were a little different.

General Burgoyne's Plan

British General John Burgoyne had a plan to

capture the entire New York colony. General

Burgoyne and his soldiers would head south from

Canada; Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger would

march from Oswego down the Mohawk Valley;

and General Sir William Howe would come up

the Hudson Valley from New York City. They

would all march toward Albany. Once the British

captured Albany, the New York colony would be

in their hands.

General Burgoyne and his soldiers entered New

York in June 1777. They defeated the American

forces near Fort Ticonderoga, and they captured

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(Saratoga)前进。

8 月初期,从奥斯威戈(Oswego)出发的英国士兵

在奥里斯卡尼(Oriskany)附近袭击美国军。英国

这边的其中一位领导者是莫哈克(Mohawk)酋长约

瑟夫・布兰特(Joseph Brant)。大部份的印第安

人都站在英国这边,这是因为他们认为美国人欺

骗他们夺走他们的土地。英国军队被击败。他们

撤退回到奥斯威戈(Oswego)。

萨拉托加战役实际上是发生在三个星期内的两场

战争。发生在比米斯高地(Bemis Heights) 的第

二场萨拉托加战役,美国军队攻破英军防綫。伯

高英将军的军队被由霍雷肖・盖茨(Horatio

Gates)将军带领的美国军打败。从纽约市出发的

英国军队离开时间太晚,以致於无法支援伯高英

将军。

10 天之后,1777年 10月 17日,英国伯高英将军

向美国霍雷肖・盖茨将军投降。在这两场萨拉托

加战役里,大约有 1700名英国士兵死亡,受伤,

或被俘虏。剩余的 6000名士兵成为犯人。损失如

此之多的兵力,英国军队的实力大大地消减。

萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩点。

它让法国相信美国人有能力赢得战争。因此,法

国决定提供士兵和金钱来帮助美国打仗。

Lake George. They then marched on to Saratoga.

In early August, the British soldiers who had

started from Oswego attacked the American

soldiers near Oriskany. One of the leaders on the

British side at Oriskany was Mohawk Chief

Joseph Brant. Most Native Americans sided with

the British. They believed that they had been

cheated out their land by the Americans. The

British were driven back at the Battle of

Oriskany. They returned to Oswego.

The battle of Saratoga is really two battles that

took place over three weeks. At the second

Saratoga battle, at Bemis Heights, the Americans

broke through the British lines. Burgoyne’s

troops were defeated by American soldiers led by

General Horatio Gates. The British soldiers from

New York City left the city too late to help

General Burgoyne.

Ten days later, on October 17, 1777, British

General John Burgoyne surrendered to American

General Horatio Gates. In the two Saratoga

battles, about 1,700 British soldiers were killed,

wounded, or captured. The remaining 6,000

British soldiers became prisoners. With the loss

of so many troops, the British army was deeply

weakened.

This victory of Saratoga was a turning point of

the American Revolution. It helped convince

France that the Americans could win the war.

France decided to help the Americans by sending

soldiers and money.

复习:

1. 为什么英国想要拿下纽约殖民地?

2. 什么是英国伯高英将军拿下纽约殖民地的计

划?

3. 为什么英国伯高英将军的计划失败?

4. 为什么我们说萨拉托加战役是美国独立战争的

一个转捩点?

Review:

1. Why did the British want to capture the New

York Colony?

2. What was the British General Burgoyne's

plan to capture New York?

3. Why did the British General Burgoyne's plan

fail?

4. Why do we say the Battle of Saratoga was a

turning point of the American Revolution?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.14 主要观念

纽约州的效忠者和爱国独立者 3.14 Key Idea

Loyalists and Patriots in New York State

詞汇:

1. 爱国独立者 2. 效忠者 3. 忠貞不渝

4. 中立

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. Patriot 2. Loyalist 3. loyal

4. neutral

摘要:

13 个殖民地为了是否要英国统治而争斗。殖民们有

不同的见解和看法。有些站在英国立场,有些响往

脱离英国独立,有些不愿意见到英国和殖民地之间

有战争

Summary:

In the struggle over British rule in the 13 colonies,

the colonists had different points of view. Some

sided with the British. Some favored breaking all

ties with Great Britain. Some colonists wanted to

avoid war between Britain and the colonies.

内容:

美国独立战争期间,殖民必须决定是支持独立战争

还是对英国和英国国王乔治三世保持忠诚。有些无

法决定该站在哪一边而保持中立。这些人不想对抗

英国士兵也不想对抗殖民。他们希望英国和殖民地

能够尽快的联合起来。

支持独立的殖民称作爱国独立者(Patriots)。然而

并不是殖民地的每一个人都想要打仗。成千的人们

忠诚于英国政府。反对脱离英国而独立的殖民称作

效忠者(Loyalists)。

大部份的反对英国者(Patriots)支持独立是因为他

们对於英国政府的徵税政策感到愤怒。这些反对英

国者(Patriots)认为英国政府没有权利向殖民征

税。实际上,他们认为英国政府根本没有权利来管

理殖民地。反对英国者(Patriots)想要自己制订自

己的法律。许多反对英国者(Patriots)住在新英格

兰(New England)殖民地,特别是麻萨诸塞

(Massachusetts)。

Content:

During the American Revolution, the colonists had

to decide to support the War for Independence or

remain loyal to the British and King George III.

Some colonists could not decide which side to

choose and remained neutral during the war.

Those colonists didn’t want to fight against the

British soldiers or against the colonists. They

hoped that Great Britain and colonies could soon

be united.

Those who supported independence from Britain

were known as Patriots. Not everyone in the

colonies wanted to fight. Thousands of people

were loyal to the British government. Colonists

who opposed independence from Britain were

known as Loyalists.

Most Patriots supported independence because

they were angered by the British government’s tax

policies. These Patriots believed the British

government did not have the right to tax the

colonists. In fact, they thought that the British

government did not have the right to rule the

colonies at all. The Patriots wanted to make their

own laws. Many Patriots live in the New England

Colonies, especially Massachusetts.

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许多效忠者(Loyalists)在英国还有他们的家人和

朋友。或者他们是和英国之间有紧密贸易关系的商

人。有些则是英国教会的成员。效忠者

(Loyalists) 对於能够成为强大帝国的一份子觉得

充满感激。有些认为殖民们没有自我管理的经验。

有些则认为殖民不可能打赢英国。纽约地区的效忠

者(Loyalists)比其他的殖民地多。

乔治华盛顿将军成为大陆军的总司令之后,虽然纽

约的许多殖民对英国仍是保持忠诚,但是有许多加

入华盛顿的军队对抗英国。有时候,同一个家庭有

反对英国者(Patriots)也有效忠者(Loyalists)。

不同的论点让家庭四分五裂。

男人参军后,就无法再照顾他们的农场和生意,这

对经济造成了损失。每天的日常用品对大部份的殖

民而言,变成非常难取得。因为这些用品都被送给

打仗的士兵。效忠者(Loyalists)也会把日常用品

藏起来,试图减弱反对英国者(Patriots)的作战能

力。

美国独立战争期间,效忠者(Loyalists)的处境很

危险。许多效忠者(Loyalists) 被残酷的攻击或杀

害。他们的土地或房子被摧毁或夺走。

Many Loyalists had family and friends in Great

Britain or were shopkeepers or traders with strong

business ties to Britain. Some were members of

the Church of England. They appreciated the

benefits of being part of a powerful empire. Some

felt the colonists didn’t have the experience to

govern themselves. Others felt the colonies

couldn’t win a war against Britain. New York had

more Loyalists than any other colony.

General George Washington became commander

in chief of the Continental Army. Though many

colonists in New York remained loyal to England,

many joined Washington’s army to fight England.

Sometimes there were Loyalists and Patriots

within the same family. Different viewpoints tore

the family apart.

The economy suffered as men went off to fight,

leaving behind their farms and businesses.

Everyday supplies were hard for most colonists to

get because they were being sent to the soldiers

who were fighting the war. Loyalists often hid

supplies, trying to weaken the Patriots’ ability to

fight.

During the American Revolution, the Loyalists’

situation was dangerous. Many Loyalists were

brutally attacked and killed. Their property was

destroyed or taken away.

复习:

1. 反对英国者(Patriots)的论点是什么?

2. 效忠者(Loyalists) 的论点是什么?

Review:

1. What was the Patriots’ point of view?

2. What was the Loyalists’ point of view?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.15 主要观念

独立革命时期的领导者 3.15 Key Idea

Leaders of the Revolution

詞汇:

1. 平民,老百姓 2. 大陆会议

3. 独立宣言 4. 反对英国者

5. 条约,公约 6. 造反的,叛乱的

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. civilians 2. Continental Congress

3. Declaration of Independence 4. Patriots

5. treaty 6. rebellious

摘要:

美国独立革命期间,有一些伟大的领导者带领殖民

们和英国抗争并赢得最后的独立。不仅如此,他们

在美国的歷史上具有重要的影响力。

Summary:

During the American Revolutionary period, there

were some great leaders who were not only

leading colonists to fight against Great Britain to

gain their independence, but who also had great

influences on American history.

内容:

乔治・华盛顿将军

美国军队是由 13个殖民地的人民组成。它称作大

陆军(Continental Army),而乔治・华盛顿被推选

出来的总司令。那表示他负责管理所有的士兵和统

帅。他是一个伟大并具有智慧的军事领导者。

大陆军其实根本不像是一个军队。它是由一万五千

名没有受过训练,武装的老百姓组成,并且大部份

都是农民。他们没有什么钱,武器装备也不够。海

军规模非常小并势力薄弱。华盛顿在战争中带领着

他们和英国抗战,面对当时世界上最强大的军队之

一。经过六年的奋战,大陆军最终迫使英国离开殖

民地。华盛顿的贡献,胆识,和智慧让他后来被推

选为美国的第一任总统。

汤玛斯・杰佛逊

汤玛斯・杰佛逊在美国独立革命期间是一个律师。

他在维吉尼亚(Virginia)生长,后来成为第二次大

Content:

General George Washington

The American Army was made up of soldiers from

all of the 13 colonies. It was called the Continental

Army, and General George Washington was made

Commander in Chief. This meant that he was in

charge of all of the soldiers and officers in the

army. He was a great and wise military leader.

The Continental Army was not much of an army at

all. It was made up of 15,000 untrained, armed

civilians, who were mostly farmers. They had very

little money and few weapons or supplies. The

Navy was very small and weak. Washington led

them in a war against Great Britain, one of the

mightiest armies in the world. After six years of

fighting, his Continental Army was able to drive

England from the American colonies.

Washington's dedication, courage, and wisdom

helped him to later be chosen as the first President

of the United States.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was a lawyer during the

American Revolution. Born and raised in

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陆会议议员和维吉尼亚州的第二任州长。由他撰写

的独立宣言,解释为什么 13个殖民地要脱离英国

而独立,并建立属于自己的国家。汤玛斯深信人民

有权利管理自己,并有权利选择他们自己的领导

者。独立革命胜利之后,汤玛斯成为美国的第三任

总统。

班杰明・富兰克林

班杰明・富兰克林帮助成立函授委员会(Committee

of Correspondence),帮助领导者利用写信在各个

殖民地之间互相传递讯息。他也帮助成立大陆会

议,让殖民们在革命独立期间联合起来,共同对抗

英国的统治。富兰克林并代表殖民发言,到英国抗

议英国的法律和税案。后来,他并协助替战后与英

国的和平公约奠基。班杰明富兰克林是个作家,发

明家,和科学家。他伟大的智慧,机智,和天赋让

他成为美国歷史上最多才多艺的公民。

伊森・艾伦

伊森・艾伦是佛蒙特(Vermont)地带的一个叛乱组

织,绿山男孩(Green Mountain Boys),的首领。他

带领 300个追随者,夜间突击位於纽约上州的堡

垒,英国控制的提康德罗加堡垒。绿山男孩佔领了

堡垒并虏获 300门大炮。他们带着这些大炮,行走

数英里到麻萨诸塞(Massachusetts)的波士顿

(Boston)。他们将大炮交给美国军队对抗英国。这

些大炮帮助美国赢得了其他战役。1775 年,伊森

・艾伦和他的随从到加拿大(Canada)攻击蒙特利尔

(Montreal)。他被英国逮捕,并关进英国监狱。

Virginia, Jefferson was a member of the Second

Continental Congress and the second governor of

Virginia. He wrote the Declaration of

Independence, which explained why the 13

American colonies were breaking away from

England and starting their own country. Jefferson

believed that the people had the right to govern

themselves and choose their own leaders. After

the revolution, Jefferson became the third

President of the United States.

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin helped organize the Committee

of Correspondence, which helped patriot leaders

throughout the colonies keep in touch with one

another by writing letters. He also helped organize

the Continental Congress, which united the

colonists in their revolution against British

rule. Franklin traveled to England to protest

English laws and taxes and to speak for the

colonists. He later helped lay the groundwork for

the peace treaty with England.

Benjamin Franklin was an author, inventor, and

scientist. His great wisdom, wit, and talent made

him one of America's most gifted citizens.

Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen was a patriot leader of a rebellious

group of soldiers from Vermont known as the

Green Mountain Boys. He led 300 of his men in a

nighttime raid on the British-controlled fort, Fort

Ticonderoga, in upstate New York. The Green

Mountain Boys captured the fort and 300 cannons.

They carried these cannons many miles to Boston,

Massachusetts. They handed them over to the

American Army to fight the British. The cannons

helped the Patriots win other battles. In 1775,

Allen and his men went to Canada to attack

Montreal. He was captured by the British and sent

to England where he was put into prison.

复习:

这些伟大的美国领导者,他们共同的特性是什么?

Review:

What are the common characteristics these great

American Leaders shared?

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第三单元:殖民和革命时期 Unit 3: Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

关键问题:

美国革命如何影响纽约的生活? Essential Question: How did the American Revolution affect lives in

New York?

3.16 主要观念

独立革命战争的结果 3.16 Key Idea

Effects of the Revolutionary War

詞汇:

1. 代表 2. 首都 3. 宪法

4. 邦联 5. 批准,同意

6. 总统 7. 议会 8.最高司法院

Vocabulary & Phrases:

1. representative 2. capital 3. Constitution

4. Articles of Confederation 5. ratify

6. President 7. Congress 8. Supreme Court

摘要:

当纽约於 1776 年变成一个州,纽约的人撰写了纽

约宪法并选举出州长。13个州也形成了美国,一个

新的国家。之后,美国人撰写了美国宪法,并选举

出美国总统。

Summary:

When New York became a state in 1776, New

Yorkers wrote a constitution and elected a

governor. The 13 states also formed the United

States, a new nation. Later, Americans wrote the

United States Constitution and elected a President.

内容:

新的州

1776 年, 106 个来自纽约不同地方的代表聚集在纽

约市撰写纽约宪法. 为了不被逮捕,代表们不停改

变聚会地点. 每一次的聚会地点都成为纽约的首都

14 位被挑选出来的委员成立一个委员会来撰写纽约

宪法. 约翰・杰是其中一位委员.是他的主张并致

力通过把独立宣言纳入纽约宪法的一部份.

1777 年四月二十日,纽约宪法在金士顿签署完成.

成為纽约州的法律.

1777 年,投票者选出乔治・克林顿成为纽约的第一

任州长.纽约人一再的选举乔治克林顿州长达十八

年之久

1797 年, 纽约人把州府从金士顿迁到奥伯尼

(Albany) ,因為奥伯尼 (Albany)比其他城市更位

于中心地理位置,并且大家都很容易到达。

新的国家

Content:

New State

In 1776, a group of 106 representatives from

different parts of New York met in New York City

to write a constitution. To keep from being

captured, the representatives moved from place to

place. Each of these places became the capital of

New York.

A committee, consisting of 14 members, was

chosen to write a constitution. John Jay was one

of the committee members. It was his idea to

make the Declaration of Independence part of New

York’s constitution.

On April 20, 1777, the New York Constitution

was signed in Kingston. It became the law of New

York State.

In 1777, voters chose George Clinton to be the

governor of New York. New Yorkers elected

Clinton governor again and again for the next 18

years.

In 1797, New Yorkers moved the capital from

Kingston to Albany. Albany is more centrally

located than any of the other cities and easier for

everyone to get to.

New Nation

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1776 年, 纽约和其他 12个州联合起来成为美利坚

合众国(the United States of America). 这些新

的州同时同意在邦联之下,成立一个新国家政府。

每一个州都想要独立.没有一个州愿意放弃太多的

权力, 因此造成新中央政府无力软弱。 许多美国

人开始相信美国需要一个更强壮的政府。这个有力

的政府应该有总统,议会,和最高司法院。这个新

宪法打造了我们现在国家政府的雏形。

1787 年五月, 亚力山大・汉米顿和其他代表聚集

在宾州的费城,致力撰写美国宪法.

1787 年九月,在费城的代表们签署了美国宪法, 当

时有三位来自纽约的代表, 亚力山大汉米顿是唯一

的一位纽约人签署了美国宪法. 另外两位代表因为

不同意宪法而於 7月打道回府。

宪法必需经过十三个州里的至少九个州批准后才可

以成为国家法律. 1788年六月二十一日, 新罕布夏

是第九个州批准了宪法, 宪法正式成为美国的法

律。

1788 年七月, 纽约投票通过同意宪法,票数相当接

近,30 票赞成,27票反对。纽约因此成为美国第

十一个州.

1789 年,乔治・华盛顿被选為美国第一任总统. 约

翰杰成为国家第一个大法官。亚力山大・汉米顿成

为国家第一个财政部长。

那时候,纽约市是美国的首都.到 1790 年, 政府把

国家首都从纽约市迁到费城。

In 1776, New York and the other 12 states joined

together to become the United States of America.

The new states also agreed to a new national

government formed under the Articles of

Confederation.

Each state wanted to be independent. No state

wanted to give up much of its power to the central

government. This made the new central

government very weak. Many Americans began

to believe that the United States needed a stronger

government. This stronger government should

have a President, Congress, and Supreme Court.

The new constitution, creating a strong central

government, forms the basis of our national

government today.

In May 1787, Hamilton and other representatives

met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to work on the

Constitution.

In September 1787, the representatives in

Philadelphia signed the Constitution. There were

three representatives from New York; Alexander

Hamilton was the only New Yorker to sign the

United States Constitution. The other two did not

want to ratify the Constitution. They went home

in July.

The Constitution had to be ratified by at least 9 of

the 13 states, before it could become our country’s

law. New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify the

Constitution on June 21, 1788. The Constitution then

became the law of the United States.

In July 1788, New York voted for ratification.

The vote was close — 30 for and 27 against. New

York became the eleventh state in the United

States.

In 1789, George Washington was elected the first

President of the United States. John Jay became

the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Alexander Hamilton became the nation’s first

Secretary of the Treasury.

At that time, New York City was the nation’s

capital. In 1790, the government moved the

country’s capital from New York City to

Philadelphia.

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复习:

1. 美国宪法通过之前,什么样的文件提供美国政

府架构的雏形?

2. 美国独立战争之后,这些新独立自主的州面临

最大的困难是什么?

3. 美国人认为一个强壮的政府应该要拥有什么?

4. 谁是美国的第一任总统?

Review:

1. Which document provided a plan for the

structure of the U.S. government in the period

before the U.S. Constitution was ratified?

2. What was the greatest problem the newly

independent states faced after the American

Revolution?

3. What did the Americans think a strong

government should have?

4. Who was the first President of the United

States of America?

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答案

3.1

荷兰人,英国人,和法国人都带进来他们不同的语

言,运动,事物,建筑物,宗教,和习惯。他们都

勤奋认真,并遗留下来他们重要的文化遗产。荷兰

人建立了一个宗教自由和和文化多元化的范例。最

重要的一项影响是,美国宪法是直接受到英国大宪

章的影响。修改后的英国司法系统,成为殖民地独

立的基本概念。

3.2

1. 13 个殖民地位于大西洋沿岸。

2. 新英格兰的经济集中在交易,造船,捕鱼,和

小型农场。大部分的经济活动都集中在城市和

港口。中部殖民地的经济主要是农业和製造

业,特别是铁工厂。南部殖民地的经济是种植

经济作物,例如烟草,稻米,玉米,和产靛的

豌豆科植物,并卖到欧洲。

3. 新英格兰有很长的冬季和短的耕种季节,加上

许多山脉,并且土壤多岩石,土地不适合耕

种。内地森林提供造船需要的树木。森林里的

许多动物帮助交易毛皮。中部殖民地有山丘,

和肥沃的土地。河流从阿帕拉契山脉流入海

洋。这些河流造成肥沃健康的土地,并帮助交

易更容易。耕种对於这裡的殖民是非常重要

的。南方的土地是种植大量农作物的理想地

带。在南方,气候温暖,耕种季节非常长;加

上有许多河流让土壤保持水分和肥沃。

Answer Key

3.1

The Dutch, English, and French all brought

in different languages, sports, foods, building

styles, possibly religions, and customs. They were

all hard-working people who left an important

culture heritage. The Dutch set an example of

religious toleration and cultural diversity. Most

importantly, however, is that the American

Constitution was directly influenced by the British

Magna Carta. The colonists believed that the

laws of the Magna Carta, which defined and

protected their rights in Great Britain, should also

be in effect in the colonies. Violation of these

rights by Great Britain led to the colonists’ fight

for independence. After the war, many of the

Magna Carta’s laws were adapted and included in

the U.S. Constitution.

3.2

1. The 13 colonies were located along the

Atlantic coast.

2. The economy in New England included trade,

shipbuilding, fishing, and small farms. Most

of the economic activities were located in

cities and ports. The economy in the Middle

Colonies included farming and manufacturing,

especially the iron industry. The economy in

Southern Colonies was growing large cash

crops of tobacco, rice, corn, and indigo to be

sold in Europe.

3. New England had cold long winters and short

growing seasons; in addition, there were many

mountains, and the soil was rocky and not

good for farming. The inland forests provided

trees for building ships. The many animals

living in the forests supported the fur trade.

The middle colonies had hills and rich, fertile

soil. Rivers flowed from the Appalachian

Mountains to the ocean. These rivers made the

land healthy and make trading very easy.

Farming was very important to the southern

colonists. The land in the South was ideal for

planting large crops. The climate was warm

and the growing season was very long. There

were many rivers to keep the soil moist and

fertile.

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3.3

1. 这条三角贸易路线连接英国,英属殖民地,和

非洲,形成大西洋上一个大三角形贸易路綫的

三个顶点。三角贸易路线从英国输送出商品,

从 13个殖民地输送出原材料,从非洲输送出奴

隶。

2。沿岸城市的人民利用海洋讨生活,例如捕鱼,

捕鲸鱼,或造船。其他有些是具有特殊技能的

工匠,

3.4

定居在新英格兰殖民地的人想和自己的家人在一起

并实践他们自己的宗教。住在中部殖民地的人民彼

此非常的不同。中部殖民地的人民寻求宗教自由

(主要在宾夕法尼亚)或是以赚钱为目的。很多人

没有将他们的家人一起从英国带过来。南部殖民地

的人民大部份是为了赚钱为目的。他们带着他们的

家人一起过来 定居在种植园。

3.5

1. 法国胡格诺派人定居纽约是为了可以自由的实

践他们的宗教信仰。有些人是以契约仆人的身

份定居在纽约。

2. 有些奴隶非裔美国人在农场工作。有些做家

务。其他的是技术性的铁匠,裁缝师,木匠,

鞋匠,金匠,和皮匠。

3 沿著哈德逊河,有许多有钱地主住在大庄园

里。佃农租借他们的地来耕种。许多住在奥伯

尼和纽约市的人是商人或拥有商店,忙碌的买

卖货品。

3.6

1. 1. 殖民地时期的小孩经常需要工作。他们很早

就起床挤牛奶,捡蛋,和餵鸡。并不是全部的

3.3

1. The Triangular Trade Route linked Britain, the

British colonies, and Africa as the three points

of a great triangle on the Atlantic Ocean. The

Triangular Trade Routes carried manufactured

goods from Britain and raw materials from the

13 colonies. Slaves were transported from

Africa.

2. People who lived in coastal cities made their

living from the sea, by fishing, whaling, or

shipbuilding. Other people were craftsmen

with special skills.

3.4

The people who settled in the New England

Colonies wanted to keep their family unit together

and practice their own religion. The people who

lived in the middle colonies were very different

from one another. They were looking to practice

their own religion (Pennsylvania mainly) or to

make money. Many of these people didn't bring

their families with them from England. Colonists

of the Southern Colonies were, for the most part,

out to make money. They brought their families

and they kept them together on the plantations.

3.5

1. French Huguenots settled in New York so that

they could practice their religion freely. Some

people came to New York as indentured

servants.

2. In New York, some enslaved African

Americans worked on farms. Some did

housework. Others were skilled blacksmiths,

tailors, carpenters, shoemakers, goldsmiths,

and leatherworkers.

3. Wealthy landowners lived in manors along the

Hudson River. Tenant farmers paid them rent

to use their land. Many people who lived in

Albany and New York were merchants, or

they owned shops and stores, buying and

selling goods.

3.6

1. In colonial time, children always had work to

do. They woke up early to milk the cows,

gather eggs, and feed the chickens. Not all

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小孩都去学校,但是所有的小孩都跟父母学

习。男孩学习建造,打猎,和捕鱼。女孩学习

烹飪,缝纫,和纺纱织布。女孩帮忙母亲从田

里採收和准备全家的食物。有些男孩在 10岁左

右便成为学徒。他们帮忙业者做事来求得工作

经验。

2. 殖民地时期的孩子到只有一间房间的校舍上

课。 校舍里只有一个老师。老师要教所有不同

年龄的孩子閲读,写字,和算术。学校不是免

费的。父母缴钱或食物给老师作为费用。所有

不同年龄的孩子都在同一间房间里学习。不守

秩序的孩子会被罚坐在角落面壁思过或接受鞭

韃。小孩閲读圣经和入门书。小小孩从角帖书

学习。

3。 殖民地时期,女孩和妇女经常穿著长裙盖住她

们的脚踝和手肘。在家里,她们穿著围裙来保

持衣著乾净。她们甚至在家里都戴著帽子。男

人和男孩不穿长裤。他们穿的是长到膝盖的裤

子称作马裤。冬天的时候,如果他们要到户

外,他们会穿毛质长袜。那个时候,拉链还没

有发明。因此裤子用的是扣子。男人和男孩还

会穿著背心和夹克。

3.7

1. 英国国王指派一个总督来管理殖民地。

2. 宪章就像是宪法。

3. 宪章保证殖民宗教信仰的自由,和要求陪审团

审判的权利。

4. 曾格审判是朝向印刷自的重要一步。人民有权

利印刷或传播新闻。

3.8

1. 法国和印第安人战役后,英国虽然得到最后的

胜利,这场战争却让英国花了很多钱。英国政

府认为英国士兵是在保护殖民,因此殖民应该

帮忙负担费用。所以,英国决定在某些物品上

赋税。

children went to school, but all children

learned lessons from their parents. Boys

learned to build, hunt, and fish. Gils learned

to cook, sew, and spin thread. Girls helped

their mothers gather food from the fields and

cook meals for all the family. Some boys, as

young as ten years old, became apprentices.

They learned a job by helping a craftsperson

2. In colonial time, children went to a small one-

room school, called a schoolhouse. There was

only one teacher in the schoolhouse to teach

reading, writing, and math to children of all

ages. Schools were not free. Parents sent

money or food to pay the teacher. Children of

all ages learned in the same room. Children

who behaved badly sat in a corner or received

a whipping. Children read from the Bible and

from a book called a primer. Young children

learned from a hornbook.

3. In colonial time, girls and women always

wore long dresses that covered their ankles

and elbows. At home, they wore aprons to

keep their dresses clean. They always wore

hats on their heads, even at home. Many men

and boys did not wear long pants. They wore

knee-length pants called breeches. When they

were not outdoors in cold weather, they wore

long, woolen stockings. Zippers were not

invented yet. The pants had buttons instead.

Men and boys wore vests and jackets.

3.7

1. The English king appointed a governor to rule

the colony.

2. A charter was like a constitution.

3. The charter guaranteed colonists freedom of

religion and right to a trial by jury.

4. The Zenger Trial was an important step toward

Freedom of the Press, the right of people to

print or tell the news.

3.8

1. Great Britain fought and won the French and

Indian War in the end. However, this war had

cost the British a lot of money. The British

government thought that because the British

soldiers were protecting the colonists, the

colonists should help pay. So the British

decided to make the colonists pay taxes on

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2. 税法让许多殖民愤怒。殖民认为税法对他们来

说很不公平,因为他们在英国国会里没有代

表。没有代表,就表示对他们生活造成影响的

这些法案,他们无法表示赞成或反对。

3. 殖民地想要脱离英国管理而独立。

3.9

1. 史蒂文生建立了新阿姆斯特丹的第一座医院和

第一间邮局。他还建立了一个系统称作“拨浪

鼓警告,人民半夜在街上巡逻检视火烛。史蒂文

生也尝试弥补对印第安人的不公平。例如,他

坚持要合理的支付印第安人对殖民提供的服

务。

2. 彼得・曾格审判最重要的结果是为日后保障言

论自由和新闻自由设立了一个典范。

3. 克林顿协助建立纽约的第一部宪法。他被选为

纽约的第一任州长。

4. 秀波帮助她的父亲警告临近一带的反对英国者

士兵,英国军队将会朝这个方向过来。秀波在

一个漆黑并下着雨的夜晚,骑马 40英哩沿著佛

德瑞克伯格城.协助联络聚集士兵。由於秀波的

帮助,她的城镇得以不被英国攻击。

3.10

1. 纽约在独立战争期间扮演者一个决定性的角

色。原因是它的地理位置。纽约介於新英格兰

殖民地和南部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了

纽约,那将隔开新英格兰殖民地和南部殖民

地。如此一来,殖民地之间的传递消息和设备

用品会更加困难。对於士兵的往返也会非常艰

难。

2. 在布鲁克林战役之后,哈德逊河提供华盛顿的

军队逃往的路径。并确保大陆军可以继续奋

战。

certain goods.

2. These taxes made many colonists angry. The

colonists didn't think it was fair because they

had no representatives in Parliament. Without

representatives, colonists had no way to

influence laws created by the British

government that affected their lives.

3. The colonies wanted to become independent

from British rule.

3.9

1. Stuyvesant built New Amsterdam’s first

hospital and post office. He also set up a

system called “rattle watch” in which people

patrolled the street at night looking for fire.

Stuyvesant also tried to correct some wrongs

against the Indians. For instance, he insisted

that Indians be paid properly for their

services.

2. The most important result from the Peter

Zenger’s trial was that it set an example for

protecting the rights to free speech and

freedom of the press.

3. Clinton helped to establish New York’s first

constitution. He was elected as the first

governor of New York during that same year.

4. Sybil helped her father warn the patriot

soldiers in the area that the British were

coming. Sybil rode for forty miles through

the dark, rainy countryside around

Fredericksburg, New York, helping gather the

soldiers together. Because of Sybil’s help, her

town was saved from a British attack.

3.10

1. New York played a decisive and crucial role

in America's fight for independence because

New York was located about half way

between the New England colonies and the

Southern colonies. If the British controlled

New York, the New England colonies would

then be separated from the Southern colonies.

It would be much more difficult for the

colonies to send messages and supplies to

each other. It would be also be much harder

to send soldiers back and forth.

2. The Hudson River provided a vital escape

route for Washington's army after the Battle

of Brooklyn and ensured that the Continental

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3.11

1. 约瑟夫・布兰特站在英国那边对抗殖民。他对

於殖民们夺走伊洛郭依族的土地非常愤怒。他

认为一旦殖民地独立了之后,伊洛郭依将会丧

失更多的土地。

2. 欧内达族和塔斯卡洛拉族后来靠向美国并变成

美国的盟友一起作战。欧内达族甚至帮忙提供

粮食给乔治华盛顿的将军队。

3. 对立两方分裂了伊洛郭依邦联,他们从此再也

无法像以前一样强壮。独立战争以后,所有的

伊洛郭依族被清除,打开独立战争之后美国定

居者拓疆之路。

3.12

1. 纽约成为独立战争中的一个最主要的州是因为

它的地理位置。纽约位于新英格兰殖民地和南

部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,新英

格兰殖民地将会和南部殖民地分离。这样一来

对於殖民彼此间传递讯息和设备将会更困难。

对於士兵的往返也会更艰难。

2. 华盛顿和他的士兵在长岛战役里惨败。

3. 华盛顿和他的军队计划逃亡,在大雾里划船穿

过东河到曼哈顿。然后他们再往北行军到安全

地带。

4. 长岛战役以后,纽约在英国的控制之下,直到

独立战争结束。

3.13

1. 英国想要拿下纽约是因为纽约介於新英格兰和

南部殖民地的中间。如果英国控制了纽约,英

国将会更容易传递讯息和输送用品。士兵南北

往返也会更容易。

2. 伯高英将军和他的士兵由加拿大南下;圣莱杰

Army could continue the fight.

3.11

1. Joseph Brant sided with the British against the

colonists. He was angry at the colonists for

taking Iroquois land. He said the Iroquois

would lose even more of their lands if the

American colonies became independent.

2. The Oneidas and Tuscaroras took the side of

the Americans and became their allies in the

fight for independence. The Oneidas even

helped supply food to General George

Washington's army.

3. Taking sides against each other in the

Revolutionary War split the Iroquois

Confederacy, and they were never as strong

again. After the revolution, all the Iroquois

were cleared out, making way for American

settlers after the Revolutionary War.

3.12

1. New York was a key state in the war for

independence because of its location. New

York was about halfway between the New

England colonies and the Southern colonies.

If the British controlled New York, the New

England colonies would then be separated

from the Southern colonies. It would be much

more difficult for the colonies to send

messages and supplies to each other. It would

also be much harder to send soldiers back and

forth.

2. In the Battle of Long Island, Washington and

his soldiers were beaten badly.

3. Washington and his troops escaped by rowing

boats across the East River to Manhattan in a

heavy fog. Then they marched north to safety.

4. New York City was under British control. It

stayed that way until the end of the war.

3.13

1. The British wanted to capture the New York

Colony because New York was located

halfway between the New England colonies

and the Southern colonies. If the British

controlled New York, it would be easier for

the British to send messages and supplies. It

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中校率领军队从奥斯威戈行军到莫哈克山谷;

威廉・浩将军则从纽约市往北到哈德逊山谷。

他们三路军队再全部往奥伯尼前进。一旦英国

拿下奥伯尼,纽约殖民地将全部在他们的手

里。

3. 从奥斯威戈出发的英国士兵在奥里斯卡尼附近

被美国军袭败。他们撤退回到奥斯威戈。而从

纽约市出发的英国军队离开时间太晚,以致於

无法支援伯高英将军。

4. 萨拉托加战役在美国独立战争中是一个转捩

点,因为它让法国相信美国人有能力赢得战

争。因此,法国决定提供士兵和金钱来帮助美

国打仗。

3.14

1. 反对英国者(Patriots)认为英国政府没有权利

向殖民徵税。实际上,他们认为英国政府根本

没有权利来管理殖民地。反对英国者

(Patriots)想要自己制订自己的法律。

2. 许多忠贞者(Loyalists)在英国还有他们的家人

和朋友。或者他们是和英国之间有紧密贸易关

系的商人。有些则是英国教会的成员。忠贞者

(Loyalists) 对於能够成为强大帝国的一份子

觉得充满感激。有些认为殖民们没有自我管理

的经验。有些则认为殖民不可能打赢英国。

3.15

这些伟大的美国领导者的共同特色是他们都拥有领

导力。他们勇敢,有决定性,并贯彻到底。

3.16

1. 美国宪法通过之前,邦联提供美国政府架构

would also be much easier to send soldiers

back and forth.

2. General Burgoyne and his soldiers would head

south from Canada; Lieutenant Colonel St.

Leger would march from Oswego down the

Mohawk Valley; and General Sir William

Howe would come up the Hudson Valley from

New York City. They would all march toward

Albany. Once the British captured Albany, the

New York colony would be in their hands.

3. The British General Burgoyne's plan failed

because the British soldiers who had started

from Oswego were defeated near Oriskany.

They were driven back to Oswego. The other

British soldiers from New York City left the

city too late to help General Burgoyne.

4. The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point of

the American Revolution because it helped

convince France that the Americans could win

the war. France decided to help the Americans

by sending soldiers and money.

3.14

1. Most Patriots supported independence

because they were angered by the British

government’s tax policies. These Patriots

believed the British government did not have

the right to tax the colonists. In fact, they

thought that the British government did not

have the right to rule the colonies at all. The

Patriots wanted to make their own laws.

2. Many Loyalists had family and friends in

Great Britain or were shopkeepers or traders

with strong business ties with Britain. Some

were members of the Church of England.

They appreciated the benefits of being part of

a powerful empire. Some felt the colonists

didn’t have the experience to govern

themselves. Others felt the colonies couldn’t

win a war against Britain.

3.15

These great American leaders were brave,

decisive, and determined.

3.16

1. The Articles of Confederation provided a plan

for the structure of the U.S. government in the

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的雏形.

2. 美国独立战争之后,这些新独立自主的州面

临最大的困难是每一个州都想要独立.没有一个州

愿意放弃太多的权力,因此造成新中央政府无力软

弱.

3. 强而有力的政府应该有总统,议会,和最高

司法院。

4. 乔治华盛顿為美国第一任总统。

period before the U.S. Constitution was

ratified.

2. The greatest problem the newly independent

states faced was that each state wanted to be

independent. No state wanted to give up

much of its power. This made the new central

government very weak.

3. The strong government should have a

President, Congress, and Supreme Court.

4. George Washington was the first President of

the United States.