draft - nie.lk · kjyhk; nkhop - jkpo; tpdhtpilj; njhfg;g juk; - 12> 13 njrpa fy;tp epwtfk;>...
TRANSCRIPT
DRAFT
tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G
jkpo;
juk; 12 - 13
(cau;jug; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fSf;Fg; gad;juf;$ba
tpdhf;fisAk; tpilf; Fwpg;GfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
2015.
tpdhtpilj; njhFg;G
jkpo;
juk; 12 - 13
(f.ngh.j. (cau;ju) g; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fSf;Fg;
gad ;juf ;$ba tpdhf ;fisAk ; t pilf ; Fwpg ;GfisAk ;
cs;slf;fpaJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
i
Kjyhk; nkhop - jkpo;tpdhtpilj; njhFg;Gjuk; - 12> 13
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.
ISBN
Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2015Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiwnkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wYk; fw;gpj;jYk;
Mrpupau;fs; jj;jkJ ghlrhiyfspy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
mbg;gilfis ,f;ifNaL toq;FfpwJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jifapy; Mrpupau;fs;
kdjpypUj;j Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplak; vd;dntdpy; jkJ gq;fspg;ghdJ khztu;fspd;
mwpifrhu; milT kw;Wk; elj;ijrhu; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; ghuJ}ukhdJk; njhiy
Nehf;fhdJkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;.
mwpifrhu; milT vd;Dk; gupkhzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu Mrpupau;fs; Vidatw;Wf;F
(kw;iwa gad;ghLfSf;F) kj;jpapy; fw;wy; juk; cau;thf ,Uf;ff;$ba gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• fw;gtu; jdJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; jj;jkJ tho;f;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk;
gpzpapid mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,yf;if mile;J nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fSf;Fg;
nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; mike;Js;sJ vd;gijg; Gupe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• fw;wy; / fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; fw;gtu; jd;idr;nraY}f;fj;Jld; <LgLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ (khztu; nrad;Kiw) fd;a+rpa]; (Confusius) vd;Dk; mwpQuJ
fUj;J ,q;F epidtpw;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
mtu;fs; Nfl;gtw;iw kwe;J tpLfpd;wdu;.
ghu;g;gtw;iw epidtpw; nfhs;fpd;wdu; Mdhy;
nray; uPjpahfj; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
• tsk; epiwe;jJk; rthy;kpf;fJkhd rhjfkhd fw;wy; #oikT ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ fw;wy; Mtzq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> Ma;T$lq;fs;> tplaq;fs; kw;Wk;
mDgtq;fis gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis
cWjpg;Lj;j Ntz;Lk;@
• fw;gtUf;F Mf;fg+u;tkhdJk;> mD$ykhdJkhd cldbg; gpd;D}l;ly;
toq;fg;;gLk; NghJ ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk; fw;gtu; jkf;F Vw;nfdNt
,Uf;ff;$ba mwpT> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gtw;iw xUq;fpizg;gJld;
cau;kl;l fpufpj;jYld; cs;sPu;j;jYld; $ba fw;wiyg; gbg;gbahfg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
fy;tpiag; nghWj;jtiu> ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp gapYk; rfy khztu;fSk; jkJ
ghlQ; rhu;e;j mbg;gilfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milaf;$bajhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; mjd; %yk; guPl;irfis vjpu;nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; jhk; Fwpj;j
militg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhk; vd;w kfpo;it mDgtpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJNk murhq;fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;ghFk;.
iii
khztupd; elj;ijrhu; mgptpUj;jp vDk; gupkhzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhapd;
fy;tpapd; ,yf;fhdJ mwpifrhu; miltpid njhopy;rhu; cyFld; njhlu;GgLj;JjyhFk;.
vdNt> Mrpupau;fsJ fuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> ghlrhiyf;F
tspNaahd cyFld; fw;gtu; njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfs; /jFjpg;ghL
fis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk; gug;Gf;fspy; rpy Kf;fpakhdJk; nghJthdJkhd
Nju;r;rpfs; /jFjpg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• Mw;wy; kpF (RWRWg;ghf) njhopy; ju;kk;@ Neu;fzpa csg;ghq;F GjpJ
GidjYf;fhd tpUg;G kw;Wk; tplhKaw;rp@
• egu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;@ FOr; nraw;ghL xOf;fk; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdhd
njhlu;ghly;@
• jhu;kPf tpOkpaq;fs;@ gd;Kfj; jd;ikia kjpj;jy; Nghd;w Fbapay; tpOkpaq;
fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l egu;.
KbTiuahf ghlrhiyfspYs;s mjpgu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju mYtyfu;fs;
midtUk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYs;s4A f;fspy; (csg;ghq;F (Attitute), gFg;gha;T (Analysis),
nray; nraw;ghL (Action), kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wy; (Accountability), ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;w
tifapy; fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiag; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
jhq;fs; vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa KbTfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; njhlu;ghd
n ghU j ;j k hd J k ; r hj f k hd J k hd csg;ghq;FfSld; Muk;gpAq;fs;. (jq;fsJ ghlq;fs;
Kjypad)@ xOq;fikg;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W gFg;gha;T nra;f.
(ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; Kjypad)@ njupTfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L> tpidj;jpwdhd cldbr;
nraiy Nkw;nfhs;f (toq;Fjy;)@ nghWg;Gf; $wiy (cupikj;Jtk;) vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;
Nfw;w tifapy;> Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk; ngW NgWfis mstpLjiy
Nkw;nfhs;f.
fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; Mu;tKld; <Lgl;Ls;s rfy Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;
,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; vdJ tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,f;ifNaL gw;wpa
cq;fsJ mDgtq;fisAk; mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; (N.I.E)
Jizj; jiytUf;F tpUg;gkhapd; vdf;Fk; mDg;gp itf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;
Nguhrpupau; Fzghy ehzaf;fhu
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdpj>r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;> ey;ytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg;Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy;> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w ghlj;jpl;lk;>Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;J nfhLg;Nghu;(Facilitator) Nghd;witnay;yhk;fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk;> gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J>jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;F mika>vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ik Ngzg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk;>Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; rw;NwDk; khWglhJ>mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait my;y. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhf>fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhdRje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKkpy;iy. khztuJmilT kl;lj;ij cau; rjtPjj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr;nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjy; mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jKbAk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl E}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;jMrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; my;y vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau;topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis khztu;fs; mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F topfhl;b> trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; tFg;giwapy; Fwpg;gpl;lghlj;Jf;Fupa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.mt;thwhd fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
KfTiu
xU ghlkhff; fw;Fk; khztu;fSf;fhd ,e;j tpdhf;nfhj;J khztu;fs; tpilaspf;f
,lu;g;gLk;> Fiwe;j Gs;spfisg; ngWk; gFjpfisj; njupe;njLj;J mtw;Wf;Fg; Nghjpa
tpsf;fk; mspg;gjhf cs;sJ. fle;j fhyq;fspy; jkpo;g; ghlj;jpy; khztu;fspd; rpj;jptPjk;
Fiwthf ,Ue;jikf;Fg; gpd;tUtd fhuzq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
1. gFjp I ,w;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l E}y;fspypUe;J tpdhf;fs; tpdhtg;gLk;. gy;NtW
jug;gpdUk; gFjp I ,w;Fupa ghlg;gFjpfisAk; mtw;wpw;Fupa tpdhf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
ghlE}y;fis ntspapl;bUe;jdu;. vdpDk; ,tw;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;ag; ngUe;njhifg;
gzj;ijr; nrytplNtz;ba epiyapy; xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; Fwpj;j rpy khztu;fNs
,e;E}y;fisj; jk;trk; itj;jpUe;jdu;.
,f;Fiwghl;il ePf;f ,t;tpdhf;nfhj;J khztUf;F ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gFjp I ,w;Fupa jahu;g;gLj;jiy khztu;fs; ,f;ife;E}iy itj;Jf;nfhz;Nl Rakhff;
fw;wiy Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. khztu;fs; jkpo;g; ghlj;jpy; Gs;spfisf; Fiwthfg; ngw ,d;ndhU fhuzk;
mtu;fs; ,yf;fpag;gFjpfspy; Jy;ypakhd tpilfis vOjhikahFk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhfg;
ghlg;gFjpfisf; Fwpg;ghff; fijfis kPs xg;Gtpg;gJk; Njitaw;w tplaq;fis
tpupthf vOJtJk; MFk;. ,f;Fiwghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; ,q;F
tpdhf;fSf;fhd khjpup tpilf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yKk; gapw;rp nra;tjd; %yKk; khztu;fs; njspthd tpilaspf;Fk;
Kiwia mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; gapw;rp ngwTk; KbAk;.
3. jw;Nghija ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,yf;fzg; gFjp kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfTk;>
mjpf Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wj; jUtjhfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; ,yf;fzg;
gFjpf;Fupa gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSk;> FWfpa tpdhf;fSk; mjpfstpy; njupTnra;ag;gl;L
mtw;Wf;fhd tpilfSk; ,t;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; %yk;
khztu;fs; ,yf;fzg; gFjpapy; njspitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
4. khztu;fs; Fiwe;j Gs;spfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,d;ndhU gFjp fl;Liug;
gFjpahFk;. fl;Liufs;> mikg;G> tplag;gug;G> nkhopeil> msT vd;w gFjpfisf;
nfhz;L mika Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,J njhlu;ghd G+uz mwptpd;ik>
rl;lfk; jahupf;fhik> jiyg;ig cupa tifapy; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;shik vd;git
Gs;spfisf; Fiwthfg; ngwf; fhuzkhfpd;wd. ,jid eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lg;
gy;NtW tifahd fl;LiufSf;Fupa rl;lfq;fs; ,t;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
5. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; gFjpiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; xt;nthU ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wf;
fhyg;gFjpf;FKupa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ngau;fisAk; gz;GfisAk; khj;jpuNk khztu;fs;
mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> mz;ikf; fhyj; jkpo;g;ghl tpdhj;jhs;fis Nehf;Fk;
NghJ ,j;jifa FWfpa mwpT kl;Lk; tpilaspf;fg; NghJkhdjd;W vd;gJ
Gydhfpd;wJ. Fwpj;jnthU GytuJ ngau;r;Rl;bAk;> Fwpj;jnthU ,yf;fpa tifapid
ikag;gLj;jpAk; Fwpj;j fhyj;J ,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpAk; tpdhf;fs;
tpdhtg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,j;Njitia epiwTnra;Ak; tifapy; toikahd ,yf;fpa
v
tuyhw;Wg; ghlg;gug;Gf;F Nkyhfg; gy;NtW E}y;fs; gw;wpAk; Gytu;fs; gw;wpAk;
Nkyjpfj; jfty;fs; ,t;tpdhj; njhFg;gpw; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. jkpo;g;ghl tpdhj;jhspd; ,U gFjpfspYk; fpufpj;jw; gFjpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
ghlE}ypy; cs;s ftpij> fl;Liu> Gidfij Mfpatw;wpy; rpy gFjpfs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L fpufpj;jYf;fhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. jug;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
fpufpj;jYf;nfd toq;fg;gl;l FWfpa gFjpfSf;Fs;NsNa ,Ue;jNghjpYk; khztu;fs;
tpilaspf;Fk; Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; jtWfs; fhuzkhfg; ngWfpd;w Gs;spfs; xg;gPl;lstpy;
FiwthfNt cs;sd. ,jid eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; ftpij> fl;Liu> rpWfijg;
gFjpfspypUe;J fpufpj;jy; gapw;rpfSf;fhd tpdhf;fSk; mtw;Wf;fhd tpilfSk;
jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwf; fUj;J}d;wpf; fw;gjd; %yk; khztu;fs; jkJ milTkl;lj;ij
mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
fpufpj;jypd; ,d;ndhU gFjp RUf;fk; vOJjy; MFk;. RUf;fk; vOJk;NghJ
ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfSk; cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld;
kpf vspikahd RUf;fg; gapw;rpfspy; Fwpj;j khztUf;Fupa tpdhthf mikaf;$ba
RUf;fg; gapw ;r pfs; tiu gbg;gbahd gapw;r pfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
jpUkjp.eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;: fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig
Njrpafy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl tpla MNyhrid
Nguhrpupau;. v];. jpy;iyehjd;
jifrhu; Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;.
Nguhrpupau; vk;.V. E/khd;
Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;.
Nguhrpupau;. v];. rptypq;fuhrh>
Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;.
Nguhrpupau;. fp.tprhf&gd;>
jiytu; jkpo;j;Jiw> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;. v];. Nahfuhrh>
nkhopj;Jiw> fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau;. t. kNf];tud;>
jiytu; jkpo;j;Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
ghlepGzj;Jtf; FO:
fyhepjp. wkP]; mg;Jy;yh>
jiytu; nkhopj;Jiw> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU.f. ,uFgud;>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU.kjp &gp tyd;updh>
jiytu; nkhopj;Jiw> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. <. Fkud;>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> aho;g;ghzg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. =gpurhe;jd;>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> =[atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. kh. >jdd;>
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
Cthnty;y];]> gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. v];. Rju;rd;>
tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nkw;ghu;it: nry;tp.t.tp[anyl;Rkp> gzpg;ghsu;
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,izg;ghf;fk:; jpUkjp.eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU.K.jahepjp rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
vi
vOj;jhsu; FO :jpU.gh.kfhypq;frptk;> tpupTiuahsu;>
Mrpupau; fyhrhiy> Nfhg;gha;.
jpUkjp.eh.rPjud; rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;.
jkpo; nkhopj;JiwNjrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU.v];.uNk];
Mrpupau;> ah/kfh[dhf; fy;Y}up.
jpU.e.Ffgud;
Mrpupau;> fpsp/kj;jpa kfhtpj;jpahyak;jpU.v];.Nfrtd;
Mrpupau;> nfh/,uj;kyhid ,e;Jf;fy;Yup.
jpU.v];.kjdNkhfduh];;
Mrpupau;>ah/ky;yhfk; jkpo; tpj;jpahyak;.nry;tp.f.re;jpuFkhup
Mrpupau; nfh/tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up nfhOk;G
jpU.Nf.tujuh[d;
cjtpf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf;fy;tpg; gzpkid> fy;Kid.
nkhopr;nrt;tpjhf;fk; :
jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw.
vii
fzpdp tiufiynry;tp. ehNfe;jpdpMWKfk;
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
01 gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii
02 gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv
03 KfTiu v
04 tsg;gq;fspg;G vi - vii
05 nghUslf;fk; viii
1.0. nra;As; gFjp 01 - 41
2.0. rpWfij 42 - 54
3.0. ehty; 55 - 57
4.0. fl;Liufs; 58 - 60
5.0. ,yf;fzk; 61 - 81
6.0. fl;Liu Mf;fk; 82 - 88
7.0. fpufpj;jy; 89 - 91
8.0. RUf;fk; vOJjy; 92 - 94
9.0. ,yf;fpa tuyhW 95 - 112
10.0 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L
rpWfij> ftpij> ehty;. 113 - 122
11.0. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW 123 - 150
viii
1
milag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;.
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; fl;LUthf;fj;jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk; tplaq;fisAk;jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd nkhopeilapy;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : nra; jpwDk; tpidj;jpwDk; cs;s Nfl;Nghuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
1.2 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; gz;NghLciuahLtu;.
1.3 : vz;zq;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;jpg; gz;NghLNgRthu;.
1.4 : Fwpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; epfo;r;rpfspYk;jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Mw;wYld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
2.1 : capu;j; Jbg;Gs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nraw;wpwDila thrfuhfr;nraw;gLthu;.
2.2 : Fwpj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
2.3 : ghlj;ij mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfisAk;vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk; mDrupj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk;nkhopf; $Wfisg; gFj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
5.2 : Gytu;fs;> gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.
7.3 : nrhw;fisg; nghUswpe;J Nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk; vOJthu;.
gFjp - I
nra;Al; gFjpfs;
2
ghlYk; nghUSk; (fl;likg;G tpdhf;fs;)
rq;fg;ghly;fs;.
1. “fUq;fhy; Ntk;gpd;......“ vDk; ghliy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpiljUf.
m. mzpr;rpwg;ig tpsf;Ff.
“Mw;wa nyOe;j ntz;Nfhl;ljtj; njOfspW kpjpj;j nthU gok; Nghy” vd;wmbfspy; ctikazp ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mayth;fspd; myu; J}w;wyhy;jiytpapd ; cs;sk; mile;j Ntjidia ntspg ;gLj;j ,t;Ttikifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;jpg;gok; nkd;ikahdJ. ez;Lfspd; fhy;fNsh td;ikahdit. ,j;jifagy ez;Lfspd; fhy;fspdhy; rpijf;fg;gl;l mj;jpg;gok; Nghy jiytpapd; cs;sKk;Ntjidailfpd;wJ.
M. ,g;ghlypd; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jiytpapd; kdepiy.
Ntg;gkuk; G+f;fj;njhlq;Ffpd;w ,dpa ,sNtdpw;fhyk; jiytdpd;wpf; fopag;NghfpwNjvd;w jiytpapd; mq;fyha;g;gpd; %yk; mtsJ gphpTj;Jd;gk; czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.NkYk; maythpd; gopJ}w;wyhy; nkd;ikahd ,jak; nfhz;l jiytpaile;jJauk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,. rq;ffhy mfj;jpizg; gz;G.
Ky;iy epy ,Uj;jy; xOf;fk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.Kjy;> fU> chpg; nghUs; ,lk;ngWjy;.ghj;jpuf; $w;W.xU ghlypy; xU nra;jpkl;LNk $wg;gLjy;.
2. “ey;Yiu apfe;J......” vDk; ghliy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;FtpiljUf.
m. ghlypd; nghUis vOJf.
kdNk ey;y nrhw;fshfpa GfOiufis ePf;fp> gadw;w gopr; nrhw;fs; gutpkio nga;Ak; nghOJ> me;ePupdhy; epiwe;j Rlg;glhj gr;ir kz;zhyhdkl;ghz;lk; Nghy> cs;sj;jpdhy; jhq;f Kbahj Mir nts;sj;jpy; ePe;jpajha;>ngWtjw;fupajhdij ngw Mirnfhz;lha;. cau;e;j kuf;fpisapy; cs;sFl;biaAila ngz;Fuq;F jd;Fl;bahy; jOtg;ngw;W miktJ Nghy> kdk;nghUe;j cd; epiditj; jOtpf;nfhz;L cdJ Fiwiaf; Nfl;L mUSk;>jiytpiag; ngWthahapd;> cdJ Nghuhl;lk; kpfTk; ngUikngWk;.
M. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ctik xd;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;b mjd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Ff.
“ngadPh;f; Nfw;w gRq;fyk; Nghy”Mir nts;sj;ijj;; jhq;fkhl;lhky; cs;sk; cilfpd;w jiytdJ epiyiantspg;gLj;j> ePiuj; jhq;fhJ mopfpd;w gRkl;fyj;ij ctik fhl;baJrpwg;ghdJ.
3
“kfTil ke;jp Nghy”jd; Fiwfisf; Nfl;Lj; jdf;F mDruizahf ,Ug;gth;fisj; jiytdJcs;sk; mthtp epw;fpd;wJ. ,jid tpsf;f kuf;fpisfspy; jhTfpd;w NghJ jd;Fl;bia tplhJ mizj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ke;jpia ctik fhl;baJ nghUj;jkhdJ.
,. ,g;ghlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jiytdpd; kdepiyia tpsf;Ff.
cs;sk; tUe;jpa epiyapy; cs;s jiytd; jdf;F Mjutspf;ff;$ba xU Jiziavjpu;ghu;f;fpwhd;. jiytpapDldhd ,uTf;Fwpiaj; jiytdJ kdk; mthtp epw;fpd;wJ.,jw;F xUth; cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjph;ghh;g;Gzh;Nt jiytdJ kdepiyahf,g;ghlypy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
<. ,g;ghlypd; Clhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; rq;ffhy mfj;jpizg; gz;GfisvLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
mfg;gz;Gfshf ,uTf;Fwp> tiuT flhTjy; vd;w nra;jpfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ngah; Rl;lhJ $Wjy;. jiytd; $w;whf ,lk;ngWjy;. Kjy;> fU> chpg; nghUs;fs; ,lk;ngWjy;.
3. “ epidaha; thop Njhop! eidfTs;
mz;zy; ahid mzpKfk; gha;e;njdkpFtyp ,Uk;Gypg; gFtha; Vw;iwntz;NfhL nrk;kWf; nfhsP,a> tplu;Kiff;Nfhil vw;wpa fUq;fhy; Ntq;ifthL G+Q;rpidapw; fplf;Fk;
cau;tiu ehlndhL ngaUkhNw ”
m. ,g;ghlypd; nghUis ckJ eilapy; vOJf.
NjhopNa> eP tho;f. kpf;f typikAila ngupa gpse;j thiaAila Mz;GypahdJ kjj;jhy; eide;j fd;dq;fis cilaJk;> jiyikAilaJkhdahidapdJ mofpa Kfj;jpd;kPJ gha;e;jJ. mjdhy; me;j ahidapd; ntz;ikahdnfhk;igj; (je;jk;) jdJ ,uj;jj;jhy; rpte;J fiwnfhs;sr; nra;jGypahdJ>gpsitAila fw;FifapYs;s Nkiyf;fhw;W tPo;j;jpa fupa mbiaAila Ntq;ifkuj;jpdJ thba G+it cila fpisiag; Nghy Gz;gl;L ,we;J fple;jJ.,j;jifa cau;e;j kiyia cila ehl;Lf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd jiytDld;cld;NghFk; jpwj;ij vz;Zthahf.
M. Njhop $w;whd ,g;ghlypy; ntspg;gLk; Njhopapd; cs;sf;fplf;if ahJ?
jiytNdhL cld;Nghf;fpNy nry;tjw;F tpUk;Gk; jiytpia cld;gLj;Jk;Njhopapd; tpUggk;;.
,. Njhop jdJ fUj;Jf;Fj; jiytpia cld;glr; nra;tjw;Fj; ifahz;l cj;jp
ahJ?
jiytDila typikia vLj;Jf;fhl;b cld;Nghf;fpy; Jd;gq;fs; Vw;gl;lhy;mjid vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; jiytDf;F cz;L vd;gij cs;Siwctikahff; $wpj; jiytpf;Fj; Jzpit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;whs;;.
4
jiytdJ fhl;Lahid Gypia vjpu;f;fhkNy jdJ nfhk;gpdhNy tpor;nra;jJvdf; $Wtjd;%yk; jiytdJ ngUtypiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
jiytpapd; cs;sj;ij mwpe;J ciuahb> tho;j;jpa gpd; NjhopvLj;Jiuj;jy;.
<. ghlypy; te;Js;s mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
ctikazpNtq;if kuj;jpd; thba G+itAila fpisiag; Nghyg; Gyp ,we;J fple;jikctikazpahFk;.
cs;Siw ctik“eidfTs; mz;zy; ahid mzpKfk; gha;e;njd...” vd;gjpy;> mz;zy; ahidvd;gJ jiytidAk;> ,Uk;Gyp gFtha; VW vd;gJ cld;Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLk; Mgj;ijAk;Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
ahidahdJ kpFe;j typikAila Gypia vjpu;f;fhkNy jd; nfhk;gpdhy; tpor;nra;jJvd;gjd; %yk; jiytdJ ngUtypik ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.Gypapd; ,uj;jj;jhy ;je;jk; ,uj;jkhdNjad;wp ahidf;F CW xd;Wk; Neutpy;iy vd;whu;.
c. ,g;ghlypy; Njhop vd;w ghj;jpuk; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
Njhop jiytpapd; czu;TfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; ed;F Gupe;Jnfhz;lts;. Fwpg;gwpe;J nraw;gLk; Mw;wy; cilats;. jiytd;> jiytp Mfpa ,UtuJk; eyd;fisf; fhj;J mtu;fSf;F MNyhrid
$Wtjpy; ty;yik cilats;. fsT epiyiaf; fw;G epiyahf;fp ,y;ywj;jpy; ,UtiuAk; ,izj;J itf;f
tpUk;Ggts;;.
4. ‘nghq;F jpiu nghUj thh;kz yilfiu ................................................................... fhkq; nfhy; ,ts; fz;gre; jJNt” (ew;wpiz)
m. ,g; ghlypd; nghUisj; jw;fhy ciueilapy; vOJf.
nghq;fp vOk; miyfs; NkhJfpd;w ePz;l kzw;gug;gpidAila flw;fiuapNycjpu;e;J fple;j nky;ypa fhk;igAila fspnghUe;jpa Gwg;gFjpiaf; nfhz;lehtw;goj;jpidj; jq;fs; ,dnkdf; fUjp tz;Lfs; nkha;j;jd. mjidg; gonkdNtepidj;Jg; gy fhy;fisAila ez;L ifg;gw;wpa fhuzj;jhy; tz;Lfs; me;ez;iltpyf;fpg; goj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; Ngnuhyp vOg;gpd. mg;nghOJczT Njb mq;F te;j ehiuiaf; fz;l ez;L goj;ij tpl;L mfd;wJ.mj;jifa flw;Wiwahd khe;ij Nghd;w ,tsJ eykhdJ> Kd;Gk; ,t;thNw,Ue;jJ vd;gij eP fhz;ghahf. eP mUfpUe;J fsTf;fhyj;jpy; tpyfhJ ,d;gk;nfhLj;jhYk;> ,ts; griy NehAw;wjd; fhuzk; rpwpjsT neUf;fk; Fiwe;jikahy;nfl;l mofpd; kpFjpNah? fs;Sz;lhu;f;Ff; fs;spy;yhky; NghFq; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;NtWghL Nghd;w fhk kaf;f NtWghNlh? mt;tpuz;Lk; my;yNt.
M. ,g;ghlypy; gapd;Ws;s cs;Siw ctkj;ij tpsf;Ff.ehtw;gok; jiytpahfTk;> tz;L NjhopahfTk;> ez;L jkuhfTk;> ehiujiytdhfTk; cs;SWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.ehtw;goj;ij tz;L nkha;j;jhw; Nghy; jiytpiaj; Njhop rhu;e;jpUe;jhs;. ez;ilg;Nghy jku; ,w;nrwpg;G (tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawhJ nra;jy;) Mfpa Jd;gj;ij
5
cz;lhf;fpdu;. ehiuiag; Nghy jiytd; tu ahtUk; tpyfpj; jiytDf;Fj;jiytpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;jdu;.
,. “,ts;fz; gre;jJNt” vDk; njhlh; %yk; czh;j;jg;gLtJ ahJ?
jiytpaplj;jpy; griy Neha; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F jiytpmile;j csj;Jauhy; Vw;gl;l cly; rhu;e;j ntspg;ghl;bd; %yk; jiytpahdts;jiytdJ rpwpa gpupitNaDk; jhq;f Kbahjts; vd czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
<. ,g;ghly; ahh; $w;whf mike;Js;sJ?
,g;ghly; Njhop $w;whf mike;Js;sJ.
c. ,g;ghlypD}lhfg; Gyg;gLk; rq;ffhy mfj;jpizg; gz;Gfs; ahit?
01) fhjy; xOf;fk; ,lk;ngw;wpUj;jy;.02) ngau; Rl;lhJ $Wjy;.03) Njhop $w;wha; mike;jpUj;jy;.04) Kjy;> fU> cupg;nghUs;fs; ,lk; ngwy;.05) cs;Siw ctkk; ifahsg;glbUj;jy;.
5. “ghzd; #ba gRk;nghd;jhkiu” vd;Dk; ghlypy;>
m. Ngfdpd; nfhilr;rpwg;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
Ngfdplk; nghUs; ngw;W te;j ghzdpd; nry;t epiyiar; rpj;jpupg;gjd; %yk;ghzu; nghd; jhkiug; G+Tk;> tpwypau; nghd; Mguzq;fSk; #bapUg;gijf;Fwpg;gply;.
Fjpiu G+l;ba neLe; Nju;fis itj;jpUj;jy;. Cupy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy fhl;bd;;eLtpYk; trjpahf ,Uj;jy;.
kapYf;Fg; Nghu;it nfhLj;j rk;gtj;ij epidT+l;Ltjd; %yk; Ngfdpd; nfhilr; rpwg;Gg; Gfog;gly;.
gad; fUjhj nfhil vd;gij typAWj;j>
“vj;Jiz MapDk; <jy; ed;nwdkWik Nehf;fpd;W md;Nw”vdg; gpwu; tWik va;jp tUe;Jk; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;FtijNa Nehf;fkhff; nfhzlJNgfdJ nfhil mikfpwJ vdg;gly;;.
M. Mw;Wg;gil vd;w Jiw ,g;ghlypw; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fkhw;wpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
nghUs; ngw;WtUk; ,utyd; xUtd; nghUs; ngwhj ,utyd; xUtidj; jhd;nghUs; ngw;w ts;syplk; nrd;W> mtDk; nghUs; ngw topg;gLj;Jk; tifapw;ghlg;gLtNj Mw;Wg;gil MFk;.
Ngfdplk; nghUs; ngw;w ghzd; nghUs; ngwhj ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
6
6. “mspNjh jhNd ghupaJ gwk;Ng” vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghliy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
m. ghupapd; ehl;Ltsk; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
cotu; cohkNy ed;F gad;fisj; jUtdthd%q;fpy; ney; tpistJ.
gyhg;gok; gOj;J kzk; tPRtJ. ts;spf; nfhbfspd; fPo; fpoq;Ffs; tpistJ. caukhd kiyfspypUe;J Njd; nrhuptJ.
kiyapy; vz;zw;w Ridfs; fhzg;gLtJ.
M. ghupapd; nfhilr;rpwg;G> tPuk; vd;gd vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.?
nfhilr;rpwg;G :tpwypau; gpd;Nd tu> ghzu;fs; mtidg; Gfo;e;J ghbf;nfhz;Lk; Mbf;nfhz;Lk;nrd;why; ehl;ilAk; kiyiaAk; xd;whfNt nfhLj;JtpLthd; vdgJ ehLk; Fd;Wk;xUq;F <Ak;Nk.....vd;gjhy; $wg;gLfpwJ.
tPuk; :kuq;fspy; vy;yhk; fl;Lkstpw;F ahidg;gil ,Ue;jhYk;> ,lnky;yhk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;.Nju;g;gil ,Ue;jhYk; Nghu; Kaw;rpfshy; mtid nty;y KbahJ. thl;gil fz;LmQ;RgtDk; my;yd; vd mtd; tPuk; $wg;gly;. %Nte;jUk; xd;whfr; Nru;e;Jnrd;whYk; nty;y KbahJ vdy;.
,. ,g;ghlypD}lhf ntspg;gLk; Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; vit?
1. kd;ddpd; tPuk;> nfhilr;rpwg;G $wg;gly;.2. ngau;; Rl;bf; $wg;gly;.3. Gytu; $w;whf mikjy;.4. ntspg;gilahfg; Gfo;e;J $Wjy;.
7. “ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;” vd;w GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy;> m. mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
vy;yhk; vkJ Cu;jhd;. midtUk; vkJ cwtpdNu.jPik> ed;ik vd;git gpwu;je;J tUtjpy;iy.,wg;G GJikahdJ md;W.tho;jiy ,dpikahdnjd;Nwh> ntWg;G te;jNghJ ,dpikaw;wnjd;NwhfUJtjpy;iy.Mu;capu; tpjptopapNyNa nry;Yk;.ngupNahiu tpag;gJk; ,y;iy>rpwpNahiu ,fo;tJk; ,y;iy.
M. ifahsg;gl;l mzpia tpsf;Ff.
ctikazp :tpjptopr; nry;Yk; capUf;F> Ngupahw;W ePu;pd; topNa ,Oj;Jr;; nry;yg;gLk; njg;gk;ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7
jpUf;Fws;.
1. mikr;R vd;w mjpfhuj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L>
m. mikr;R vd;gjd; nghUs;.
murDf;F mz;ikapy; ,Ue;J murd; Mizfis epiwNtw;wTk;> murDf;FMNyhrid $wTk; mike;j mwpTilr; nrayhsNu mikr;ru; vd;gjd; nghUshFk;
M.mikr;ruJ Fztpay;Gfs;.
fUtpAk; fhyKk; mwpe;J chpa fUtp> cw;w fhyk;> nrayhw;Wk; tif>Mw;wpLk; gzp Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpe;J nraw;gLgtNd rpwe;j mikr;rd;.
gakpd;ik> ew;Fbg;gpwg;G> Fbkf;fisg;ghJfhj;jy;> ePjpE}y;fisf;fw;Wnra;td> jtpu;g;gd mwpjy;> Kaw;rp Mfpatw;iw jpUj;jkhf cilatd;.
giftw;Fj; Jizaha; ,Ug;gtiug; gpupj;jy;> jk;gf;fk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;Mfpatw;wpy; ty;ytdhf ,Uj;jy;.
nra;aNtz;ba nray;fs; vitnadTk;>mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wk; KiwapidAk;Muha;e;J mwptNjhL jhd; njspthf mwpe;jtw;iw vLj;Jf;$WtjpYk;ty;ytdhf ,Uj;jy;.
murdhy; nra;ag;gLk; mwq;fis mwptNjhL> mwpTila nrhy;iycilatdhfTk;> vf;fhyj;jpYk; nrayhw;Wk; jpwd;fis mwpe;jtdhfTk;>Muha;e;J $WgtdhfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
,. mikr;rdJ nray;fs;. cyf ,aw;ifia mwpe;J nrayhw;Wk; jpwDilatdhf ,Uj;jy;. murDf;F ed;ikia mspf;Fk; cWjpg; nghUisf; $Wgtdhf ,Uj;jy;.
<. mikr;rh; jk;flikfisr; nra;ahtpl;lhy; Vw;gLk; ,opT.
murd; mUfpUe;J mtDf;Fj; jtwhd topapy; mwpTiu $Wgtd; kpfTk;Mgj;jhdtd;.
nray; nra;Ak; jpwikapy;yhjtd; mr;nraiy Kbtw;wjhfNt nra;thd;.
2. nrhy;td;ik vd;w mjpfhuj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
m. nrhy;ypdJ ,yf;fzk;. Nfl;ghiug; gpzpf;fj;jf;fjhfTk;> NfshjtUk; tpUk;Gk; jd;ikAilajhfTk;
$wg;gLjy;. M. mjidr; nrhy;YkhW>
nrhy;ypd; jpwkwpe;J nrhy;iyf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nty;yj;jf;f NtNwhu; nrhy;ypy;iy vd;gij mwpe;J nrhy;yf;fUjpa nrhy;iyr;; nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpwu; tpUk;gj;jf;f nrhy;iyr; nrhy;tJ.
8
,. nrhy;Yjy; ty;yhuJ rpwg;G
jpwk;glr; nrhy;yf;$batd;> nrhy;tjpy; Nrhu;Tglhjtd> mitf;FmQ;rhjtd;> gifikapdhy; ahUk; ,tid nty;yKbahJ.
njhFj;J> xOq;fhf> ,dpjhff; $Wgtd; -- ,tdJ fUj;ij cyfk; tpiuthfVw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
<. mJ khl;lhuJ ,opT Fw;wkw;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtij mwpahjtd;-- gynrhw;fisr; nrhy;tjw;F
Mirg;gLthd; -- gadw;w nrhw;fisg; NgRgtd;.
gpwu; tpsq;FkhW tpupj;Jiuf;f Kbahjtd;; -- gadw;wtd;;.
3. tpidj;J}a;ik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;
m. tpidj;J}a;ikapd; rpwg;G.
tpidaJ ed;ik mtd; Ntz;bad ahtw;iwAk; nfhLf;Fk;.
M. ghtKk; gopAk; gaf;Fk; tpidnra;aw;f vd;gJ>
jk; murDf;F ,k;ikf;fz; GfOk; kWikf;fz; mwKk; gathj tpidfis mikr;rd; vf;fhyj;jpYk; nra;ahik.
; jk; Gfo; nfLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa nray;fisr; nra;tijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
vt;thwhd Jd;gk; te;jNghJk; gpwUf;Fj; jPq;Fgaf;Fk; nray;fisr; nra;ahik.
ahd; vj;jd;ikahd nray;fisr; nra;Njd; vd;W gpd;du; tUe;jj;jf;f nray;fis xUNghJk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;. jtwpr; nra;jhy; kPz;Lk; nra;ahjpUj;jy;.
jd;idg; ngw;nwLj;j jhapd; grpiaf; fz;L Jd;gg;gLk; epiy te;jhYk; mwpTilahu; gopf;Fk; nray;fisr; nra;ahjpUj;jy;;.
,. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;>
gpioahd nray;fisr; nra;J nry;tj;ijr; Nru;g;gijf; fhl;bYk; mt;thW nra;ahj rhd;Nwhu; mDgtpf;Fk; kpFe;j tWikNa cau;e;jJ.
rhd;Nwhu; tpyf;fpa nray;fisj; jhKk; tpyf;fhJ nra;jhy; mJ rupahf epiwT ngwhJ. epiwT ngw;whYk; gpd; ngUk; Jd;gj;ijNa jUk;.
gpwu; mOkhW jPa nray;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l nghUl;fs; ahTk; mjidg; ngw;wtd; mOkhW ePq;fpg;NghFk;.
<. tpidj;J}a;ik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ctikapy; ePu; fhZk; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ff.
“ ryj;jhy; nghUs;nra;Nj khu;j;jy; gRkl;
9
fyj;Js;ePu; nga;jPuP, aw;W ”
vd;Dk; Fwspy; ctikazp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mikr;rd; jPatopapy; nghUs;Nru;j;J murDf;F ed;ik nra;tjw;FKw;gLtjw;Fg;gRikahdkl;fyj;Js; ePiu Cw;WtJ ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gRkl;fyj;Js;ePiutpLk;NghJ mJ Kjypy; ed;ik jUtJ Nghyj; njupe;jhYk; ,Wjpapy;ghj;jpuj;ijNa mopj;JtpLk;. mJNghy ,r;nry;tKk; ,Wjpapy; kd;dDf;FmopitNa jUk; vd;gJ ctik %yk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;w mjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>
m. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
nray; nra;tjw;Fupa kdtypik tpidj;jpl;gkhFk;.
“ tpidj;jpl;g nkd;g njhUtd; kdj;jpl;g
kw;iwa nty;yhk; gpw ”
M. tpidj;jpl;gj;jpdJ gFjp> mjd; mUik> rpwg;G.
gFjp : epiwNtwhJ jilg;gLk; nray;fisr; nra;ahikAk; nra;Ak; tpid nja;tj;jhy; jilg;gLk;NghJ mjw;Fj; jsuhikAk;.
nra;ag;gLk; nray; cupagb KbTngw Ntz;Lk;. KbT ,ilapNy ntspg;gLkhapd; mJ gy Jd;gq;fisj; jUk;.
mjd; mUik : ,e;jr; nraiy ,t;thW nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vdr; nrhy;tJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; vspJ> nrhy;ypagb nra;jy; ahtUf;Fk; mupJ.
rpwg;G : vz;zj;jhy; rpwe;J Mw;wyhy; ngUik ngw;w mikr;rupd; tpidj;jpl;gk; Nte;jdhy; mwpag;gl;L cyfj;jhuhy; kjpf;fg;gLk;.
,. m/Jilahu; va;Jk; gad;> mtiu mwpAkhW
gad; : jhk; vz;zpaijr; nrayhf;Fk; kdTWjp cilatuhapd; mtu;fs; jhk;
mila vz;zpa nghUs;fs; ahtw;iwAk; jhk; vz;zpathW miltu;.
mtiu mwpAkhW : nraypy; kdTWjp cilatu;fs; cUtj;jpy; rpwpatu;fshapDk; mtu;fis ,fof;$lhJ.
<. tpid nra;AkhW
nra;aj; Jzpe;j nraiy kde; jsuhkYk; fhye; jho;j;jhkYk; nra;J Kbj;jy;.
nraiyr; nra;Ak;NghJ jkf;Fj; Jd;gNk tUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; jsuhJ JzpNthL nra;J Kbf;fpd;wik.
c. tpidj;jpl;gkpy;yhuJ ,opT nra;Ak; njhopypNy kdTWjpAld; nraw;glhj mikr;riu cyfpy; mwptpdhy; cau;e;jtu;fs; kjpf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
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5. tpidnray; tif vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;>
m. nghJtifahy; tpid nra;Ak; jpwk;
nraiyr; nra;tjw;Fj; JzpT ngw;wgp;d; nra;ahJ fhye; jho;j;JtJ Fw;wkhFk;
fhyj;ijj; jho;j;jpr; nra;Ak; njhopy;fisf; fhyk; jho;j;jpAk;> fhyk; jho;j;jhJ nra;aNtz;ba nray;fisf; fhyk; jho;j;jhkYk; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
M. typahd; nra;Ak; jpwk;
typahdJ rpwg;G : nra;aNtz;ba nraiy ,ayf;$ba tiu nra;JKbg;gJ ey;yJ. mJ ,ayhjtplj;J rhk> Ngj> jhd> jz;lk;; vd;gtw;Ws; xd;wpdhy; nra;J Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
typahd; nra;Ak; jpwk; : FiwAs;s nraYk;> mlf;fg;glhj gifAk; tsu;e;J mopf;Fk; jd;ikAilad.
,. xg;ghd; nra;Ak; jpwk;
nraiyr; nra;Akplj;J nghUs;> fUtp> fhyk;> nray;> ,lk; Mfpa Ie;jpidAk; kaf;fkpd;wp KOikahf vz;zpr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
nray; nra;Ak; NghJ mjid Kbf;Fk; KiwiaAk; mjw;F Vw;glf;$ba jiliaAk; mr;nray; epiwNtwpa gpd; fpilf;ff;$ba ngUk; gaidAk; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;Jr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
nra;ag;gLk; nraiyj; njhlq;fpa gpd; nra;Ak; KiwahdJ mr;nraypd; cz;ik ,ay;gpid mwpe;jtdpd; fUj;jpid mwpe;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
<. nkypahd; nra;Ak; jpwk; xU nraiyf;nfhz;L kw;nwhU nraiy Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;;.
nraypy; <LgLk; jkJ ez;gUf;F ,dpatw;iwr; nra;tjpYk; ghu;f;f tpiuthfj; jd; giftiuj; jkf;F el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
MSk; ,lk; rpwpauhd mikr;ru; jk;kpYk; ghu;f;f typik cilatu;fs; vjpu;f;Fk; NghJ jk;ikr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; eLq;Fjy; fz;L mQ;rp> gpd;G jkf;F
Ntz;baijg; ngWtjw;Fj; jk;kpYk; typikAilNahiug; gzpe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
6. J}J vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;>
m.J}Jtupd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;
Rw;wj;jhuplk; md;GilatdhjYk;> cau;Fbg; gpwj;jYk;> Nte;ju; tpUk;Gk; gz;GilauhjYk; J}Jtdpd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
md;Gilik> mwpTilik> Muha;e;j nrhy;td;ik Mfpa %d;Wk; J}Jtu;f;F ,d;wpaikahjd.
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M. tFj;Jf; $WthdJ ,yf;fzk;>
Ntw;wuruplk; nrd;W jd; murDf;F ntw;wpjUk; nray; gw;wpj; J}J nrhy;gtDf;F ,yf;fzk;> ePjpE}iy mwpe;jtUs;Sk; me;E}y; ty;ytdhFjy; MFk;.
,aw;if mwpT> mofpa Njhw;wk;> Muha;e;JzUk; fy;tp Mfpa %d;Wk; nghUe;j cilatd; J}Jiuf;Fk; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
njhFj;Jr; nrhy;ypAk;> gadw;w nrhw;fis ePf;fp kdk; kfpor; nrhy;ypAk; jd; murDf;F ed;ik nra;gtNd J}Jtd; Mthd;.
ePjpE}y;fisf; fw;W> fUjpg; gifNte;ju; kdq;nfhsr; nrhy;ypg; giftupd; nfhLk; ghu;itf;F mQ;rhJ fhyj;NjhL nghUe;jpajhfr; nra;J Kbf;Fk; cghak; mwpe;J $WgtNd J}Jtdhthd;.
jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikia mwpe;J> mjid epiwNtw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd fhykwp;e;J> mjidr; nrhy;Ytjw;Fupa ,lkwpe;J> Kd;$l;br; rpe;jpj;Jr; nrhy;gtNu J}JtUs; rpwe;jtu;.
,. $wpaJ $WthdJ ,yf;fzk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
jd;durd; nrhy;ypatw;iw mtd; nrhy;ypathNw khw;wurdplk; nrhy;Ygtdpd; ,yf;fzkhtJ J}a;ik> JizAilik> JzpTilik Mfpa %d;W gz;G
fisAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; MFk;.
jdf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fSf;F mQ;rpj; jdjurDf;Fj; jho;TjUk; nrhw;fis tha; jtwpAk; nrhy;yhj kd cWjpAilatu; J}J nry;tjw;F cupatuhthu;;.
jd;Dapu;f;F KbT tUtjhapUg;gpDk; mQ;rhJ jd; murdpd; ed;ikf;fhf murd; nrhy;ypathW Ntw;wurdplk; nrd;W nrhy;gtNd J}Jtdhthd;.
7. kd;diur; Nru;e;njhOfy; vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;>
m. nghJtifahy; kd;diur; Nru;e;njhOfy;
khWgLjy; cila muriur; Nru;e;J thOk; mikr;ru; mtiu kpf ePq;fhJk; kpf neUq;fhJk; goFjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhk; Nru;e;njhOFk; kd;dd; tpUk;Gtdtw;iwj; jhk; tpUk;ghJ tpLtJ. mikr;rUf;F epiyngw;w nry;tj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.
mikr;ru; ngupa jtWfs; jk;kplj;jpy; cz;lhfhjthW jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mit Vw;gl;l gpd; muru; re;Njfg;gl;lhy; mtiuj; njsptpj;jy; vtuhYk; KbahJ.
M. rpwg;G tifahy; kd;diur; Nru;e;njhOfy;
muru; mUfpy; ,Uf;ifapy;> mtu; fhz xUtd; fhjpy; nrhy;tijAk;> xUtd; Kfk; Nehf;fpr; rpupg;gijAk; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
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murd; gpwNuhL ,ufrpak; NgRifapy;> nrtpnfhLj;Jf; NfshJ> mit gw;wp tpdhthJ mt;tpufrpag; nghUis murd; nrhd;dhy; kl;LNk Nfl;ly; Ntz;Lk;.
murdJ Fwpg;gpid mwpe;J> fhyj;ij Nehf;fp> ntWf;fhjdTk; tpUk;Gtdthfpatw;iw tpUk;gj;jf;fthW nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
murd; tpUk;Gfpd;w nray;fis mtd; Nfl;fhtpl;lhYk; nrhy;yp> gadw;w nrhw;fis mtd; Nfl;gpDk; nrhy;yhJ tply; Ntz;Lk;.
,. muru; ntWg;gd nra;aw;f>
vk;kpYk; ,isatu; vd;Wk; vkf;F ,d;d Kiwapdu; vd;Wk; muriu mtkjpahJ mtupd; jFjpf;Nfw;w GfOld; nghUe;jpg; goFjy; Ntz;Lk;.
epiyngw;w mwpTilatu;fs; ahk; murDf;F Ntz;batu;fs; vdf; fUjp murd; tpUk;ghjtw;iwr; nra;akhl;lhu;fs;.
murDf;F ahk; goikahf cwTilNahk;; vdf; fUjpg; gz;gpy;yhjdtw;iwr; nra;Ak; cupik mikr;rUf;Ff; Nfl;bidj; jUk;.
8. Fwpg;G mwpjy; vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;>
m. Fwpg;G mwpthuJ rpwg;G
murdhy; Fwpj;j fUkk; gw;wp mtd; $whtpl;lhYk; mij mtd; Kfj;jhYk; fz;zhYk; Nehf;fp mwpAk; mikr;rd;> vg;nghOJk; tw;whj flyhy; #og;gl;l cyfpy; cs;shu;f;F Xu; Mguzk; Mthd;.
xUtdJ kdj;jpd;fz; epfo;tjid Iag;glhJ xUjiyahf czuty;ytid> mtd; kdpjNdahapDk; nja;tj;NjhL xg;g kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jk; Fwpg;igAk; mjdhy; gpwu; Fwpg;igAk; mwpAk; ,ay;Gilatiu> muru; jk; cWg;GfSs; vtw;iwf; nfhLj;jhtJ jkf;F Jizaha;f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
M. Fwpg;G mwpahuJ rpwg;G
xUtd; kdj;jpy; fUjpaij> mtd; $whkNy mwpe;Jnfhs;sf; $batUk>; mt;thW mwpakhl;lhjtu;fSk; cWg;ghy; xNu ,ay;GilatuhdhYk; mwpthy; NtWgl;ltu;fs;.
Fwpj;jijf; fhzty;y jq;fhl;rpahy; gpwu; Fwpg;gpid czu Kbahtpl;lhy; xUtdJ cWg;GfSs; rpwe;jtdhfpa fz;fs; Ntnwd;d gaidr; nra;td? (xd;Wkpy;iy)
,. Fwpg;G mwpjy; fUtp Kfk;
xUtdJ cs;sj;jpy; cs;sij mtd; KfNk ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;.
xUtdJ tpUg;gj;ijNah ntWg;igNah mtdJ KfNk Kw;gl;Lj; njuptpf;Fk;.
jdJ kdj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpe;J Fiwapidj; jPu;g;ghiug; ngwpd;> mtu; jd;
Kfj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk;gb jhd; mtUila Kfj;ij Nehf;fp epd;whNy NghJk;.
13
<. Ez;fUtp Nehf;F.
fz;ghu;itapDila NtWghl;il mwpaty;y mikr;riug; ngw;why;> khw;W Nte;ju; kdj;jpy; cs;s gifikiaAk; el;igAk; mtu;fs; nrhy;yhtpbDk; mtu;fs; fz;fNs nrhy;tij mwpe;J nfhs;tu;.
ahk; Ez;zwpT cilNahk; vd;wpUf;Fk; mikr;ru; muru; fUj;jpid msf;Fk; NfhyhtJ> MuhAkplj;J mtu; fz;fisj; jtpu gpw vJTk; ,y;iy.
9. mit mwpjy; vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;
m. nrhy;Ygtu;fs; mit mwpe;Nj nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. nrhypd; njhFjpawpe;J J}a;ikAilNahu; jhk; NgRk; mitapid mwpe;J> Muha;e;J nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
nrhw;fspd; eilapid Muha;e;J mwpe;j ed;ikAilatu;fs; mitaplj;J xd;iwr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ> mjd; nrt;tpia Muha;e;J mwpe;J tOg;glhky; njspthfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
M. mitawpahf;fhy; tUk; Fw;wk; mitapd; msitawpahJ xd;iwr; nrhy;y Kay;gtu;fs;> mr; nrhy;Yjypd; $WghLfisAk; mwpahu;. fw;Wty;y fiyAk; mtu;f;fpy;iy.
,. mitasT mwpe;jhu; jpwKk; kpf;fhu; mitf;fz; nra;Ak; jpwKk; mwpQu; mitapy; jhKk; mwpQu; NghyTk>; mwpT,y;yhjtu; mitapyjhKk;; mwpT ,y;yhjtu; NghyTk; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xUtu;f;F ed;nwd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; Fzq;fs; ahtpdpYk; ed;whf tpsq;FtJ jk;kpYk; Nkyhd mwpQupd; mitapNy Kw;gl;L xd;wpidr; nrhy;yhj mlf;fkhFk;.
<. mitapy; ,Of;fpatop Vw;gLk; Fw;wk;. tpupthd gy E}y;fisf; fw;Wzu;e;j mwpQu;mitapNyxUtd;nrhw; Fw;wg;gLjy;
ed;ndwpapNy epd;w xUtd;>me;newpapdpd;Wk; epiy jsu;e;Jnfl;lijg; NghyhFk;.
c. xj;jhu; mitapy; nrhy;Yk; jpwk;.
Fw;wkpy;yhj nrhw;fis Muha;e;J mwpaty;y rigapNy fw;wwpe;jtu;fspd; ngUikia vy;NyhUk; mwptu;.
gpwu; czu;j;jyd;wpr; nrhy;Yk; nghUisj; jhNk czuty;y mwpit cilNahu; mitapNy xd;wpidr; nrhy;Yjy;> tsu;fpd;w gapu; epd;w ghj;jpapy; ePupidr; nrhupe;jJ NghyhFk;.
v. jho;e;jhu; mitf;fz; xU topAk; nrhy;yw;f vd;gd $wg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
14
ey;yhu; ,Ue;j mitapNy ey;y nghUSs;s tplaq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;gtu;fs; mt;twptpy;yhj fPNohu; mitapNy mtw;iw kwe;Jk; nrhy;yf; $lhJ.
ey;yhu;> jk;kpdj;jtu; my;yhj mitapy; xU nghUs;gw;wpr; nrhy;yf; $lhJ. mg;gbr; nrhy;ypd; mJ J}aJ my;yhj Kw;wj;jpy; rpe;jpa mkpo;jpid xf;Fk;.
10. mitaQ;rhik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;
m. mitaQ;rhuJ rpwg;G
nrhy;ypd; njhFjp vy;yhtw;iwAk; mwpe;j J}a;ikAilatu;> mitapd; tif mwpe;J fw;Wty;y mitapd;fz; xd;iwr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ> mr;rj;jpdhy; Fw;wKs;sjhfr; nrhy;yhu;.
fw;wtu;fs; kdq;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nrhy;y ty;ytu; fw;wtu; vNyhupdhYk; Nghw;wg;gLtu;.
fw;wtu;fspd; mitapd; jhk; fw;wtw;iw mQ;rhJ mtu;fsJ kdjpy; gjpAkhW nrhy;yty;ytu;> fw;whu; gyupdJk; ,tu; ed;F fw;wtu; vd;W> cyfj;jtuhy; nrhy;yg;gLthu;.
giftuplj;J mQ;rhJ nrd;W rhfty;ytu; gyu;. fw;Nwhu; mitapy; mQ;rhJ nrd;W nrhy;yty;ytu; rpyu;.
M. mitaQ;rhikf;Ff; fhuzk;
Ntw;W Nte;ju; mitapy; mQ;rhky;> mtu; nrhy;ypa nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpy; mspf;Fk; nghUl;L E}y;fisf; fw;Fk; newpapy; nrhy;ypzf;fk; $Wk; msit E}ypid mikr;ru;
fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
,. mitaQ;RthuJ ,opTtPukpy;yhjtUf;F thnshL vd;d njhlu;Gz;L? mJNghy mitf;F mQ;Rgtu;f;F E}NyhL vd;d njhlu;G cz;L?
fw;Nwhu; mitapidf; fz;L mQ;Rfpd;wtd; fw;w E}yhdJ> giftu; cs;s ,lj;jpy; mjw;F mQ;Rk; Ngbapd; ifapYs;s xspnghUe;jpa thspid xj;j
jhFk.;.
ey;yhu; ,Ue;j mitapy; ey;y nrhw;nghUs;fis jk; mr;rk; fhuzkhf mtUf;F Vw;g nrhy;y Kbahjtu;> gytif E}y;fisf; fw;wpUe;Jk; gadw;wtu;
Mthu;.
E}y;fisf; fw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad; mwpe;J itj;jpUe;Jk; ey;yhu; mitf;F mQ;rp mq;F nry;yhjtiu fy;yhjtupDk; filau; vd cyfj;jhu; nrhy;tu;.
mitf;fsj;Jf;F mQ;rp> jhk; fw;wtw;iwr; nrhy;yj; njupahjtu;fs;> capu; tho;thuhapDk; ,we;jtNuhL xj;jtuhtu;.
15
kzpNkfiy
1. m. khakpy; khjtd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu; ahu;?
tQ;ridaw;w ngUe;jtj;Njhd;.
M. ngUkfd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgtu; ahu;?
murd;
2. m. jPtpidahy; cz;lhFk; gpwg;Gf;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd ahit?
tpyq;Ffs;> eufu;> Nga;fs;.
M. jPtpid fbtjhy; cz;lhFk; gpwg;Gf;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd ahit?
Njtu;> kf;fs;> gpuku;
3. ,q;F Gj;j gfthdpd; ngUik vt;ntt;tifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
NguwpTilatd; (Gytd;)ngha;aw;wjhd nka;g;nghUis KOikahf czu;e;jtd;mtDila mUSiufisf; Nfl;L mtw;wpd; top elg;gtu;fs; md;wp kw;wtu;fs;
gpwtpj;Jd;gj;jpdpd;Wk; ePq;f KbahJ.
4. $w;wj;jpd; typik vt;thW czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ?
khw;wUk; $w;wk; vd;w njhlu; %yk;>
mjhtJ jLj;jw;fupa $w;wk; tUtjw;F Kd; mwj;ijr; nra;Aq;fs;.,wg;G> mjidahuhYk; jLj;Jtpl KbahJ vd;w cz;ikia czu;j;Jtjd; %yk;njspTWj;Jfpwhu;.
5. ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpia ,dq;fz;L mjidf; ifahz;Ls;s Kiwapy; ePu;fhZk; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ff.
cUtf mzp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘ehf;fbg;ghf tha;g;giw miwe;jPu;’ vd;w njhlupy; ‘tha;’ giwahfTk; ‘eh’me;jg; giwia miwAk; fUtpahf / FWe;jbahfTk; cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; nghJr;nra;jpfis kf;fSf;F giwaiwe;J mwptpg;gNjtof;fk;.
,q;F mw cgNjrq;fs; vy;NyhUk; czuNtz;bait vd;w Ez;nghUs; Gyg;gLk;tifapy; mw cgNjrk; nra;gtupd; tha; giwahfTk; mtuJ eh jbahfTk;cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
16
6. jUk topapy; elf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w cz;ik typAWj;jg;gLkhw;wpy; ePu; fhZk;rpwg;gpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
jUk topapdpd;Wk; jtWtjhy; jPa gpwtpfSf;F Mshf NeupLk;. khwhfj; jUktopapy; elg;gjhy; ey;y gpwtpfis va;jyhk;. jUk topapy; ele;J Gz;zpaj;ijj;Njbf;nfhs;tJ ,e;jg; gpwtpapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ.Mdhy; ,g;gpwtp epue;jukhdJ my;y.kuzk; vd;W xd;W cz;L.mij vtuhYk; jLf;f KbahJ.Mifahy; ,e;jg;gpwtp ePq;F Kd;Ng nka;g;nghUs; czu;e;jtu;fspd; cgNjrq;fisf;Nfl;L mtw;wpd;gb jPtpidfisj; jtpu;j;J ey;tpidfisr; nra;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.vd;w tifapy; eaq;fhl;bAk; gaq;fhl;bAk; jUk czu;r;rpia cgNjrpf;fpd;wJ.
nghpaho;thu; jpUnkhop
1 . nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhopg; ghly;fspD}lhf mth; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak;
fz;zd; kPJ nfhz;l gf;jp
2 . mijr;nrhy;Yk; tpjk;
jha; - gps;is cwit itj;Jf; fz;zidf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtid gz;zpg;ghbAs;sik gw;wpf; $wg;gLjy;.
3 . ePuhl tpUg;gkw;w Foe;ijia ePuhl;Ltjw;F xU jha; ifahSk; cj;jpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
epge;jid tpjpj;jy;
nfhr;ir ehw;wKk; GOjp gbe;j NkdpAk; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,d;wpuTJ}q;Ftjw;F cld;gl khl;Nld; vdf;$Wjy;.
Gfo;e;J $Wjy;;
ez;zyupa gpuhNd..ehuzh........Gfo;tha;e;j ePykzp epw fz;zd;mofNd-tz;zk; mofpa ek;gp.khzpf;fNk vd; kzpNa
ngUikfis vLj;J $Wjy;.
gUj;j mbfisAila kuhkuq;fis mk;gpdhy; Jisapl;L tpOj;jpaik.fk;rdpd; tQ;ridahy; Njhd;wpa nfhba rflj;ijj; jpUtbfshy; cijj;J
Kwpj;jik.G+jfpapd; Kiyapy; ghYz;Zk; NghJ mtsJ capiuAk; gwpj;jik.nfhba ghk;ig mopj;jik.
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Mir thu;j;ijfisf; $Wjy;.
kQ;rSk;> nrq;fOePu; khiyAk;> eWkzkpf;f re;jdKk;> mQ;rdikAk; ,Ug;gjhff; $Wjy;.
mg;gk; Kjyhd rpw;Wz;b tiffisr; Ritahfj; jahupj;Js;sjhff; $Wjy;.
gpwu; ,fo;thu;fnsd vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
Mau; Fyg; ngzfs; Nfyp Ngrpr; rpupg;ghu;fs; vdf; $Wjy;.eg;gpd;id fz;lhy; rpupg;ghs; vdf; $Wjy;
jha; md;ig ntspg;gLj;jy;
G+jid KiyapNy ghy; cz;zf; fz;L kdk; Jb Jbj;jy;fz;zdpd; FWk;Gfis kw;wtu; Kd; $w khl;Nld; vdy;GOjp gbe;j nghd; Nghd;w Nkdpiaf; fz;L kfpo;r;rp miltjhff; $Wjy;.
FWk;Gr; nray;fis vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
gRf; fd;Wfs; XLk; nghOJ mjd; fhJfspy; fl;nlWk;Gfisg; gpbj;JNghLgtd;.vz;nza;f; Flj;ijr; rupj;J cUl;b tpLgtd;.epj;jpiu nra;Ak; Foe;ijiaf; fps;sp vOg;Ggtd;gRf; fd;wpd; thypNy Xiyiaf; fl;b tpLgtd; .ghiyAk; japiuAk; gpwu; mwpahky; cz;gtd;.fz;fisg; Gul;b tpopj;Jf; FWk;Gfs; nra;gtd;.
4 . nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhopapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fz;zdJ nraw;fhpa nray;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• kuhkuk; rha;j;jik.• Nga;r;rp KiyAz;L mtisf; nfhd;wik.• jd;idf; nfhy;tjw;fhff; fk;rdhy; Vtg;gl;l rflj;ij cijj;jik.• ghk;igg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;lhbaik.
5 . nghpaho;thhpd; ePuhl;lw; gjpfj;jpy; gy;yth;fhy ,yf;fpag;gz;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iwvLj;Jf; $Wf?
1. fz;zidf; Foe;ijahfTk; jd;idj; jhahfTk; ghtid nra;jy;.2. czh;T G+h;tkhd ghRuq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.3. gf;jp mDgtq;fisj; jdpj;jdpg;ghly; %ykhfg; gpuge;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
ntspg;gLj;jpaik.4. ,iwaDgtj;ij cyfpaNyhL ,izj;Jg;ghly;. ,e;jg; ghly;fspy; Guhzf;
fijfisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Mjhukhff; fhl;baik.
6 ) nghpaho;thhpd; ePuhl;lw; gjpfj;jpy; aNrhijapd; jha;ikAzh;Tntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
• nghpaho;thh; jd;id aNrhijahff; fUjp> jha; - gps;is cwthly; %yk;fz;zid ePuhl miof;fpd;whh;.
18
• ePuhl tpUg;gkpy;yhf; Foe;ijia ,iraitf;f Foe;ijf;F tpUg;gkhd czTtiffis itj;;jpUg;gjhf Mir thh;j;ijfisf; $wp ePuhl mioj;jy; ( “mg;gk;fye;j rpw;Wz;b mf;fhuk; ghypy; fye;J Rl;L itj;Njd;”)
• fk;rdpd; Vtyhy; G+jid> fz;zid mopf;f Kw;gl;l NghJ G+jidaplkpUe;Jfz;zidf; fhg;ghw;w KaYjy;;.
• Foe;ijia ePuhl;Ltjw;fhfj; jhd; nra;j Maj;jq;fisf; $wp ePuhl miog;gjd;%yk; jha;ikAzh;T ntspg;gLjy;;.“fha;r;rpd ePNuhL ney;yp flhuj;jpy; G+hpj;J itj;Njd;”“kQ;rSk; nrq;fOePupd; thrpifAk; eWQ;rhe;Jk; mQ;rdKk; nfhz;L itj;Njd;”.
• fz;zDf;F gy;NtW ngah;fisf; $wp> mtdJ Nkdp moif ,urpg;gjd; %yk;jha;ikAzh;T ntspg;gly; -( mofNd> nghd;NkdpaNd. kzptz;zNd> fly;tz;z ek;gpNa)
Foe;ijapd; FWk;Gr; nray;fisf; $wp ngUkpjj;Jld; kdkfpo;r;rpailtjd;%yk; jha;ikAzh;T ntspg;gly; -( vz;nza;f;Flj;ij cUl;Ljy;> ntz;nza;mise;j NkdpNahL GOjpapy; tpisahLjy;> fd;Wfspd; fhjpy; fl;nlWk;G gpbj;JtpLjy;.)
fz;zdpd; nraw;fUQ; nray;fis tpag;gjd; %yk; jha;ikAzh;T ntspg;gly; -kuhkuk; rha;j;jik> jd;idf; nfhy;tjw;fhff; fk;rdhy; Vtg;gl;l rflj;ijcijj;;jik.
jd; Foe;ijapd; moFf;F ><biz ahUkpy;iy vdf; $Wtjd; %yk; jha;ikAzh;Tntspg;gly;.
rPgu;g; gjk;
“ Midf;Fyk; ,hpe;Njhbj; jd; gpb #oypy; jphpaj;;
jhiag;gpb nrtp jho;j;jpl mjw;Fkpf tpuq;fpkhdf;Fw mly; Ntlh;fs; ,iyahw;fiy Nfhypj;Njidg; gpope; jpdpJ}l;bLQ; rPth;gj kiyNakhw;Wf; fspwile;jha; vd;W kjNtoq; ifnaLj;J%w;wpj; joYkpo;e;Jk; kjk; nghope;Jk; Kfk; Ropaj;J}w;wj;jhpf;fpyd; vd;W nrhy;yp maywpaj;
Njw;wpr; nrd;W gpb#dWQ;; rPgh;gj kiyNa ”
1 . ,r; nra;As;fspD}lhf ahidfspd; nraw;ghLfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sik gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
• Mz; ahidfs; ngz; ahidfisj; Njbj; jphpjy; / XLjy;
• ngz; ahidfs; nrtpjho;j;;J Mz;ahidfspd; FuNyhiriaf; Nfl;L epw;wy;.
• kjk; nfhz;l Mz; ahid jdJ ngz; ahidiaj; J}w;Wjy;.
• ngz; ahid jdJ epahaj;ijf; $Wjy;.
• Rw;wj;jhhplk; epiyia tpsf;Fjy;.
• rgjk; nra;jy;.
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2 . Ntlh;fspd; nraw;ghl;bD}lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; kdpjtpOkpag; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
ngz; ahidfSf;F ,uq;fp mtw;iwg;gpbj;J ,iyahw; fiy Nfhypj; NjidCl;Ljy; - md;Gld; Cl;Ljy;.
3 . rPgh;ggjkiyapd; rpwg;Gfisf; $Wf. my;yJ rPgu;;;gjkiy gw;wpa th;zidr; rpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;Ls;sthw;iw vLj;Jiuf;Ff.
• Njidg; gpope;J}l;ba Ntlh;fs; thOk; kiy (,uf;fKs;s Ntlh;fs;> Njd; tsk;epiwe;j kiy)
• ahidf;FyNk kdpjh;fspw;Fupa khdj;JlDk; gz;GfSlDk; thOk; kiy.
• xw;Wikg; gz;Gs;s kpUff;$l;lk; thOk; kiy.
“ jpupAk; Guk; ePwhf;fpa
nry;td;wd; foiymupa jpUkhNyhlad;jhDk; mtuwpahh;fupapd; ,dNkhLk; gpbNjD}z;lit fspj;Jj;jpupje;jit jpfo; thw;nghyp
rPgu;g;gj kiyNa ”
1 . ,r;nra;Aspd; nghUis ckJ ciueilapy; jUf.
Kg;Guq;fis vhpj;j nry;tdhfpa rptngUkhdpdJ ghjq;fis mupa jpUkhYk;>gpukDk; mwpakhl;lhh;fs;.Mz; ahidfspd; $l;lj;NjhLk; ngz; ahidfspd; $l;lk;Njid cz;L fspj;J mit cyhtpj; jphpe;J tpsq;Ftjhy; nghypnta;jpa kiyjpUg;gj kiyNa.
2 . mbf;Nfhbl;l gFjpapd; rpwg;gpidj; jUf.
gpukDk;> maDk; fhzKbahj rptngUkhdpd; jpUtbfis Re;juh; mff; fz;zhy;fz;L mt; ,iwtd; tPw;wpUf;fpd;w rPgh;gjkiyapd; rpwg;igf; $Wfpd;whh;.
3 . ,k;kiyapd; rpwg;G vt;thW vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
Mz; ahidfSk; ngz;ahidfSk; $l;lj;NjhL Njid cz;L fspj;J cyhtpj;jphpfpd;wd. ,jNdhL mk;kiyg;gFjpapy; rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;fpd;whh;.
4. ,g;ghlypy; cs;s gy;yth;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; ahit?
1. gf;jp ntspg;gLfpd;wJ
2. tpUj;jg;gh ahg;G ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ
3. gjpf Kiwapy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
20
“ Vidj;jpus; fpisf;f vhpNghy kzp rpjw
Vdy;yit kiyr;rhuypw; jphpAk; fubAk;khDk; kiuapdKk; kapy; kw;Wk;gy nty;yhk;
NjDz; nghopy; Nrhiy kpF rPgh;gj kiyNa ”
1 . ,g; ghlypd; Mrphpah; - Re;juh;
2 . ,g;ghlypd; nghUis ckJ ciueilapy; jUf.
kiyr;rhuypy; gd;wpapd; $l;lk; epyj;ij co mt;tplj;jpNy neUg;Gg; Nghy khzpf;fq;fs;ntspg;gl;Lr; rpjw mtw;iwf; fz;L jpid$l;lj;ijAila kiyr; rhuiy tpl;L
xba fubAk;> khDk; kiuf; $l;lKk;> kapYk; kw;Wk; gyTk; gpd;G Njid cz;L fspf;fpd;w G+Q;NrhiyfSk; gpwNrhiyfSk; kpFe;jpUf;fpd;w jpUg;gUg;gjk; vd;w kiyNa vq;fs; rptngUkhdJ kiy.
3 . ,r; nra;Aspy; cs;s mzpapid ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Ff?
ctik mzp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.“vhpNghy kzp rpjw” ctkhdk; - neUg;G
ctNkak; - khzpf;fk;ctikcUG - NghynghJj;jd;ik - gpufhrk;
4 . gpd;tUk; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; $Wf
1. Vdk; - gd;wp
2. Vdy; - jpid
3. nghopy; - Nrhiy
5. ,g;ghly; ghlg;gl;l re;jh;g;gk; ahJ?
Re;juh; jpUf;fhsj;jp kiyf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s ,iwtidj; jhprpj;J mq;fpUe;jNtisapy; rPgh;gj kiyapYs;s ,iwtid mff;fz;zhy; fz;L ghLk; re;ju;g;gk;;.
6 . rPgh;gjk; vd;Dk; gjpfj;;;;;;;jpD}lhf ,aw;if tsj;jpid vt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;
1. kiytsj;ijf; $WtjpD}lhf ,aw;ifapy; ,iwtidf; fhzy;
2. khd;> kiu> kapy; Mfpad jkJ tpUg;gpw;Nfw;g czit cz;L ePiu mUe;jp Njkhkuepoypy; cwq;Fjy;.
3. gd;wpfs; epyj;ij co khzpf;ff;fy; ntspg;gLjy;
4. fubfs;> khd;> kiuf;$l;lk; kw;Wk; gyTk; Njid cz;L fspf;fpd;w G+Q;NrhiyfSk; gpwNrhiyfSk; kpUe;jpUj;jy;
21
ifNfap #o;tpidg; glyk;.
ifNfap #o;tpidg; glyj;jpy; KbGid tpohf;fhzj; jpuz;l kf;fs; epiy Kjy;>Gfo; G+z;l kd;dd; ciw Nfhapy; Gfy; tiuAs;s gFjpia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L>
1) Kb#l;L tpohtpw;Fj; jahuhFk; mNahj;jp kf;fspd; nraw;ghL.
VO flYk; xd;wpize;J ,iue;J R+o;e;jJ Nghy mNahj;jp khefu kf;fs;ahtUk;Muthupj;J vOjy;.
Mltu;fs; ahtiuAk; ,uhkdJ mz;zd; jk;gp Nghy re;Njhrk; nfhz;L tpohf;fhzMaj;jkhfpdu; vd;Wk;;. Kjpatu; je;ijahd jrujidg; Nghd;wtu; vd;Wk; me;jzu;trp\;liu xj;jdu; vd;Wk; mtu;fsJ md;gpd; ngUf;fj;jpidf; fk;gu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
mKjj;ij cz;gjw;F xd;W $ba Njtu;fisg; Nghy> xypf;fpd;w miyfiscila flyhy; R+og;ngw;w epy cyfk; ntWik milAk; gb mNahj;jpapy;muru; $bapUe;jjhfj; njuptpf;fpwhu;> fk;gu;.
rfyUk; ngUk; jpushff; $baij> muru; $l;lNk kpFjp vd;gtUk;> tPuu;$l;lNk kpFjp vd;gtUk;> Mltu; $l;lNk kpFjp vd;gtUk; vdf;$wp epiwtpy;;te;j rdf; $l;lj;ij tpl ,dp tutpUf;Fk; $l;lNk kpFjp vdTk; $wpntspg;
gLj;jpAs;shu;> fk;gu;.
MltuJ cs;sq;fisf; ftUtjw;fhfg; ngz;fs; jk;ik moFgLj;jpdu; vd;fpwhu;fk;gu;. thSf;Fk; mk;gpw;Fk; tplk; jlTtJ Nghy jkJ fz;fSf;F ikapl;lhu;fs;vd;fpwhu;.
fw;gpw; rpwe;j kfspu; Nfhriyiag; Nghd;wtuhapduhk; Vida ngz;fs; rPijiag;Nghy Mde;jk; nfhz;ldu; vd;fpwhu;.
Ftisapd; vopYk; Ntypd; nfhLikiaAk; Fioj;J $l;bj;jptSk; mQ;rdk;vd;W… vDk; ghlypy; eldk; nra;Ak; mofpa kapy; $l;lk; Nghy ngz;fs;te;jdu; vd;fpwhu; fk;gu;.
2) trpl;luJ ngUik.
trpl;l kh Kdptu; KbR+l;L tpohtpw;fhd Maj;jk; nra;a kz;lgj;jpw;Fs; EioAk;NghJ gioa thapy;fspy; ,Ue;jtu; nfhLj;j kupahijia xU ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fk;gu;.
“J}a ehd; kiwfs; Ntjg; ghjfu; nrhy;y njhy;iy thapy;fs; neUf;fk; ePq;f> khjtf; fpotd; te;jhd;”vd;Dk; ghly; tup trp\;lUf;Ff;nfhLj;j kupahijiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Kb#Ltjw;Fupa Maj;jq;fisr; nra;jypy;> gy;NtW Gdpj ePiur; Nrfupj;jik> Xk Fz;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd MFjpg; nghUl;fisAk; Maj;jk; nra;jik> tPu
rpq;fhrdk; itj;J gpw fhupaq;fisAk; nra;jik gw;wpAk;> $Wtjd;%yk; trp\;luJ rpwg;Gj; jd;ik Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
22
KbR+l;L tpohtpw;fhd K$u;j;j Neuk; neUq;fpaijr; Nrhjplu; mwptpf;f trp\;lu;>,uhkid mioj;J tUk;gb Rke;jpuDf;Fg; gzpg;gjpYk; trp\;luJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
“khjtf; fpotd;”> “ gpzp mwNehw;W epd;w ngupatd;” fk;guJ nrhy;yhl;rpfs;
%yk; trp\;luJ ngUikia ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
3) Rke;jpudJ Fztpay;G.
“gzp jiy epd;w fhjy; Rke;jpud;” vd;Dk; ghly; tup mtdJ Fzhk;rj;ijg;Gyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. jd; gzpia nrt;tNd nra;a Maj;jkhf epd;wik mtdJgzpr;rpwg;gpw;F cjhuzkhFk;. ,uhkd; kPJ nfhz;l md;Gg; ngUf;Ff;Fk; mjidMjhukhff; nfhs;syhk;.
ifNfap Nfhapy; ez;zp…..”vd;Dk; tupapy; Rke;jpud;> ifNfapapd; muz;kidf;Fk;Vida ,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;y Kd; mDkjp ngwNtz;batdhf ,Uf;ftpy;iyvd;gJ ngwg;gLfpwJ.
“ nghd; jpzp khl tPjp nghUf;nfd ePq;fpg; Gf;fhd;” vd;Dk; ghly; tup mtdJmd;gpd; ngUf;ifg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,uhkd; kPJ md;G nfhz;likahNyNatpiue;J (nghUf;nfd) nrd;whd; vd;fpwhu;.
“ njhOJ tha; Gijj;J $Wk;;” vd;gjpy; mtd; ,uhkd; kPJ nfhz;l tpRthrk;Gyg;gLfpwJ.
“ nghd; jl kFlk; R+o NghJjp tpiutpd; ” vd;gjpy; ahtUk; ,uhkdJ tUifiavjpu;ghu;j;J ,Ue;jijf; $Wfpw nrhy;yhw;wy;.
ifNfapapdJ fglj;jd;ikia czuhj mg;ghtpahf> ifNfap miog;gjhfj;njuptpf;fpwhd;; Rke;jpud;.
4) fk;guJ ftpj;Jtk;.
“VO NtiyAk;> xj;j Nghy ,iuj;J” vOe;jjhf kf;fs; ahtUk; tpohf;fhZk;Mtiy fk;gd; tu;zpf;Fk; rpwg;G.
kfspu; fz;fSf;F ik jPl;Ltij ctik fhl;Lfpwhu;. thSf;Fk;> mk;gpw;Fk;tplk; jlTtJ Nghy fz;fSf;F ikapl;ldu; vd;fpwhu;.
tpohf; fhz te;j kf;fsJ czu;itr; rpj;jpupg;gJ – ahtUk; ,uhkdJ mz;zu;>jk;gpau;> je;ij jha; Nghy md;G ghuhl;bdu; vdy;.
fk;guJ fw;gidj; jpwid “ tpsf;F xsp kiwe;j kd;du; kpd; xsp” vd;gjpy;tpohf; fhz te;j muruJ Mguzq;fspd; xsp jPg xspia kiwj;jJ vd;gJk;>fpuPl xsp #upa xspia kiwj;jJ vd;gJk; fhl;lty;yd.
ifNfapia akdhf cUtfpj;jy;– (ngz;bupy; $w;wk;)
“ jd; jpU cs;sj;Js;Ns jd;idNa epidjy;” - vd;gjd; %yk; ,uhkdJ mtjhur;rpwg;G Fwpg;gplg;gly;.
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rPwhg;Guhzk;
kioaiog;gpj;j glyk;
1) jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; rPwhg;Guhzk; Njhd;wpa fhyg;gpd;dzp gw;wpr; RUf;fkhftpsf;Ff.
ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; jkpofj;jpy; ,];yhkpaupd; tUif Vw;gl;lJ.mf;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,];yhk;> fpwp];jtk; Kjyhd gpwrkaq;fs; rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs;jkpopy; Njhd;wj;njhlq;fpd. ,];yhkpag; Gytu;fSk; jkpo;g;gzp Gupaj;njhlq;fpdu;.,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf INuhg;gpau; fhyg; gFjpapy; jkpo;f;fhg;gpaq;fspd; ghzpapy;,];yhkpau; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fhg;gpakhf ckWg;Gytuhy; rPwhg; Guhzk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
2) kio miog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; kioia miog;gpj;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
khup fhyj;jpy; ePu;tuz;LNgha; kuq;fs; jkJ ,iyfis cjpu;j;J gRikaw;wpUf;fjha;khu; jkJ gps;isfSf;F czthff; nfhLf;Fk; ghy; tw;wp> kdpjg; gz;Gfs;Fd;wp> gwitfs; jz;zPUf;fhf miye;J> kUjepyk; ghiytdk; Nghy; tuz;L>ngz;fs; moFk; fw;Gk; ,oe;J> Kjpatu;fs; ,we;J czTf;fhf miye;j #oy;>gue;j G+kpapy; epytpajhNyNa Riyf;Fu; (egp) mtu;fs; Kfk;kJ egpaplk; kioNtz;bg;gpuhu;j;jpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;.
3) kioapd;ikahy; kdpjg; gz;Gfs; mw;Wg; NghdJ gw;wp kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy;ckWg; Gytu; Fwpg;gpLtij tpsf;Ff.
kdpju;fsplk; ,ay;ghfTs;s jUkk; nra;jy;> jtk; nra;jy;> jaTfhl;Ljy; Kjyhdgz;Gfs; tul;rpapd; nfhLikahy; ,y;yhky; MfptpLfpd;wd. rpWikahd nray;fSk;jpUl;Lf; FzKk; ghtk; nra;thNuhL cwT nfhs;Sk; gz;Gk; cUthapw;W. tUk;tpUe;jpdu;fisf; fz;lhy; fjtpid %btpl;Lg; ngz;zplk; ehzpAk; jkJ Mz;ikg;gz;igAk; ,oe;jtu;fshf Mltu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
,t;thW tul;rpapd; nfhLikahy; kdpjg; gz;Gfs; khwpg;Nghtjhf ckWg;Gytu;
“ jUkKk; jaTk; …..” vd;w ghlypy; tpupthff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
4) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; ghiy epyf;fhl;rp tUzpf;fg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff. kuq;fs; ,iyfis cjpu;j;jd.
nrb nfhbfs; gRikaw;Wf; fUfpd.
fhdy; ePupd; Nga;j;Nju;f; $l;lq;fs; vq;Fk; gue;jpUe;jd.
kpUfq;fs; cztw;W ,we;J Nghapd.
gwitapdq;fs; gwf;f typikaw;Wk; jhfj;jhy; tpiue;J gwe;J thdpYk; ePu;j;Jsp,y;yhJ ehtwz;L thbd.
kUj epyk; ghiytdk; Nghyj; Njhd;Wjy;> Fsq;fs; fpzWfs;> ePNuhilfs;tw;wp tuz;L Fbg;gjw;F ePupd;wp ngz;fs; moF fw;Gkpd;wp thbdu;.
Kjpatu;fs; ,uj;jk; tw;wp rpyu; kbe;jdu;> rpyu; nkype;jdu;.
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5) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; ckWg;Gytu; egpfshu; gpuhu;j;jid (JM) GupAk; ghq;ifvt;thW tpgupf;fpd;whu;?
kioapd;ikahy; Vw;gl;l nfLjpfisf; Nfl;l egp kdjpw; ftiynfhz;L cs;sj;jpNyfUizia mjpfupj;J mupa Fu;Mdpd; Ntjg;nghUspid czu;e;J vy;NyhUk; cs;sj;jpy;itj;jpUf;Fk; my;yhit vz;zp ,uz;L iffisAk; cau;j;jp ,iwtdplk; gpuhu;j;jid(JM) nra;jdu;.
6) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; ckWg; Gytu; ,iwtdpd; ngUikfisf; $Wkhw;iwtpsf;Ff.
vy;NyhUk; cs;sj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk; mupa xsp.
Ntjj;jpd; tho;thf tpsq;Fgtd;.
vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; gue;jpUg;gtd;.
Fiwtpy;yhjtd;.
gpufhrj;NjhL $ba xsp nghUe;jpatd;.
ePjp Kiw FiwT ,y;yhjtd;.
Kjw; fhuzkhdtd;.
moptpy;yhJ epiwe;jpUf;Fk; njhOk; Rluhdtd;.
7) KfkJ egpfspd; gpuhu;j;jidapd; gpd; kionga;aj; njhlq;Ftij ckWg;Gytu;tpsf;Fkhw;iw tpgupf;Ff.
cz;Ztjw;Fg; nghUspd;wp kdq;fyq;fp vy;yh ,lq;fSk; miye;jtu;fSf;Fnghw;Ftpay; fpilj;jJNghy cyfpd; vy;yh ,lq;fSk; Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; Nkfk;fWj;jJ.
xU jha; fUr;Rke;J gps;is ngWk; fhl;rpNahL fhu;Kfpiy xg;gpl;Lf; $Wfpwhu;.fupakio Kfpy; fUcjpj;jJNt …..
Kfpiy ,iwaUs; gps;isahf cUtfpj;J mk;Kfpy; vy;yhj; jpirfSf;Fk;nrd;W gutp kiyfspy; jto;e;J Mfhaj;jpd; kPJ ele;J fhw;nwDk; fhy;fshy;tpiue;Njhbr;nrd;W Foe;ijfSf;Fupa Njhd;wy;> jto;jy;> elj;jy;> XLjy; Mfpagz;Gfisf; nfhz;L epyj;ij miltjhff; $Wfpwhu;.
#y; Kjpu;e;j fUNkfk; epyj;jpy; kioahfg; nga;jJ> fUTw;wngz; jha; tPl;Lf;Fte;J jiyf; Foe;ij (Mz; Foe;ij) ngw;Wj; jUtJ Nghy ,Ue;jjhff;$Wfpwhu;.
Foe;ij ngWk; jhapd; gpurt Ntjidfshd nka;gw;Wjy;> mr;rk; kpFjy;> mjpu;e;jFunyOg;Gjy;> tha; FoWjy;> gy;iyf;fbj;jy; vDk; nray;fSld; NkfKk; mjpu;e;jrj;jj;Jld; kpd;dp> ,b,bj;J> kionghoptjw;Fj; jahuhdjhff; $Wfpwhu;.
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8) kio miog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; kiof; fhl;rp vt;thW rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,bAk; kpd;dYk; Nru;e;J kiykPJ kionghopa #upad; kiwe;J gpd;thq;fpw;W.
,Uspd; Mjpf;fk; epiyngw;wJ.
nts;sk; fyq;fpa ePiug; gug;gpathW Kd;Nd nrd;W mq;Fs;s MWfs; midj;ijAk;NknyOe;J Nkhjpr; nrd;wJ.
nts;sk; tay;fspd; tug;Gfis cilj;J tha;f;fhypd; ,UGwKk; kiliavLj;njwpe;jJ.
kio nts;skhdJ FwpQ;rpapypUe;J %q;fpy; fiofis Kwpj;J mjd; Kj;Jf;fisKy;iy epyj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W mq;Fs;s ghy;> japu;> nea; Kjyhdtw;iwghiyepyj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wJ. ghiyapy; ehfghk;Gfspd; ,uj;jpdq;fisthq;fpf; nfhz;Lnrd;W kUjj;jpYs;s new;Nghu;fis nea;jypw; Nru;j;J mq;Fs;scg;igf; flypy; Nru;j;jJ.
9) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; ngUkioahy; Neu;e;jkhw;wq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
tplhj kionga;jjhy; nghUl;fisj; Njbr; rikf;f KbahJ rpWtu;fs; grpapdhy;fjwp mOjdu;. ,jdhy; jha;khu; Nkfj;ijf; Nfhgpj;jdu;.
tPl;Lf;Fs; kioePu; te;J Fspu;fhw;Wk; tPrp> tPl;Lf;Fs; ,Ue;Njhu;fnsy;yhk; neUg;gpy;Fspu;fha;e;J gw;fSk; fpLfpL vd eLq;f tUe;jpdu;.
Fspu;fhw;why; gRf;fs; khz;ld> Ml;L ke;ijfs; ,we;jd.
MWfle;J NtNwhu; Cu; nry;yKbahJ midj;Jk; nkype;jd.
,e;epiyapy; kioapd; nfhLikapdhy; gpwe;j ,lKk; mope;J cyfk; mwptpoe;Jkaq;Ftijf; fz;l egpfspy; xUtu; kioia epWj;j Fj;Jgh XJk; Kfk;kJegpaplk; nrd;W njhlu;r;rpahf kio nghoptjhy; kdpju;fs; nkyptij epWj;jpmtu;fSf;Fr; rpwg;igAk; nry;tj;ijAk; nfhLf;FkhW ,iwtidg; gpuhu;j;jpf;FkhWNtz;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
10) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; Kfk;kJ egpfspd; ngUikia ckWg;Gytu; $Wkhw;iwtpsf;Ff.
Fspu;e;j re;jpuidg; Nghy; mUs; nra;gtu;. tplj;jpidAila ghk;ig tutioj;Jg; Ngrpatu;. xg;gw;w ,iwtdpd; J}ju;. Gfo;nghUe;jpa ts;sy;. kioiaj; jzpg;gjw;Fg; gpuhu;j;jid nra;af;$ba mwk; jtwhj rj;jpaKilatu;. jUkKk; mwpTk; xOf;fKk; nghWikAk; fUizAk; $ba xg;gw;w khDltbtk;
nfhz;ltu;. ez;guhfpa egp ngUkhd;. cyfpYs;s ahtu;f;Fk; ed;ik fpilf;fg; gpuhu;j;jid nra;a te;jtu;.
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11) kioaiog;gpj;j glyj;jpy; miynahL jOtp …… mfkpirapUe;J ….. Mfpaghly;fspy; ckWg; Gytu; ifahz;Ls;s ctik mzpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
m) ctikazp
i) tWikahy; G+kpapy; vq;fZk; miye;J jpupe;Njhu;f;Fj; jputpaf;Fit fpilj;jJNghy cyfpd; vy;yh ,lq;fSk; Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; fupa Kfpy; fUf;nfhz;lfhl;rp tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ctkhdk; - tWikAw;Nwhu;f;Fk; jputpaf;Fit. ctNkak; - tuz;l G+kpapy; Nkfq;fUf;nfhz;lik. nghJj;jd;ik – ePz;lfhy vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;Fg; gad;.
ii) #y; nfhz;l Nkfk; epyj;jpy; kioahfg; nghope;jik> fUTw;w ngz;jiyg;gps;is ngWtjw;Fj; jha; tPL te;jikf;F xg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ctkhdk; - fUTw;w ngz; jha;tPl;bw;F te;J Mz;Foe;ij ngw;wik. ctNkak; - fUf;nfhz;l Nkfk; G+kpapy; kioiag; nghope;jik. nghJj;jd;ik – ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd; kpd;dNyhLk; ,bNahirAlDk;
kionga;tjpYk; jhahdts; jiyg;gps;is ngWtjpYKs;s typ.
Njk;ghtzp igjpuk; ePq;Fglyk;.
Njk;ghtzp igjpuk; ePq;Fglyj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;l fUj;Jf;fs;.
m . vfpg;J nry;tjw;F #ir tpUk;ghikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vfpg;J A+Njah ehl;bypUe;J njhiyJ}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jik.
vfpg;jpy; mth;fSf;F cwtpdh;fNsh mwpKfkhdth;fNsh ,y;yhik.
mq;F jh;k rpe;jid nfhz;lth;fs; ,y;yhik.
vfpg;Jf;Fg; gazk; nra;tjw;fhd topnjupahik.
Nrh;e;J nry;tjw;Fj; Jiz ahUk; ,y;yhik.
topr;nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gzNkh nghUNsh mth;fsplk; ,y;yhik.
,NaR Foe;ijahf ,Ue;jik gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jik.
khpahspd; nkd;ikia vz;zpaik.
M. #ir> khpahs; MfpNahhpd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
#ir
#ir jdJ kidtpNahL Nrh;e;J nraw;gLtjd; %yk; ey;y jiytdhfkjpf;fg;gLjy;.
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thdJ}jd; %ykhd fl;lisg;gb Gwg;gl Maj;jkhtjpy; ,iwfl;lisia Vw;Welg;gth; vd;gJ Gyg;gLjy;.
khpahsplk; gazj;ij ,jkhf vLj;Jr;; nrhy;tjd; %yk; ,tnuhU gz;ghsh;vd;gJ ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjd; %yk; fhg;Gs;s je;ijahthh;.
jdJ flikia KOikahf epiwNtw;Wgth;.
gazk; gw;wpa rpe;jidfspd; %yk; tplaq;fis Muha;e;J Nehf;Fgth;.
kupahs;
jdJ fztdpd; tpUg;Gf;Nfw;g gazj;Jf;Fj; jahuhtjd; %yk; ey;y FLk;gg;ngz;zhff; fhzg;gly;.
Foe;ijiag; ghrj;NjhL mizg;gjd; %yk; rpwe;j jhahff; fhzg;gly;.
Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhfj; Jauq;fis kdjpNy Rkg;gjd; %yk; jha;ikf;F,yf;fzkhff; fhzg;gLgts;.
#irapd; miog;Gf;Fr; nrtpkLg;gjd; %yk; ,iw fl;lisia Vw;W elg;gts;.
,. ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs; th;zpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;
kiyAr;rpapdpd;W ey;y kzpfisf; nfhz;l MWfs; gha;e;Njhl> Gd;id kuq;fs;epiwe;j Nrhiyf;F mg;ghy; ahidapd; new;wpapy; mzpe;j ey;y ,uj;jpdq;fs;gjpj;j gl;lk;Nghy; thdj;jpd; new;wpapy; re;jpud; cjpj;jy;.
thdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gpiwkjpapd; tUif tpz;Zyf Nte;jdhd Foe;ijNaRtpd;capiu cz;Ngd; vd;W ciwf;Fs; fple;j Ntiy cUtp cah;j;jpa Nte;jidg;gifj;J vOe;jJ Nghd;Wk; mtDf;F vjpuhff; flyhfpa giwia mbj;Jg;Nghh;f;Fuy; vOg;Gjw;nfd;W thdj;jpy; fple;j xU FWe;jb Nghd;Wk; ,Ue;jjhff;Fwpg;gply;.
Foe;ij ehjidf; fhZk; nghUl;L tpz;kPd;fs; nrwpe;J fple;J moFld; tphpe;jfz;fis xj;jpUe;jd vdf; $Wjy;.
Mz;ltDf;Nfw;gl;l Jauj;jpd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; tpLk; fz;zPiuf;fz;L jhKk;mj; Jd;;gj;ij mwptpf;FKfkhf mq;Fs;s vy;yhf; NfhopfSk; jk; khh;Gfisr;rpwFfshy; mbj;Jf; nfhz;L thdj;ijj; njhLkhW $f;Fuy; vOg;gpf; $tpajhff;$wy;.
Mz;ltd; jd;idtpl;Lg; gphpe;J kz;Zyfkile;j Jd;gj;ijg; nghWf;f Kbahjthdk; fz;zPh;tpl;ljhfTk; mf;fz;zPuhdJ Fsph;e;j gdpahfp kioj;jhiuNghy;kpFjpahfg; nga;jjhy; gRikahd fhLk; mOjJ NghyhdjhfTk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
,NaR> khpahs;> #ir Mfpa %tuJk; gphptpdhy; JaUw;w fhilfs;> kapy;fs;>Gwhf;fs; mOjNjhL kl;Lkd;wpr; NrhiyAk; mOjjhff; Fwpg;gply;.
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mth;fsJ gphpT fz;L fpspfs;> Fapy;fs;> tz;Lfs; md;dq;fs; midj;Jk;mOjjhff; Fwpg;gply;.
%tuJk; gphpTj;Jauhy; fhl;bYs;s kyh;fs; thrid tPr kwe;jjhfTk;> tz;bdq;fs;Njid cz;z kwe;jjhfTk;> khd;Fl;bfs; ghy; mUe;j kwe;jjhfTk;> gRf;fs;jd; fd;;Wfis kwe;jjhfTk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
<. Njk;ghtzp fhtpaj;jpd; gz;Gfs;.
ghl;Lilj; jiytdhfr; #ir rpj;jphpf;fg;gly;.
fpwpj;Jt jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fs; $wg;gly;.
vUrNyk; efiug; ghLk;NghJ jkpo;ehl;L efh;fspd; ,aw;if mk;rq;fisNath;zpj;jy;
,y;ywk; rpwpjsTk; Jwtwk; ngUksTk; Gfog;gLfpd;wik.
mzpfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wik.
fhg;gpaj;Jf;Fhpa czh;Tfs; Ritfspy; xd;whd Jauk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gly;.
fhg;gpaj;Jf;Fhpa mikg;GKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wik.c - k; - glyq;fs;> fhz;lq;fs;.
etPd ftpijfs;
ghujpahu; ftpijfs;
ngz;fs; tpLjiyf;Fk;kp
1. ngz;fs; tpLjiyf;Fk;kp vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ghujpahu; Kd;itf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisj;njhFj;Jj; jUf.
ngz;fs; tpLjiyf;Fk;kp ngz; tpLjiyia mbehjkhff; nfhz;lJ.
ngz;tpLjiyia typAWj;jy;.
ngz; mlf;FKiw> %lj;jdkhdJ vdr; rhly;.
ngz;fis mlf;FKiwf;F cl;gLj;JNthiu vs;sp eifahly;.
ngz;fs; tpLjiyia vz;zp Mde;jf; fspg;giljy;.
ngz;fisg; Nghw;WjNy Nkyhd rpwg;Gf;F mbg;gil vdf; Fwpg;gply;.
MZf;Fg; ngz; risj;jtspy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gply;.
MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; fw;Gg; nghJntd thjply;.
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2. ngz;tpLjiy gw;wpa ghujpapd; Kw;Nghf;fhd kdTzu;T> ftpijapy; ntspg;gLkhw;wpidMjhuq;fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ngz;izg; g+l;bitg;Nghk; vd;w mfe;ij kdpju; jiy ftpo;e;jhu;.
fw;G epiy vd;W Ngrte;jhy; mij MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; nghJtpy; itg;Nghk;.
tw;GWj;jpf; fl;bf;nfhLf;Fk; tof;fj;ij> js;sp kpjpj;jpLNthk;.
gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk; ghupdpNy ngz;fs; elj;j te;Njhk;.
MZf;Fg; ngz; ,isg;gpy;iy.
Ntjk; gilf;fTk;> ePjpfs; nra;aTk;> rhjpfs; gilf;fTk; nra;jpLNthk;.
khjuwq;fs; goiknadf; $Wtij khl;rpik ngwr; nra;Nthk;.
QhapW
1. Qhapw;wpd; ngUik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLkhw;wpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
xsp jUgtd;> kio jUgtd;> Gfo; jUgtd;> mwpTj; nja;tj;jpd; Nfhapy; xsp>Rlu; tpsf;fk;> fhl;rp> kpd;dy;> ,b midj;Jk; cdJ epfo;Tfs;.
Gfo;;> tPuk; cdJ yPiy. ePu; jUgtd;. fhw;W tPRgtd;. jPuhj ,sikAilatd;.
2. Qhapw;wpd; nray;fshfg; ghujpahu; Fwpg;gpLgit vit?
xsp> fhw;W> kpd;dy;> kio jUjy;. mwpT> Gfo;> capu; jUjy;.
cliyj; je;J tsu;j;jy;> kha;j;jy;.
kdpjdJ tho;Tf;F #upadpd; mtrpak; gw;wp KbT $Wjy;.
3. ftpQdpd; vLj;Jiug;G Kiw Fwpj;Jj; njspTgLj;Jf.
midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfisAk; QhapW nra;fpwJ vdg; Gfo;tJ.
trd ftpij mikg;G. Nfs;tp Nfl;L thrpg;gtuJ Mtiyj; J}z;LtJ.
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpg; ghbapUg;gJ.
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ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
1. jhahf cUtfpj;Js;sik gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;f. vk;jhNa vdy;. njs;sKjd;d vk; md;id kjiyau; vOg;gTk; jha; Japy;thNah? Fjiy nkhopf;fpuq;fhj jhNah eP?
<d;wtNs gs;spnaOe;jUs; vd;W $wy;.
2. nghOJ Gyu;e;jikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; tpjk; Fwpj;Jj; tptupf;f.
nghOJ Gyu;e;jJ vdy;. ,Ul;fhyk; Nghapd. Gs;spdk; Mu;j;;jd. rq;fk; Cjpd. me;jzu; Ntjk; XJjy;.
gupjpapd; Ngnuhsp thdpilf; fz;Nlhk; vdy;.
3. ghujpapd; ehl;Lg;gw;W ,f;ftpijapy; ntspg;gLkhw;wpid tpgupf;Ff.
ghujkhjhitj; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp tbtpy; Japy; vOg;gpg; ghbaik. ehL cwq;fpf; fplg;gjhfTk; mjidj; JapnyOg;g Ntz;Lk; vdTk; epidj;jik. ehl;ilj; jhahfTk; jk;ikg; gps;isahfTk; cUtfpj;jik. ghujkhjhitg; gy ngau;fs; nrhy;yp mioj;jik> - vk;jhNa> MUapNu> vk;
md;id. epd; vopy; fhz;gjw;F vk; Mtiy eP mwpahNah?
ghuju;f;fuNr> gjpndl;L nkhopAilats;.
ghujpjhrd; ftpij - gj;jpupif.
1. fhupUs; mfj;jpy; ey;y fjpnuhsp ePjhd; vdf; ftpQu; $WtJ vjid? mjidvt;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;?
gj;jpupifiaf; $Wfpd;whu;. NkYk; mjid xU ngz;zhf cUtfpj;Jk; gj;jpupifapd; cs;slf;fq;fis
vLj;Jf; $wpAk;> vspanrhy;> vspa eil> vspa re;jk;> nghUj;jkhd mzpfisf;ifahz;Lk; tpgupj;Js;shu;.
Gul;rpf; ftpQupd; nrhy;yhw;wYf;Fr; rpwe;j ciufy;yhf ,g; ghly; tpsq;Fjy;.
2. gj;jpupifapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpf; ftpQu; $Wtd ahit?
mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uis mfw;WtJ. Nrhu;Tw;wpUg;NghUf;F cw;rhf%l;LtJ. cyfpid xd;W Nru;g;gJ. gy;Jiwrhu;e;j tplaq;fisj; jUtJ.
3. gj;jpupifapd; gzpfs; gw;wpf; ftpQu; ahJ $Wfpd;whu;? mwpQu; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nru;g;gJ. miwapy; ele;j nra;jpfis mk;gyj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtJ. mwptw;wtu;fSf;F mwpTs;s tplaq;fis vspikahf ms;spf;nfhLg;gJ. fisg;Gw;w kdq;fSf;F Cf;fkspg;gJ.
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4. ‘Ie;J Mz;L tug;ngw;whu; gj;jpupif ehSk; cz;nld;why; tho;f;if ngw;whu;’ vDk;tupfs; %yk; ftpQu; $WtJ vjid?
Ie;J tajpid mile;jtu; jpdKk; gj;jpupif thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;jpidf;nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtu; tho;f;ifiag; ngw;whu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
5. “ fLk; Gju; tpyfpr; nrd;W fshg;gok; Nru;g;ghu; Nghy ” vDk; ctikia tpsf;fp mJ
vjidf; Fwpg;gplg; gad;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk; tpgupf;f.
,t; ctikazpapy; fshg;gok; Nrfupg;Nghu; ctkhdkhfTk; EZf;fkhdtplaq;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; nra;jpahsu; ctNkakhfTk; ftpQu; gLk; rpukq;fs;nghJj;jd;ikahfTk; mike;Js;sd.
6. gj;jpupif vd;w ftpijapy; jdJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jg; ghujpjhrd; ifahz;lcj;jpfisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
gj;jpupifiag; ngz;zhf cUtfpj;J mij Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; $Wfpd;wik. mzpfs; %yk;njspTWj;jy;.
cUtfk; - fjpnuhsp fz;zpy; gha;e;jpLk; vOr;rpctik - eWkz ,jo;g; ngz; ; fshg;gok; Nru;g;gJ Nghy.
gj;jpupifapd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpg; gythW vLj;Jiuj;jy;.o thdpil epfOk; Nfhb khaq;fs;o cyfpy; epfOk; gy;NtW epfo;Tfs;o rpWfijfs;o ,ufrpakhd tplaq;fis mk;gyg;gLj;jy;o Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> ftpij> fhtpak;> eifr;Rit vd;gd ,lk;ngwy;.
7. gj;jpupifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpg; ghujpjhrd; $Wgit ahit?
Cupid ehl;l ,e;j cyfpid xd;W Nru;f;f Nguwpthsu; neQ;rpy; gpwe;j ngz;. mwpQu; ,ja Xil> MoePu; nfhz;L> kf;fs; Qhdk; nropj;jpl> FWfpa nray;fs;
jPu;e;J Ftyak; Xq;fr; nra;tha; vdy;. cd;eyk; fhzhu; Qhyk; fhzhu; vdy;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; nfhLf;Fk; cd; jhs;. fiwAs;sk; J}a;ik nra;tha;> fisg;gpy; Cf;fk; nra;tha; vdf; Nfl;ly;. midtUf;Fk; vspjha;f; fpilg;gha;. gj;jpupif ehSk; cz;nld;why; tho;f;if ngw;whu; vd;fpwhu;. kf;fsJ cs;sj;jpYs;s EZf;fq;fisj; / jpwikfis ntspNa nfhz;LtUtJ. rpWtajpypUe;Nj gj;jpupifia thrpj;jhy; tho;f;if tsk; ngWk; vdj; jplkhff;
$wy;.
ghujpjhrd; ftpij - ghujp cs;sk;.
1. “ ghujp cs;sk;” vDk; ftpij %yk; ghujpjhrd; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak;
ahJ?
rhjp xopf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mt;thW xope;jhy; jkpo; tsu;g;gJ ,yFthFk;vdTk; fUjpaik.
jkpo; kPJk; jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJk; nfhz;l gw;W. ghujpapd; nrhy;Yk; nraYk; xd;whfNt ,Ue;jJ vd;gijNa ghujpapd; cs;sk;
vdf; fUJfpd;whu;.
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2. ghujpf;Fk; ghujpjhrDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT ghujp cs;sk; vd;w ftpij Clhfvt;thW ntspg;gLfpd;wJ?
ghujp $wpa thu;j;ijfis jdJ ftpijapYk; ifahz;lik. vd;Wiug;ghu;> vd;dplj;jpy; vdf; $wpaik. ek; ghujp vdf; $wpaik.
3. ghujpapd; jkpo;g;gw;W> ehl;Lg;gw;W vt;thW ntspg;gLfpwJ?
jkpio tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wik. rhjp xope;jhy; jkpo; tsUk; vdy;. nre;jkpo; ehl;bdpy; gw;W cz;lhFjy;. nre;jkpo; thopa thop ey;y nre;jkpo; ew;wkpou;f; nfopy;%r;R vDk;
nrhy;yhl;rpfisf; ifahSjy;.
fk;gjhrd; ftpij - njhopy;.
1. ,g;ghlypy; ftpQu; $wtpioe;j tplaj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
,f;ftpij njhopypd; Nkd;ikia typAWj;JfpwJ. ,t;Tyfpy; gilf;fg;gl;l #upad;>fly;> fhw;W> ejpfs;> kyu;fs; vd mj;jidAk; njhopy; nra;tjhf vLj;Jf;$wpnjhopypd; Nkd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
2. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; njhopyhsu;fs; ahtu;? kz;iz cOJ ney;iyg; ngw;Wj;jUk; cotu;fs;. khdj;NjhL tho cil nea;Ak; nerthsu;. ehl;bd; gifikfis tPo;j;Jk; Aj;j tPuu;fs;. nkhopapidf; fhf;Fk; ftpQu;fs; vd midtUk; njhopyhsNu vd
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
3. ,f;ftpijapDila njhopyhf Mrpupau; vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;?
“njhopyhsu; Xq;fpLf mtu; grpJilf;fj; njhz;lhw;wy; ekJ njhopy; ftpijj;njhopy;” vdf; ftpijapDila njhopy;> njhopyhsu;fs; grpJilf;fj; njhz;lhw;WtnjdftpQu; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
4. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; njhopypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vt;ntt;thW tpsf;Ffpd;whu;?
njhopypd;wp cyfk; mope;JtpLnkdTk; moptJ$lj; njhopyhFnkdTk; vkJRje;jpuKk; njhopNy vdTk; moFs;s xd;iw mofhf;FtJk; njhopNy vdTk;>mr;rkpy;yhJ cau;TngWtJk; njhopNy vdTk;> ekJ fUj;Jf;fSk; njhopNy vdTk;fsq;fkpy;yhj fw;Gk; njhopNy vdTk; njhopypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
5. ,f;ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpofj;ijr; Nru;e;j ftpQu; fk;gjhrdpd; ,aw;ngau; ‘mg;ghT’. ehlfj;jpYk; <LghL nfhz;l ,tu; rp. v];. ,uh[g;gh vd;w ngaupYk; fk;gjhrd;
vd;w ngaupYk; jkJ Mf;fq;fis vOjpdhu;. jpiug;glj;jpy; ebj;Jk; ghly;fs; vOjpAk; cs;shu;. gy ftpijj; njhFjpfisAk;> rpWfij> ehlfk;> fhtpak; vdg; gy E}y;fisAk;
je;Js;shu;.
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FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd; ftpij – rk;gsehs;
1. FwpQ;rpj;njd;dtd; ftpijahy; rk;gsehs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLk; mgpg;gpuhak; ahJ?
,tuJ ftpijfspy; tho;f;ifr; nryTf;Fr; rk;gsk; NghjhJ mikfpd;wJ. mjdhy;tPl;by; Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfSk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nkhj;jj;jpy; rk;gsehs;kfpo;r;rpf;Fupa xU ehshf md;wp Kuz;ghl;bw;Fk; ftiyf;Fk; ,d;DnkhUgpur;rpidiaj; njhlq;fp itf;fpd;w Ju;g;ghf;fpa ehshfTk; ,f;ftpijapw;rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtdpd; ftpijapy; rk;gsehs; ngz;zpd; Nrhff; FuyhfNt mike;J tpLfpd;w jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
,f;ftpijapy; ,lk;ngWk; rpd;dg;igad; jtpu kw;nwy;yhg; ghj;jpuq;fSk; ngz;fspd;Nrhff; FuyhfNt mike;Js;sd. gyfhuq;fs; tpw;gtisf; fz;lhy; nre;jhkiuNghd;w rpWkpfspd; jtpg;G.
miuehs; $ypiag; ngw;Wtpl;l Fg;ghapapd; Fiw. Fiwe;j rk;gsk; ngw;w rpd;d Uf;Fkzpapd; ftiy. rPl;Lg;gzk;> rpy;yiwg;gzk; Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhLf;fj; jtpf;Fk; ts;spapd; kdk;. gps;isfspd; tPl;Lj; NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;w Kbahj ghg;ghj;jpapd; Fuy;. tPl;L epiyia mwpahj ciog;gpy;yhj GU\idg; gw;wpa ePyhtjpapd; Gyk;gy;
Mfpad ,f;ftpijapy; ngz;fspd; Nrhfq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
3. FwpQ;rpj;njd;dtdpd; ftpijapD}L ntspg;gLk; kiyafg; gpuNjr mbepiy kf;fspd;ehshe;j mDgtq;fis tpgupf;Ff.
rPl;Lg;gpbj;jy;> eif milTitj;jy;> tl;bf;Ff; fld;gly;> kspifr; rhkhd;fisf;flDf;F thq;Fjy;> Mz;fs; kJtUe;Jjy;> gyfhuq;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
4. rk;gs ehsd;W njhopyhsu; mDgtpf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs; ahit?
gps;isfs; ngw;Nwhuplk; mbthq;Fk; ehshf mikjy;. kw;wtu;fsJ Fiwfisg; NgRk; ehshf mikjy;. fld;njhy;iy jhq;fhJ Gyk;Gk; ehshf mikjy;. mlhtbj;jdk; nra;Ak; fztid vz;zp tUe;Jk; ehshf mikjy;. Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf nghyp];> fr;Nrup> NfhLfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; ehshf mikjy;.
5. ,f;ftpijapd; Mrpupauhd FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kiyafj; jkpo;f;ftpij kugpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;. kiyaf kf;fSld; tho;e;J> mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fisj; jkJ ftpijfspy;
rpj;jpupj;jtu;. kiyaf kf;fspd; tho;f;if khw;wj;jpw;fhf mauhJ rpe;jpj;jtu;. cupikaw;Nwhu; NgRk; xspg;gpok;Gfs; vDk; ftpijj; njhFjpia ntspapl;lhu;. ,tuJ ftpijfspy; rpy rpq;fsj;jpYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. FWk;gh tbtj;jpYk;> ehlf tbtj;jpYk; kiyaf kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis
ntspf;nfhzu;e;jtu;. “FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd; ftpr;ruq;fs;” ngaupy; rhuy; ehld; ,tuJ ftpijfisj;
njhFj;J ntspapl;lhu;. kuGf; ftpQuhd FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtdpd; ,aw;ngau; tp.rp. NtY vd;gjhFk;.
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KUifad; ftpij - khL khL vd;W gy Vrp…..
1. ,f;ftpijapD}lhff; ftpQu; $wtpioAk; nra;jpapid vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
Viofspd; ciog;gpidr; Ruz;LNthUf;F vjpuhf xUehs; Ruz;lg;gLNthu;nfhjpj;njOtu; vd;gJ ftpij $Wk; nra;jp. Ntiyf;fhug; igaid khlhfg;
ghtpj;J Ntiythq;Fk; tPl;L v[khidr; rhLk; ftpijapy; “rhWgpope;J rf;if
thq;FtPu;” vd;w njhlu; njhopyhspapd; ciog;Gr; Ruz;lg;gLtijAk;> “khLk;
fapW mWf;Fk; ” vDk; njhlu; Viofs; nfhjpj;njOtu; vd;gijAk; Rl;;Lfpd;wd.
2. Viofisr; Ruz;b thOk; gzf;fhuu;fspd; nrhFR tho;f;if ,f;ftpijapy; vt;thWrpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ? Viofs; cliyg; gpope;J ciof;fhtpl;lhy; tq;fpapy; fhR GuSkh? Ie;J el;rj;jpu N`hl;ly;fspy; cz;L kfpo KbAkh? Nehd;kjp ehl;fspy; cy;yhrj;jpy; <Lgl KbAkh?
Kjyhd tpdhf;fs; %yk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. Ntiyf;fhug; igadpd; Jd;gk; ,f;ftpijapy; vt;thW rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
“khLfs; jq;fs; tha;Eiu js;s %rp%rp ciof;fhtpl;lhy; cq;fs; tPl;by; ciyfs; nfhjpf;Fkh?”vd;w njhlupy; fbd ciog;gpdhy; khLfs; gLk; Jd;gk; Ntiyf;fhug; igad;gLk; Jd;gkhff; fhl;lg;gl;L rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. ,f;ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpf; Fwpg;Giu tiuf.
<oj;Jj; jkpo;f; ftpQu;fSs; “KUifad; ” Kf;fpakhdtu;> etPd ftpQu;.
Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidNahL vOjpa ,tu;> ciog;ghsp kf;fs; kPJ kpFe;j mf;fiwnfhz;ltu;.
njd;kuhl;rpapd; fy;tay; vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu;> ,Wjpapy; aho;.gy;fiyf;fofj; Jizg; gjpthsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.
gy;NtW ftpij E}y;fisAk; jpwdha;T E}y;fisAk; nkhopngau;g;Gnjhlu;ghd E}y;fisAk; ehlfq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu;.
k`hftp ftpij - kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F.
1. ,f;ftpijapD}lhf ‘vd; Cuhd;’ gw;wpf; ftpQu; ahJ $Wfpd;whu;?
twl;rp nghUe;jpa ,k;kz;zpNy rg;ghj;jp Ks;Sk; rupahf tpisahJ. Vu; VwhJ.vdpDk; ghiwiag; gpse;J gad; tpistpg;gtd;.
Moj;J ePUf;F mse;J> ehw;wpid thor;nra;tjw;fhf jd;Dapiu toq;Fgtd;. vjpu;ghuhj nts;sj;jpdhy; gapu; mope;jNghJk;> kPz;Lk; cOJ gapu; nra;gtd;.
thdj;ijg; ghu;j;J mau;e;J epw;Fk; gof;fkw;wtd;.
2. new;gapupd; moiff; ftpQu; vg;gb tpgupf;fpwhu;?
“jq;f eiffs; jiyf;fzpe;j ngz;fs; $bf; Fdpe;J Fk;kp nfhl;LtJ Nghy;
fhjpdpf;fg; ghb ftiy kwf;fr; nra;fpd;wJk; Nghy; ” vdf; fjpu;fspd; moif
tpgupf;fpd;whu;. NkYk;> “nghw;fhR” vd;gjd; %yk; ney;Yg; nghjpiaAk;> “xU
fjpiuf; fps;sp Kfu;tjd; %yk; fpWfpWj;Jg; Nghfpd;whd;; ” vd mjd; rpwg;igAk;
tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
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3. kioapdhy; gapu;fs; mope;J Nghtij ftpQu; vg;gb tpgupf;fpd;whu;?
jpBnud;W kioAk; nfhiyf;fhw;Wk; tUtjhy; Ml;lj;J kq;ifau; Nghyepd;w gapu;fs;> ghl;lj;jpy; tPo;e;jope;J ghohfpg;Nghf> nfhs;isNghy; te;jnts;sk; taiy tpOq;fpajhff; $Wfpd;whu;.
4. ‘kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fk; kpLf;F’ vDk; jiyg;G ,f;ftpijf;F vt;thW nghUe;Jk;?
kpFe;j Kaw;rpAld; tsu;e;j new;gapupd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fz;L kfpo;e;j mtd;>kWehs; mjd; mopT fz;L Nrhu;e;J tplhJ kPz;Lk; gioagb tyf;fuj;jpy;kz;ntl;biag; gw;wpf; fpz;Ltij tpgupg;gjd; %yk; ,j;jiyg;gpd;
nghUj;jg;ghl;il mwpayhk;.
5. Mrpupaupd; nkhopeil gw;wpf; fUj;Jiuf;Ff.
kpfTk; jhf;fKs;s tpguz eil Ngr;Nrhirg; ghq;fpyike;j nra;As;eil ntz;gh ahg;ig kpf vspikahff; ifahz;Ls;sik. epfo;Tfis nrhw;fspD}lhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;sik. ctikfs;> cUtfq;fs; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdk.
Gul;rpf;fkhy; ftpij - vd; ,iwtd;….
1. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; ahJ $w tUfpd;whu;?
,iwtidg; Gfo;e;J> mtdpd; ngUikiaAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; rf;jpiaAk;tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
2. ftpQu; vt;ntt;thW ,iwtid epidj;J XJtjhff; $Wfpwhu;?
mUSf;F Kjyhdtd;;; md;Gs;std;; cyfj;ijf; fhg;gtd;; kdpju;fs; XJtjw;Fnkhop mwpe;jtd;; typik kpf;ftd; Kjyhd gz;GfSs;s ,iwtd; jpUehkj;ijr;nrhy;yp XJtjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
3. ,f;ftpijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,iwtdpd; Mw;wy;fs; ahit?
typik kpf;ftd;;; xU nrhy;yhy; cyfk; KOtijAk; MSk; ty;yikAilatd;jd;dpy; khj;jpuk; jq;fpapUg;NghUf;F mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gtd;> jdf;Fr;nrhe;jkhdtu;fspd; Jau; fisgtd;;, jPq;F epidg;Nghu;f;F rpW JUk;gpd; %yNkngUe;Jd;gk; tpistpf;ff;$batd;.
4. “,Uik cyfk; mtd; mwptpy; ,uz;L Jspfs; vdyhNk” ,f;$w;wpid tpsf;Ff.
,Uik cyF vd;gJ ,k;ik> kWik MFk;. mtdJ mwptpy; – gilg;gpy; mit,U JspfNs. me;jsTf;F mtd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gilf;Fk; Mw;wYs;std;vd;gjidNa ftpQu; Nkw;gb $w;wpd;%yk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
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5. ,f;ftpijapd; rpwg;Gf; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jiuf;Ff.
,f;ftpijapy; rkaq;fSf;fg;ghy; “ ,iwtd; xUtNd ” vd;gJ gpujpgypf;fpd;wik.
,iwtdpd; ngUik> Mw;wy;> nray;fs; %yk; mtidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wik.
nghUj;jkhd epWj;jf;Fwpfs; %yk; ftpijapy; mOj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wik. rpwg;ghd mzpeak; (ctik> cUtfk; vJif> Nkhid> nrhy;yhl;rp) vd;gd
,f;ftpijf;F nkU$l;Lfpd;wik.
Rgj;jpud; ftpijfs; - Mz;ltd; ePjhd;….
Msg;gpwe;j tptrhap - ,q;Fmlq;fpf; fple;jh ndhU ehspy;$iog; gpire;jhd; FbirapNy - mtd;FWfpf; fple;jhd; nfhs;ifapNy
epyj;ijAOthd; epyj;jpdpNy - jd;epidT ,oe;J rhFkl;Lk;fyg;ig apOf;Fk; khl;LlNd - mtd;fhyq; fopj;jhd; fz; fyq;fp
cz;gJ KLg;gJk; tay;jdpNy - mtd;cwq;fpf; fplg;gJk; tay;jdpNytpz;jhd; jdJ $iunad - INahtpau;it jd;dpy; Fspj;jpLthd;
cOgtu;f;F epynky;yhk; - ,q;FcUj;jh ahf;fplr; rl;lq;fs;eypT ,d;wpr; nra;jpLNthk; - ,e;ey;ytu; jk;ik cau;j;jpLNthk;.
gz;iz Kiwapy; gyE}W - tay;gug;ig cOJ ciof;fl;Lk;jpz;iz J}q;fpj; jpupgtu;fs; - mijj;jpd;d epidj;jhy; nrUg;gbjhd;.
fhl;il ntl;bf; fskhf;fp - mijf;fjpu;fs; nfhl;Lk; jykhf;Fk;ehl;bd; ,iwtd; tptrhap - Vd;ed;wp kwe;jha; Kjyhsp
md;id ehl;ilf; fhg;gtNd - mijg;grpapy; epd;W kPl;gtNdmidj;Jk; ePjhd; mKJ}l;Lk; - vk;Mz;ltd; ePjhd; eP tho;f.
1. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; $wte;j tplak; ahJ?
ehl;ilf; fhg;gtd; tptrhapahf ,Ue;jNghJk;> mtdJ Jauk; khwtpy;iy vdf;$wp
“ cOgtu;f;Nf epyk; nrhe;jkhfNtz;Lk; ” vd;w fUj;ijf; $Wfpd;whu;.
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2. ftpQu; fUj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kiw vj;jifaJ?
nghJTilikthjf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;J nfhs;ifg; gpufldk; nra;tJNghyf; $WtJ.
tptrhap mDgtpf;fpd;w Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jf;$wp mtu;fSf;F tpLjiyfpilf;f Ntz;Lnkd vLj;Jf; $WtJ.
Ntiy thq;Fk; epy clikahsu;fis vr;rupf;Fk; njhdpAld; $Wjy;. vspikahd eilapy; czu;TG+u;tkhff; $Wjy;. re;j eaj;Jld; $Wjy;.
3. tptrhapapd; cau;T vt;thW vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?
Msg;gpwe;jtd;> md;id ehl;ilf; fhg;gtd;> grpapdpd;W kPl;gtd; mjdhy; fhl;ilntl;bf; fskhf;Fk; ehl;bd; ,iwtd; vd;nwy;yhk; cau;T $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. ,f;ftpijapy; tptrhapapd; tho;T tsk;ngw ahJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpwhu;?
cOgtu;f;F epyk; cupj;jhfplr; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. $l;Lg;gz;iz Kiwapy; tptrhak; nra;aNtz;Lk; vdy;.
5. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; tptrhapapd; Jauq;fis vt;thW rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;?
Msg;gpwe;jtd; mlq;fpatdhf tho;jy;. $iog; gpire;J Fbirapy; tho;gtd;.nfhs;ifapy; FWfpatdhf tho;gtd;. fz;fyq;fp tho;gtd;. cz;gJ> cLg;gJ>cwq;FtJ midj;Jk; taypNy. tpz;izf; $iunadf; nfhz;L> tpau;itapy;thOgtd;.
6. tptrhapfs; vg;gb thoNtz;Lnkd ftpQu; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;?
cOgtDf;F epyk; cupikahFk; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ey;ytu;fspd; tho;it cau;j;jpl Ntz;Lk;. gz;iz Kiwapy; gyE}W tay;fs; cOJ ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. jd;idr; Ruz;l tUNthUf;F nrUg;gb nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. ,f;ftpijapd; Mrpupau; gw;wpf; $Wf.
jq;ftbNty; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ‘Rgj;jpud;’ vd;gtu;. kl;lf;fsg;igg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l xU gapw;wg;gl;l Mrpupau;. 1960 fspy; <oj;jpd; Kw;Nghf;Ff; ftpQu;fspy; xUtuhfr; nraw;gl;ltu;. Jd;gg;gLk; kf;fspd; Jauq;fisAk; Kjyhspj;Jt vjpu;g;igAk;> kdpj Neaj;ijAk;>
ntspg;gLj;jpa ,tu;> murpay; njhlu;ghd rpy ftpijfisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; ,johd ‘njhopyhsp’ vDk; gj;jpupifapy; ,tuJ ftpijfs;
mNdfk; ntspte;jd. ,uj;jf;fld;> Rgj;jpud; ftpijfs; vd;gd ,tuJ ntspte;j ftpijj;
njhFg;Gf;fshFk;.
38
e. gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpij - G+f;fhup
1. ,f;ftpijapD}lhf Mrpupau; $wtpioe;jJ ahJ? mjid vt;thW tpsf;Ffpd;whu;? md;igg; Gwf;fzpj;J kdpjFyk; Aj;jj;jpy; Nkhfk; nfhz;bUg;gij czu;j;jp>
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpFe;j ek;gpf;ifAld; md;ig typAWj;Jtjhf ,f;ftpijmike;Js;sJ.
etPd cj;jpapy; mike;j ,f;ftpijapy; G+f;fhup G+ tpw;gtshff; fhl;lg;gl;lhYk; mts; md;ig tpw;fpd;w rkhjhdj;jpd; FwpaPlhf tpsq;Ffpd;whs;. kiof;fhyj;jpy; G+Tf;Fk; G+f;fhupf;Fk; Ntiyapy;yhjJ Nghyg;> Nghu;f;fhyj;jpy;
md;Gf;F Ntiy ,y;iy vd;gij ,f;ftpij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. “G+f;fhupiag; Nghy fdTj;nja;tk; md;Gr;ruf;F
mopahj ruf;F jpd;whYk; vf;fhyKk;jpj;jpf;Fk; ruf;FNtz;LNthu; thuPu; thq;FNthu; $Bu; vd” md;igr; re;ijg;gLj;Jtij vLj;Jf;fhl;bxg;gPl;L uPjpahfTk; mzpfs;> FwpaPLfs;> fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; vd;gitA+lhfTk;,f;ftpijapy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. ,f;ftpijapy; kioiaAk; kioianahl;ba fhl;rpiaAk; ftpQu; vt;thWtpsf;Ffpd;whu;?
kionghopAk; ,utpy; <> FUtp VJk; gwf;ftpy;iy. kPd;fs; Js;StjhfTk;>kpd;dy; mjpfkhf kpd;DtjhfTk;> $jy; kpFe;jpUe;jjhfTk;> mjw;F mQ;rpangz;fs; mLg;gq;fiuia ehbj; jP%l;bf; Fspu;fha;tjhfTk;> ftpQu; kioiaAk;>kioianahl;ba epfo;TfisAk; rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;.
3. Nghupd; Jd;gj;ij ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; vg;gb tpsf;Ffpd;whu;?
#ynkOe;jJ. mz;lk; mjpu;e;jJ> cynfq;Fk; $lhuk;> Cnuq;Fk; tp\g;Gif>thndq;Fk; gpNsd; ,wF> njUntq;Fk; gpzkiy> gPuq;fpf;Fuy; vd Aj;jj;jpd;Jd;gj;ijf; ftpQu; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
4. ftpQupd; cs;sk; vt;tupfspy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ?
“gpNsd; ,wfpd; cauk;> nja;tf;Fuy; Vwtpy;iy.”“neQ;Rilahf; fdTj; nja;tk;.”“$Tjiyf; Fiwf;ftp;y;iy.”“md;Ng rptkhthd; kq;fykha; kyu; jUthd;.”Ntz;LNthu; thuPu;! thq;FNthu; $Bu;!!” vDk; tupfspy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
5. ,f;ftpij Mrpupau; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kzp;f;nfhb fhy vOj;jhsuhfg; Gfo;ngw;w ‘e. gpr;r%u;j;jp’apd; ,aw;ngau; Ntq;flkfhypq;fk; vd;gjhFk;.
rpWfijfs; %yk; mwpKfkhd ,tu;> Vuhskhd ftpijfisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. mnkupf;ff; ftpQuhd ‘thy;l; tpl;kd;’> ‘ghujp’ MfpNahupd; ftpijfshy; <u;f;fg;gl;l
,tu;> Gjpa ftpijfis vOjpj; jkpopy; GJf;ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhb Mdhu;. mtuJ ftpij E}ypd; Kd;Diuapy; (1970) “ftpij vd;why; vd;d? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F
ahuhYk; rupahd tpiliaf; fhzKbatpy;iy. mir vJ? rPu;> mb> jis>NkhidfspNyh xyp mOj;jj;jpdhNyh miktJ ftpij vd;W $WtJ mjd;KOj;jd;ikiaAk; tpsf;fg; NghJkhdjy;y. mjw;fhd Kaw;rpia eOttpLtjw;Fkpy;iy” vdf; $wpAs;shu;.
2Mk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; gpr;r%u;j;jpapd;G+f;fhup vd;w ftpij vOjg;gl;lJ.
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ePyhtzd; ftpij - ,d;Wdf;Fk; rk;gskh?
“Vd; flNy ,iufpd;wha;? ,d;Wdf;Fk;
rk;gskh? ViotPl;by;jhd; ePAk; gpwe;jidNah? jkpoh ePfw;wJTk; jfhjthu;j;ij!Njd; flyha; XLnkq;fs; jpUehl;by;gpwe;jgad; njupfpd; whNah?thd;je;j tskpiyNah? tay;je;j
epjp ,iyNah? thlhNj eP.......”
“fhw;nrUg;Gf; fod;wJth? fl;Ljw;Fk;
,lkpiyah? fhy;E}w; whz;lha;j;Njhw;nghUj;jpj; Njhw;nghUj;jpj; Jizahfcioj;j mit njhopypy; Xa;e;jhy;Nghw;Wjw;Nfhu; nghJf;$l;lk; Nghl;ljpNynghd;dhil Nghu;j;J NkYk;ghw;NrhWk; gl;rzKk; gilg;gjw;F
epd;dplj;Nj gzkh ,y;iy?”
“,Nghrh g];fspNy VWifapy;
tpau;itapdhy; Vio Njhod;ag;ghdhu; ,wf;Ffpw Gwhkhu;f;Fky;Ntl;b mllh ‘lg;lg;’‘rg;’ ngd;W %r;Rtpl;L ry;yilaha;khwpw;Nwh? rdj;Jf;Fs;Ns,g;gbAk; mtkhdk; VNjDk;
te;jJNth? ,iufpd;wha; eP”
“rl;lk;gp Mdtd;Nw re;ijapNy
thq;fpte;J> rypah jpd;Wnghl;^jpg; NghdhYk; GOjpkpfg;gbe;jhYk;> Nghd khjk;fl;lWe;j Filapid vk; fe;NjhUf;nfLj;Jg;Ngha; ftd kpd;wpg;gl;lzj;Jf; fil vjpYk; gwpnfhLj;J
tpl;lidNah? gjWfpd;wha;!”
“fy;Y}up khztp cd; kfs;fkyh
VNjDk; fhrh Nfl;lhs;?my;yh`; Nghy;> mDjpdKk; rpy;yiwf;Ff;fld;je;j mypahu; ehdhnghy;yhj thu;j;ij VJk; Gfd;whNuh?nghUKfpwha;! Nghd Mz;Lepy;itf;F tupirapNy epd;gliy
kl;Lk; mq;fhu; epw;fpd;whNuh?”
40
“me;jpgl;Lk; ,Urhkk; Mr;Rjpdpf;
fld;fhuu; MUk; mq;Nf,e;jtiu epy;yhu;fs;; vd;kidahs;kl;Lkq;Nf ,Ug;ghs; Vq;fp;nehe;njd;d fz;Nlhk; ahk;? ,y;yhikahk;nfhba Nehiag; Nghf;ftpe;ijkUe; jwpahky; tpjpnad;W
NgRfpd;Nwhk;! tPL nry;Nthk;.”
“ Vd; flNy ,iufpd;wha;? ,d;Wdf;Fk; rk;gskh?....... ” vd;W njhlq;Fk; ftpijia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. Vio MrpupandhUtd; jd; kdf;FKwy;fisAk; Vf;fq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk;gpur;rpidfisAk; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltij tpsf;Ff.
ftpij KOtJk; Vio Mrpupadpd; kdf; FKwy;fisAk; Vf;fq;fisAk;,ayhikfisAk; gpur;rpidfisAk; $Wfpd;whu; ftpQu;.
Vio Mrpupau; fld; gl;Nl fhyj;ijf; fopf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. rk;gsj;J md;W $l tPl;Lf;F NghfKbahj epiy.
“ me;jpgl;Lk; ,Urhkk; Mr;Rjpdpf; fld;fhuu; MUk; ,e;jtiu
epy;yhu;fs; ” vd;Dk; tup ,jid czu;j;JfpwJ.
,it kdf;FKwy;> Vf;fq;fisf; fhl;Ltd.
,ayhikfs;
fhw;nrUg;G thq;fKbahik. fpope;j Ntl;b - GJNtl;b thq;f Kbahik. fl;lWe;j Filf;Fg; gjpy; Fil thq;fKbahik. kfSf;Ff; fhR nfhLf;f Kbahik. mypahu; ehdhtpd; fld;nfhLf;f Kbahik.
2. jhd; $wte;j ftpijg; nghUis tpsf;ff; ifahz;l cj;jpfisf; $Wf. fliy tpspj;J ciuahLtJ. fliy tpspj;J vOg;gg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; %yk; jhk; fUjpa ghLnghUis
tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. ftpQu; jdf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gq;fisf; fliyg; ghu;j;J Nfl;gjd; %yk;
kd MWjy; milfpd;whu;.
c:k; : “Vd; flNy ,iufpd;wha;?” “Vio tPl;by;jhd; gpwe;jidNah?”
“,d;W cdf;Fk; rk;gskh?” “fhw;nrUg;Gf; fod;wJNth?”
3. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; mzpfisf; $wp tpsf;Ff. cUtf mzp : c-k; : Njd;fly; - Njdhfpa fly; ,y;yhikahk; Neha; ctikazp : c-k; : my;yh Nghy;......
4. ,f;ftpijapy; mq;fjr; RitfSf;F cjhuzk; jUf.Gfo;tJ Nghy; ,fo;tJ mq;fjkhFk;.
c-k; : “Njd;flyha; XLnkq;fs;
jpUehl;by;......”
“ghw;NrhWk; gl;rzKk; gilg;gjw;F”
“epd;dplj;Nj gzkh ,y;iy?...”
“Vioj;Njhod; ag;ghdhu; ,wf;Ffpw Gwh khu;f;F..................”
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cku;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;
(nkhopngau;g;G)
1. ftpijfspD}lhf ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplak; gw;wpf; $Wf.
Nuh[h kyu;nfhz;Ls;s ngUkpjKk; ek;gpf;ifAk;. cyfpy; ahTk; epiyaw;wit, kdpjdJ vz;zq;fs; cl;gl vJTk;
epiyaw;wJ. nfhilahspahdhy; vd;d? cNyhgpahdhy; vd;d? ve;j kdpjDk; <w;wpy;
kz;zhtJ cyf ,ay;G.
vd;gitNa ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplaq;fshFk;.
2. ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;j tpioe;j tplaq;fisf; $wf; ifahz;l cj;jpfisf; $Wf.
cjhuzq;fs; fhl;b tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghiyapd; J}rp kzy;kPJ gbAk; gdpNghd;W tho;T epiyaw;wJ vdy;.
xg;gPLnra;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ gzj;jpid ms;sp ms;spf; nfhLj;NjhUk;> G+l;b xspj;J itj;NjhUk; $l ,wg;gJ cWjp vd> ,Utif kdpju;fisAk; xg;gPL nra;jy;.
3. ghlg;gFjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;s cku;fa;ahk; ghly;fSf;fhd %d;W nkhopngau;g;Gf;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisAk;> mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;tpsf;Ff.
NtWghLfs;
xU ftpijiag; gyu; nkhopngau;f;Fk; NghJ nkhopngau;g;gpy; NtWghLfs;fhzg;gLtJ ,ay;G.
cku;fa;ahkpd; Fwpg;gpl;l ghly;fspd; %d;W nkhopngau;g;GfspYk;nghUs;xw;Wik fhzg;gbDk; nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy; NtWghLfs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
%d;W nkhopngau;g;Gf;fspd; njhlf;f tupfspNyNa ,e;j NtWghl;ilf;fhzyhk;.
Nahfpahu; : “ Rw;wp elk; GupAk; Nuh[h Rlu; $Wjy; fhz; .....”
mg;Jy;fhju; nyg;ig : “ ghuha; me;j Nuh[hitg; ghu;j;J eiff;Fk;
mjdoifj; Njuha; mJnrhy; thu;j;ij ,J.”
ftpkzp Njrpftpehafk;gps;is : “ rpupj;j Nuh[hkyiug; ghu;.
nrg;Gk; ,dpa nkhopiaf; Nfs;.”
Nahfpahupd; nkhopngau;g;gpy; nrhw;RUf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mg;Jy;fhju;nyg;ig nkhopngaug;G rw;W ePskhdJ. ftpkzp ,uz;L rpWthf;fpaq;fspy; vspikahf nkhopngau;j;jpUf;fpwhu;.
,j;jifa NtWghLfs; nkhopngau;g;G KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhuzq;fs;
xg;gPl;lstpy; Nahfpahupd; nkhopngau;g;gpy; vspik FiwthfTk; ftpkzpaplk;vspik mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j NtWghLfSf;F nkhopngau;g;ghsupd; nra;As; Ml;rpapy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfSk; nkhopngau;g;G gw;wpa mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fSk; fhuzk; vdyhk;.
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ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is ftpij - #hpafhe;jp.ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;isapd; #upafhe;jp vDk; ftpijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;LNky;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. ,f;ftpij %yk; ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tplak; vd;d?
#upafhe;jpg; G+tpdJ mofpidAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; fhjy;tag;gl;l ngz;nzhUj;jpapd;nraw;ghLfshff; fw;gid nra;tNj ftpQu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tplak; MFk;.
2. jdJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $wf; ftpQu; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs; vit?
#upaidf; fhjydhfTk; #upafhe;jpiaf; fhjypahfTk; cUtfpj;jy;. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
“ vd;d mupa tuk;ngw ,d;Wk;eP
,j;jtk; nra;tJ G+kfNs.”
tpdhf;fis tpdhTjy;
“ Mapuk; fz;fSk; Ntz;LNkhb?
te;j tUj;jKk; VjbNah?”
eifr;Ritahff; $Wjy;
“ fQ;rkfs; te;J fhzpw; rpupf;FNkh?
fz;zPu; cUf;FNkh? ahuwpthu;?”
Ngr;Rtof;Fr; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ifahSjy;
rpWfijfs;.
1. xU $ilf;nfhOe;J.
I. m. jd;khd czh;thy; ce;jg;gl;l xU ngz;zpd; ciog;Gk; kdcWjpAk; vt;thWrpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
jd;khd czh;thy; ce;jg;gl;l xU ngz;zpd; ciog;Gk; kd cWjpAk; ,f;fijapD}lhfr; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLjy;.
1. jd;khd czh;T Vw;glf;fhuzk;nfhOe;J epiw mjpfk; gjpag;gl;likahy;.fzf;Fg;gps;isNky; njhopyhsh;fspd; re;Njfk;.kPz;Lk; xUKiw mNjasT epiwf;nfhOe;J vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njit.
2. ciog;Giffs; Ntfkhf ,aq;Fjy;> ,UiffSk; ,uz;L tPr;rpy; epiwjy;.Nfl;fg;gl;lij tpl ehY ,whj;jy; mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;.jdJ NtiyAld; Vida ngz;fSf;Fk; cjTjy;.
3. kdcWjp“ahU KbahJd;dh? vd;dhNy vLf;f KbAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpNwd;” vdr; rthy;tpLk; NghJ.MWKfj;jplk; “KbahJd;D njhpQ;rh rgjk; NghLNtdh?| vdf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ.rthiy vjpu;nfhs;Sk; kd cWjp Gyg;gly;.
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M. kiyafg; gpuNjrj;jpd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jpfis tpsf;Ff?
tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; - cj;jpfs;1. rk;gtq;fShlhf tpsf;Fjy;.
nfhOe;J nfha;Ak; ngz;fspd; elj;ij khw;wk;.epiw vLj;jy;.
2. ghj;jpu tu;zid ,Ug;gpl tu;zid.fq;fhzp Nkw;ghh;it.yl;Rkpapd; Neh;ik.
3. ciuahly;“ePq;f gz;Zw fhhpaq;fSf;F epiwNtwh Gbr;rpj; jUthq;fNsh?njhiyQ;R Ngh fNlrpj; njhq;fYf;F .....”
4. gpuNjr nkhop eil.
II. “xU $ilf; nfhOe;J” vd;w rpWfijapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>
m . ,r; rpWfijapd; fijf; fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
xU kiyaf ,sk;ngz; njhopyhsp xUj;jpapd; jpwikf;F ,lg;gLk; rthy;. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fs; kPjhd mlf;FKiwAk; mjdhy; mth;fs; milfpd;w
Jauq;fSk;.
M.gpd;tUk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfis tpsf;Ff.1. yl;Rkp2. fzf;Fg; gps;is3. fq;fhzp
ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfs;.yl;Rkp ,f; fijapd; gpujhd ghj;jpukhf tpsq;Fgts;. ,sikj; Jbg;G kpf;fts;. fyfyj;j Rghtk; kpf;fts;. vspikahd moFilats;. njhopypd; kPJ gf;jp nfhz;lts;. jd; rf njhopyhsh;fSld; ntl;bg; Ngr;Rg; NgRgts;. gae;j Rghtk; nfhz;lts;. jd; kdJf;F epahankdg; gl;lij vt;tplj;jpYk; jaq;fhJ vLj;Jiug;gts;. jd;khdk;> kdcWjp> ituhf;fpak; kpf;fts;. ngz;ikf;Fk; mjd; nkd;ikf;Fk; ,ilapy; cWjp fye;j kdepiyapy; vjidAk;
Vw;W elf;Fk; ghj;jpuk;. JzpT kpf;fjhf Xh;kk; cilajhf> ek;gpf;ifAilajhf ntspg;gLk; ghj;jpuk;. vjw;Fk; jd;de;jdpahf epd;W Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; ghj;jpuk;. jd; rgjj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gpbthjk; nfhz;lts;. ,yl;rpa Nehf;Ff; nfhz;l ghj;jpuk;. jd;khd czh;T kpf;fts;. ,yl;rpag; ngz;zhf Gul;rpapd; njhlf;fkhf> mQ;rh neQ;rk; nfhz;ltshf
tpsq;Fgts;.
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fzf;Fg;gps;is mjpfhu mlf;FKiw nfhz;lth;. jd;idAk; nyl;RkpiaAk; rk;ge;jg;gLj;jp kw;wth;fs; NgRtijAk; jtph;f;fKidAk;
ghj;jpuk;. ,Wjpapy;> nyl;Rkpapd; ciog;ig kl;Lkd;wp mtisAk; Nerpf;Fk; ghj;jpuk;.
fq;fhzp nyl;Rkpf;Fk; fzf;Fg;gps;isf;FkpilNa ClhLk; ghj;jpuk;. fzf;Fg;gps;isahy; $g;gplg;gLk;NghJ> KJF $DksT gt;tpak; fhl;Lgth;. ,Wjpapy; ciog;gpd; gf;fNk epd;W NgRk; ghj;jpuk;.
,. kiyafg;gpuNjr nkhopg; gad;ghl;il,f;fij gpujpgypf;Fkhw;iw tpsf;Ff. gpuNjr nkhopg;gad;ghL
ghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fs; ahTk; kiyafg; Ngr;R nkhopapNyNa mike;Js;sd.c-k; - njhiur;rhkp mk;kh> nehg;gd;> G+lfk;> mTfSf;F> xg;guhiz> MSf>
nghlrf;fhhp> Ngrpahg;Gy. fijf;fsk;
nfhOe;njLf;Fk; Njapiyj; Njhl;;lk;> kiyafg; gpuNjrk;> yl;Rkpapd; yak;.
<. ,f;fijapidg; Gyg;gLj;j Mrphpah; ifahz;l cj;jpfisf; $Wf. fijia thrpg;Nghhpd; cs;sj;jpNy njhlh;e;J gbf;fj;jf;f Mh;tj;ij vOg;Gk;
tifapy; epfo;r;rpfis mLf;fpNah> khw;wpNah> thrfh; ,dp vd;d elf;FNkhvd;W vjph;ghh;f;FkhW cj;jpfisf; ifahsy;.
gy tplaq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;f Kw;gly;. eh#f;fhff; fij Kbtpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;. mzpg;gpuNahfk;
ctikazp - Mb mire;J mk;kd; gtdp tUtJ Nghy;. J}q;Fk; Gypia tpyhtpy; Fj;jpdhy; Kiwg;gJ Nghy rpyph;j;Jg; ghh;j;jhs;.
<. ,f;fijapidg; Gyg;gLj;j Mrphpah; ifahz;l cj;jpfisf; $Wf.
Mrphpah; ifahz;l cj;jpfs;. fijiag; gbg;NghUf;F njhlh;e;J ,iltplhJ gbj;J Kbg;gjw;F tpUg;gk;
Vw;glj;jf;f tifapy; Mrphpah; cj;jpiaf; ifahSk; jpwd;. fijia thrpg;Nghhpd; cs;sj;jpNy njhlh;e;J gbf;fj;jf;f Mh;tj;ij vOg;Gk;
tifapy; epfo;r;rpfis mLf;fpNah> khw;wpNah> thrfh; ,dp vd;d elf;FNkhvd;W vjph;ghh;f;FkhW cj;jpfisf; ifahsy;.
gy tplaq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;f Kw;gly;. eh#f;fhff; fij Kbtpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.
c .,f;fijapy; fijf;fsk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
fijf;fsk; ,f;fijf;fhd fsk; nyl;Rkpapd; tPL> nfhOe;njLf;Fk; kiy> nfhOe;J epWf;Fkplk;
MfpadthFk;. fijapd; njhlf;fNk kiyapy nfhOe;njLf;Fk; epiw (epiu) Ald;
njhlu;;Ggl;ljhfNt njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. nfhOe;njLf;Fk; kiyg;gFjp> nfhOe;njLf;Fk;njhopyhsh;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g epiu epiuahfg; gphpj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.,e; epiuf;Fl;gl;l Njapiyr; nrbapy; ,Ue;J nfhOe;J gwpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.mjpfkhff; nfhOe;njLg;gjpy; FwpahAs;sth;fs; Kjy; njhq;fy;> filrpj;njhq;fy;gFjpf;Fg; NghtNjapy;iy. mjw;fhd fhuzk; gpd;tUkhW>
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“Kjy; njhq;fy; vd;why; xOq;fhd Kiw fpilahJ. vy;yhk;Fiwepiwfshf Mapuk; jlit Vwp ,wq;f Ntz;Lk;”
gwpf;fg;gl;l nfhOe;ij epWf;Fkplkhf ];NuhUf;F Kd;dhy; cs;s ,lk;mike;jpUf;fpwJ. fijapd; Kf;fpakhd gFjpf;Ff; fskhf ,t;tplk;mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.fzf;fg;gps;is> fq;fhzp> nyl;Rkp> nfhOe;ij epWg;gth;fs; Mfpa fjhghj;jpuq;fs;,t;tplj;jpNyNa rq;fkpf;fpd;wd.fijapd; jpUg;G Kidf;Fk; ,t;tplk; fskhf mikfpd;wJ.fijapd; xU gFjpahf nyl;Rkpapd; fhjyd; MWKfKk; mtSk; re;jpf;Fk;,lkhf nyl;Rkpapd; yaf;FbirAk; mikfpd;wJ.
,t;thwhf ,f;fijf;Ff; nfhOe;njLf;Fk; kiyg;gFjp> nfhOe;ij epWj;njLf;Fk;];NlhUf;F Kd;dhy; cs;s gFjp> nyl;Rkpapd; yaj;JtPL vd;gd fijf;fskhfmike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
C. kiyaf kf;fspd; tho;tpay; epiy vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.
nfhOe;njLj;jy; gw;wpa tpghpg;Gf;fs;> ciuahly;fs;. ,Ul;il tpul;lj; jfuyhk;G ghtpj;jy; tpwfhfj; Njapiy kpyhWfisg; gad;gLj;jy; fhjy; Ngr;Rf;$l tapw;Wg;gpur;rpid gw;wpajhfNt mikjy; tWikahd tho;T
2. rhgtpNkhrdk;.
1. ,uhkhaz gupr;rak; ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,e;jf;fij gpbglhky; - gpbf;fhky; $l,Uf;fyhk; vd;w GJikg;gpj;jd; rhgtpNkhrdr; rpWfijapd; Muk;gj;jpy; $Wtjw;fhdfhuzk; ahJ?
,uhkhazj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l tplaq;fSf;F khwhd> Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpyhdghj;jpu cUthf;fq;fSk; mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfSk; rhgtpNkhrdk; rpWfijapy;,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.(c-k;) : ,uhkhazj;jpNy mfypif vd;Dk; ghj;jpuk; rhgtpNkhrdj;Jf;F cl;gl;Lg;gpd;du; rhgtpNkhrdk; ngw;Wj; jkJ gioa tho;f;ifia mjhtJ fztdhdnfsjkNdhL Nru;e;J tho;fpd;w tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Mdhy;rhgtpNkhrdj;ijg; ngw;w gpd;du; ajhu;j;j cyfj;jpy; mfypif Nghd;w ngz;fs;vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpg; GJikg;gpj;jd; vLj;Jf;fhl;l tpiofpd;whu;.
rf;futu;j;jpj; jpUkfd; vdf; fUjg;gl;l ,uhkDila re;ju;g;gthjk; ,r;rpWfijapy;mk;gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ rpWtdhf ,Ue;jNghJ mfypiff;F toq;fpaePjpiaAk; gpd;du; Kjpu;r;rp mile;J murdhd gpd;du; cyfj;jpw;Fg; gae;Jcyfj;ijj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jr; rPijf;F toq;fpa ePjpiaAk; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jp ,uhkdpd;Fztpay;Gfspd; ,ul;il Ntlj;ij GJikg;gpj;jd; mk;gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
ngz; epiyapy; epd;W Nehf;Fk; NghJ rPijia mf;fpdpg;gpuNtrk; nra;a itj;jikfz;ldj;Jf;Fs;shfpwJ.
mJ njhlu;ghf mfypif toq;Ffpd;w Nfs;tpfSk; gioikg; gz;ghl;bidtpku;rpf;fpd;wd.
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,uhkhazj;jpy; ,y;yhj rk;gtk;> ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfis mfypif vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;jpd;,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vLj;jhz;Ls;shu;.
c-k; : ifNfap rPij re;jpg;G
2. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSf;F tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. rhiyNahuj;jpy; G+j;jpUe;j kyu;fs; mtu;fisg; ghu;j;Jr; rpupj;jd.
rhgtpNkhrdk; Vw;gl;l gpd;dhy; $l mfypif Nfhjku; tho;f;ifapy;kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlu;e;jd. NfhjkDf;Fj; jhd; Vw;wtsh? vd;gJmfypifapd; gpuhu;j;jid> mfypiff;Fj; jhd; Vw;wtdh vd;gJ Nfhjkdpd;gpuhu;j;jid.
,UtuJk; mj;jifa epiyfz;L xUtpjj;jpy; mtu;fis Vsdk; nra;tJNghd;W rhiyNahug; G+f;fs; rpupj;jd vd;W jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w Nehf;fpy; GJikg;gpj;jd; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
2. mfypifapd; kdg;ghuj;ij ePf;f te;j khlg;Gwh.
rhgtpNkhrdk; ngw;w gpd;dUk;> mfypif jdJ kdg;ghuj;ij ,e;jpudJjtwhd nray; Vw;gLj;jpa kdf;fhak; ePq;fh epiyapy;> jhd; FLk;g tho;f;iff;Fcfe;jts; my;ys; vd;w jdJ kdg; ghuj;ij ,wf;Ftjw;F vtUkpy;yhjmehjuthd epiyapy;> mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; mur tu;f;fj;ijr;rhu;e;j rPijapd; tUif epfo;fpd;wJ.
‘miy mlq;ftpy;iy’ vd;W jdf;Fs; nkJthfr; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;lhd; [dfd;.
‘miy mlq;ftp;y;iy’ vd;W [dfd; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nfhjku; rhu;e;j tplakhfpd;wJ.mjhtJ Nfhjku; Nahrid mlq;fh epiyapy; mt;thW mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.Nfhjku; Nahridapd; mbg;gil mtu; Mj;jpu czu;r;rpf;F cl;gl;L mjdhy;mfypiff;F rhgk; ,Lfpd;whu;. mJgw;wp ,f;$w;W nghUj;jg;ghlhdNj MFk;.
rhgtpNkhrdk; vd;Dk; rpWfijapy; Nfhjkd;> mfypif vd;w ghj;jpuq;fsJ cs;sj;Jzu;Tfis Mrpupau; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
Nfhjkd;. rhgtpNkhrdj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd tho;T gpukhz;lkhd kjpyhf mtu;fisr;
Rw;Wfpd;wJ. Nfhjkdhy; Kd;GNghy kdf;fsq;fkpd;wpg; Ngr eh votp;y;iy. mtis tpiykfs;
vd;W Rl;baJ jd;idNa nghRf;f itj;Jtpl;lJ Nghy ,Uf;fpwJ. ‘vd;d Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W mfypifaplk; Nfl;Fk; NghJ> mit nghUsw;w
thu;j;ijfsha; ,Uj;jy;. jpUkzk; $bg; gRit tyk; te;J Vkhw;wpg; gwpj;jJ jhNd vd;w tpuf;jp czu;T. mfypiff;Fj; jhd; Vw;wtdh? vd;gJ mtd; ftiy. ,Utpjkhd Nfhl;ilfSf;Fs;
,Uf;Fk; jdpik czu;T. tpNkhrdj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J jPu;j;j ahj;jpiu Kjypa gy Kaw;rpfs; vy;yhk;
Njhy;tpAw;wik. ,Wjpapy; Foe;ij tupf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;L> mfypif fy;yhf> ifiyia
ehbr;nry;Yk; tpuf;jp epiy.
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mfypif NfhjkDf;Fj; jhd; Vw;wtsh vd;w ftiy. fztid md;ghy; jpisf;f itj;jy;. GJkzg; ngz;Nghy mq;fk; fdpjy;>
vdpDk; kdjpy; Vwpa fy; ,wq;ftpy;iy. jd;idg; gpwu; $u;e;J ghu;f;fhjgb elf;f tpUk;Gjy;. #o ,Ug;Nghu; vy;NyhUNk ,e;jpuu;fshfj; njd;gLjy;. xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rupghu;j;jy;. kfidf;$l kdjhy; jOt Ntz;ba> mtDk; me;epakhd epiy. up\p gj;jpdpfspNy ‘,ts;jhd; mfypif’ vd;w thu;j;ijahy; kdR RLfhL khjpup
nte;J jfpj;jy;. rhgtpNkhrdk; fz;lhYk;> kdj;jpy; rhgtpNkhrdk; fpilf;fhjh?vd;w Vf;fk;.
,Wjp vjpu;ghu;g;Gk; jPf;Fspg;Gr; rk;gtj;jhy; Vkhw;wkhfpg; Nghf> fz;zfpntwpj;jhz;ltkhLk; epiyapd; khw;wk;.
fztNd ,e;jpudhfj; Njhd;w> kPz;Lk; fy;yhFk; epiy.
4. ghj;jpuq;fis kdf;fz;Kd; nfhz;LtUk; tu;zidfs;.fhiyapy; xU fw;rpiy.jsu;e;J nehbe;J Nghd jirf;$l;lj;jpYk;> tPupaj;Js; itf;Fk; Nkhfd tbtk;.
5. mfypif vd;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; kdr;Rikiaf; Fiwg;gjpy; Nfhjkdpd; gq;fspg;gpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
1. mtspd; grp jPu;f;Fk; goq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;J nfhLj;jy;.2. mfypif tpUg;gg;gb ruA+ ejpf;fiuapy; Fbir mikj;jy;.3. kpjpiyf;Fg; Nghfyhkh vd;W mfypif Nfl;lTld; Gwg;gLjy; - ifiag;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L gag;glhNj vd;W MWjy; $Wjy;.4. jdpikia tpUk;gpdhYk; mfypif kdR xbe;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf
Nru;e;jpUj;jy;. jPu;j;j ahj;jpiu nry;Yk; Nfhupf;ifia Vw;W ,utpNyNa Gwg;gLjy;.
,Wjpapy; mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrk; njhlu;ghf mts; kdk; Fok;gpapUf;f Fog;gj;ijj;jPu;g;gjw;fhf Foe;ijia tupf;f KaYjy;.
3. xsp
1. fuPk; vd;w ghj;jpuk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf vjpu;nfhz;l neUf;fbfSk;> mjpypUe;JkPStjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk;.
neUf;fbfs; : mbg;gil trjpfsw;w neUf;fbahd tho;T. ,U miwfs; nfhz;l
fpLFr;nrj;ijiaNa Rtuhf mike;j Fbir.czTf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; - rikg;gjw;F tpwNfhL NghuhLjy;> Cryuprpg; goQ;NrhWk;
#Lfhl;ba kl;br; rijg; goq;fwp czT.je;ijf;Fupa flikia epiwNtw;w ,ayhj ifaW epiy.
“Neu;e;J> jtkpUe;J> nea;ahy; tpsf;nfupj;J> Mirf;Fg; ngw;W> mUikf;F
tsu;j;j VfGj;jpup> “mtidj;jhd;..... ” vd;W xw;iwf;fhypy; “ehiuj; jtk;
Gupfpd;w...........” kfspd; epiyjpUkzj;jpw;F Ntz;ba gzj;ijj; jpul;Ltjpy; vjpu;nfhz;l neUf;fbfs;ciog;igr; Ruz;Lk; NjhzpAilahdpd; nraw;ghL
48
kPStjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; :
NjhzpAilahd;> fuPkpw;F toq;fpaJ neUg;Gf;F ,iuahFk; epiyapypUe;jNjhzpahf ,Ue;j NghJk;> mjidg; gad;gLj;jp ciof;f Kad;wik.
“Mz;lth! ty;y ngupa wFkhNd! Viof;fpuq;F Kfk;ghU ehafNd” vd,iwtd; JizapUe;J ey;ytop fhl;Lthd; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiar; Rke;J nfhz;Ltho;it vjpu;nfhz;lik.
kfid mioj;Jf;nfhz;L njhopy;Gupar; nrd;wik.ildikl; gad;gLj;jp kPd;gpbg;gJ rl;ltpNuhjk; vd;gij mwpe;jpUe;Jk; #o;epiyf;
ifjpahf gzj;jpw;fhfr; nraw;gl Kide;jik.ntbapdhy; ifNghd epiyapYk; njhopypy; Kide;J epd;wik.
“xU ifNghdh kj;jf; ifapUf;F. mtd; ehbdj;ij ek;k Njbdhj;jhd; mf;fhtpd;fOj;jpy jhypfl;bg; ghf;fyhk;”
2. fjhrpupaupd; fij nrhy;Yk; jpwd; ntspg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.?
,iwek;gpf;ifAk; njhopYWjpAk; cau;tpw;F topnra;Ak; vd;w ek;gpf;ifiaczu;j;Jk; tifapy; fijia czu;TG+u;tkhf efu;j;Jfpd;whu;.
,yf;fpa tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jpa FwpaPl;Lr; nrhw;fspd; ifahs;if :Fk;gfu;ztuk;> FNryfhz;lg;ghuhazk;> khu;f;fz;Nlatuk;
mzp ifahs;ifctik :
“Kz;lf nkhf;fhf KUF js;Sk; kle;ijapd; neQ;rj;J Eq;F....”“mq;Frj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk; ahidahf.....”“nfhy;yd; gl;liwg; gpbr;rpuhtpahf ........”“Mly; mzq;if Mypq;fdpf;fj; Jbf;Fk; fhjy; ehafd; Nghy” Kjyhdit
cUtfk; :‘fypahzr;re;ij’‘ek;gpf;ifg; gy;ytp’‘flw;Fkhup’‘vyptisahf ,U miwfisf; nfhz;l Fbir’ vd;gd
nkhopeil :czu;Tr; nrwpTila tu;zidfs; kpFe;j rpwpaJk;> ngupaJkhd thf;fpamikg;G
“Crp ky;ypifg;G+tpd; thridapy;> neUg;Gf; Fr;rpapd; Edpapy; jPapd; ehf;F gujk; gapy;fpd;wd” - tu;zid
gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fs; : ildikl;> nghyp];> Nwf;if> fWth> uFkhd;
goe;jkpo;r;nrhy; - fhy; mju;
3 . ,r;rpWfijf;F ‘xsp’ vd;w jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff.
tho;tpy; xspiaj; NjLk; FLk;gj;jpd; fijNa xsp vd;w rpWfijahFk;. “me;j ty;y nghpa wFkhd; Kfk; ghh;g;ghd;” vd;w ,iw ek;gpf;ifapyhd njhlh;
,iwtdpd; mUshy; xsp fpilf;Fk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjdhy; ,j;jiyg;GnghUj;jkhdJ.
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ghiy ntspahf ntwpr;Nrhbf; fple;j ,y;ywr; NrhiyapNy> tre;jk; tUtpj;jxNu Fj;J tpsf;F xsp ckpo tifapd;wp> %iyapNy Klq;fpf; fplf;fpwJ.jpuptpl;L> nea;thh;j;Jj; jPgNkw;wp itj;jhy; jhNd Fj;Jtpsf;F Fy tpsf;fhfxspjUk; vd;w rpj;jphpg;gpD}lhf fuPk; tho;f;ifapy; xspNaw;w Kidtijf; fhzyhk;.vdNt ,r; rpWfijf;F ,j; jiyg;G nghUj;jkhdJ.
fij ,Wjpapy; fOj;jpy; mtspd; kdq;fth;e;j Mzofd; jhyp fl;Ltjhd; tJitf;fhl;rp xsp Clhff; fhpkpd; kdj;jpiuapy; epoyhLfpd;wJ. mtdJ tyf;ifapYs;sntbapd; jphp vhpe;J tUtJk; kfSf;Fk;> kUkfDf;Fk; vLf;f ,Uf;Fk; kq;fyMuhj;jpia epidT+l;Lfpd;wd. ,e;Neuj;jpNyNa ,b ,bj;J ts;sj;ij cYf;fpajhy;ntb jtWjyhf ntbj;J mtdJ if Jz;lhlg;gl;L tpLfpd;wJ. xU if NghdNeuj;jpYk; kWifapd; cjtpAld; njhlh;e;Jk; kPd;gpbf;f Kay;fpd;whd; fhPk;.jdJ capiuAk; Jr;rkhf kjpj;J mtd; ,t;thW nraw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; jd;kfspd; tho;f;ifapy; jpUkzk; vd;w xspia Vw;wp itg;gjw;fhfNtahFk;. MfNtxsp vd;w jiyg;Gf;Fk; mj;jiyg;ig mbnahw;wp tUk; fijf;FkpilNanghUj;jg;ghL cz;L.
4 . ,f;fijapd; fUg;nghUs;.
fijf;fU – flw;nwhopy; nra;Ak; xU rhjhuz kdpjd;> jdJ FLk;gg; nghWg;Gf;fisepiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Ntnwe;j cjtpAkw;w epiyapy; jtnwd;W njhpe;Jk; gpioahdeltbf;ifapy; ,wq;FtijAk; mjd; tpisitAk; ,f;fij rpj;jphpf;fpd;wJ.
5 . ‘xsp’ vd;w rpWfijapD}lhf Mrphpah; $wKidAk; Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fs;.
1. Vio kPdtf; FLk;gj;jpd; tWik.2. tWikapYk; rPjdk; nfhLj;J jd; kfspd; jpUkzj;ij elhj;j Kw;gLfpd;wik.3. xU Vioj; jfg;gdpd; vjph;ghh;g;GfSk; MirfSk;.4. tho;f;ifapy; milAk; Jd;gq;fs;.
6 . ‘xsp’ vd;w rpWfijapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;.
xU Vio kPdtf; FLk;gj;jpd; tWikepiy czh;r;rp G+h;tkhfr; rpj;jphpf;fg;gly;. Mrphpahpd; fw;gidj;jpwd;. th;zpj;Jf; $Wk; ghq;F. nghUj;jkhd mzpg;gpuNahfk; ctikazp> cUtfmzp. nkhop eil czh;T G+h;tkhdjhfTk; fth;r;rpahdjhfTk; tpsq;Fjy;. tpdhj;jd;ik tha;e;j thf;fpaq;fshfj; jhd; $w te;j tplaq;fSf;F mOj;jk;
nfhLj;Js;sik. rk;gtq;fis tpl rk;gtq;fspd; mbahfj; Njhd;Wk; kdTzh;TfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jik.
7 . fjhrpupahpd; nkhopeilr; rpwg;G.
nkhopeil ,f;fijapd; ngUk;gFjp Mrphpah; $w;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
<ug;gjdpd; gSthy; nky;nyd ePe;Jk; rPjf;fhw;W. neUg;Gf;Fr;rpapd; Edpapy; jPapd; ehf;F gujk; gapy;fpwJ. tho;f;if vDk; nfhy;yd; nfhg;giuapy; nfhOe;J js;Sk; tWikj;
jPapd; grpj;j ehf;FfSf;F ,iuahFk; FLk;gj;jpy; tre;jk; rphpf;Fk;.
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ctik mzp jhuhskhff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.fhh;Nkff; fk;gsj;jpy; Kj;Jg;guy;fs; cUs;tJ Nghy> fz;Zf;nfl;ba J}uj;jpy;xU ePh;j;Jsp> guiy Eq;F Eiuf; nfhe;jspg;Gld; vopw;Njhw;wk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cUtfk; fye;j tu;zid fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (c-k;) ghiy ntspahfntwpr;Nrhbf;fple;j ,y;ywr; NrhiyapNy tre;jk; tUtpj;j xNu Fj;Jtpsf;F> xspckpo tifapd;wp %iyapNyNa Klq;fpf; fplf;fpd;wJ.
jpwd; tha;e;j tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jhd; $wte;j tplaq;fSf;F mOj;jk;nfhLj;Js;shh;. (c- k;) tpsf;Fj; Jz;LNfhy; ngz;Zf;F? khg;gps;is vd;dFg;igapy; fPiuah? fhPikg; Nghd;wth;fs; ,yFtpy; ngw;Wtpl.
rk;gtq;fistpl rk;gtq;fspd; mbahfj; Njhd;Wk; kdTzh;TfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhLj;Js;shh;
ntb ntbj;J xU ifia ,oe;j jd; kfspd; jpUkzj;ij elj;jpg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;w fhPkpd; rpe;jidNahl;lq;fs; fijapd; ,Wjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.
4. “me;j ty;y nghpa wFkhd; Kfk; ghh;g;ghd;” vd;w thf;fpak; gy jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit vdf; fUJfpwPh;?
,iw ek;gpf;if. jhd; jdJ khh;f;fj;jpw;F Kuzhd Ntiyiar; nra;j NghJk;> jhd;
,iwek;gpf;if cs;std; vd;gjid typAWj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,t;thf;fpak; gy jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
4. jha;.
01. jha; rpWfijapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jhapd; kd czu;Tfis tpsf;Ff.
jha;ikapd; gz;GfisAk; Mrhghrhq;fisAk; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fisAk; ek;gpf;if>mtek;gpf;iffisAk; ed;F Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ky;ypifj;jPit jha; mwpKfk;nra;Ak; NghJ mtsJ ngUkpj czu;T ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
“mtu; Nghd gpwF ehd; gl;l Jauj;ijr; nrhy;yNth? ... ” vd;W nrhy;yj;
njhlq;Fk; NghJ mtsJ Jauk; fij vq;Fk; tpahgpj;J epw;fpwJ. ney;iyf; Fj;jp> kh ,br;R> nts;shk ntl;Lk; fhyj;jpy; mg;gk; Rl;L rk;ghjpj;J
jd; gps;isfisf; fhg;ghw;wpdhs;. ,jd; %yk; mtsJ jd;dk;gpf;if tphpfpd;wJ.
“ nuz;L tUrj;jpy; vd;u kfs; thj;jpahuhf te;jpLth. mjw;Fg; gpwF vdf;F
vd;d Fiw? fhYf;F Nky; fhy; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L rhg;gpLNtd; ” vd;w ngUkpjKk;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gk; nfhs;fpd;whs;. kfspd; gbg;Gf;F jd;idg; gpope;J> khjk; ehw;gJ&gh mDg;Gk; jhapd; tPuk; mJ> gl;l Jaiu kiwf;fpd;wJ. “$ypf;F nfhj;jp>Nfhop tsu;j;J> mg;gQ;Rl;L tpj;j……” vd;w mts; gl;l f\;lq;fs; tphpfpd;wd.
kfspd; gphpahtpilf;F gzj;Jf;fhf jha; tl;bf;Ff; fld; gLfpd;whs;. Nkhjpuj;ijtpw;fpd;whs;. gzj;Jld; kfisr; re;jpf;fr; nry;Yk; jha;kdk; “ngj;j kdk; gpj;jha;epw;gJk; gps;is kdk; fy;yha; tpLtJk;” czu;r;rpapd; KO nkhj;j mtyj;ijf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
“vq;fk;kh ,e;j Ntiyf;fhhpaplk; fhirf; nfhLj;J mDg;gpapUf;fh ” vd;W jha;f;F
“Ntiyf;fhhp”g; gl;lk; #l;lg;gl;l NghJ> jha; mile;j Ntjidia Mrpupah;>“vdf;Fg; g+kp gpse;J vd;id tpOf;fpdhg; Nghy ,Uf;F” vd;W ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
“nrhy;Ylh vdf;Fg; igj;jpakhlh” vd jha; Nfl;gJ> jha;ik czh;Tf;fhfmts; gl;l f\;lq;fs;> glhjghLfs;> Nth;it rpe;jpg; Nghuhbaik vy;yhNkNghyp cwtpy; Nfypf;Fhpajhfpd;wJ.
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02. jhapd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fSk; Vkhw;wq;fSk; Mrpupauhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff?
“jha;” vDk; rpWfij jha; xUj;jpapd; kd czu;Tfisr; nrk;ikahf ntspg;gLj;jpepw;fpd;wJ. jhapd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; Rf;F E}whf cile;J rpjWtij Mrpupah;fhl;bAs;shh;.
jd; kfis vt;tsT f\;lg;gl;lhtJ gbg;gpf;f Ntz;L nkd;w vjpu;ghu;g;Gilatshffhl;lg;gLfpd;whs;. “vd;u rJuj;ijr; rhwhg; GopQ; nrd;whYk; ehd; mDg;Gtd;. ePftiyg;glhkf; ftdkhfg; gb Gs;Ns.”
ghlrhiy gphpahtpil itgtj;Jf;F mwhtl;b thq;fpf;> fhJj; Njhl;iltpw;W>fhirf; nfhLj;jy;.
kfs; Mrpupah; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyf;Fj; njupthdJk; jd;Dila vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpNahrpj;J re;Njhrkilfpd;whs;.
jd; kfsplk; gzj;ijf; nfhLj;jjd; gpd;dh; jd;Dila ez;gpaplk; $wpa $w;W“vq;fk;kh ,e;j Ntiyf;fhhpaplk; fhirf; nfhLj;J mDg;gpapUf;fh” jhapd;Vkhw;wj;ij Mrphpah; “vdf;Fg; g+kp gpse;J vd;id tpOf;fpdhg; Nghy ,Uf;F”vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
“vd;id igj;jpak; vd;W CUf;F nrhy;Ywhq;f kfNd” vd;W $WtJVkhw;wj;jpd; cr;rf;fl;lkhd epiyahFk;.
03. ,r; rpWfijapy; fpuhkpa kz;thrid ,ioNahb cs;sJ. Mjhuq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
gpuNjrg; gz;Gfisj; jd; fijfspy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhruj;jpdk; “ jha;“ fijapYk;
kz; thridia tPrr; nra;;fpd;whh;. ky;ypifj; jPT fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU ngz;zpd; jha;ik czu;Tfs; ,f;fijapy;
NgR nghUsha; jpfo;fpd;wJ. ky;ypifj; jPtpd; ghij> NrWk; rfjpAkha; jpfo;fpd;wJ. “,d;dKk; ey;yh Nuhl;Lg;
Nghly. Nfhl nfhz;ly; fhyj;jpy………vq;f Ch; kz; ey;y girAs;s kz;”vd;w kz;zpd; ,ay;igg; NgRtNjhL kz; thid njhlh;fpwJ.
ky;ypifj;jPT kf;fs; tay; fhzp mw;wtu;fs;. NtW Ml;fspd; taiyf; Fj;jiff;FvLj;J fkk; nra;thh;fs; vd;gJ ” ,e;j tay;fSf;F vy;yhk; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs;jpUf;NfhzkiyapYk;> fpz;zpahtpiyAk;> %J}hpiyAe;jhd; ,Uf;fhq;f” vd;W$WtjpypUe;J mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
“fhu;j;jpif khjj;jpy; milkio fhuzkhf ifapy; fhR ,Uf;fhJ. njhopYk;,Uf;fhJ. vy;NyhUk; fld;gLk; gQ;rfhyk; ,J” vd;W gUtfhy khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g,lk; ngWk; epfo;Tfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
“ nts;shk ntl;Lf; fhyj;jpy; CUf;F te;jpnaz;lhy; jz;zp Fbr;rpf;f khl;lh.
Vndd;lh vy;yhf; fpzj;jbapYk; kzr;rTf;fhuj;ij Nkypy Nja;r;rpj; Nja;r;rpf;Fspf;fpwjhy; fpzj;Jj; jz;zpnay;yhk; rTf;fhu kzkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.”
njhopy;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. $ypf;Ff; Fj;jp> Nfhop tsh;j;J> mg;gQ; Rl;L tpj;jy;. czT Kiw - “ghidahd; kPd; thq;fp> mjpy rpyij nghupr;R Fok;G Mf;f>p
fl;bg;Nghdd;”
04. ,r; rpWfij Mrpupaupd; nkhop eilr;rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ff?
jha; vDk; rpWfijapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nkhop> rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;baJ.fijf; fsj;Jf;Nfw;w gpuNjr nkhopeil> ghj;jpuj;jpd; taJ epiyf;Nfw;gifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpwg;ghd njhlh;fSk;> nrhw;fSk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf cs;sd.Nfl;br;Rg; NghapUf;Fk;> frpaj; njhlq;fpLk;> FioQ;rp NghapLk; Nghd;w njhlh;fs;Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
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Mrpupah; ‘fpsPd;’> ‘nwapdpq;’> ‘#l;Nf];’> ‘vytd;];’> ‘t];’> ‘uTz;’ Nghd;w Mq;fpyr;nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jha;g; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Ngr;R nkhopapy; gpwnkhopr; nry;thf;F,ize;jpUf;Fk;.
gpuNjrr; nrhw;fshff; ‘fk;Gf;Fr;rp’> ‘mtzk;’> ‘kzr;rTf;fhuk;’> ‘Mak;’>‘nts;shik’> ’rJuk;’ Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fshf ‘M];gj;jpup’>‘tpwhe;ij’> ‘thq;F’> Kjypad ciuahly; eLNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
fij efu;tpYk;> fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; Fztpay;GfspYk; Ngr;Rj;jkpo; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;igr;nra;Js;sJ. “vd;dlh jk;gp………Rhpf;Fs;s khl;bf; nfhz;bah” vd;W njhlq;fp“vd;u rhjp rdk; <r;rpyk;gj;ijapiyAk; ,Uf;F. Ngr;R te;Njhld; ehDk; Nghfg;Nghwd;mq;f” vd KbAk; tiuAs;;s gFjpfspy; nkhopapd; thridia Efuyhk;.
jha; vd;w ghj;jpuk; jdpepiy ciuahly; %yk; fij $Wk; ghj;jpukhf ,Ug;gjhy;mg;gz;Gf;Nfw;w nkhopeilia Mrpupah; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
“,tspl;ilAk; tay; fhzp nrhe;jkhf ,y;iynaz;ly;Nyh nrhd;Ndd;” vd;WmwpKfkpy;yhj ,Uth; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ> KJik epiyapYs;sth; jdJ Ngr;Rnkhopahw;wy; %yk; njhh;ghly; nra;fpd;w gioa Kiwikia> ,f;fij ed;FgjpT nra;Js;sJ. “Mklh cd;idg; ghu;j;jh> cd;u cLg;igg; ghu;j;jh thj;jpahu;Nghyj; jhd; fplf;F. vq;f CUf;F GJrh te;jpUf;fpNah?”
fij rpwpajhf ,Ug;gpDk; ifahz;Ls;s nkhopeil %yk; capNuhl;lk; ngWfpd;wJ.Mrpupau; nkhopia kpff; ftdkhff; ifahz;L jdJ gilg;ghw;wiyg; gf;Ftkhfntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
05. “ngw;w kdk; gpj;J gps;is kdk; fy;Y” vd;Dk; KJnkhop ,r;rpWfijf;Fg; nghUe;Jkh
vd Muha;f.
“ngw;w kdk; gpj;J gps;is kdk; fy;Y” vd;Dk; KJnkhop ,r; rpWfijf;FkpfTk; nghUj;jkhdNj.
je;ij ,we;jjpypUe;J> v];.v];.rp.gh];gz;zpl;L kfs; tPl;Nlhil te;J,Ue;jjpypUe;J ney;iyf;Fj;jp> khit ,br;rp jd; gps;isfisg; fhg;ghj;jpNdd;vd;W jha; $WtjpypUe;J> gps;isfSf;fhf mts; gl;l Jd;gk; njupfpd;wJ.
kfSf;F nwapdpq; gs;spf;F KbT te;jjpypUe;J jha; mre;J NghfhJ> ifapiyfple;j fhg;G N[hbia tpj;Jj; Njitahdtw;iw thq;fpf; nfhLf;fpwhs;.
nwapdpq; ];$ypypUe;J kfs; nryTf;F fhR NghjhJ Nkyjpfkhf ehw;gJ &gh
NtZk; vd;W fbjk; vOjpa NghJ “ ehd; vd; rJuj;ijr; rhwhfg; GspQ; nrd;whYk;
ehd; cdf;Fg; gzk; mDg;Gtd;. eP ftiyg;glhkw; gbGs;Ns ” vd mj;jha; gjpy;
vOJfpd;whs;.
,uz;L tUrk; KbAk; NghJ> “gpupahtpilf;F cLf;f Nriy thq;f E}W &gh
NtZk;” vd;w NghJ> mwhtl;bf;F fld;gl;Lk; fhJj; Njhl;il tpw;Wk; fhirg;Gul;b>
mij mDg;ghky; jhNd nfhz;L Ngha;f; nfhLf;f epidj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ> rhg;ghLk; fl;b kPDk; nghupr;Rf; nfhz;L kdjpy; epiwe;j MirNahLkfspd; nwapdpq; ];$Yf;Fr; nrd;W mtisf; fhZtjw;fhf fhj;jpUe;j NghJ>te;j kfNsh rw;NwDk; rpupf;fhJ te;j clNdNa fhirAk; rhg;ghl;ilAk; thq;fpf;
nfhz;L “ vq;f mk;kh ,e;j Ntiyf;fhupapl;l nfhLj;jDg;gpapUf;fpwh ” vdr;
rw;N;wDk; $rhJ jdJ ez;gpaplk; kfs; $wpf; nfhz;L nry;tijj; jha; Nfl;Lmjpu;e;J Nghdhs;. kdk; cile;J Nghdhs;. ,j; jfty;fis itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ “ngw;w kdk; gpj;J gps;is kdk; fy;Y” vd;Dk; KJnkhop nghUj;jkhdNjvd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
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5. Afre;jp.
01. gioa Afj;jpypUe;J Gjpa Afj;jpw;fhd khw;wkhf Afre;jp rpWfij mike;Js;sJ vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
gioa AfKk; Gjpa AfKk; re;jpg;gjhfNt ,f;fij mike;Js;sJ. gioaAfj;jpd; milahskhf nfshpg;ghl;b jpfo;fpd;whs;. Gjpa Afj;jpd; milahskhffPjh tpsq;Ffpd;whs;. nfshpg;ghl;b vd;w ghj;jpuj;ij Mrphpah; mwpKfk; nra;Ak;mNjNtis fPjh vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;jpidAk; ,izj;J gioikiaAk; GJikiaAk;,izj;Jr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
kuGfs; rk;gpujhaq;fs; epiwe;j jkpo;ehl;Lr; #oypy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyf;fskhff; nfhz;L mike;j ,f; fij> gioikiag; Nghw;Wk; mNjNtis>GJikfis Vw;W elf;fpd;w rKjhakhf khWtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
kugpypUe;J tpLgl KbahJs;s fNzirah; nfshpg;ghl;bapD}lhf mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w epiyikfs;> gioa Afj;jpypUe;J Gjpa Afj;jpw;fhd khw;wkhfmike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
02. gioa Afj;jpw;Fk; Gjpa Afj;jpw;Fkhd ,izg;Gg; ghykhf nfsupg;ghl;btpsq;Ffpd;whs; Muha;f.
Afre;jp rpWfij gioa Afj;jpw;Fk; Gjpa Afj;jpw;Fkhd ,izg;Gg;ghykhff;fijapy; tUk; nfshpg;ghl;bNa tpsq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;.
fztid ,oe;j nfshpg;ghl;b nkhl;il topj;J> ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;Wg;gioa kuGfs; rk;gpujhaq;fSf;Nfw;g tho;fpd;whs;.
jdJ Ngj;jpahfpa fPjhTk; fztid ,oe;jtshf tUk; NghJ> fPjhtpw;FmUfpypUe;J Vw;w Jizahf thOk; nfshpg;ghl;b fPjh kWkzk; nra;ag;NghtjhfvLj;j Kbit Mjupf;fpwhs;.
fNzirah; fPjhtpd; Kbit vjpu;j;J mtis ntWj;j NghJ> fNziraupd;rpe;jidiaj; J}z;bf; fPjhtpd; Kbit rupnad epahag;gLj;Jgtshf nfshpg;ghl;btpsq;Ffpd;whs;.
,e;j tifapy; nkhl;il topj;J> ifk;ik Nehd;G Nehw;W kuGtop tho;e;jAfNjhw;wkhd nfshpg;ghl;b fPjhtpd; kWkzj;ij Mjupj;J> Gjpa Afj;ijAk;,izf;Fk; ,izg;Gg; ghykhf tpsq;Ffpd;whs; vdyhk;.
03. Afre;jp rpWfijapd; gpujhd fUthf miktJ vJ?Afre;jp rpWfijapd; gpujhd fUthf miktJ> fz;%bj;jdkhd gioark;gpujhaq;fSf;Fk; %lek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;j ,e;jpa cau; r%fk;>mj;jifa fl;Lg;ghLfspdpd;Wk; tpLglj; njhlq;Ftij xU gpuhkzf; FLk;gj;ijmbg;ilahff; nfhz;L czu;j;j Kw;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
04. fNzirah;> nfsupg;ghl;b> fPjh Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfisj; jUf.
fNzirah; ,th; nfshpg;ghl;bapd; kfd;. je;ijapd; ,og;igAk; mjdhy; tpioe;j Nrhfj;ijAk;
czuhjtu;. mk;khg;gps;isahf mk;kh nrhw;gb elg;gtuhf jhapd; kPJ mjpfk; kupahij
nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;.
54
nfshpg;ghl;b.
vOgJ taJ epuk;gg; ngw;wts;. ,sk; tajpNyNa fztid ,oe;jts;. goikiag; Ngzp tho;gts;. ifk;ik Nehd;ig Nkw;nfhs;gts;. mjd; Jd;g
Jauq;fis mDgtpj;J tUgts;. Gjpa Afj;jpw;fhd khw;wj;ij tuNtw;gts;. Gjpa rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;lts;. jdJ khw;wj;ijr; nraypYk; fhl;Lgts;.
,t;thwhf nfshpg;ghl;b tpsq;Ffpd;whs;.
fPjh.
,ts; fNzirahpd; kfs;. nfshpg;ghl;bapd; Ngj;jp. fztid ,oe;Jk; nfshpg;ghl;b Nghy nkhl;il topf;fhJ> jdJ cau;tpw;fhfg;
gbj;j ngz;. Gjpa Afj;jpw;fhd gpujpepjp. jhd; vLj;j KbtpNy epjhdkhdts;. kWkzj;jpw;fhd
KbntLj;Jf; nfhz;l ngz;. Ntiy nra;gts;. gioa ek;gpf;iffs; %lek;gpf;iffis tpUk;ghjts;. jha;> je;ij> ghl;b. kPJ md;G nfhz;lts;. Raeyk; nfhz;lts;.
,t;thwhf fPjh tpsq;Ffpd;whs;.
05. fPjhtpd; fbjj;ij thrpj;j nfsupg; ghl;bapd; kdepiy vt;thW Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
fbjj;ij thrpj;j nfshpg;ghl;bapd; kdepiyia Nehf;Fk; NghJ> jiuapNy tpOe;jfbjj;ij vd;d tpguPjk; vd;W vLj;J ntspr;rj;jpy; gbj;J tpguj;ij mwpe;jts;.
“vd;dlh ,g;gb Mapl;LNj ” vd;gijj; jtpu Ntnwd;Wk; nrhy;yNth nra;aNth
rf;jp ,oe;jtsha; Vf;fk; gpbj;J epd;whs;. ifiaAk; kdijAk; neupj;Jf; nfhz;Ljtpaha;j; jtpj;jhs;. jpifg;ile;J fz;fspy; ePu; nrhupa> tNahjpg neQ;R ghuj;jhy;Jbj;jhs;. nksdpj;Jg; Nghdhs;. Gj;jpAld; fbjj;ij kPz;Lk; gbj;jhs;. kdijituhf;fpakhf;fp fPjhtpd; gf;f epahaq;fis Vw;fj;Jzpe;jhs;. fNziraupd;kdk; jpiff;Fk; gb fPjhtpd; Kbit epahakhdJ vd vLj;Jiuj;jhs;. fPjhtpd;Kbit Vw;W mtNshL jhDk; Nghtjhff; $Wfpd;whs;. ,t;thwhf fPjhtpd;fbjj;ijf; fz;l nfshpg;ghl;bapd; kdepiy Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
06. ‘Afre;jp’ vd;Dk; jiyg;G ,f;fijf;F nghUe;Jkhw;wpid tpgupf;Ff.
‘Afre;jp’ vd;Dk; jiyg;G ,f;fijf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdNj. gioa Afk; GjpaAfk; Mfpa ,U Afq;fis ,izg;gjhf fij miktjhy; ‘Afre;jp’ vd;Dk;jiyg;G ,f;fijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfNt mike;Js;sJ.
07. ,r; rpWfijapy; Mrpupaupd; nkhopeilr; rpwg;gpidj; jUf. ghj;jpuq;fspd; r%f epiyiag; Gupe;J nfhz;L mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahliy
mikf;Fk; rhku;j;jpak; rpwg;gpw;FupaJ. ghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g ciuahly;fis Vw;gLj;jy;. gpuNjrtof;Fr; nrhw;fisf; ifahSjy;. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; ifahSjy;. nghUj;jkhd ctikfisf; ifahSjy; fijf; fUtpw;Nfw;g mOj;jkhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;. tu;zidg;ghq;Fld; fijia efu;j;Jjy;. Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. cUtf mzpfis ifahSjy;. c-k; :- tho;f;if neUg;G. itjt;ak; nfhLk; jPgpuhkzf; fpis nkhopfisf; ifahSjy;.
55
ehty;.
1. ePz;l gazk;.
I ‘ePz;l gazk;’ ehtiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
1. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; mtyk;.
2. cau; rhjpapdupd; ,opthd elj;ijfs;.
3. khjtd; - nry;yj;Jiuad; MfpNahupd; ,izT fij tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fk;.
4. ePz;l gazk; ehtypD}L Gyg;gLk; tplaq;fs;..
1. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; mtyk;
fpuhkj;Jg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp ngw Kbahj epiy. tpUk;gpathW ngau;itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj epiy. Mil> Mguzq;fs; mzpjy;> Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <Lgly;> filfspy; czT cz;zy;
vd;gtw;iwj; jhk; tpUk;gpathW nra;aKbahj epiy. Nfhapy;fspy; Rje;jpukhf topghL nra;a Kbahj epiy. ePjp ngw Kbahj epiy.
o ey;yhd; ,we;jik njhlu;ghd tof;F.o G+kzpiaf; fhjypj;j khzpf;fid mtsJ jhAk; maw; ngz;fSk;
nfhd;wNghJk;> rhl;rpfspd;ikahy; tof;Fj; js;Sgbahdik. FbapUf;Fk; epyk;> Njhl;lk;> fpzW vd;gd cau; rhjpapdUf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;gjhy;
cau; rhjpapdupd; tpUg;gg;gb tho Ntz;ba epiy. kjk; khwpa gpd;Gk; rhjprhu; mlf;F KiwfSf;F cs;shjy;.
2. cau; rhjpapdupd; ,opthd elj;ijfs;.
r%f rkj;Jtk; NgzhJ nraw;gly;. jpUl;Lj; jdkhfr; rhuhak; fha;r;Rk; njhopypy; ngz;fs; <Lgly;. fpYl;Lj; jhypf; nfhbiaf; fl;b Vkhw;Wjy;. jtwhd cwT epiyfs;. Gdpjkhd ehl;fspYk; jkJ fhupaj;ijr; rhjpf;f ,iwr;rp> rhuhak; vd;gtw;iwg;
nghyprhUf;F toq;Fjy;. ngz;fNs xUtid mbj;Jf; nfhiy nra;jy;. Nju;jy; xd;wpw;Ff; FWf;F topfisf; ifahSjy;.
3. khjtd; - nry;yj;Jiuad; MfpNahUf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G fij tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;.
,UtUk; ez;gu;fs; - fijj; njhlu;r;rpapy; ,tu;fspd; neUf;fkhd md;G Gyg;gly;. khjtdpd; nray;fs;> rpe;jidfs; vd;gd nry;yj;Jiuiaf; ftu;jYk;> khjtd;
kPJ mtDf;Fj; jdp kjpg;G Vw;gLjYk;. nry;yj;Jiuad; czu;r;rptrg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtDf;F mwpTiu $wp
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jgtd; khjtd;. mjd; %yk; fij tsu;r;rp jpl;lkpl;l Kiwapy;nry;fpwJ.
r%f tpLjiyg; Nghuhspahd nry;yj;Jiuaid khjtd; newpg;gLj;JtJ fijtsu;r;rpia newpg;gLj;Jtjhf mikjy;.
nry;yj;Jiuad; fpuhk rq;fj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhfj; jf;f fhuzq;fisf;$wp mtidg; Nghl;baplr; nra;jtd; khjtd;.
56
KjyhtJ fpuhk rq;fj; Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpaile;j NghjpYk; kWKiw Ie;JMrdq;fspy; ,uz;bidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfr; nry;yj;JiuaDld; Nru;e;Jcioj;jtd;.
Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhff; FWf;F topfisf; ifahs Kad;wtu;fspd;jpl;lq;fis eilngwtplhJ jLj;jtd; khjtd;.
,UtUf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G> mr;r%fj;jpdupd; xw;Wikia tsu;g;gNjhL>mr;r%fj;jpdu; jiy epkpu;e;J elf;fTk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
4. ePz;l gazk; ehtypD}L Gyg;gLk; tplaq;fs;.
m . ,Ugjhk; E}w ;whz;bd; eLg ;gFjpapy ; aho ;g ;ghzr; r%f mikg;g py ;jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fspd; epiy.
Mya topghl;by; rkTupik kWg;G. kjkhw;wKk; jPz;lhikAk;. Fbik Kiw. ciog;gpw;Nfw;w Cjpak; ,d;ik. fy;tp fw;fj; jil. Mil mzptjpy; fl;Lg;ghL. tpUg;gkhd ngau;fs; itf;fj; jil. fpzWfspy; jz;zPu; ms;sj; jil. NjePu;f;filfspy; rkTupik kWg;G. rhjpf;Fs; rhjp ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk;.
M.aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; tho;tpaypd;; mk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.
rhjp NtWghL. czT> cil> gof;ftof;fq;fs;. ehshe;j czT eilKiwfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,e;ehtypy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. jho;e;j rhjpg; ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiu cil mzptjpy; XusT khw;wk;
Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. thoplq;fs;. jpUkz eilKiwfs;. mlf;F Kiwfs;. njhop;y;fs; topghl;L Kiwfs;. nghUshjhu mk;rq;fs;.
II. ePz;l gazk; ehtiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L…
m. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; murpaiy MAjkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghL.
jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd; mwpahikia vg;gbahtJ jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;LNju;jypy; ntw;wp ngwj; Jbf;Fk; cau; tFg;gpdupd; fglj;jdj;ijj; NjhYupj;Jf;fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w epiy.
r%f tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ePz;l gazk;. mjpy; ntw;wp cs;@u; murpaypy;ntw;wp ngwf; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;G.
FUk;igA+upy; tho;e;j jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; cs;Su; murpaypy; fpilj;j tha;g;igr;rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wp ngwy;.
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; xw;Wik murpay; ntw;wpf;F toptFj;jy; - xw;Wikapd;mbg;gilapyhd murpay; ntw;wp r%f tpLjiyf;F toptFj;jy;.
57
KjyhtJ Nju;jypy; Njhw;w NghJk;> ,uz;lhtJ jlitAk; Nju;jypy; epw;wy;vd;gJ> murpay; MAjj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mtu;fs; czu;e;jikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
murpay; ntw;wp r%f tpLjiyiag; ngWk; topapd;; iky;fy;. murpaypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njupe;j khjtd; $w;W tUkhW.
“,J xU rpW ntw;wpjhd;. ,e;jf;fspg;gpy; vq;fspd; ePz;l gazj;ij kwf;ff;$lhJ. ehq;fs; ,dpNky;jhd; tpopg;NghL Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;.”
murpay; ntw;wpahy;> ‘gs;su;> giwau;> jho;e;j rhjpay;y. ,dpNky; jiyepkpu;e;Jelf;fyhk;’ vd;W $Wjy;.
murpaypy; khw;wk; fhuzkhf epyTlikr; r%fj;jpd; Mjpf;fk; FiwtiltjhfMrpupau; fUJjy;.
murpay; khw;wj;jhy; Myaf; fjTfs; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jpwe;Jtplg;gLk;vd ek;Gjy;.
M. nry;yj;Jiuad; Nju;jypy; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahfg; Nghl;bapl;lNghJ> ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jy; Vw;ghLfs;.
Nkw;F tl;lhuj;jpy; nry;yj;JiuaDk; ,uhirahTk; Nghl;baply;. njw;F tl;lhuj;jpy;rpjk;gug;gps;is MrpupaUk;> rpd;duhrhTk;> khzpf;fDk; Nghl;baply;.
njw;F tl;lhuj;jpy; Nghl;bapl;l rpjk;gug;gps;is MrpupaUk; rpd;duhrhTk; khzpf;fd;ntw;wp ngwyhk; vd cWjpNahL ,Ue;jdu;.
fpof;fpy; me;NjhdpNahL ,U Ntshsu;fs; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. gs;su;fs; Nthl;il kl;Lk; nfhz;L gs;su;fs; ntw;wp ngw KbahJ vdg; Nghl;bapl;l
Ntl;ghsu;fs; jl;bf; fopf;Fk; epiyik. nrk;ghl;L kf;fis tpjhidahu; mr;RWj;j> khzpf;fd; nry;yj;Jiuad; MfpNahu;
khjtdplk; nrhy;y> khjtd; cldb eltbf;if vLf;Fk; epiy. murhq;f mjpgu;> nghyp]; mjpfhupfspd; vr;rupf;if te;jjhy; tpjhidahu;
mikjpahjy;. ,uhirahtplk; mjpf gzk; ,y;yhjjhy; jdJ Mjuthsu;fSld; tPLfSf;Fr;
nrd;W giwau;fisg; gs;su;fSf;F vjpuhfj; J}z;btpl Kide;j NghJk; mJgadspf;fhik.
Nju;jy; md;W> ,uhirah gs;su;> giwau; gFjpfSf;Ff; fhu;fis mDg;g mtu;fs;fhu;fspy; Vw kWf;Fk; epiy.
rpd;duhrh filrp ehl;fspy; gs;su;fSf;Fr; rhuhak; nfhLf;f Vw;ghL nra;jNghJ> khjtd; kJgupghydg; gFjpr; Rg;gpuz;lDf;F mwptpj;jjhy;> ,uhirahTk;rpd;duhrhTk; ,r; nraw;ghl;ilf; iftpl;l epiy.
fpof;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; xNu kjj;jtu; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; me;Njhdpf;Fthf;fspg;gu; vd mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
rpd;duhrh gzk; nfhLj;J thf;F thq;f Kayy;. nrk;ghl;Lg; gFjpapy; nry;yj;Jiuad; khiytiu epd;W kf;fis thf;fspf;f
mDg;gpf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
,. ehtyhrpupaupd; nkhop eilr; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ff.
vy;NyhUk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd nkhopf; ifahl;rp. aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;Rj; jkpior; rpwg;ghff; ifahz;lik. Mrpupau; $w;whf tUk; ,lq;fspy; vspikahd thf;fpaq;fisf; ifahz;lik. tu;zidr; rpj;jpupg;G ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhf ,Uj;jy;. kuGj; njhlu;fs;> gonkhopfs; kw;Wk; gpuNjrg; gz;ghLfs;> Ngr;R tof;Ffs;
Kjypad ifahsg;gl;lik nkhopr;rpwg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
58
fl;Liufs;.
tpQ;QhdKk; mfuhjpAk;
Nguhrpupau; f.fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ‘tpQ;QhdKk; mfuhjpAk;’ vDk; fl;Liuiambg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpil vOJf
1. Nkdhl;ltu; tUifapdhy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; ngw;w tsu;r;rpfs;.
Kjd;Kjypy; tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpNyNa E}y; vOjg;gl;lJ.tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s kp\dupkhupd; cjtpahy; tpQ;Qhd E}y;fisnkhopngau;g;Gr; nra;ag;gl;ld.
rhKNty; b fpwPd; vd;gtu;; nkhopngau;g;Gr; nra;jNjhL> jhd; fw;gpj;j khztiuAk;,g;gzp nra;aj; J}z;bdhu;.
mfuhjp E}y; xd;W Mf;fg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghz mfuhjp mjhtJ khdpg;gha; mfuhjpvd miof;fg;gl;l E}y;> epfz;Lfisg; Nghy; my;yhJ mfutupirg;gLj;jpvOjg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,J Ngufuhjp (tpuptfuhjp) vd ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUifapdhy; gyE}y;fs; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; tsu;;r;rp fhzj;njhlq;Fjy;
2. mfuhjpj; Jiwapy; <oj;jtuJ gq;fspg;G
Kjd;Kjypy; jkpopy; mfuhjp Mf;fg;gl;lJ ,yq;ifapNy vd;gu;. mr;rpae;jpu tUif. kp\dupkhuJ gzpfs; fhuzkhf <oj;jtu; ,j;Jiwapy;
fhy;gjpj;jdu;. khdpg;gha; mfuhjp KjypYk;> Ngufuhjp mjpYs;s gpiofisj;jpUj;jpAk; ntspaplg;gl;lik.
eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isapd; mfuhjp - ,tu; njhlf;fp itj;j mfuhjpg;gzp kJiur;rq;fj;jhuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L ‘rq;f mfuhjp’ vd ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
Rd;dhfk; m. Fkhurhkpg;Gytu; fw;wwpe;jtu;fSf;nfd Xu; mfuhjpia ‘,yf;fpar;nrhy;yfuhjp’ vd;Dk; ngaupy; ntspapl;lhu;.
ehtyu; Nfhl;lk; m. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;Gytu; Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjpia vOjpdhu;. gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j rp. Rg;gpukzparh];jpupahu; nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; vDk;
mfuhjp vOjpdhu;.
3. fl;LiuahrpupauJ nkhopeil.
vspikahd eil - jil vJTkpd;wp ,ay;ghfr; nrhy;Yk; eil. rpwpa thf;fpaq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp ngupa thf;fpaq;fSk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sik. xt;nthU thf;fpaKk; Njit fUjpNa Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. Njitaw;w nrhw;gpuNahfk;> tu;zid Nkyjpf tpsf;fk; vJTNk ,d;wp mike;jik. NjitNaw;gl;l NghJ kl;LNk Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ifahsg;gl;lik. nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk jfty;fs;> juTfs; vd;gd Nru;f;fg;gl;L> Mjhuq;fs;
$wg;gl;lik. fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghd KiwapNy fl;Liu> gbKiwahf tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. $wNtz;ba fUj;Jf;fs; ahTk; NeubahfNt $wpKbj;jik.
59
jkpo;r; nry;thf;F.
1. nj. ngh. kPdhl;rpRe;juk;gps;is>
jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfj;jhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; jkpo; mwpQu;. mwpTyfpd; FUNjtu;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;. kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofj; JizNte;ju;> jpwdha;thsu;> xg;gpyf;fztpj;jfu;> nkhopapay;
Ma;thsu;> Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liuahsu;> Md;kPfg;gw;W> rkag; gd;nkhopg; Gyik. gj;kG+rd;> fyhepjpg;gl;lq;fs; ngw;wtu;.
2. nj. ngh. kP ,d; jdpj;Jtkhd Ma;T> ~jkpo;r; nry;thf;F| vd;w fl;Liuapd; Clhfntspg;gLfpwJ. Muha;f.
jkpo; gw;wpa Ma;it ,e;jpahit kl;Lk; fskhff; nfhs;shJ> ntspNaAk; Ma;itNkw;nfhz;lik.
c-k; : J}ufpof;F ehLfs;. <oj;Jg; G+je;Njtdhu; gw;wpa Ma;T. ehtyu;> tpGyhde;ju; gzpfs; gw;wpa Ma;T.
c-k; : jkpou; gz;ghL irtk;> ngsj;jk; guty;
irtk; - jpUntk;khid> jpUg;ghitngsj;jk; - kzpNkfiy
jj;Jtk; - gz;ghL - Ml;rp njhlu;ghd ghu;it
3. ,yq;if> ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lld; ngsj;jk; ,ize;Js;s jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.
jkpo; jha;nkhop. rpq;fstu;> jkpou; ,ize;J tho;jy;. gz;ghl;Lj; njhlu;G. njd;dpe;jpag; ngsj;jk; ,yq;ifg; ngsj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gnfhz;l jd;ik. gy jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; rpq;fs nkhopapy; fye;jik. rpq;fs nra;As; mbfs; jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; jd;ik. ngsj;ju; kugpy; kzpNkfiy fpof;Ff; flw;fiu fhty; nja;tk;. ,e;J ngsj;jkjk; fPiof;flw;fiuapy; gutpAs;s jd;ik.
tpz;kPd;fSf;Fj; jpUk;g VFjy;.
tpz;kPd;fSf;Fj; jpUk;g VFjy; vd;w V.N[. fdfuj;dhtpd; fl;Liuia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
m. ,f;fl;Liu %yk; Mrpupau; $wte;j tplak; vd;d?
mwpTgilj;j capupdq;fs; NtW Nfhs;fspy; ,Ue;jpUf;Fkhapd; mit vg;nghOjhtJG+kpf;F te;jpUf;ff;$Lkh? vd;w tpdhTf;F tpilahf lhdpf;fdpd; thjj;ijAk;mjw;fhd rhd;WfisAk; Muha;tjhf ,f;fl;Liu mikfpwJ.
60
M. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tpz;kPd;fspy; ,Ue;J mwpTgilj;j capupdq;fs;,t;Tyfpw;F te;jd vd;gjw;F lhdpf;fd; Kd;itf;Fk; thjq;fSk; Mjhuq;fSk;vit?
tpQ;QhdpfNs ,f;fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. [hd;];ilf;> mnkupf;f tpz;ntspcapupayhsu; fhu;y; rfhd;> Nguhrpupau; ~;Nyht];j;> nuhf;fl;bd; je;ij lhu;kd;XNgj;.
mr;Rf;fiy> fbfhuf;fiy> fhu;> Mfhatpkhdk; vd;git Vwj;jho xNu fhyj;jpy;fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l jw;nraw; rk;gtk; md;W. gpwNfhs;fspy; ,Ue;J te;j capupdq;fs;fw;gpj;Jg; NghditNa kPsg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rPdh - jpngj; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gl;l Fiffspd; Rtu;fspYs;s tpz;ntsp tPuu;Nghd;w cilazpe;jtu;fspd; Xtpak;> fUq;fy; jl;Lf;fs;> kiythrpfspd;fu;zguk;giuf; fijfs;.
Guhzq;fspy; $wg;gLk; fijfis Mjhukhff; fhl;Ljy;.
,. tPz;kPd;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gazk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rhj;jpak; vd;gjw;F lhdpf;fd;Kd;itf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; vit?
vjpu;fhy tpz;ntspg; gazj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk; NghJ> kuGtopr; rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ffs;mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tpz;ntsp tPuu;fSf;Ff; Fsp&l;b clk;ig tpiwf;fr; nra;J> tpz;kPid mile;jTld;,aq;fr; nra;jy;.
vjpu;fhy kpd;dpaf;ff; fUtpfs; kdpj clk;gpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;l %isapdhy;,af;fg;gLk;. gpwthj gps;isapd; %isiag; gad;gLj;jp tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpw;Fj;Njitahd jfty;fis Cl;b> G+kpapd; J}juhf;fp Vida fpufthrpfSld; njhlu;igVw;gLj;jy;.
fhyNeuk; gw;wpa vkJ fUj;Jf;fs; epyTyfk; rhu;e;jit. tUq;fhy re;jjpapdu;,jid kPWtu;.
vjpu;r; rlg;nghUshy; ,aq;Fk; gwf;Fk; rpwF fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;> mtw;wpd;Ntfj;jhy; xU rpy Mz;Lfspy; tpz;kPd;fSf;Fr; nry;yyhk;.
xspiatpl Ntfkhfg; gazk; nra;af;$ba ‘uf;fpNahd;];’ fz;Lgpbf;fg;glyhk;.
<. fl;Liuahrpupaupd; ciueilapw; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;Ff.
vupf; lhdpf;fdpd; E}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ,f;fl;Liuapy;lhdpf;fdpd; fUj;Jld; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; fl;Liuia tsu;j;Jr;nry;Yk; ghq;F.
,e;Jg; Guhzq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Mjhukhf ,izj;Jf; $Wk;jpwd;.
vs;sy; njhdpAld; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wjy;. tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;Lr; rpe;jpf;f itj;j gpd; tpsf;fkspj;jy;.
tpz;kPd;fSf;Fj; jpUk;gp VFjy;> mg;gbnad;why; ehk; tpz;kPd;fspypUe;Jte;jtu;fsh?
eilKiw tho;f;ifAld; xg;gpl;L tpsq;fitj;jy;.vkJ kdepiyiag; nghWj;J 10 epkplq;fs; 1 kzpj;jpahykhfTk;> 1kzpj;jpahyk;10 epkplq;fshfTk; Njhd;wyhk; my;yth?
gonkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Fjy;,jw;nfy;yhk; Mq;fpyg; gonkhopfs; rkhjhdk; $WfpwJ. ,Wjpahf eifg;gtd;jhd;kpfr; rpwg;ghf eifg;ghd;.
61
gFjp - II
milag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;
Nju;r ;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 7.1 : nkhopapd; ,d;wpaikahik> tsu;r;rp> nraw;ghL>
mtw;wpd; gpd;dzp vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J $Wthu;.
7.2 : vOj;Jf;fspd; tiffisAk; njhiffisAk; mwpe;J
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
7.3 : nrhw;fisg; nghUswpe;J Nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk; vOJthu;.
7.4 : nrhw;fspd; mikg;igAk; tiffisAk; mwpe;J>
nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;
,yf;fzk;
62
gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs;.
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; <upjo; xyp ,lk;ngWk; nrhy;.1. fiy 2. tpiy 3. ,iy 4. kiy 5. rpiy
2. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; %f;nfhypfs;.1. g;> u; 2. a;> j; 3. d;> e; 4. t;> o; 5. f;> q;
3. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mbehf;Fk; mb mz;zKk; Nru;e;J cr;rupf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs;1. g;> k; 2. f;> q; 3. r;> Q; 4. l;> z; 5. j;> e;
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ehf;F Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J mz;zj;ijj; njhl xypf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs;1. u;> y;> d; 2. g;> k;> Q; 3. f;> r;> Q;4. a;> t;> w; 5. l;> z;> s;
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘f’fuk; ty;ypdkhf xypf;Fk; nrhy;1. gfy; 2. Nkfk; 3. gw;fs; 4. mfyk; 5. jfty;
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘c’fuk; ,jo; Ftpe;J cr;rupf;fg;gLk; nrhy;1. Gay; 2. mJ 3. vOJ 4. gL 5. fLF
7. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘v’fuk; NtWgl;L xypf;Fk; nrhy;1. vyp 2. vUik 3. vl;L 4. vr;rk; 5. vjpu;
8. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘<’ fhuk; NtWgl;L xypf;Fk; nrhy;1. <uk; 2. <ry; 3. <r;ir 4. <ok; 5. <kk;
9. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘j’ fhuk; NtWgl;L xypf;Fk; nrhy;1. jk;gp 2. Nju;jy; 3. rpj;jk; 4. ghu;j;J 5. gf;jp
10. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘f’ fhuk; NtWgl;L xypf;Fk; nrhy;1. fly; 2. gf;fk; 3. ntf;fk; 4. nrhw;fs; 5. khu;fop
11. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cld;epiy nka;k;kaf;fk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nrhy;1. fhf;if 2. tho;f;if 3. Nru;f;if 4. glu;f;if 5. tUif
12. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; kl;Lk; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;1. <> y; 2. <> s; 3. <> o; 4. s;> o; 5. f;> j;
13. jkpo;r; nrhw;fspy; cld;epiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;1. f> j> g 2. o s> u 3. f> j> a4. l> z> d 5. e> d> z
14. ‘f’fuk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaq;fpy; te;Js;s nrhy;1. ntl;fk; 2. gf;fk; 3. mq;fk; 4. gw;fs; 5. gf;jp
15. nrhy; ,Wjpaha; tuhj capu; vOj;Jf;fs;1. X> xs 2. v> x 3. c> X 4. V> X 5. ,> x
63
16. Kjy; vOj;J vd;gJ1. nrhy; Kjypy; tUk; vOj;J 2. capu; vOj;J 3. capUk; nka;Ak;4. capu;nka; vOj;J 5. Ma;j vOj;J
17. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; capu;j; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;1. ML 2. tapW 3. v];F 4. gl;L 5. v/F
18. rhu;ngOj;J vd;gJ1. rhu;e;J tUk; vOj;J 2. KjnyOj;J my;yhj vOj;J3. capu;nka; vOj;J 4. capu;nka; vOj;Jk; Ma;j vOj;Jk;5. capu;nka;> Ma;j vOj;Jf;fSk;.
19. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fspy; kl;Lk; nrhy; ,Wjpapy; tUk; jkpo;vOj;Jf;fs;1. q;> t; 2. r;> z; 3. ];> l; 4. ];> f; 5. f;> z;
20. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; mbg;gil vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if1. 217 2. 30 3. 31 4. 35 5. 34
21. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gfhg;gjk;1. mtd; 2. <rd; 3. Ffd; 4. fiyQd; 5. kfd;
22. gFgjj;jpy; gFjp vd;gJ1. gFgjj;jpd; Kjy; tUk; cWg;G 2. gFgjj;jpd; mbr;nrhy;3. xU gFgj cWg;G 4. xU gFgjj;jpy; tUk; gfhg;gjk;5. tpFjpf;F Kjypy; tUtJ
23. te;Jtpl;Nld; ,r;nrhy;ypd; gFjp1. t 2. th 3. te;J 4. te;JtpL 5. tu
24. fhl;Lg;gFjp vd;gJ1. gFjp $l;lhf tUtJ 2. gFjp ,ul;bj;J tUtJ3. ,uz;L mbr;nrhw;fs; ,ize;J tUtJ 4. ,uz;L gFjpfs; ,ize;J tUtJ5. gFjpAk; tpFjpAk; ,ize;J tUtJ
25. kuq;fisah ,r;nrhy;ypy; cs;s tpFjp vJ?1. fs; 2. M 3. I4. fs;> I 5. fs;> I> M
26. te;jpUe;jhd;. ,;rnrhy;ypd; rupahd gFgj cWg;Gfs;1. te;J + ,U + e;j; + Md; 2. te;jpU + e;j; + Md;3. th + e;J + ,U + e;j; + Md; 4. te;J + ,U + j; + j; + Md;5. te;J + ,Ue;j; + Md;
27. tpidr;nrhw;fspy; ,ilepiy1. fhyk; fhl;Lk; 2. jpiz> ghy; fhl;Lk;3. fhyKk; vjpu;kiwAk; fhl;Lk; 4. Ntw;Wik czu;j;Jk;5. vjpu;kiw czu;j;Jk;
64
28. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘mw;W’ rhupia Vw;w nrhy;1. fhw;iw 2. fpzw;iw 3. mtw;iw 4. khw;wj;ij5. gw;ww;whid
29. tPl;bw;F - ,r;nrhy;ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rhupia1. ,y; 2. ,d; 3. ,w; 4. F 5. bw;
30. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mk; rhupia ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nrhy;1. kdk;jhd; 2. gpuk;ghy; 3. Fzg;ngau;4. tpshq;fha; 5. gdq;fha;
31. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gFjp tpfhug;gl;Lg; Gzu;e;j nrhy;iy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.1. fz;Nld; 2. ,Ue;Njd; 3. gbj;Njd;4. ghu;j;Njd; 5. nra;Njd;
32. ngau;r;nrhw;fspd; gpujhd gz;GfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ.1. jpiz> ghy; czu;j;jy; 2. Ntw;Wik Vw;wy;3. ngauilfisg; ngw;W tUjy; 4. Rl;L milfisg; ngw;W tUjy;5. fhyk; fhl;Ljy;
33. ehq;fSk; cq;fSld; tUfpNwhk;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; ehq;fs; vd;gJ1. khw;Wg;ngau; 2. jd;ikg;ngau; 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;4. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau; 5. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg;ngau;
34. khkh ePq;fs; vg;NghJ te;jPu;fs;? ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; ePq;fs; vd;gJ.1. Kd;dpiyg;ngau; 2. Kd;dpiyg;; gd;ikg; ngau;3. Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngau; 4. kupahij xUikg;ngau;5. kupahijg; gd;ikg; ngau;
35. mtu;fs; jq;fs; jq;fs; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;whu;fs;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; jq;fs; vd;gJ1. glu;f;ifg;ngau; 2. jw;Rl;Lg; glu;f;ifg;ngau;
3. glu;f;ifg; gd;ikg; ngau; 4. kupahij xUikg;ngau;5. kupahijg; gd;ikg; ngau;
36. ~~mikr;ru; mtu;fNs jq;fs; tuT ey;tuthFk;||. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; jq;fs; vd;gJ1. glu;f;ifg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.2. glu;f;if xUikg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.3. Kd;dpiyg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.4. Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.5. Kd;dpiy kupahij xUikg; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.
37. %tplj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd tpdhg;ngau;1. ahu; 2. vtu; 3. ahJ 4. vts; 5. vd;d
38. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Mf;fg;ngau;1. nghupj;jy; 2. nghupay; 3. nghupj;J4. nghupj;jtd; 5. nghupj;jik
65
39. ngau; my;yJ tpid mbfSld; tpFjpfs; Nru;j;J Mf;fg;gLk; ngau;r;nrhy;1. Mf;fg;ngau; 2. $l;Lg;ngau; 3. njhopw;ngau;4. tpidahyizAk;ngau; 5. gz;Gg; ngau;
40. Kaw;rp vd;gJ1. gz;Gg;ngau; 2. njhopw;ngau; 3. tpidabahfg; gpwe;j Mf;fg;ngau;4. ngaubahfg; gpwe;j Mf;fg;ngau; 5. $l;Lg;ngau;
41. njhopyhsp vd;w nrhy;ypy; Mop vd;gJ1. ngz;ghy; tpFjp 2. Mz;ghy; tpFjp 3. Mf;fg;ngau; tpFjp4. ,Ughy; nghJ tpFjp 5. njhopw;ngau; tpFjp
42. ,uz;L my;yJ gy mbr;nrhw;fs; ,ize;J cUthFk; xU ngau;r;nrhy;1. Mf;fg;ngau; 2. $l;Lg;ngau; 3. njhopw;ngau;4. njhifg;ngau; 5. njhifepiyj;njhlu;
43. fhy;eilg; gz;izfspy; njhw;WNeha; guTfpwJ. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; fhy;eil vd;gJ1. $l;Lg;ngau; 2. Ntw;Wikj;njhif3. MFngau; 4. njhfhepiyj;njhlu;5. gz;Gj;njhif
44. ,Uk;Gf;fuk; vd;gJ1. $l;Lg;ngau; 2. Ntw;Wikj;njhif3. gz;Gj;njhif 4. ctikj;njhif5. ck;ikj;njhif
45. ghuhSkd;wk; vd;gJ1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif 2. tpidj;njhif3. $l;Lg;ngau; 4. njhfhepiyj;njhlu;5. ck;ikj;njhif
46. njhopw;ngau;fs; vy;yhk;1. ngauilfis Vw;Fk; 2. vz; milfis Vw;Fk;3. Rl;L milfis Vw;Fk; 4. ngau; vr;rq;fis Vw;Fk;5. tpidailfis vw;Fk;
47. kapy; MbaJ mofha; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; MbaJ vd;gJ1. tpidKw;W 2. ,we;jfhy tpidKw;W3. njhopw;ngau; 4. Mf;fg;ngau;5. tpidahyizAk; ngau;
48. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; njhopw;ngau; mikg;Gf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ1. Nghjy; 2. gbj;jy; 3. Nghdik 4. NghfhjJ 5. Nghdtd;
49. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tiutpyf;fzk;1. tpidabahfg; gpwf;Fk; ngau;2. tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> tpidiaAk; fUj;jhitAk; czu;j;Jk; nray;3. tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> tpid> fhyk;> fUj;jh Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk; ngau;4. tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> thf;fpa ,izg;Gf;Fg; gad;gLk; nrhy;5. ngau; tbtk; ngw;w tpidr; nrhw;fs;
66
50. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gyu;ghy; ngau;fs;1. mtd; 2. Mrpupau;3. mz;zu; 4. jk;gpkhu; 5. ngupahu;
51. vdf;F mz;zidj; njupAk;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha;1. ehd; 2. vdf;F 3. fz;zd;4. Njhd;wh vOtha;; 5. vOtha; ,y;iy
52. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vg;NghJk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik ‘I’ cUG Vw;WtUk; ngau;1. kuk; 2. ngz; 3. NrhW 4. ghy; 5. re;jpud;
53. md;ghy; vjpupfisAk; ntw;wpnfhs;syhk;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘My;’ cUG czu;j;Jk;nghUs;1. fUj;jh 2. fhuzk; 3. fUtp4. ePq;fy; 5. Kjw;fhuzk;
54. mtu; ,we;jJ Nehapdhy; my;y. ,t; thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘My;’ cUG czu;j;Jk; nghUs;1. tpidKw;W 2. ,we;jfhy tpidKw;W3. njhopw;ngau; 4. Mf;fg;ngau;5. tpidahyizAk; ngau;
55. mg;gh New;W vdf;Fg; gzk; mDg;gpdhu;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘F’ cUG czu;j;Jk;nghUs;1. nfhil 2. el;G 3. jFjp4. fhyf;Fwpg;G 5. mDgtg;NgW
56. vdf;Fj; jiy ,bf;fpwJ. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; ‘F’ cUG czu;j;Jk; nghUs;1. jFjp 2. mDgtg;NgW3. nfhil 4. Kiw5. fhuzk;
57. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jdptpid1. tUfpNwd; 2. te;jpUe;Njd;3. te;Jnfhz;bUe;Njd; 4. tug;NghfpNwd;5. tu ,Uf;fpNwd;
58. nghyprhu; jpUlidf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;fs;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; fz;Lgpb vd;gJ1. jdptpid 2. Jiztpid3. $l;Ltpid; 4. Vty;tpid5. nra;tpid
59. njupepiy tpidapd; gpujhdkhd gz;G1. ghy; fhl;Ljy; 2. jpiz fhl;Ljy;3. jpizAk; ghYk; fhl;Ljy; 4. fhyk; fhl;Ljy;5. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; czu;j;jy;
60. ~~mg;gh ePq;fs; mq;Nf NghfhjPu;fs;||. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpYs;s ‘NghfhjPu;fs;’ vd;gJ1. Vty; tpid 2. vjpu; kiwtpid3. vjpu;kiw Vty; tpid 4. vjpu; kiw kupahij Vty; xUik5. Vty; gd;ik
67
61. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ‘nra;jhy;’ vd;w tha;ghl;L tpid1. te;jjhy; 2. te;jhy;3. tUtjhy; 4. tuthy;5. tUtjdhy;
62. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpid1. nra; 2. gb 3. th 4. vL 5. ghu;
63. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;whj tpid1. ,U 2. il 3. rpup 4. mO 5. eb
64. jk;gp Foe;ijia moitj;jhd;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; moit vd;gJ1. Vty;tpid 2. gpwtpid 3. jdptpid 4. fhuztpid5. nra;tpid
65. ehd; cq;fSld; tug;NghfpNwd; ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; Ngh vd;gJ1. Vty;tpid 2. Jiztpid 3. Kjy;tpid4. njupepiytpid 5. nra;tpid
66. me;jf; filapy; Rlr;Rl mg;gk; rhg;gplyhk;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; Rlr;Rl vd;gJ1. nganur;rk; 2. tpidnar;rk; 3. ngauil4. tpidail 5. nra;a tha;g;ghl;L vr;rk;
67. fpuhkj;J kf;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,lk;ngau;e;J tpl;ldu;. ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; ,ilr;nrhy;czu;j;Jk; nghUs;1. vz; 2. Iak; 3. vr;rk; 4. Kw;W 5. rpwg;G
68. ‘mg;gh CUf;Fg; NghapUg;ghNuh’ ,t;thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; X ,ilr;nrhy; czu;j;Jk;nghUs;1. Iak; 2. gpupepiy 3. kpif4. jplf;Fwpg;gpd;ik 5. tpdh
69. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp1. kuj;ij 2. nrj;jhd; 3. mtu;fs;4. kuq;fs; 5. gw;fs;
70. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp1. nra;jhd; 2. Nghdhd; 3. gbj;jhd;4. te;jhd; 5. nra;thd;
71. kuk; vd;w kfu <w;Wg;ngau; I cUG Vw;Fk; NghJ ngWk; rhupia1. mk; 2. mw;W 3. mj;J 4. md; 5. mk;
72. gFgj cWg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; mike;j nrhy;1. gbj;jhd; 2. ,Ue;jhd; 3. nrd;wdd;4. Xbdhd; 5. miye;jdd;
73. fw;whd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpfhukile;Js;s gFgj cWg;G1. gFjp 2. tpFjp 3. rhupia 4. re;jp 5. ,ilepiy
74. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gz;Gg; ngau; tpFjpahf miktJ1. ik 2. F 3. md; 4. ,y; 5. mk;
75. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ngau;j;njhlu; my;yhjJ? 1. ahNuh rpy igad;fs; 2. mofhd igad; 3. md;W te;j ngz; 4. tPl;Lf;F tpiuthfr; nrd;whd;. 5. KjyhtJ kdpjd;
76. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpidailj; njhluhf miktJ 1. kpfkpf md;ghd 2. vy;NyhiuAk; tpl kpfTk; tpiuthf 3. kpfkpf mUtUg;ghd 4. kpfTk; rpwg;ghd 5. kpf caukhd
68
77. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jdp thf;fpak; my;yhjJ vJ? 1. gUj;j clYs;s kdpjd; iga elf;fpwhd;. 2. fyh mofhfr; rpupj;jhs; 3. fz;zDk; ryPKk; nrd;whu;fs; 4. mJ xU fdhf;fhyk; 5. gwitfs; $Lfl;bAs;sd.
78. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ngau;g;gadpiy nfhz;l thf;fpak; 1. me;j kdpjd; Nghfpwhd; 2. ,td; xU rpWtd; 3. fz;zjhrd; rpwe;j ftpQd; 4. mtu; kpfTk; ey;ytu; 5. ,e;j tPL mtDilaJ.
79. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; tpdh njhf;fpa thf;fpak; my;yhjJ vJ? 1. mtDf;F tpru; 2. cdf;F kfpo;r;rp 3. vdf;Ff; Nfhgk; 4. rpyUf;F Ntjid 5. mg;gh Nfhgkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;
80. ‘gbj;jhd;’ vd;gJ1. Fwpg;G tpid 2. njupepiy tpid 3. gpwtpid4. vjpu;kiwtpid 5. nrag;ghl;L tpid
81. mtd; ey;ytd; vd;gjpy; ‘ey;yd;’ vd;gJ1. njupepiy tpid 2. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpid3. Fwpg;G tpid 4. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;whj tpid5. vr;rtpid
82. “Xq;Ff> xopf” vDk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidfs; czu;j;Jk; nghUs;1. itjy;> tho;j;jy; 2. tho;j;jy;> Ntz;ly;3. tpjpj;jy;> Ntz;ly; 4. tho;j;jy;> itjy;5. tpjpj;jy;> tho;j;jy;
83. fk;guhkhazk; fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gJ1. jd;tpid 2. gpwtpid 3. nra;tpid4. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpid 5. nrag;ghl;L tpid
84. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpidf;F cjhuzkhf mikaf; $baJ1. ele;jhd; 2. vOjpdhs; 3. cz;ldu;4. Njbdu; 5. gpbj;jJ
85. ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd tpid1. njupepiy tpid 2. jd; tpid 3. gpwtpid4. nra;tpid 5. tpaq;Nfhs;tpid
86. nra;J vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;1. vLj;J 2. gbf;f 3. NghfhJ4.Xlhky; 5. tUk;
87. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; epfo;fhyg; nganur;rq;fspd; mikg;;G1. t pi d a b + re;jp + m2. tpidab + tpFjp3. tpidab + rhupia + m4. tpidab + fhy ,ilepiy + m5. tpidab + re;jp + ck;
69
88. Kw;whfTk; vr;rkhfTk; tuf;$ba nrhy;1. te;j 2. Xb 3. nra;J 4. ghu;j;jhd; 5. gwf;Fk;
89. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nganur;rk; vJ?1. Xb 2. te;J 3. Xba 4. ,Ue;J 5. cz;L
90. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy vJ?1. j; 2. l; 3. Mj; 4. d; 5. fpd;W
91. mbr;nrhy;ypd; <w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;Jf; fhyk; fhl;Lk; nrhy;1. cz;lhd; 2. tUthd; 3. fz;lhd; 4. Gf;fhd; 5. XLthd;
92. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ty;tpid1. nfhLg;ghs; 2. cz;ghs; 3. epw;ghs;4. nra;ths; 5. jUNtd;
93. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kw;whfTk; vr;rkhfTk; toq;fg;gLk; xU tpidr;nrhy;1. tho;f 2. nrd;wJ 3. cz;Zk; 4. fw;whu; 5. te;jJ
94. ‘nra;ahNj’ vd;gjpy; ,lk;ngWk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy1. ah 2. Mj; 3. j; 4. ,y; 5. V
95. mjpfhiyapy; epj;jpiu tpl;L vOk;G vd;w thf;fpaj;jpy; vOk;G vd;gJ1. Vty; tpidKw;W 2. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W3. jd;ik tpidKw;W 4. nra;tpid 5. gpwtpid
96. ‘cz;zw;f’ vd;gjpy; cs;s vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy1. my; 2. ,y; 3. mw; 4. md; 5. mw;f
97. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhy ,ilepiy ,lk;ngwhj tpidKw;W1. fz;lhd; 2. mwpthd; 3. Xbdhd;4. cz;Zk; 5. gbj;jhd;
98. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gFgjkhf miktJ1. kuk; 2. epyk; 3. mwpQd; 4. epyT 5. jP
99. ‘nrj;jhd;’ vd;gjd; gFjp1. nrj;J 2. rh 3. nrj;j 4. nrj; 5. nr
100. gFgjj;jpd; gFjp vd;gJ1. gFgjj;jpd; Kjypy; tUk; cWg;G2. tpFjp Vw;Fk; nrhy;3. tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhupia> re;jp vd;gtw;iw Vw;Fk; mbr;nrhy;4. xU gFgjj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; gfhg;gjk;5. Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk; tbtk;
101. ‘ele;jhd;’ vdw gFgjj;jpy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;ghf miktJ1. el 2. e; 3. j; 4. e;j; 5. Md;
102. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ngau;g;gFgjkhf miktJ1. kiy 2. gps;is 3. fps;is 4. ftpQd; 5. XLk;
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103. Nghfkhl;lhs; vd;gjpy; tUk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy1. f 2. khl; 3. khl;lh 4. Ml;5. khl;L
FWtpdh tpil
1. Kjy; vOj;Jf;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
KjnyOj;Jf;fs; capu; vOj;J> nka;naOj;J vd ,U tifg;gLk;. jkpopy; 12capu;vOj;Jf;fSk; 18 nka; vOj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cr;rupf;Fk; fhy msitg;nghWj;J capu; vOj;Jf;fis>
Fwpy; : m> ,> c> v> xneby; : M> <> C> V> I> X> xs vd tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
cr;rupg;G Kiw fUjp nka;naOj;Jf;fisg; gpupf;Fk; tpjk;.ty;ypdk; : f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;nky;ypdk; : q;;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;,ilapdk; : a;> u;> y;> t> s;> o; vd tifg;gLj;Jtu;.capnuOj;Jf;fSk; nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; jd;ik cilad vd;gjhy;
,tw;iw KjnyOj;Jf;fs; vdyhk;.
2. rhu;ngOj;J vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F cjhuzk; je;J RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhu;e;J epd;W ,aq;Fgit rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;.capu;> nka;fs;> Ma;jk; vd;gd KjnyOj;Jf;fspy; rpy nrhw;fspy; mikAk; nghOJjkf;Fupa xypg;G mstpy; xypf;fhJ> rpwpJ NtWgl;L xypf;fpd;wjhf mike;jitAk;rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; gj;J tifg;gLk;
1. capusngil 2. xw;wsngil3. Ma;jk; 4. Fw;wpaYfuk;5. Fw;wpaypfuk; 6. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;7. xsfhuf; FWf;fk; 8. kfuf; FWf;fk;9. Ma;jf; FWf;fk; 10. capu;nka;
3. Fw;wpaYfuk; gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
cfuj;Jf;Fupa khj;jpiu msT xd;W. Mdhy; cfuk; rpy ,lq;fspy; jd; khj;jpiumstpdpd;Wk; Fiwe;njhypf;Fk;. mj;jifa cfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.jdpf;Fw;nwOj;jy;yhj Vida vOj;Jf;fspd; gpd;Nd nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; ty;ypdnka;apd; Nky; cfuk; Vwp tUtJ Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gu;.
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; may; vOj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Mwhf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.1. td;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - gj;J2 nkd;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - gQ;R3. ,ilj;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - nta;J4. nebw;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - ehL5. capu;j;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - gR6. Ma;jj; njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - v/F
4 .msngil gw;wp tpsf;fp> mjd; jw;fhyg; gad;ghL gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
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msngil vd;gJ msngLj;jy; MFk;.vOj;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; MFk;.nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk; jkf;Fupa khj;jpiuapdpd;Wk; ePz;nlhypj;jy; capusngilvdg;gLk;.
msngLj;jw;F milahskhf mjdjd; ,df;Fw;nwOj;J mjdjd; gf;fj;jpy;vOjg;gLk;.
nrhy;ypd; Kjy;> ,il> ,Wjp epiyfspy; ePz;nlhypf;Fk;.c-k; : XXjy; Ntz;Lk; - nrhy;ypd; Kjy;
nja;tk; njhohm - nrhy;ypd; ,ileir, - nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J> nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; MWk;> <> o; jtpu;e;j ehd;F,ilapd vOj;Jf;fSk; Ma;j vOj;Jkhfg; gjpndhU vOj;Jf;fSk; jkf;Fupamiu khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;.
ePz;nlhypj;jw;F milahskhf mNj nka; mjd; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;.c- k; : jpus;s; Nrid
jw;fhyj; jkpopy; msngilia ahUk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
5. ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ,ul;bj;J my;yJ gpw nka;fSld; ,ize;J nrhy; ,ilapy;tUtJ ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; MFk;.
1. clepiy nka;k;;kaf;fk; - nrhy;ypilapy; xNu nka; ,ul;bj;J tUtJ (kd;dd;)2. Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; - nrhy;ypilapy; ntt;NtW nka;fs; ,ize;J
tUtJ. c-k; : md;G - d;> g; cld; kaq;Fk;.
6. jw;fhyj;jkpopy; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp fUj;Jiu toq;Ff.
tlnkhopf; fyg;gpdhy; jkpopy; GFe;j vOj;Jf;fs; ([> [> ]> `> Ñ) jw;fhyj; jkpopy; rpy fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gpwnkhopg; ngau;fisj; jkpopy; vOJtjw;F ,t; vOj;Jf;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. => Ñ Mfpa fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; mupjhfj; jw;fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7. gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jf.
gFjp> tpFjp Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fshfg; gFf;f Kbahj nrhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.ngau; - ,yq;iftpid - el,il - nfhy;cup - edp vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspYk; gfhg;gjq;fs; cs;sd.
nghUs; juf;$ba cWg;Gfshfg; gpupf;ff; $ba nrhw;fs; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.ngau;g;gFgjk; - mwpQd;tpidg;gFgjk; - cz;lhd; vDk; ,Utifg; gFgjq;fs; mikAk;.
xU gFgjj;jpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; ,uz;L $WfshtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.$Lk; - $L + ck;
gFjp + tpFjp
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xU gFgjj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; $Wfis mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; MW gpupTfshf tifg;gL;jjyhk;.
gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhupia> re;jp> tpfhuk;.
8. gFgj cWg;ghd gFjp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
gFgjj;jpd; mbr;nrhy;iyNa gFjp vd;gu;. njupepiyg; gFgjq;fSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> rpWghd;ik ngau;r;nrhy;>
,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhw;fs; gFjpahf tUk;.gbj;jhd; - gFjp - gb (tpidab)rpj;jpupj;jhd; - gFjp - rpj;jpuk; (ngaub)Nghd;whd; - gFjp - Nghy;rhd;whd; - gFjp - rhy;
njupepiy tpidg;gFjpfs; vg;NghJk; Vty; tbtpNyNa mikAk;. ,uz;L nrhw;fshyhd jdpr;nrhy;yhf ,aq;Fk; gFjpfis $l;Lg;gFjp vd;gu;.
(FUtpf;$L)
9. ngau; ,ilepiy gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
ngau; ,ilepiyfs; kpfr; rpWghd;ik tof;fhFk;. ,t; ,ilepiyfs; fhyk; fhl;Ltjpy;iyftpQd; : ftp - gFjp> Q; - ,ilepiy> md; - tpFjp
10. tpid ,ilepiyfspd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.
xU tpidg;gFgjj;jpd; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; te;J fhyk; czu;j;Jk;cWg;G tpid ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy> epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy vd %d;Wtifg;gLk;.
epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; - Mepd;W> fpd;W> fpWc-k;: elf;fpwhd; - el + fpW + Md;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; - j;> l;> w;> ,d;> d;> ,c-k; : Ngh + d; + Md; - Nghdhd;
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; - g;> t;c-k; : el + g; + Md; - elg;ghd;.
th + t; + Md; - tUthd;.
11. rhupia gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jf.
gFgj cWg;Gf;fshd gFjpiaAk; tpFjpiaAk; my;yJ ,ilepiyiaAk;tpFjpiaAk; ,izg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; gFgj cWg;G rhupia vdg;gLk;.
rhupiaf;Fg; nghUs; ,y;iy. ,uz;L gFgj cWg;GfSf;F ,ilapy; te;J> mtw;iw ,izg;gNj rhupiaapd;
nraw;ghlhFk;. md;> mk;> mj;J> mw;W> md; Kjypa rhupiafs; ,d;W tof;fpy; cs;sd.
c-k; : Gsp + fha; - Gsp + mk; + fha; - Gspaq;fha;ku + I - kuk; + mj;J + I - kuj;ij
12. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
NgRNthd; jd;idf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; jd;ik ,lj;jpid czu;j;Jk;. .
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jw;fhyj; jkpopy; ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs; Mfpa %d;W jd;ikg; ngau;fs; tof;fpy;cs;sd.,tw;Ws; ehd; xUikiaAk; ehk;> ehq;fs; vd;gd gd;ikiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk; NghJ ,it gpd;tUkhW khw;wkilfpd;wd.
ehd; + I - vd; + I - vd;idehk; + I - vk; + I - vk;ikehq;fs; + I - vq;fs; + I - vq;fis
jd;ikg; gd;ikahdJ> 1) csg;ghl;L jd;ikg; gd;ik 2) csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg;gd;ik vd ,U tifg;gLk;.NgRgtd; Nfl;gtidAk; csg;gLj;jpg; Ngrpdhy; mJ csg;gl;L jd;ik. c-k; :-
,J ek;Kila ghlrhiy,jd; tsu;r;rpf;F ehk; ghLglNtz;Lk;.
NgRgtd; Nfl;gtid csg;gLj;jhJ jd;idAk; jhd; rhu;e;j gpwiuAk; Rl;bNgrpdhy; mJ csg;gLj;jh jd;ikg; gd;ik
cjhuzk; vq;fSila ghlrhiyf;F xU juk; ePq;fs; tuNtz;Lk;.
NgRNthu; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;stiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; Kd;dpiyg; ngauhFk;. ePu;> ePq;fs; - ,t; ,uz;L Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fNs jw;fhyj; jkpopy; nghJtof;fpy;
cs;sd. ePu; vd;w Kd;dpiyg; ngau;> rpy fpis nkhopfspy; tof;fpYs;sJ. eP - xUikapy; kupahij cs;stu;fis my;yJ me;j];J Fiwe;jtu;fis
Rl;lg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ePq;fs; - xUtiu kupahijAld; Rl;l xUikapy; gad;gLfpd;wJ. my;yJ gyiur;
Rl;lg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; glu;f;if ,lkhFk;. cau; jpiz> m/wpiz> Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; kupahij czu;j;Jk; ngau; vd;w
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mtd;> mtu;fs;> kuk;> gwit.
goe;jkpopy; ~c| ,ilr;Rl;bd; mbahfg;gpwe;j ctd;> cts;> ctu;fs;> cJ>cit Mfpa glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;> jw;fhyj;jpNy kupahij xUikapy; kl;LNktoq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cit te;jitNah? ,tu;> mtu; Mfpa glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;> jw;fhyj;jpy; kupahij xUikapy; kl;LNk
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.mtu; te;jhuh?
13. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik> csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy;cs;s NtWghl;il njspTgLj;Jf.
ehk;> ehq;fs; ,uz;Lk; jd;ikg; gd;ik ngau;fshFk;. gad;ghl;by; ,it ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehk;> ek;Kila vd;gd Nfl;NghidAk; cs;slf;FtJ.
c-k; : ,J ek;Kila ghlrhiy - csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vdg;gLk;. ehq;fs;> vq;fSila vd;gd Nfl;Nghid csg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
c-k; : ,J vq;fSila ghlrhiy - csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik vdg;gLk;.
14. jw;Rl;Lg; glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
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ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs; Mfpa khw;Wg; ngau;fs; jw;fhyj; jkpopy; thf;fpaj;jpd;vOtha;g; ngaiur; Rl;lg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk; nghOJ tbtkhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.c-k; : jhd; + I - jd; + I - jd;id
jpiz> ghy; NtWghL fhl;lhky; cau;jpiz> m/wpiz> Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nghJthf toq;Ffpd;wJ.
vOtha;g; ngaiur; Rl;Ltjw;Ffz;zd; jd; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhd;. jhd; (jd;) vd;w ngau; fz;zidNaRl;Lfpd;wJ.
jhd; vd;w ngaUf;Fg; gjpyhf mtd;> mts;> mJ Mfpa glu;f;ifg; ngau;fisAk;gad;gLj;jyhk;.
FUtp mjd; FQ;Rf;F ,iuNjlr; nrd;wJ.
15. Mf;fg;ngaupd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
ngau;> my;yJ tpidr;nrhy;Yld; Xu; Mf;fg;ngau; tpFjpiar; Nru;j;J cUthf;fg;gLk;xU ngau;r;nrhy; Mf;fg;ngau; vdg;gLk;.
ngau; + tpFjp Neha; + Msp - Nehahsptpid + tpFjp czu; + r;rp - czu;r;rp
16. $l;Lg; ngaupd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
xU ngau;r;nrhy;Yld; gpwpnjhU ngau;r;nrhy;> xU tpidr;nrhy;Yld; xUngau;r;nrhy;iy ,izj;J Mf;fg;gLtJ $l;Lg;ngau; MFk;.
ngau; + ngau; - thd; + xyp - thndhyptpid + ngau; - vwp + fiz - vwpfiz
17. Ntw;Wikj; njhif gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
xU Ntw;Wikj; njhlupy; mika Ntz;ba Ntw;WikAUG (I> My;> F> ,d;>mJ> fz; Mfpa ,uz;L Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik tiu cs;s cUGfs;) kiwe;Jepw;f> nrhw;fs; ,ize;J njhifr; nrhy;yhf miktJ Ntw;Wikj; njhifvdg;gLk;.
kPd; re;ij (I) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif jq;ff;fhg;G (My;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif $ypNtiy (F) - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif fz;zPu; (,y;) - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif flw;fiu (mJ) - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif tPl;L kpUfk; (fz;) - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
18. jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; njhopw;ngaupd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; jw;J tpsf;Ff.
tpid mbahfg; gpwe;J tpid epfo;tpid> epfohikia czu;j;Jk; ngau;njhopw;ngau; vdg;gLk;.
1. tpidab + jy; / j;jy; / my; - gbj;jy;.2. tpidab + fhy ,ilepiy + mJ / ik - MSik.3. tpidab + vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy + mJ / ik - NghfhjJ
19. tpidahyizAk; ngau; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
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tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> tpidiaAk; tpidGupAk; fu;j;jhitAk; czu;j;Jk; ngau;tpidahyizAk; ngau; vdg;gLk;.c-k; : te;jtid - tUjy; vd;w tpidiaAk; me;j tpidiag; Gupe;j fu;j;jhitAk;
glu;f;if Mz;ghy; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
20. ngau;r; nrhw;fspd; Ik;ghy; ghFghL gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
jkpopy; ghy; ghFghL Mz;> ngz; vd;w mbg;gilapYk;; xUik> gd;ik vd;wmbg;gilapYk; mike;Js;sd.
cau;jpiz xUikg; ngau;fs; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; vdg;gLfpd;wd.mtd; - Mz;ghy;> mts; - ngz;ghy;
cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs; gyu;ghy; vdg;gLfpd;wd. - rpWtu;fs; m/wpiz xUikg; ngau;fs; xd;wd;ghyhFk;. - khL m/wpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs; gytpd;ghyhFk; - khLfs;
21. ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngau; gw;wp njspTgLj;Jf.
m/wpiz xd;W gd;ik tpFjp ngwhky; xUikf;Fk; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthfmikapd; mJ ghy;gfh m/wpiz ngau; vdg;gLk;.c-k; : xU Njq;fha; - E}W Njq;fha;
xU &gha; - ,uz;L &gha;
23. vOtha; Ntw;Wik gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
xU ngau;r;nrhy; thf;fpaj;jpy; vOthahfr; nraw;gLtJ vOtha; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. vOtha; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy. cUG Vw;fhj ngau;r;nrhy;Ny vOthahfr; nraw;gLk;. (kuk; tpOe;jJ.)
24. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpd; gad;ghL gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jf.
xU ngau;r;nrhy; nraw;gLnghUshfj; njhopw;gLtjw;F ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGcjTfpd;wJ.
Mf;fy; - tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;.mopj;jy; - tPl;il cilj;jhd;.miljy; - tPl;il mile;jhd;.ePq;fy; - Ciu tpl;L ePq;fpdhd;.xj;jy; - mtd; jfg;gid xj;jtd;.
,itfspy; “I” cUG vg;NghJk; ,ize;Nj te;J nrag;gLnghUis czu;j;jpepw;Fk;. I cUG ,y;yhky; te;J I cUG czu;j;jg;gLtJk; cz;L.
25.My; Ntw;Wik cUG vt;ntg; nghUspy; toq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
My; cUG fUtp> fUj;jh nghUs;fspy; mikAk; vd;gJ ,yf;fzE}yhu; fUj;J.c-k; : fk;guhy; fk;guhkhazk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - fUj;jhg; nghUs;
rhtpahy; fjitj; jpwe;jhd; - fUtpg; nghUs;fhuzg;nghUs;> %yg;nghUs;fSf;Fk; My; Ntw;Wik cUG gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
c-k; : Fkud; ciog;ghy; cau;;e;jhd; - fUj;jhg; nghUs;jq;fj;jhy; nra;j fhg;G - %yg; nghUs;
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26. cld;epfo;r;rp Ntw;Wik gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
,uz;L my;yJ gy ngau;r;nrhw;fs; xNu rkaj;jpy; xNu tpid epfo;Tf;F cs;shtijr;Rl;LtJ cld;epfo;r;rp Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.c-k; : fztNdhL kidtp te;jhs;.
kuk; NtNuhL rha;e;jJ.
27. nfhil Ntw;Wik gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
nfhilg;nghUs; ,t;Ntw;Wikapd; gpujhd nghUs; vd;gjhy; ,J nfhil Ntw;Wikvdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid ehd;fhk; Ntw;WikapDs; mlf;fpf; $Wtu;.cUG - F> nghUs; - nfhil> gif> el;G> Kiw> jFjp> mJthjyhy;>
fhuzg;nghUs;> vy;iyg;nghUs; Nghd;wd.c-k; : mg;gh jk;gpf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;jhu; - nfhil
fw;wtu;f;F moF mlf;fk; - jFjp
28. ePq;fy; Ntw;Wik gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
ePq;fy; Ntw;Wik Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik vd ,yf;fzE}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ePq;fy; vd;gJXuplj;jpypUe;J tpyFtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ePq;fy; nghUs; jtpu xg;Gg;nghUs;>vy;iyg;nghUs;> VJg;nghUs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ,t;Ntw;Wik Rl;Lk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.cUG - ,y;> ,d; nrhy;YUG - ,Ue;J
c-k; : njd;id kuj;jpypUe;J Njq;fha; tpOe;jJ.
29. cilik Ntw;Wik gw;wpj; njspTgLj;Jf.
cilik Ntw;Wikia Mwhk; Ntw;Wik vd ,yf;fz E}y;fs; $Wk;. ,q;F,uz;L ngau;r;nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s cwit> cila> mJ vDk; cUGfs;Rl;b epw;fpd;wd.cUGfs; : mJ> ,d; nrhy;YUG - cila
c-k; : fz;zDila Gj;jfk;> vdJ je;ij
30. ,lNtw;Wik cUGfisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; njspTgLj;Jf.
,l Ntw;Wik Vohk; Ntw;Wik vd ,yf;fz E}y;fs; $Wk;.cUGfs; - fz;> ,y;> ,lk; Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; jw;fhyj;jpy;,y;> ,lk; vDk; cUGfs; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : FUtp thdj;jpy; gwf;fpwJ> fz;zdplk; Gj;jfk; ,Uf;fpwJ
31. tpidr;nrhw;fspd; gz;Gfisr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhik tpidr;nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;. nraiy czu;j;Jtd - Xbdhd;> vOjpdhd; Vty; nghUspy; tUtd - el> th> ,U fhyk; fhl;Ltd - elf;fpd;Nwd;> ele;Njd;> elg;Ngd; tpid tpFjpfisg; ngWtd - te;Njd; (tpFjp - Vd;) tpidailfisg; ngWtd - Ntfkhf XbNdd;
32. jdptpid> $l;Ltpid vd;gij NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
jdp tpidabiaf; nfhz;l tpidr;nrhw;fs; jdptpid vdg;gLk;.c-k; : th> Ngh> ,U
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$l;L tpidabiaf; nfhz;l tpidr;nrhw;fs; $l;Ltpid vdg;gLk;. ,f;$l;Ltpidgpd;tUk; tifapy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ngau; + tpid = tpid - je;jp + mb = je;jpabtpid + tpid = tpid - fz;L + gpb = fz;Lgpb,il + tpid = tpid - gpd; + gw;W = gpd;gw;W
33. njupepiy tpidKw;wpd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
tpidab> fhy ,ilepiy> jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,l> tpFjp vd;w mikg;gpy; tUtdnjupepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : cz;fpd;whd; - cz; + fpd;W + Md;
tpL> ngW Nghd;w tpidfs;fhy ,ilepiy ngwhJ <W nka; ,ul;bj;J ,we;jfhyk;fhl;Lk;.
c-k; : ngw;whd; - ngW - ngw;W - ngw;whd;
34. vjpu;kiw tpidKw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
tpid epfohikia czu;j;Jk; tpidfs; vjpu;kiw tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.%d;W epiyfspy; vjpu;kiw tpidKw;wpd; mikg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.1. M.... Mj; Mfpa vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ngWtd - mit tuh> mJ tuhJ2. khl;L vd;w vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ngWtd - nra;akhl;Nld;3. ,y;iy vd;w vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ngWtd - eP Nghftpy;iy
35. Vty; tpidKw;Wg; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
Kd;dpiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtiu xU nraiyr; nra;AkhW my;yJ nra;ahky;,Uf;FkhW gzpf;fg; gad;gLk; tpid Vty; tpid vdg;gLk;.
1. Vty; xUik - iftpL2. Vty; gd;ik - thUq;fs;3. vjpu;kiw Vty; xUik - NghfhNj4. vjpu;kiw Vty; gd;ik - nra;ahjPu;fs;
36. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd; mikg;igAk; nghUisAk; tpsf;Ff.
tpidAld; f> ,a> ,au; tpFjp ngw;W tUf> tsu;f> tho;f> xopf> tPo;f> thopa>thopau;> thol;Lk; vd;w tifapy; tUk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpid tho;j;jy;> itjy;>Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy; nghUs;fspy; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplj;jpYk; tUk;.
37. nganur;rj;jpd; mikg;ig cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
,we;jfhyg; nganur;rk; nra;j> epfo;fhyg; nganur;rk; nra;fpd;w> vjpu;fhyg; nganur;rk;nra;Ak; vd;w tha;g;ghl;by; mikfpd;wd. ,we;jfhy> epfo;fhyg; nganur;rq;fs;xUtif mikg;Gk; vjpu;fhyg; nganur;rk; NtWtif mikg;Gk; cilad.
,we;jfhyg; nganur;rj;jpd; mikg;Gtpidab + ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy + m - te;j> epd;w> fz;l
epfo;fhyg; nganur;rj;jpd; mikg;Gtpidab + epfo;fhy ,ilepiy + m - gbf;fpd;w> XLfpd;w> nra;fpd;w
vjpu;fhyg; nganur;rj;jpd; mikg;Gtpidab + ck; - nra;Ak;> XLk;> epw;Fk;
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38. nra;J tpid vr;rj;jpd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Ff.
tpidab + ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy + c - nra;J> gbj;J> ele;J(ngUk;ghyhdit ,t; tbtj;ijNa ngw;Ws;sd)
tpidab + , - Xb> ghb> Njb Ngh vd;w tpid kl;Lk; Ngha; vd;w tpidnar;r tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
,t;tpidnar;r tbtk; $l;Ltpid Mf;Ftjw;Fk;> thf;fpaq;fis xd;Nwhnlhd;W,izg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : tpid + tpid = tpidvLj;J + it - vLj;Jit
39. nra tpid vr;rj;jpd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Ff.
tpidab + m vd;w mikg;Gilad. - fhz> gbf;f> elf;f$l;Ltpidfis Mf;Ftjw;Fk; thf;fpaq;fis ,izg;gjw;Fk; ,t;ntr;r tbtk;gad;gLfpd;wd.
$l;Ltpid Mf;fk;nra;a vDk; tpidnar;rj;Jld; tpidfisr; Nru;j;Jf; $l;Ltpidfs;Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : nra;a + KbAk; - nra;aKbAk;thf;fpa ,izg;G
c-k; : fkyh Mbdhs;> tpkyd; ghbdhd; Mfpa ,t;tpUthf;fpaq;fisAk;> fkyh Ml tpkyd; ghbdhd; vd,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ehd; ez;gidg; ghu;f;ff; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;Nwd; vd;w thf;fpaj;jpy; ehd; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;Nwd; jiyik thf;fpak;. ez;gidg; ghu; vd;gJ Jiz thf;fpak;. ,q;F ez;gidg; ghu;f;f vd tpidnar;rj; njhluhf khw;wg;gl;L
gpujhd thf;fpaj;Js; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
40. nra;jhy; tpid vr;rj;jpd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Ff.
tpidab + ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy + My; vd;w mikg;Gilad.c-k; : gbj;jhy;> fw;why;> nra;jhy;
,J epge;jid tpidnar;rk; vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
41. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa> Fd;wh tpidfis NtWgLj;Jf.
thf;fpaj;jpy; nrag;gLnghUis Vw;W tuf;$ba tpidfs; vy;yhk; nrag;gLnghUs;Fd;whtpidfs; vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : rhg;gpL> vOJ> gb vOJ - ehd; ftpij vOjpNdd;nrag;gLnghUis Vw;fhj tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpa tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : rpup> XL> mO> el XL - ehd; Ntfkhf XbNdd;
42. nrag;ghl;L tpidapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
nrag;gLnghUis vOthahff; nfhs;Sk; tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid vdg;gLk;.nrag;ghl;L tpidapd; mikg;G :
tpidnar;rk; (nra;a) + gL + fhy ,ilepiy + jpiz ghy; tpFjp
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c-k; : nfhy;yg;gl;lhd; - nfhy;y + gl;l + Md;nfhy;yg;gLfpwhd; - nfhy;y + gL + fpd;W + Md;nfhy;yg;gLthd; - nfhy;y + gL + t; + Md;
43. gpwtpidAk; fhuz tpidAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
xU tpidapd; gad; fUj;jhitad;wp gpwpnjhd;iwr; NrUkhapd; mt;tpid gpwtpidvdg;gLk;.
c-k; : jk;gp ghidia epyj;jpy; cUl;bdhd;.,q;F ghidia cUl;batd; jk;gp. Mdhy; tpidapd; gaid mile;jJ mjhtJcUz;lJ ghid MFk;.
fUj;jh jhNd tpidia epfo;j;jhky; gpwpnjhUtidf; nfhz;L tpidia epfo;j;jptpid epfo;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy; fhuztpid vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : fz;zd; ghidia cUl;Ltpj;jhd; vd;gjpy; fz;zd; vd;w vOtha;mjhtJ fUj;jh tpidia epfo;j;jtpy;iy. tpid epfo;tpd; fhuzkhfcs;shu;. vdNt gpwtpidapypUe;J fhuztpid NtWgLfpd;wJ.
44. Kjy; tpidf;Fk; Jiz tpidf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il tpsf;Ff.
mbg;gilg; nghUisj;jUk; tpid Kjy;tpid vdg;gLk;.c-k; : ehd; fz;zd; Nghtijg; ghu;j;Njd;.
,q;F ghu; vd;w tpid fz;fshy; ghu;j;jy; vd;w mbg;gilg; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
xU $l;Ltpidapy; Kjy;tpidNahL ,ize;J te;J jd; mbg;gilg; nghUisad;wpNtW ,yf;fzg; nghUisj;jUk; tpid Jiztpid vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : tpahghup vd;id Vkhw;wg; ghu;j;jhd;.,q;F ghu;j;jhd; vd;gJ Kad;whd; vd;Wk; nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
45. jdpg; ngauil> Mf;fg; ngauil gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
GJ> rpW> fU> neL> ey; Kjypa mbr;nrhw;fSld; ,a> m Kjypa tpFjpfis,izj;J Mf;fg;gLk; Gjpa> rpwpa> fupa KjypadTk; jdpg; ngauilfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
ngau; + Md> ngau; + cs;s vd;w mikg;Gila ngau; milfs; my;yJ $l;Lg;ngauilfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k;: frg;ghd> gz;ghd> moFs;s
46. jdp tpidail> Mf;f tpidail gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
New;W> ,d;W> ehis> ,dpNky;> nky;y> mbf;fb Nghd;wd jdp tpidailfshFk;.New;W> ,d;W Nghd;wd gfhg;gjq;fs;. mbf;fb> ,dpNky; Nghd;wd gFgjq;fshFk;.gfhg;gjq;fs; NghyNt gFgjq;fs; jdpr;nrhw;fs; Nghy ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iwj;jdp tpidabfs; vdyhk;.
ngau;r;nrhw;fSld; Mf> Ma; tpidab tpFjpfis ,izj;J Mf;fg;gLk; tpidailMf;ftpidail vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : Ntfkhf> gbg;gbahf> ,dpikahf
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47. tpidailfspd; tiffSf;F cjhuzk; jUf.
tpidailfis mtw;wpd; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; gytifahfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
fhyk; czu;j;Jk; tpidailfs;tpid vg;nghOJ epfo;e;jJ vd;gij czu;j;jg; gad;gLk; tpidailfs;.c-k; : fhiyapy;> ,g;nghOJ
,lk; czu;j;Jk; tpidailfs;tpid vq;F epfo;e;jJ vd;gij czu;j;JtJ.c-k; : ,q;Nf> fPNo> gpd;dhy;
Kiw czu;j;Jk; tpidailfs;tpid vt;thW epfo;e;jJ vd;gij czu;j;JtJ.c-k; : ,yFthf> ,dpikahf> Ntfkhf
fhyj;njhlu;r;rp czu;j;Jk; tpidailfs;tpid epfOk; fhyj;njhlu;r;rpia czu;j;JtJ.c-k; : jpBu; jpBnud> ehs;NjhWk;
msT czu;j;Jk; tpidailfs;tpid ve;j mstpy; epfo;fpwJ vd;gij czu;j;JtJ.c-k; : rpWghd;ikahf> Fiwthf> ngUkstpy;
tpidailfs; mLf;fp tUjy;tpidailfs; mLf;fp tUjy; - gd;ikg; nghUs; czu;j;Jtd.c-k; : mofofhf> rpd;dr;rpd;djhf
48. ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; juhky;> ngau;> tpid Mfpatw;Wld; Nru;e;J te;J ,yf;fzg;nghUs;jUk; nrhy; cWg;Gf;fs; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy tifg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; - I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> cila> XL> ,y;> ,Ue;Jgd;ik tpFjpfs; - fs;> khu;jpizghy; tpFjpfs; - Vd;> Xk;> Ma;> <u;fs;> Md;> Ms;> Mu;> Mu;fs;> mJ>
Mfhy ,ilepiyfs; - fpd;W> fpW> j;> l;> w;> ,d;> d;> g;> t;njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfs; - jy;> mk;> ikrhupia - mj;J> mw;W> mk;vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; - M> Mj;> khl;Lnrhy;YUGfs; - %yk;> nfhz;L> ,Ue;J> gw;wp tiu
49. mfg;Gzu;r;rp> Gwg;Gzu;r;rp gw;wp cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.
xU nrhy;ypd; cWg;Gf;fs; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J tUtJ mfg;Gzu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.c-k; : ehk; + fs; - ehq;fs;
,uz;L my;yJ gy nrhw;fs; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J nrhw;nwhluhfNth>thf;fpakhfNth tUtJ Gwg;Gzu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
c-k; : ehq;fs; kuj;ij ntl;bNdhk;.
81
50. Ntw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rp> my;topg;Gzu;r;rp gw;wp njspTgLj;Jf.
vOtha; Ntw;WikAk;> tpsp Ntw;WikAk; jtpu;e;j Vida I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ>fz; Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ntspg;gl;Lk;> kiwe;Jk; tu nrhw;fs; Gzu;tJNtw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
xU nrhy;ypd; cWg;Gf;fs; xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;J tUtJ mfg;Gzu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.c-k; : tPL fl;bdhd;> tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;
Ntw;Wikg;Gzu;r;rp jtpu;e;j Vida vy;yhtifg; Gzu;r;rpfSk; my;topg;Gzu;r;rpvdg;gLk;.
c-k; : mts; te;jhs;> ghk;G ghk;G> FUtp $L fl;baJ
82
ciueilg;gFjp
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapNy
fl;LUthf;fj;jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjd; Clhfj;juk; tha;e;j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 1.1 : nray;jpwDk; tpidj;jpwDk; cs;s Nfl;Nghuhfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
1.2 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; gz;NghL
ciuahLthu;.
1.3 : vz;zq;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;jpg;
gz;NghL NgRthu;.
1.4 : Fwpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;
epfo;r;rpfspYk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Mw;wYld;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
1.5 : gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fs; Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g
nraw;gLthu;.
3.1 : capu;j;Jbg;Gs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nraw;wpwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
3.2 : ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
3.3 : ghlj;ij mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg;
nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk;
mDrupj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
4.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> mtw;wpy;
,lk;ngWk; nkhopf;$Wfisg; gFj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
4.2 : Mf;fq;fis thrpj;Jg; ngw;w mDgtj;jpD}lhfr; Ra
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
5.2 : Gytu;fs; gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fisAk;
gilg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
7.4 : nrhw;fspd; mikg;igAk; tiffisAk; mwpe;J
nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
7.5 : thf;fpa mikg;igAk; mjd; tiffisAk; gpuNahfpg;ghu;
milag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;
83
fl;Liug; gFjp.
,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; ghJfhg;Gk;.
1. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; vit?Rdhkp / Mopg;Nguiynts;sg;ngUf;Ftul;rp,bkpd;dy;kz;rupTG+kpajpu;T
2. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?,aw;ifahditnraw;ifahdit
3. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gfs; vit?,aw;ifapd; mopTfs;capu;r;Nrjk;cilikfs;
4. Kd;ndr;rupf;if nra;Ak; mikg;Gf;fshff; fUjj;jf;fit vit?muR> jdpahu;
Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; nre;jkpOk;.
1. jkpopy; ,Utif tof;Ffs;Ngr;Rtof;F> ,yf;fpa tof;F
2. etPdfhyk; tiu nre;jkpNo nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ..,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fz E}y;fs;> ciuE}y;fs; midj;Jk; ,yf;fpaj; jkpopNyNavOjg;gl;lit.nre;;jkpo; midtu;f;Fk;> vy;yhj; jkpo; NgRk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd epakj;jkpo;vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
3. Ngr;Rj;jkpo; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk;> r%fj;jpw;Fr; r%fk; NtWgLk;.. ,tw;iw fpisnkhopfs;vd;Wk; miog;gu;.r%ff; fpisnkhop - kPdt r%fk;> tptrha r%fk;gpuNjrf;fpisnkhop - kiyafk;> aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G
4. etPd ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tutpd; gpd; mt;tg; gpuNjrg; Ngr;Rj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspw; nry;thf;Fg;ngwy;.
ehty;> rpWfij> ehlfk;
5. gz;ila ,yf;fzq;fs; ,yf;fpaj; jkpopw;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jy;etPd ,yf;fzfhuu; Ngr;Rj;jkpopw;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jy;.
84
tpQ;QhdKk; r%fKk;.
1. ,uz;Lk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gpupf;f Kbahjit. kdpj mwptpaypd; tpaj;jF tsu;r;rpapy;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
2. tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisj; Jiwrhu;e;J Nehf;FtJld; mtw;wpd; r%fg;gad;ghLfs;gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gply;.
itj;jpak; Nghf;Ftuj;J tptrhak; fy;tp tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs; tho;thjhuj; Njitfs;
3. tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshy; r%fj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
4. r%fj;jpw;F Vw;g tpQ;Qhdj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit.
tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpAk; jkpOk;.
1. tpQ;Qhdtsu;r;rpAk; jkpo;nkhopAk; vDk; fl;Liuf;fhd cupa Kd;Diu
2. tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpgy;Jiw tsu;r;rpfs;nkhoptpUj;jpf;fhd tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
3. jkpo;nkhopfhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mJ mile;JtUk; tsu;r;rpjkpo; cs;thq;fpa tpQ;Qhdk;
4. jkpo;nkhop tpUj;jpf;F tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; gad;gl;likvOj;jhzp Kjy; fzpdp - ,izak; tiuvOj;J mikg;GvOJfUtpfs;
5. “mwptpaw;jkpo;” vDk; jkpo; tifapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;jkpopy; Jiwrhu; fiyr;nrhw;fs;jkpo;nkhop %yk; mwptpay; fw;wy; - fw;gpf;fg;gLjy;
xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; jUk;.
xOf;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;tpOg;gk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;“xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhy; xOf;fk; capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;”
jpUf;Fwis ikakhf itj;J fl;Liuapd; cly; gFjpapy; tpsf;fk;nfhLf;fyhk;.
xOf;fj;jhy; cau;e;jtu;fs;xOf;fj;jpd; ngUikfs;xOf;fk; ,d;ikahy; Vw;gLk; ,opTfs;KbTiu Nkw;$wpatw;wpd; njhFg;ghf mikayhk;.
85
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gf;F cfe;j Kd;Diu> njspT> tpsf;fk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - tpgupj;jy;. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - gapyg;gl;L> Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;L kuGtop flj;jg;gl;L
te;j tpjk;. mtw;iwg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;> topfs;. fiyfisg; gapYjy;> gilj;jy; (Mw;Wif nra;jy;). fiyfSf;fhd mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fjy;. etPd njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; fijfisg; ghJfhj;jy;. fiyfisg; ghJfhf;f cupa mur> jdpahu; MjuTfisg; ngWjy;. mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjhy; nkhop> r%f> gz;ghl;L> ,d milahsq;fs; flj;jg;gLtjpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp nghJkf;fSf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;jy;.
rpw;wpjo;fSk; etPd jkpopyf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk;
rpw;wpjo; vd;why; vd;d? rpw;wpjopd; Nehf;fk; ahiu Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;nlOtJ
,it Nghd;wit Kd;Diuapy; mikayhk;. rpw;wpjo; tpw;gidiaAk; ,yhg Nehf;ifAkd;wpf; fhj;jpukhd fUj;Jg;
guptu;j;jidia ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLtJ. rduQ;rf thrfu;fis ikakhff; nfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpit> njupe;j ,yf;fpa> r%f fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf miktJ rpw;wpjo;
,yf;fpakhFk;. Kf;fpakhd rpw;wpjo;fs; rpy :
kzpf;nfhb> #whtop> fpuhk Copad;> ru];tjp - (jkpofk;)kWkyu;r;rp> ghujp> ky;ypif> jhafk;> Qhdk;> %d;whk; kdpjd;> nfhOe;J(,yq;if)
jw;fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Gjpa tpku;rdr; rpe;jidfs; ntspg;glf; fskikj;jy; ,yf;fpa ru;r;irapy; <Lgly; nkhop ngau;g;Gg; gilg;GfSf;F Kf;fpa ,lkspj;jy; jukhd gilg;Gf;fs; ntsptu toptFj;jy;
Gyk;ngau; ,yf;fpak;.
Kd;DiuGyk;ngau;T vd;gJ xNu murpay;> G+Nfhs vy;iyia tpl;Lg; ngau;e;J r%f
murpay;> gz;ghl;Lr; #o;epiyfshy; ngupJk; NtWgl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; tho NeupLfpwtu;fisf;Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW Gyk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; jkJ mDgtq;fis ,yf;fpa tbtq;fisf;iff;nfhz;L gilg;ghf;fpdu;.
ftpij> rpWfij> ehty; Mfpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; Gyk;ngau; gilg;ghspfshy;ngupJk; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
NgRnghUs; :jhafk; Fwpj;j Vf;fk;> Gjpa gz;ghl;Lr;#oy;> nghUshjhu neUf;fbfs;>
Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> Ntiyj;js mDgtq;fs;> epwthjk;> jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;>ghypay; rhu;e;j tpLjiy> md;dpakag;ghL> ,af;f> rhjpa Kuz;ghLfs;> ngz;zpak;vdg; gy tplaq;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd.
86
ftpij :t. I. r. n[aghyd;> Nrud;> Mjtd;> ,sthiy tpN[e;jpud;> nropad;> Cu;trp>
ikj;jpNuap> fp. gp. mutpe;jd;> N~hgh rf;jp> nry;tk;> el;rj;jpud;> nrt;tpe;jpad;> jpUkhtstd;>ghyfNzrd;> gilg;G Kaw;rpfs;> JUtr; RtLfs;> Gyk;ngau; ftpijfs; cs;spl;lE}wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fs;.
rpWfij :m. Kj;Jypq;fk;> ngh. fUzhfu%u;j;jp> fyhNkhfd;> rf;futu;j;jp> ghu;j;jPgd;>
tpky; Foe;ijNty;> N~hgh rf;jp> KUfG+gjp> uhN[];tup> ghyRg;gpukzpak;> Rkjp&gd;>m.,utp> rpj;jhu;j;j NrFthuh> rpwpjud; cs;spl;l gilg;ghspfspd; rpWfijfs; vz;gjpw;Fk;mjpfkhd njhFg;Gf;fs;.
ehty; :ftpij> rpWfij vd;gtw;NwhL xg;gpLifapy; ehtypd; tuT FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
fUzhfu%u;j;jp> ghu;j;jPgd;> uhN[];tup> fp. nr. Jiu> KUfG+gjp> Ky;iy mKjd;MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehtyhrpupau;fs; Mtu;.
c-k; : N~hgh rf;jpapd; nfhupy;yh> <og;Nghuhl;l murpaiy ikag;gLj;jpaJ.uhN[];tup ghyRg;gpukzpak; - xU Nfhil tpLKiw ,yq;if - ,yz;ld; Mfpa#oiy ikag;gLj;jp ntspte;Js;sJ.
rQ;rpiffs;gpuhd;]py; 36 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l rQ;rpiffSk; (mk;kh> Mjq;fk;> rku;)
N[u;kdpapy; 30 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l rQ;rpiffSk; (Cjh> mf;fpdp> jspu;) ,q;fpyhe;J>Rtp];> nld;khu;f;> Nehu;Nt> fdlh> mT];jpNuypah vdg; gyehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk;E}wpw;F Nkw;gl;l rQ;rpiffs; ntspte;Js;sd.
,iza rQ;rpiffspd; tUif vd;gdTk; Gyk;ngau; ,yf;fpaf; fsj;jpy;fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;ig toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
Clfq;fspd; jkpo;g; gzp.
1. nra;jpia Xuplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhu; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tJ.,U tif:
1. mr;rpay; Clfk; - gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif.2. kpd;dpay; Clfk; - njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> ,iza tiyg;gpd;dy;.
2. gj;jpupiffs; rQ;rpif Muk;gpj;jjpypUe;Nj jkpo;g;gzpnghJ kf;fSf;F tpsq;Fk; vspikahd mwptpg;G eilKiw mwpKfk;.kzpf;nfhb - rpWfij tsu;r;rp.thdk; ghb f r l j g w - GJf;ftpij tsu;r;rp.<oNfrup> kWkyu;r;rp - <oj;J etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
3. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp.gz;ila etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa ciufs;> Ngl;bfs;.Gjpa ,yf;fpa ntspaPl;L Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; - vOj;jhsu;fs; gw;wpajj;Jtq;fs;.
4. ,izak; : ,iza E}yfq;fspy; ngUe;njhifahd gz;ila etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;gjpNtw;wg;gl;bUj;jy;. ,izaj;jpw;nfd;Nw rQ;rpiffs; tbtikg;G.
5. Clfq;fspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpf;fTk;> vOjTk; Neukw;w epiy.njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs;> njhlu; ehlfq;fs;.
87
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tpaj;jF Kd;Ndw;wk;
‘mwptpay; rhu;e;j tsu;r;rp’ tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lij vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;. kdpj tho;Tld; tpQ;Qhdk; gpize;jpUg;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;.
o rikayiw cgfuzq;fs;.o njhiyj;njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs;.o nghOJ Nghf;Fr; rhjdq;fs;.o tho;f;ifj; Njitfis ,yFthf;Fk; nghwpfs;.o Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghwpfs;.o Neha; epiyawp fUtpfs;> kUe;Jfs; fz;Lgpbg;G.
cyif cUf;Fiyf;Fk; MAjq;fsJ ghtidAk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; kdpjtho;Tr; rPu;FiyTk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
tpQ;Qhd mwpit ed;ik nfhLf;Fk; tpjj;jpNy ifahs;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;gijtypAWj;jy;.
njhiyj; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; njhiyj; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;. mr;rhjdq;fs; %yk; kf;fs; mile;j ed;ikfs;. cyfpy; vq;F ,Ug;gtUlDk; tPl;bypUe;Nj clDf;Fld; njhlu;G nfhs;s
KbAk;. Kfk; ghu;j;J fye;Jiuahlf; $bajhfTk; mikjy;. fzpdp> ,izaj;jsk; vd;gjdhy; kdpj rKjhak; ngwj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; -
njlu;ghlypd; ,yFj; jd;ik.
nrk;nkhopahd jkpo; nkhop1. cyfpw; nrk;nkhopfs;.
fpNuf;fk;> vgpNukpak;> rPdk;> ,yj;jPd;> rk];fpUjk;> muG> jkpo;.ghurpfk;ePz;l ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak;.nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,Uj;jy;.
2. jkpo; 1994 Mk; Mz;L nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.fhuzq;fs; : 1. 2000 tUlq;fspw;F Nkw;gl;l rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak;.
2. ,d;Wk; tof;fpy; cs;sik.3. nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ikfs;.
1. ru;tNjr mq;fPfhuk;.2. cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jkpo; nkhopg; gPlq;fs;3. gpw ehl;ltu;fs; jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;Fk; tha;g;G.
3. nra;a Ntz;ba gzpfs;.1. jkpo; nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSl; rpwe;jtw;iwg; gpw nkhopfspy; nkhop ngau;j;jy;.2. gpw nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;jy;.3. fzdpapy; midtu;f;Fk; nghJthd epakj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;fy;.
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;. xt;nthUtUk; capu; tho;tjw;F ciog;G Kf;fpak; ngw;wik - njhopy; nja;tk;
vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lik. njhopy; ciog;G Cjpak; r%f tuyhw;wpy; ngWk; ,lk;. njhopy;fSk; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fSk; mtw;wpd; kPjhd Nfs;tpfSk;. njhopy;fspd; mLf;fikT kuG etPd njhopy;fs;. vj;njhopiyr; nra;jhYk; mjidr; rPUk; rpwg;GlDk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;Ak; njhopYf;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLg;gJ cupa flikfisr; nrt;tNd
Nkw;nfhs;tJ.
88
,iw ek;gpf;ifapy; “nja;tk;” ek;gpatiuf; iftpLtjpy;iy vd;gJ Nghy; njhopYk;xUtidf; iftpLtjpy;iy.
rpe;jidAld; nra;j njhopy; xUtid tho;ehs; KOtJk; fhg;ghw;Wk;.
ngz; tpLjiyAk; ,d;iwa r%fKk;.
“ngz; tpLjiy’’ gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kjd;Kjy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpijj;jtu;ghujpahu;.
ghujpahu; njuptpj;j fUj;Jf;fs; rpy:- gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk; ghupdpNy ngz;fs; elj;j
te;Njhk;.- tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns ngz;izg; G+l;b itg;Nghk;. vd;w tpe;ij kdpju;
jiy ftpo;e;jhu;.- epkpu;e;j eil> Neu; nfhz;l ghu;it…
ngz; tpLjiy ,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;. ngz; Rje;jpuk; mjhtJ tpLjiy vd;Dk; fUj;J> rpy ,lq;fspy; ghupa
tpisTfis> jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gply; - r%fr; rPu; FiyT. me;epiyf;F ngz;; tpLjiy fhuzk; my;y vd;gJk; mjidj; jtwhf rpy
ngz;fs; ifahs;tij vLj;Jf; fhl;b> mjdhy; ngz; r%fk; rPu; nfLtJ gw;wptpsf;Fjy;.
jkpo;r; r%ff; fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gf;Fs; ngz; tpLjiy vDk; fUj;J tpijf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jp Kbj;jy;.
ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;.
ehl;lhu;ghly;fs; gbg;gwptpy;yhj ghkuu;fshy; ghlg;gl;litahFk;. cs;sj;J czu;r;rpj; jhf;fq;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lit. Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ fisg;ig kwg;gjw;Fk;> re;Njhrj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;>
rlq;Ffs;> Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs;> Jf;fq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhfTk; ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpopy; ehl;lhu;ghly;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd. gpwg;Gj; njhlf;fk; ,wg;G tiuapYk; tho;tpaNyhL gpd;dpg;gpize;j ghly;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gps;is gpwe;jTld; kUj;Jtpr;rpg; ghlYld; Muk;gpj;J ,we;jtUf;F xg;ghupg;ghly;
tiu ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; njhlf;fk; jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; tiu ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
fpufpj;jy;
gapw;rp – 1
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia thrpj;J> mjd; fPo;f; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpiljUf.
Md;k ,ay;ig ntspapLgtd; ftpQd; vd;W $Wtjdhy;> ftpijf;F Ntz;Lk;,ay;Gfs; rpy ekf;Fg; Gydhfpd;wd. Kjw;gbahf mtd; $Wtdtw;wpNy cz;ikapd;Kj;jpiu gjpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy;yhkw; Nghdhy; rpwe;j ftpij Njhd;wkhl;lhJ. xUtd; ehlfhrpupadhf ,Uf;fyhk;. gpw ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzq;fisj; jhNdNkw;nfhz;L mtw;wpw;Nfw;gr; nrhy;yhlyhk;;. njhopy; Gupayhk;. mg;nghOJk; mtd;cz;ikahfNt ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzq;fspy; gpuNtrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikahfNtghj;jpuq;fis mtd; rpU\;bj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nghyp vd;gJ rpwpJk; jfhJ. xUtd; mofhd
89
rpWnra;Al;fis ,aw;wyhk;. RitAs;s fUj;Jf;fis mtw;wpy; mikf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>,f;fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cz;ikapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;. czu;r;rpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.mg;nghOJjhd; ,r;nra;Al;fs; ftpij vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba jFjpia milAk;.
~~cs;sj;jpy; cz;ik nahsp cz;lhapd;thf;fpdpNy xspAz;lhFk;.||
vd;W ghujp $wpaJ ,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
mLj;J> ,q;Nf $wpa cz;ikNahL njspT vd;w ,ay;Gk; mtd; ftpijfspNyfhZjy; Ntz;Lk;. kzw;gug;gpy; XLfpd;w ed;dPu; njspthapUg;gJNghy ftpijAk;njspthapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;qdk; njsptpd;wpr; NrW Kjypatw;why; fyq;fp XLk;XilePu; gUFtjw;Fj; jFjpaw;wJ. ,J NghyNt njsptpd;wp vq;Fk; fUfyha;> vt;tsTKad;whYk; Iag;ghl;bd; ePq;fhjjha; cs;s nra;Al;fs; ehk; fw;W ,d;GWjw;Fupaftpijfs; Mfkhl;lh.
ftpijf;Fupa NtNwhu; ,ay;Gk; mLj;jgb ,q;F kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. mJvspikahFk;. vg;nghOJk; vspa Njhw;wj;NjhL mikjy; kpf mupanjhU fhupakhk;.fk;gDila ftpijfs; vspatha; nts;isaha; cs;sd vd;W gyUk; $Wtijf;Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;> ,t;thwpUj;jy; mtd; ftpijapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;JfpwNjad;wpcs;sj;jpd; tWikia czu;j;JtjhfhJ. fbdkhd mfuhjpg; gjq;fis vLj;J toq;fpr;nra;Al; nghUisf; fUfyhf;fp mikf;Fk; ftpQu;fs; rpwe;j ftpQu;fs; Mfkhl;lhu;fs;.
1. ey;y ftpijapd; ,ay;Gfshf> fl;Liuahrpupau; vtw;iwf; fUJfpd;whu;?i. cz;ikahf ,Uj;jy; ii. czu;r;rpahf ,Uj;jy;iii. njspT iv. vspik
2. rpwe;j ftpQu;fshf khl;lhjtu;fs; ahtu; vd Mrpupau; fUJfpd;whu;?
fbdkhd mfuhjp gjq;fis vLj;J toq;fp> nra;Al; nghUis fUfyhf;fpmikg;;Nghu; rpwe;j ftpQuhfkhl;lhu; vd Mrpupau; fUJfpd;whu;.
3. “cs;sj;jpy; cz;iknahsp cz;lhapd;……” vDk; ghujp ghliy vjidcWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mrpupau; Nkw;Nfhshff; $Wfpd;whu;?
ftpQu; mbg;gilapy; $w vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tplak; cz;ikahdjhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ,t;Tz;ik> czu;r;rp fye;J nrhy;yg;gLk; NghJ> nra;AshdJ ftpijahfcau;r;rp milfpwJ vDq; fUj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jNt ,k;Nkw;Nfhs;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. “fk;gDila ftpijfs; vspatha; nts;isaha; cs;sd” vd;w thf;fpaj;jpy;nts;isaha; cs;sd vd;w njhlupd; %yk;> czu;j;jg;gLk; tplak; ahJ?
rpf;fypd;wp> nghUs; Gyg;gLj;jf;$bajhf> thrfu;f;F ,yFthf,Uf;fpd;w jd;ik
gapw;rp – 2
fPo;tUk; ciug;gFjpiag; gbj;J mjd; fPOs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
khdpg;gha; mfuhjpapd; gpd; jkpo; mfuhjp xd;Wk; jkpo; ehl;by; ntsptutpy;iygy Fiwfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,t;tfuhjpfs; nrd;idapy; gyKiw mr;R thfdNkwpw;W.Vnddpy; Mq;fpyk; mwpahj jkpoUf;F mJNt xNunahU mfuhjpaha; ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU
90
gjpg;gpYk; ,jw;Fr; nrhw;fis Nrh;j;Jg; ngUf;fpdh;. nrhw;fisf; $l;lf; $l;lf; filrpapy;,Ue;j mstpdpd;Wk; mJ kpfg; nghpajha; tsh;e;jJ. mjdhy; <w;wpy; “aho;g;ghzmfuhjp” my;yJ “khdpg;gha; mfuhjp” vd;w mjd; ngah; khwp “Ngufuhjp” my;yJ“tphptfuhjp” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU gjpg;gpYk; gpiofs; kype;J kype;J Vwpd.
,j;jWthapy; ,t;tfuhjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eh. fjpuNtw;gps;isvd;gth; jkJ Muha;r;rpapdhy; Xh; mfuhjpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mtUk; tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilkp\ndwpapw; fw;w khzth;fspy; xUth; rq;fj nkhopapdpd;W vLj;Jj; jkpopy; toq;fpanrhw;fisnay;yhk; ,jpy; Nrh;j;Js;shh;. md;wpAk; rq;fj nkhop epfz;LfspYs;s jkpo;nkhopapy; toq;fhj nrhw;fisAk; vLj;Js;shh;. kpfr; rpwe;j jkpo; mfuhjp vJTk;jw;gtkhfNth jw;rkkhfNth rq;fj nkhopapYs;s nrhw;fis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;vd;gNj mthpd; Nehf;fk;.
1. mfuhjp tsh;r;rpf;F ,yq;if Mw;wpa gq;fspg;G vt;thW vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ?2. khdpg;gha; mfuhjpapd; rpwg;G gw;wp fl;Liuahrphpah; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?3. eh.fjpuNtw;gps;isapd; mfuhjp Kaw;rpgw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ahJ?4. fl;Liuahrphpahpd; nkhopeilr; rpwg;Gg;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf?
gapw;rp - 3
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia thrpj;J mjd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fspw;F tpil jUf.
gpuhfpUjk; Ngr;R nkhopahfTk;> murit nkhopahfTk; ,Ue;jjhf mNrhfh;fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. ,g;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpuhfpUj nkhopg; gilg;Gfs;nra;As;fshfTk; fy;ntl;Lf;fshfTk; cs;sd. ,tw;NwhL ghspapYs;s ngsj;j Ehy;fSk;mh;j;jkhfjpapYs;s rkz Ehy;fSk; NrUk;. ,e;jpahtpy; Goq;Fk; gy gpuhfpUj nkhopfs;kfhuh\;;bhpapd; jphpG vd;Wk;; mJ rk];fpUjj;jpd; jphpG vd;Wk; rpytw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fs;$Wfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; xU $W nkhopaikg;NghL njhlh;GilaJ vd;why; kW $Wtuyhw;Wj; jd;ikAilajhAs;sJ.
njd;dpe;jpaj; jpuhtpl nkhopfspy; jkpo; jdf;nfd Xu; ,yf;fz kuigf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rk];fpUjg; gFg;gha;T Kiwfisr; rpy NghJ ifahz;lhYk; mJ jkpo;,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;;Ftjpy; jd;dpiwT ngw;wjhfTs;sJ. gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Fwpj;JKw;fhyj;Nj vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; mit rk];fpUjj;jpypUe;J fpisj;jjhff;$wg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpopy; ,y;yhj mstpw;F kpf mjpfkhf rk];fpUj> gpuhfpUj nrhw;fs;njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Kjypa nkhopfspy; fhzg;gLtJk; rk];fpUjxypaikg;NghL $ba mtw;wpd; neLq;fzf;F KiwAk; ,j;jifa fUj;Jf;fhd ce;Jrf;jpfshff; $Lk; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; mjd; vOj;J Kiw Mfpatw;wpd; jdpapay;G jpuhtplnkhopf; FLk;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd Kf;fpa rhd;whfTs;sJ.
1. gpuhfpUj nkhopfs; Fwpj;J epyTk; ,U NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ahit? mtw;Ws;,t;thrphpaUf;F cld;ghlhd fUj;J vJ?
2. jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsq;Ftjpy; jd;dpiwT ngw;wjhf tpsq;FtJ vJ?3. jkpo; jtph;e;j gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; %y nkhop rk];fpUjk; vd;w fUj;J vOe;jikf;F
Mrphpah; C+fpf;Fk; fhuzq;fs; vit?4. jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd Kf;fpa rhd;W vJ?5. neLq;fzf;F Kiw vd;gjd; nghUisj; njspT gLj;Jf?
gapw;rp - 3
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia thrpj;J mjd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fspw;F tpil jUf.Mw;wy; epiwe;j nrQ;nrhw; Gyth;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l ghly;fSf;F capUz;L>
typikAz;L. gpuhd;R Njrj;Jf;Fg; Gj;Japuspj;Jr; rkj;Jtk;> Nrhjuj;Jtj; NjhL $baRa uhr;rpaj;ijg; ngwr; nra;jJ Xh; ,d;dpirf; ftpijad;Nwh? ,kak; Kjw; FkhpaPwhff;
91
fple;j tsk; epiwe;j ekJ jha; ehl;bd; kPJ midtUf;Fk; md;Gz;lhfr; nra;J xd;W$l;b itj;jJ tq;f nkhopf; ftpthzh; xUth; ghba “te;Nj khjuk;” vd;Dk; ghl;ld;Nwh?capuw;Wf; fplf;Fk; ntw;nwYk;Gf;Fk; capuspf;Fkhw;wy; ghl;Lf;F cs;sjhjypd; cj;jkftpfspd; ghly; ehl;Lf;Fg; ngUeyj;ijaspf;Fk; ePh;ikathk;.
,uz;L Nfhb jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; Gj;JapiuAk; Gjpa Mw;wiyAk; je;J>cyfj;jpYs;s Vida kf;fl;nlhFjpapdNuhL xg;Gw tpUj;jp cah;tpidaspf;Fk;ePh;ikathfpa rq;fr; nra;As;fs; njhd;ikahdthjypd; fw;Nwhh;f;F md;wp kw;Nwhh;f;Fg;gad;glhthapd. rq;fr; nra;Al;fSs;Ns nrwpe;J fplf;Fk; fhjypd;gj;ijAk;> tPuNkk;ghl;ilAk; ahtUk; vspjpYzh;e;J nfhs;sw; nghUl;L ,yFthd eilapyike;j,d;dpirj; jkpo;g; ghly;fshw; nrhy;y ty;y ftpthzUs; Kjy; itj;njz;zg;gLk;jifik rhd;wth; =khd; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;. jkpo;ehL nra;j jtg;gadhAjpj;jghujpahh; jkJ ,d;dpirg; ghly;fspdhy; jkpo; ehl;Lf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; msj;jw;fhpaNgUgfhuj;ijr; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;.
1. nrQ;nrhw; ftpthzh; ,aw;Wk; ftpijapd; jd;ik gw;wpa fl;Liuahrphpahpd; fUj;ijtpsf;Ff?
2. rq;fr; nra;Aspd; jd;ik gw;wpAk; mjd; jw;fhyg; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpAk; Mrphpah;$Wtijj; njspT gLj;Jf?
3. ghujpahh; gw;wpa fl;Liuahrphpahpd; kjpg;gPL vj;jifaJ?4. Mrphpahpd; nkhop eil gw;wpf; fUj;Jiu toq;Ff?
RUf;fk; vOjy;
RUf;fk; vOJk; NghJ va;jg;gLk; jpwd;fs; $He;J mtjhdpf;Fk; jpwd; fpufpj;jy; jpwd; RUf;fkhfTk; njspthfTk; tpsf;Fk; jpwd; nrwpthd nkhopiaf; ifahz;L fUj;Jf;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; jpwd; nghUs; Gyg;gl NeHj;jpahf vOJk;; jpwd;
RUf;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; %yg;gFjpapd; ikaf; fUj;J rpijtpd;wp mikj;jy; nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; mikj;jy; njspTwf;$wy;
RUf;fk; vOJk; gbKiwfs; thrpj;jYk; fpufpj;jYk; fUj;Jf;fis epuw;glf; Nfhh;j;jy; RUf;fnkOjy; xg;gply; nrhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzpj;jy; xU ge;jpapy; vOjy;
RUf;fk; vOJtjw;F Kd;ghf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
thrpj;jy; : vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gFjp vd;d tplaj;ij $Wfpd;wJ vd;gij Nghjpatpsf;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk; tiuAk; kaf;fkpd;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mjidg; gyKiwthrpf;fNtz;Lk;
92
fpufpj;jy; : ge;jpapy; $wg;gLk; gpujhd tplaq;fis Muha;e;J fpufpj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
Fwpj;jy; :Muha;e;J fpufpj;Jf; nfhz;lijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; njhpjy; : Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;l mkprq;fspy; kpfg; gpujhdkhdtw;iw NjHe;J vLj;J
Kiwg;gb epuw;gLj;jp nfhs;SjYk; mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdtw;iw njhpjYk; rpwe;jJ. vOJjy; :
RUf;fk; vOJtjw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l ge;jpia gyKiw thrpj;J vOjy; RUf;fk; vOJtjw;fhd ge;jpfs; gythf mike;jpUg;gpd; xt;nthU ge;jpapd;
%yf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy; epuw;gl Fwpg;Gf;fis xOq;fikj;J vOJjy; RUf;fkhf vOJk; NghJ nrhe;jkhd trdeilapy; ,yf;fzikTf;fika
vOJjy; thrpg;gjw;F nghUs; njspthf tpsq;FkhW vspa eilapy; gpujhd
fUj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J tothJ vOJjy; gpwH$w;iw jd; $w;whf khw;wp nrhe;j nkhopeilapy; vOjy; nrhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L vOjy; ciuahrphpaH jk; fUj;jpid typAWj;Jtjw;fhf my;yJ fUj;jpid Ritg;gl
$Wtjw;fhf gytopKiwfis ifahz;L ,Uf;fyhk; mtw;wpypUe;J gpujhdfUj;ij njhpT nra;jy;
RUf;fk; vOJk; NghJ jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
RUf;fj;Jf;F nfhLf;fg;l;l ge;jpia gyKiw thrpj;J mjpy; cs;s mtrpakw;wtplaq;fis jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;
ge;jpapy; ,lk;ngWk; th;zidfisj; jtpHf;fNtz;Lk; ctik> cUtfk; Nghd;w mzpfisj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk; RUf;fp vOJk;NghJ ge;jpapy; mikahj nrhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk; tpjpf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fis tpl mjpfkhfNth FiwthfNth vOJtijj; jtpHf;f
Ntz;Lk; RUf;fj;ijg; ge;jpapYs;s %yg;gFjpapd; ikaf;fUj;J rpijAkhW jukw;W vOjy;
jtph;f;fNtz;Lk; jd;$w;wha; miktij mt;thNw vOJtJ jtph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; gonkhopfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; cjhuzk; fhl ;b tpsf;fy; Kjyhdit
jtph;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; RUf;fj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l nra;As;fs; jtpHf;fg;glNtz;Lk; jd;ik> Kd;dpiyr; nrhw;fisj; jtph;j;Jg; glh;f;ifapy; vOJjy;
RUf;fk; vOJtjw;fhd gapw;rpfs;.
gapw;rp : 1
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia 45 – 50 nrhw;fspy; RUf;fp jUf.kf;fSf;F mwpT tsh;r;rp Vw;gl Mtd nra;tJ Clftpayhsh;fs; nghWg;G.
mNj Neuk; me;j mwpit [dehaf mbg;gilapy; kf;fSf;F toq;FtJ gw;wpAk;mth;fs; fhpridahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mwpT tsh;r;rpahdJ Rje;jpu mbg;gilapYk;Njh;T mbg;gilapYk; tsu Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ murhq;fNkh mur mjpfhhpfNsh ,Jjhd; cz;ik vd;W $Wk; NghJ Muhahky; mjid kf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nrh;g;gJ vkJifahyhfhj jdj;ijNa gpujpgypf;Fk; mq;F vq;fs; MuhAk; Rje;jpuk; gwpNghfpd;wJ.cjhuzj;jpw;F xU ehL vq;fSf;F kpfr;rpwe;j mbg;gilapy; Fiwe;j tl;bapy; fld;jUfpd;wJ vd;W murhq;fk; mwptpj;J me;j ehl;il Gfo;fpd;wJ vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.Mdhy; nghpa nghpa cs;ehl;L xg;ge;jj; Njh;Tfspy; kw;iwa ehLfis tpz;zg;gk;nra;a ,lkspf;fhky; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Fiwe;j tl;b jUk;. ehl;Lf;F kl;Lk; rpwg;gplk;
93
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mjd; jhw;ghpak; vd;d? Mapuk; ,yl;rj;Jf;Fkw;iwa ehLfshy; nra;J Kbf;ff; $ba xU nraw;ghl;il me;j ehL ,uz;lhapuk;,yl;rj;Jf;F nra;ag; Nghtjhf mwptpf;fpd;wJ. vq;fs; ehL NtW topapd;wp Kd;dh;Fiwe;j tl;bf;F gzk; te;jhy; mjw;F xj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. mq;F Fiwe;j tl;b vd;WGfog;gl;l ehL ,q;F nfhs;is ,yhgj;jpw;F xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.vkJ ehl;Lf;F Vw;gLk; gad;> ghjpg;G ,tw;iw myrp Muhahky; murhq;fk; jUk; Kjw;nra;jpia kl;Lk; murhq;fk; vjph;ghh;g;gJ Nghy; mjw;F mbgzpe;J ntspapl;lhy; ehl;Lf;FNtW tpjj;jpy; Vw;glg; NghFk; ghjpg;Gg; gw;wp kf;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;s tha;g;gpy;yhky;Ngha;tpLfpwJ.
rkhe;jukhf ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; epfo;Tfis myrp Muha;e;J xd;Wf;nfhd;Wvt;tpjj;jpy; mit njhlh;Gilait mit kf;fisAk; ehl;ilAk; ve;jsTf;F ghjpf;fpd;wd>gad; jUfpd;wd vd;gijnay;yhk; Muha;e;J kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;LtJ Clftpayhsh;flik.mJ kl;Lky;yhky; eilngwg; NghFk; VjhtJ nraw;ghLfshy; ehl;L kf;fSf;FtUq;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wp Muha;e;J mtw;iw Kd;$l;bNa mwptpg;gJk;Clftpayhsh; nghWg;ghFk;.
RUf;fk;kf;fSf;F mwpT tsh;r;rp Vw;gl Mtd nra;tJk; me;j mwpit [dehaf
mbg;gilapy; kf;fSf;F toq;FtJk; rkhe;jukhf ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; epfo;Tfismyrp Muha;e;J xd;Wf;nfhd;W ve;j tpjj;jpy; mit njhlh;Gilait vd;gijAk;ehl;ilAk; kf;fisAk; ve;jsTf;F mit ghjpf;fpd;wd> gad; jUfpd;wd vd;gijMuha;e;J kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;LtJk; ehl;L kf;fSf;F tUq;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gltpUf;Fk;ghjpg;Gfs; gw;wp Muha;e;J Kd;$l;bNa mwptpg;gJk; Clftpayhsh; flikfshFk;.
gapw;rp : 2
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia 45 – 50 nrhw;fspy; RUf;fp jUf.
gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j ciueil Mrphpah;fSs; rptQhd Rthkpfs;xg;Gah;tw;W tpsq;fpaJ NghyNt> gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; MWKfehtyh; rpwg;Gw;Wtpsq;fpdhh;. jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F ciueil tpUj;jp mtrpankd;W tw;GWj;jpath;fSs;MWKfehtyUk; xUth;. fpwp];jtkjg; gpurhuj;jpdhy; gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; irtrkaj;jpw;F cz;lhd jsh;r;rpia ePf;fpa ehtyh; ngUe;jif> jkpo;nkhopia tsh;g;gjw;Fgy Kaw;rpfisr; nra;Js;shh;. nrd;idapNy mr;rpae;jpurhiy xd;iw mikj;J gyjkpo; E}y;fis jpUj;jpa Kiwapy; gpioawg; gjpg;gpj;Jjtpdhh;. vLj;Jf; nfhz;l fhhpak;vjidAk; Nrhh;tpd;wp jpUj;jkhf nra;Ak; ,ay;gpdh;. ehtyh; vd;gjw;F tOf;fs; ahJkpd;wpmth; mr;rpl;l Ehy;fNs rhd;whFk;.
nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Ntz;ba msT jkpopy; ,Ug;gjhy; mtw;iw ,aw;WtjpYk;ciueil Ehy;fis ,aw;WtNj jkpo; nkhopia tsh;g;gjw;F rpwe;j top vd;W nfhz;Lnghpa Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; Kjypatw;iw ciueilapy; vOjp cjtpaNjhLmth; gy fl;LiufisAk; fz;ld E}y;fisAk; khzth; fw;gjw;F Ntz;ba ciueilE}y; gytw;iwAk; vOjpAs;shh;. ehtyuJ ciueil> goikiaAk; GJikiaAk;xOq;F jOtpa Kw;Nghf;FKila xU rpwe;j eilahFk;. gioa ,yf;fz Kiwfis
94
mDrhpj;J ciuahrphpah;fs; vOjpa eiliag; Nghd;w xU fk;gPukhd eilapy; vOjf;$baMw;wy; cilatuha; ,Ue;j NghJk; jkpowptpy; Fiwe;NjhUk; vspjpy; nghUs; fhzf;$batifapy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW tof;fpYs;s tOtw;w nrhw;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;Jr; rpwe;jE}y;fis vOjpdhh;. mjdhy; mth; trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsh; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;lhh;.
RUf;fk;
gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpa MWKfehtyh; jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;Fnra;Aistpl ciueilNa mtrpankd tw;GWj;jpdhh;. fpwp];jtkjg; gpurhuj;jpdhy;irt rkaj;jpw;F cz;lhd jsh;r;rpia ePf;f ,th; nrd;idapy; mr;rpae;jpurhiy xd;iwmikj;J gy E}y;fis jpUj;jkhfg; gjpg;gpj;jhh;. nghpa Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;fl;Liufs;> fz;ldq;fs;> khzth;f;F Vw;w E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iw ciueilapy; vOjpdhh;.,tuJ ciueilapy; ,sikAk;> GJikAk; fk;gPuKk;> vspikAk; xUq;Nf fhzg;gl;ld.,jdhy; ,th; trdeil if te;j ty;yhsh; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gl;lhh;.
gapw;rp : 3
gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpia 45 – 50 nrhw;fspy; RUf;fp jUf.
mNrhfh; ngsj;jiu kl;Lk; Nerpj;J kw;wtiuj; Jd;GWj;jpdhhpy;iy. mth;ngsj;jiuAk; Fbkf;fshfNt fUjpdh;. kw;wtiuAk; Fbkf;fshfNt fUjp vy;NyhUf;Fk;xNu epahak; toq;fpdhh;. ,Uth; muRk; cyfpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf epw;Fk; khz;Gtha;e;jd.
mf;gh; Ml;rpKiw jpwik tha;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. mjd; fz; md;Gk; ePjpAk;tputpNa epd;wd. ey;y ikr;Rk; tPug;gilj;jiyikAk; mf;gh; Ml;rpf;Fj; Jhz;fshfepd;wd. mth;jk; Ml;rpapy; muRf;Fhpa mq;fq;fnsy;yhk; xOq;Fgl mike;jpUe;jd.mt;tikg;Gf;fspd; tiffis <z;L tphpj;Jf;$w Ntz;Ltjpy;iy. mf;gh; Ml;rpapy;mbNfhyg;ngw;w rPh;jpUj;j KiwfNs nghpJk; fUjw;ghyd.
mf;gh; K];yPk;. mth; Mz;l ehNlh ,e;Jf;fshYk; K];yPk;fshYk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; gyjpw Ntw;WikfSz;L. mt;tpUth;fSf;Fk; xw;Wikfhz;ly; mUikapYk; mUik vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ tof;fk;. mUikapYk; mUikiamf;gh; vspikapYk; vspikahf;fpdhh;. murh; kdk; xU gf;fk; rhuhJ Nehpa eLikapy;epd;why; mUikfnsy;yhk; vspadthFk;. Ntw;Wik xw;Wik vd;gd kdjpy; ,Ug;gd.kdjpy; Ntw;Wik tpise;jhy; cyfpYk; Ntw;Wik tpisAk;. mjpy; xw;Wik epytpdhy;cyfpYk; xw;Wik epyTk;.
mf;gh;> K];yPk; tapw;wpy; gpwf;f Neh;e;jikahy;> mth; ,e;Jf;fis mlf;fNthjk; nfhs;ifapy; <h;f;fNth Kad;wpUj;jy; Ntz;LNkh? mJ %h;f;fh; nrayhFk;. mf;gh;mwpQh;. md;gh; gue;j Nehf;Filath;. mtUf;F ,e;Jf;fSk; ehl;ltuhfNt fhzg;gl;ldh;.K];yPk;fSk; ehl;ltuhfNt fhzg;gl;ldh;. ,Uthplj;jpYk; mtUf;F Ntw;WikNjhd;wtpy;iy.
mf;gh; murhq;fj;jpYk;> NridapYk; gpwtw;wpYk; ,e;Jf;fisAk; mkh;j;jpdh;.K];yPk;fisAk; mkh;j;jpdh;. mth; ,e;J vd;Nwh K];yPk; vd;Nwh fUjp vtiuAk;Ntiyapy; mkh;j;Jtjpy;iy. mth;jk; kdk; vy;yhiuAk; kdpjnud;Nw fUjpw;W. mf;gh;kdk; Ntw;Wikapy; epy;yhikahy; Fbkf;fs; kdKk; Ntw;Wikapy; epw;ftpy;iy. ,e;J– K];yPk; xw;Wik mf;gh; Ml;rpapy; cuk; ngw;Nw epd;wJ.
95
milag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfSk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;
Nju;r ;rp 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapNy fl;LU
thf;fj;jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> mit $Wk; tplaq;fisAk;
jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd nkhopeilapy;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
5.0 : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J
nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : nray;jpwDk; tpidj;jpwDk; cs;s
Nfl;Nghuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
1.2 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy;
gz;NghL ciuahLthu;.
1.3 : vz;zq;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;
Gyg;gLj;jpg; gz;NghL NgRthu;.
1.4 : Fwpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; epfo;r;rpfspYk; jkJ
fUj;Jf;fis Mw;wYld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
1.5 : gy;;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g nraw;gLthu;.
3.1 : capu;Jbg;Gs;s fl;LUthf;fr; nraw;wpwDila thrfuhfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
5.1 : fhyg;gFjpapd; gpd;dzpiaAk; mt;tf;fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpe;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
5.2 : Gytu;fs;> gilg;ghspfspdJ gilg;ghw;wiy; jpwd;fisAk;
gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J $Wthu;.
7.1 : nkhopapd; ,d;wpaikahik> tsu;r;rp> nraw;ghL> mtw;wpd;
gpd;dzp vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J $Wthu;.
,yf;fpa tuyhW
96
,f;fhyj;jpy; GjpanjhU kWkyu;r;rpAq; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit gy jlitfs;mopf;fg;gl;lhYk;> gpd;dUk; ,d;Dk; mjpf rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Ftijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. cNyhfhajehfupfq;fs; xUKiw mope;jhy; kWgbAk; mit capu; ngWtjpy;iy. Mjyhy;>nghWikAld; ,Ug;gPu;fshf vjpu;fhyk; ek;kple;jhdpUf;fpwJ.
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW.
rq;ffhyk;
1. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; kugpw;fpzq;f ghFgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
mfj;jpiz E}y;fs;
1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; ew;wpiz FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W fypj;njhif gupghly; (mfKk; GwKk; tputpa E}y;)
2. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Ky;iyg;ghl;L gl;bdg;ghiy (mfKk; GwKk; tputpa E}y;) neLey;thil (mfkh Gwkh vd;Dk; ru;r;irf;Fupa E}y;)
Gwj;jpiz E}y;fs;
1. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; GwehD}W gjpw;Wg;gj;J gupghly; (mfKk; GwKk; tputpa E}y;)
2. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil nghUeuhw;Wg;gil ngUk; ghzhw;Wg;gil rpWghzhw;Wg;gil kiygLflhk; ($j;juhw;Wg;gil) kJiuf;fhQ;rp neLey;thil (mfkh Gwkh vd;Dk; ru;r;irf;Fupa E}y;)
2. rq;ffhy mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghUs; kugpid vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;fQ; nra;f.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz vd;Dk; gpujhd nghUs; kuGfiscs;slf;fpAs;sd.
,g;nghUs;kuG kf;fs; tho;f;if Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; tFf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mfj;jpiz kuG
mfj;jpiz vd;gJ fhjy; xOf;fk;.
97
kdnkhj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; jk;Ks; $ba $l;lj;J Ja;j;j ,d;gj;ij,j;jd;ikahdnjd ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj czu;T mfk; vdg;gLk;.
mfj;jpizg; ghf;fs; xUtu; ngaiur; Rl;bf; $wg;glhj ghf;fshFk;. mfj;jpiz xOf;fq;fshtd : Gzu;jy;> ,Uj;jy;> Cly;> ,uq;fy;> gpupjy;
vd;gd. Gzu;jy; FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fupa mf xOf;fkhFk;. ,Uj;jy; Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa mf xOf;fkhFk;. Cly; kUj epyj;jpw;Fupa mf xOf;fkhFk;. ,uq;fy; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;Fupa mf xOf;fkhFk;. gpupjy; ghiy epyj;jpw;Fupa mf xOf;fkhFk;. ,it md;gpide;jpiz vdg;gLk;. md;gpide;jpiz kugpy; mlq;fhj gpw mf xOf;fq;fs;.
1. iff;fpis 2. ngUe;jpiz iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf;fhkk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;. gUtnka;jhj Ngijaplk; Mltd; xUtd; fhjy; nfhz;L mtisg; gw;wp
gythW nrhy;yp ,d;GWjy;. xj;j md;gpduha jiytDk; jiytpAk; vjpu;g;gl;Lf; $Lk; $l;lj;jpd;
Kd; ngUk;ghYk; jiytdplk; epfOk; fhl;rp> Iak;> njspT> Njwy;vd;Dk; epiy.
nfhy;NyW jOTjy; Kjypait fhuzkhf epfOk; kzKiwfs;.
ngUe;jpiz ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf;fhkk;. xUtd; xUj;jpaplk; kpf;f fhkj;jdhfp mtis milag; ngwhJ klNyWjy;>
tiu gha;jy; Kiwfs; %yk; jd;id kha;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Kjyhdit.
3. rq;ffhy Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghUs; kugpidj; njhspTgLj;Jf. Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ fhjy; rhuhj Vidatw;iwg; ghLtjhFk;. Nghu;> tPuk;> nfhil> epiyahik Kjypad ,jd; ghw;gLk;. ngau;Rl;bf; $wg;gLk; fhjw;ghf;fSk; Gwj;jpizAs; mlf;fg;gLk;. Itifg; NgnuhOf;fq;fs;
o ntl;rp - (FwpQ;rp)o tQ;rp - (Ky;iy)o copiQ - (kUjk;)o Jk;ig - (nea;jy;)o thif (ghiy)
4. cs;Siw ctkk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jp> mfj;jpiz ghly;fspy; cs;Siw ctkk; gad;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
xU ghj;jpuk; jhd; $wtpUk;Gk; jftiy ntspg;gilahff; $whky; ,aw;ifepfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; elj;ijfis tpgupg;gjd; %yk;> Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;Jjy;cs;Siw ctkk; vdg;gLk;.
mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; cs;Siw ctkk; jiytDila ,ay;igr; Rl;Ltjw;Fk;jiytDf;Fr; rpy tplaq;fis mwpTWj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
c - k;“Gdtd; Jlit....................|| vd;Dk; ghlypy; flTSf;F Neu;e;J tpl;ljpidf;fjpiucz;Ltpl;L eLq;Fk; kapy; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.,J mwpahky; nra;j gpiof;Fj; jz;lid mDgtpg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.,JNghy; jiytDk; jtW nra;thdhapd; nja;tj;jpd; gopf;F / jz;lidf;FMshthd; vd;Dk; nra;jp ,q;F cs;Siwahf czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
98
,iwr;rpg; nghUs;.
,J cs;Siw ctkj;ijg; Nghyf; fUg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J ca;j;Jzug;gLk;.MapDk; ,uz;bw;Fk; NtWghL vd;dntdpy; cs;Siwapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk;
ca;j;JzUk; nghUSk; xj;J KbAk;.,iwr;rpapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk; ca;j;JzUk; nghUSk; xj;J Kbe;J mjdpd;W
kw;nwhU njhdpg;nghUs; mthtg;gl;L epw;Fk;.mjhtJ xd;iwr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ ,d;ndhd;W epidTf;F tUk;.
c-k; :mfehD}w;Wr; nra;As;“Nfhopiy thiof; Nfhs; Kjpu;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; nra;Aspd; gpd;tUk; mbfisf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.“igk;Gjy; Ntq;ifAk; xs;spzu; tpupe;jd neLntz; jpq;fSk; Cu; nfhz;ld;Nw” ,jd; nghUs; :
gRikahd Gju;fs; #o;e;j Ntq;if kuq;fSk; xs;spa G+q;nfhj;Jf;fs;tpupag; ngw;Ws;sd. ntz;ikahd G+uz re;jpuidAk; Cu; nfhz;Ls;sJvd;gjhFk;. MapDk; ,it czu;j;Jk; cs;shu;e;j nghUs; NtwhFk;.mjhtJNtq;if kuq;fs; G+j;Js;sd vd;gjhy; jpid mWtilf;fhyk; te;J tpl;ljhy;jiytp jpidf;fhtYf;fhf tukhl;lhs;. vdNt mtis gfypy; re;jpf;f KbahJ.,utpy; G+uzre;jpud; fha;tjhy; ,utpYk; jiytpia re;jpf;f KbahJ vdj;Njhop $Wfpd;whs;.
,tw;iwj; jiytDf;F czu;j;JtjD}lhf gfw;FwpAk;> ,uTf; FwpAk; rhj;jpakw;wnjd;gijAk; vdNt jiytpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;tJ
rpwe;jnjd;gijAk; Njhop typAWj;Jfpd;whs;.,t;thW ,aw;if tu;zidahf mikAk; fUg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J ca;j;JzUk;
nghUspd; %yk; gpwpNjhu; nra;jpia / fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jp epw;gNj ,iwr;rpg;nghUshFk;.
5. rq;ffhy mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; iff;fpis ngUe;jpiz xOf;fq;fs;gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wf.
jdpepiyr; nra;As;fshf rq;fr; nra;As;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpwpa nrhw;fs; nra;As;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. milnkhopfSk; njhif nkhopfSk; mjpfk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. mftw;gh (Mrpupag;gh) ngUkstpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
c-k; : mfehD}W> GwehD}W tQ;rpg;gh (c-k; : kJiuf;fhQ;rp) fypg;gh (c-k; : fypj;njhif) gupghl;L(c-k; : gupghly;)
Kjyhd gh tiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpy ,lq;fspy; me;jhjp mikg;G Kiw ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(c-k; : gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ehd;fhk; gj;J)
6. gpd;tUk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;Giu vOJf.
1. neLey;thil :
neLey;thil ef;fPuuhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ. 188 mbfspy; Mrpupag;ghtpy; vOe;j ,e;E}y;mfkh> Gwkh vd;w ru;r;irf;FupaJ.
99
gpupthy; tUe;jpa jiytpf;F thilf;fhw;W jiytdpd; gpupit nebjhf;fpneLthilahfpaJ. mNj Ntis tpidNkw; nrd;w jiytDf;F mt;thiley;thilahfpaJ. ,jdhy; neLey;thil vdg;gl;lJ.
“Ntk;G jiyahj;j Nehd;fho; v/fk;” vDk; ghly; mb ghz;baidf; Fwpg;gpLtjdhy;,t;tpyf;fpak; Gwj;jpizf;FupaJ vd xU rhuhUk; Ntk;G ghz;baDf;Fupamilahskhf ,q;F mikatpy;iy. mJ kUj;Jtj;jpy; njhw;W ePf;fpahfTk;gad;gLj;jj;jf;fJ vd;w mbg;gilapy; neLey;thil mfk; rhu;e;jJ vd;w fUj;ijtypAWj;JNthUk; csu;.
2. gupghly;
gupghl;L ghtifiar; rhu;e;jJ. mfKk; GwKk; tputpa ,yf;fpakhfg; gupghly;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
70 ghly;fspy; jw;nghOJ 22 ghly;fNs fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. fpilf;fg;ngw;w 22 ghly;fspy; jpUkhy; Fwpj;J 6 ghly;fSk; nrt;Nts; Fwpj;J 8
ghly;fSk; rkak; rhu;e;j tplaq;fis tpgupg;gjd; %yk; Gwj;jpiz rhu;e;jmk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
itif Fwpj;J tUk; 08 ghly;fspd; %yk; kJiu efuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp jiytd;>jiytpapd; mf czu;Tfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. kJiuf;fhQ;rp :
khq;Fb kUjdhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w kJiuf;fhQ;rp vDk; ,yf;fpak; tQ;rpabfs;tputpa Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
kJiuiag; ghLtjdhYk; epiyahikiag; Gyg;gLj;JtjdhYk; kJiuf;fhQ;rpvdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropa kd;ddpd; tPu Mw;wy;> neLQ;nropaidg; gifj;j gifkd;du;fSf;F Neu;e;j fjp> kJiuapd; tsu;r;rpr; rpwg;G Kjypad Kf;fpak;ngWfpd;wd.
kJiuapd; xUehs; epfo;Tg; ghq;fpid vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjD}lhf epiyahikrhu;e;j tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. gl;bdg;ghiy :
fbaY}u; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhuhw; ghlg;ngw;w gl;bdg;ghiy vDk; ,yf;fpak;mfKk; GwKk; tputpa E}yhf cs;sJ.
jpUkhtstidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;l ,e;E}ypy; nea;jy; epykhdfhtpupg; G+k;gl;bdj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa tpgupg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
gl;bdg;ghiyapy; tUk; ghiy vDQ; nrhy; gpupitf; Fwpj;J te;Js;sJ. Nrhoehl;bd; tzpfk;> tsk;> kf;fs; tpisahl;L vd;gtw;NwhL jiytd;> jiytpMfpNahupd; czu;T ntspg;ghLfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
.
rq;fkUtpa fhyk;
1. rq;fkUtpa fhyk; vd;w nrhw;nghUis tpgupf;f.
rq;ffhyj;ijj; njhlu;e;J tUk; fhyk; rq;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhd fhyk; - (PostSangam period)
100
milahsg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; rq;f fhyj;ij Kjd;ikg; gLj;jpr; nrhy;yNtz;ba Njit
fsg;gpuu;fhyk; - murpay; rhu;e;jJ mwnewpf;fhyk; - ghLnghUs; rhu;e;jJ.
2. rq;fkUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; ghFgLj;Jf.
mwk;> mfk;> Gwk;> tho;tpay; rhu;e;jit (c-k; : Mrhuf;Nfhit)> gf;jp rhu;e;jit
3. ‘mwE}y;fs;| vOe;jikf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit? rq;ffhyg; Nghuhy; Vw;gl;l tpuf;jp mtykhd tho;Tr; #oypypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd topfhl;ly; rkz ngsj;j kjq;fspd; rhu;Gepiy rkz> nghj;j kjq;fspd; nghJkf;fs; rhu;G jkpof #oypy; itjPfj;jpd; ,Wf;f epiy rkz> ngsj;jj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;by; tpj;jpahjhdk; Kf;fpak; ngwy;
4. ‘,Uz;lfhyk;’ vd;w njhlupd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpgupf;f. murpay; tuyhw;Wj; njsptpd;ikahy;. rka Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf itjPfk; NkNyhq;fp rka rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg;Gwf;fzpj;jy;
Nts;tpf;Fbr; nrg;NgL - fsg;gpuiuf; fyp muru; vd ,opTgLj;jpf; $wpaik fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;gb fsg;gpuuJ tuyhW mwpag;gl;lik. cd;djkhd E}y;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
c-k; : jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;nkhopapy; ,yf;fpaq;fis thoitj;jtu; fsg;gpuu; - 2 epiy
1. rhjhuz kf;fspd; Ngr;R tof;if mbnahw;wp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOe;jik2. cau;e;j ,yf;fpa kuGfis cUthf;fpaik.
5. rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;j jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;G gw;wp tpgupf;Ff. cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w nghJkiw E}y;. midj;J rkak;> ehL> fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; cz;ikfis $Wfpd;wik cyf nkhopfs; gytw;Ws;Sk; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lik.
(Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R> n[u;kd;> cUjpa nkhop) gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; jiyaha E}yhf tpsq;Ffpd;wik. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Mfpa Kg;ghy;fSf;$lhf mupa fUj;Jf;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. VO rPu;fisf; nfhz;l xd;Nw Kf;fhy; mbapyhd Fws; ntz;ghtpw;$lhff;
fUj;Jf;fis El;gkhf tpsf;Ffpd;wik
6. ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j fhg;gpaq;fs; gw;wp tpgupf;Ff.my;yJ ‘,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vd;w njhlu; rpyg;gjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; kzpNkfiyf;Fk;nghUe;Jkhw;iw tpgupf;Ff.rpyg;gjpfhuk;
Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy; Kjy; vOe;j fhg;gpakhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,sq;Nfhtbfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lik. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fijapidf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L Nfhtyd; fz;zfp tuyhw;iwf;$Wfpd;wik.
Nrho ehl;by; cUthfp ghz;ba ehl;by; tsu;r;rp ngw;W Nru ehl;by; KOikngWk;fhg;gpak;.
101
Gfhu;f;fhz;lk; (10 fhijfs;)> kJiuf;fhz;lk; (13 fhijfs;)> tQ;rpf;fhz;lk;(7 fhijfs;) Mfpa %d;W fhz;lq;fis nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
kzpNkfiy
rpyg;gjpfhuf;fijj; njhlu;r;rpahd NfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; gpwe;j kzpNkfiyapd;tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ.
kJiuf; $ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lik ngsj;jkjf; Nfhl;ghLfis typAWj;Jk; rkaf; fhg;gpak;. ,e;jpuDf;F tpohntLj;j tpohtiw fhij njhlf;fk; gtj;jpwk; mWfntdg;ghit Nehw;w fhij <whf Kg;gJ fhijfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
1. rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu; tQ;rpf; fhz;lj;jpy; fz;zfp fijia ,sq;NfhtbfSf;Ff; $wpdhu;.2. kzpNkfiy rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; njhlu; vd;w $w;W rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; cz;L.3. ,U fijfspYk; ngz;fs; Kf;fpa ghj;jpukhjyhy; jpUkzkhd ngz; -nja;tkhjy;> fd;dpg;ngz; - nja;tkhjy;
7. fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahupd; gpuge;jq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfk; - 1 - 2mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjpjpUtpul;il kzpkhiy
8. gjpfk; vd;w ,yf;fpa tbj;ij tpsf;fk; nra;J> fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu; gjpf ,yf;fpaj;jpd;Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpaijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; gf;jp mDgtj;ij KOikahfr; nrhy;tjw;fhd ghtpdk; tpUj;jg;gh.mjpy; mike;j 10 my;yJ 11 ghly;fisf;; nfhz;l xU njhFjp gjpfk;
jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; gf;jp mDgtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf> gjpfj;ijg;gad;gLj;jpajhy; %j;j gjpfk; vd;w ngau; te;jik.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gjpfj;jpd; mjPj tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Uj;jy;
9. fhiuf;fhyk;ikahu; kw;Wk; Kjy; %d;W Mo;thu;fs; gf;jp ,yf;fpa kugpw;fhd%yNtu;fshf miktij tpsf;Ff.
irt> itzt gf;jpf;fhd %ytu;fshf ,tu;fs;jhd; cUthfpdhu;fs; irt itzt ,zf;f epiyia Vw;gLj;jpatu;fs; (`upfu topghL) flTisg; gy epiyfspYk; ghu;g;gjw;fhd Muk;g epiyia cUthf;fpatu;fs;.
10. rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; njhlu;r;rpAk; Nja;Tk; gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy;ntspg;gLkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
njhlu;r;rp1. gf;jp ,yf;fpa njhlu;r;rp2. gjpf ,yf;fpa tbtj; njhlu;r;rp3. ghl;Lilj; jiytidg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ghLk; kuG4. mfj;jpiz kuG kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpAk;
Nja;T1. mwg;Nghjid2. Gw ,yf;fpa kuG3. cyfpay; jiytu;f;F epfuhfj; nja;tPfk; khWjy;
11. rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; vit?
102
mwj;ijg; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;lit mfk;> Gwk; Mfpa kuGfspd; njhlu;r;rp gf;jp ,yf;fpak; Njhw;wk; ngWjy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rkag;gpurhu thfdkhfpaik njhlu;epiyr; nra;As; kuG fhtpaq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gjpfk;> me;jhjp> ,ul;il kzpkhiy Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; mwpKfk; ntz;gh> ngUtof;F> tpUj;jg;gh> fl;lisf;fypj;Jiw ahg;Gfspd; mwpKfk;.
gy;ytu; fhyk;
1. gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs; kuGf;fika tifg;gLj;Jf.gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; nghUs;> kuG mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW ghFgLj;jj;jf;fd. gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
m) irtrkak; rhu;e;jit : Njthuk;> jpUthrfk; KjypadM) itzt rkak; rhu;e;jit : Mo;thu; jpUg;ghRuq;fs;
gf;jp rhuh ,yf;fpaq;fs;ee;jpf;fyk;gk;> Kj;njhs;shapuk;> ghujntz;gh> ghz;bf;Nfhit>nfhq;FNtspu; khf;fij Kjypad.
2. gf;jp czu;it kf;fs;kag;gLj;j> gf;jp ,af;fk; Kd;ndLj;j cj;jpfisj; njspthftpsf;Ff.
Cu;fs; NjhWk; ahj;jpiu nrd;W> mq;Fs;s jyq;fisAk; mtw;wpy; ciwfpd;w,iwtidAk; Gfo;e;J ghly;fisg; ghbaik.
,iwtidg; gy;NtW ghtidfspy; neUf;fkhd cwTnfhz;L ghbaik :Mz;lhs; - fhjyd;ngupaho;thu; - Foe;ij
ehl;lhu; kugpy; epd;Wk; fpisj;njOe;j ,yf;fpa tbtq;fisf; ifahz;lik :CQ;ry;> mk;khid> Rz;zk;
tlnkhop ,jpfhr> Guhzf; fijfis ,izj;Jg; ghly;fisg; ghbaik. mw;Gjq;fisr; nra;jik ,irNahL $ba ghly;fis ,aw;wpaik. gpuNjrg;gw;W ntspg;gLk; tifapy; ghly;fis ,aw;wpaik. gjpfk;> me;jhjp> cyh Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
3. gy;ytu;fhyj;Jr; rka rhu;gw;w / gf;jprhuh ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtw;wpd;gz;Gfisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; Kj;njhs;shapuk; ghujntz;gh nfhq;FNtspu; khf;fij ghz;bf;Nfhit =Guhzk; farpe;jhkzp ,iwadhu; fstpaYiumtw;wpd; gz;Gfs;. kd;du; Gfo;ghly; mfk;> Gwk; ,ize;j epiy ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; ngau; Rl;lg;gly; ntz;gh> tpUj;jg;gh> mftw;gh> fl;lisf;fypj;Jiw Nghd;w ahg;Gf;fs; gad;gly; tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F
4. gy;ytu;fhyg; gf;jp ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; gpd;tUNthu; my;yJ E}y;fs; ngWk; ,lj;jpidkjpg;gpLf.
103
1. ngupaho;thu;
jpUg;gy;yhz;L> ngupaho;thu; jpUtha;nkhop fz;zidf; Foe;ijahfTk; jd;idj; jhahfTk; ghtid nra;J ghbAs;sik. fz;zidf; Foe;ijahff; fUjp> 22 gUtq;fspw; ghbatw;Ws; 10 gUtq;fisj;
njupTnra;J> Nrhou;fhyj;jpy; Xl;lf;$j;ju;> FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj;jkpiog;ghbaik.
fz;zdpd; FWk;Gfs;> mw;Gjq;fis tpupthfg; ghbaik.
2. Re;juu;
,iwtidj; Njhouhf; nfhs;Sk; Njhoik khu;f;fj;jpw; ghly;fs; ‘tho;thtJ khak; ,J kz;zhtJ jpz;zk;’ epiyahikf; fUj;Jf;fisg;; ghbaik jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif %yk; ngupaGuhzj;Jf;F topfhl;baik.
3. Mz;lhs;
jpUg;ghit> ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop fz;zidf; fhjydhfNt fUjpg; ghbatu; kiljpwe;j nts;sk; Nghd;w fhjy; czu;r;rp J}J Kjypa mfj;jpizj; Jiwfisf; ifahzlik.
4. khzpf;fthrfu;
jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhitahu; ~~jpUthrfj;jpwF cUfhjhu; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;|| vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk;
,dpa ghly;fs; rp.A Nghg;gpdhy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;ghly; tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik jpUtk;khid> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;> jpUf;Nfhj;Jk;gp jpUf;Nfhitahu; - mfj;jpizj;Jiwfs; ehD}W mlq;fg; ghlg;gl;lJ. khDlf;fhjiyAk; nja;tPff; fhjiyAk; ,izf;Fk; kuG
5. gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;ffhy mfj;jpiz kuG khw;wkile;jthw;iw vLj;Jiuf;f.
gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rq;ffhy mfj;jpiz kuG gy topfspy; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
rq;ffhy cyfpay; fhjy; gy;ytu; fhy gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Md;kPff; fhjyhfkhw;wkile;Js;sJ.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; md;gpide;jpizf;Fk; Gwk;ghd fhjy; xOf;fkhff; fUjg;gl;liff;fpis gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; Md;kPff; fhjiyg; ghl Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mf xOf;fj;jpidAk; Gw xOf;fj;jpidAk; xd;Wld; xd;W tputhJ ghLk; kuNgrq;ffhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jprhuh ,yf;fpaq;fpy;; mf> GwxOf;fq;fs; tputptUtijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
ngau;Rl;bg; ghLk; kuG rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy;ngau;Rl;bg; ghLk; kuG cz;L.
cjpupahfg; ghlg;gl;l rq;f mfj;Jiwfis xUq;F Nru;j;J (Nfhu;j;J) Nfhit,yf;fpaq;fisg; ghLk; kuG gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; cUthfpwJ.
6. gy;ytu;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Nky;tUk; E}y;fisg;gw;wpr; rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
104
1. Kj;njhs;shapuk;
Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau; Mfpa %tu; kPJ ghlg;gl;l 900 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;.jw;NghJ 109 ghly;fs; tiuNa fpilf;fpd;wd.
Ritkpf;f fhjw; ghly;fs; %Nte;jupd; ,aw;ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhky; nghJg;ngau;fNs $wg;gl;Ls;sd. kd;du;fs; gpwe;j el;rj;jpuq;fspd; NghJ gpwe;jehs; tpoh nfhz;lhLjy; Kjypa
gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
2. ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
jkpopd; Kjw; fyk;gfk; 3Mk; ee;jptu;kd; Nkw; ghlg;gl;lJ. gytifahd G+f;fshw; fl;lg;gl;l khiy (fyk;gfk;) Nghyg; gytifahd ghf;fshw;
fl;lg;gLtJ. mftw;gh> ntz;gh> fl;lisf;fypj;Jiw> tpUj;jg;gh Mfpa ahg;Gf;fs; khwpkhwp
tug;ghlg;gl;lJ. mfj;jpizAk; Gwj;jpizAk; Nru;e;J tUk; ,yf;fpak;
3. cjazd; khf;fij
nfhq;FNtspu; khf;fij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJ. tlnkhop E}y;fisj; jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. tj;jehl;Lf; nfsfhk;gp efu murd; cjazd; tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. Ie;J fhz;lq;fs; - mftw;ghthy; MdJ. gy;NtW fpisf;fijfs; cs;sd. Kjw;rkzf; fhg;gpak; fijj; jiytid
jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytdhfr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; Kjw;fhg;gpak;
4. ,iwadhu; fstpay; ciu
,iwadhu; vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gu;. ,iwadhu; fstpay; 60 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;E}Yf;F ef;fPuu; vOjpa ciuNa ,iwadhu; fstpay; ciu. ,J gy;ytu; fhyj;jpw;FupaJ.
7. gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikia tpsf;Ff.
ehl;lhu; kugpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; ifahsg;gly; : Cry; /CQ;ry;> Rz;zk;> mk;khid Kjypad.
ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpar; nrhw;fs;> gonkhopfs;> kuGj; njhlu;fs; ifahsg;gly;. ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa Xirg;gz;G gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ifahsg;gly;. nghJkf;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;Lk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;bUj;jy;. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;l (khdpl) cwT epiyfis Md;kPf epiyg;gLj;jpg;
ghly;fs; nra;ag;gly;.
105
Nrhou; fhyk;.
1. Nrhou;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.1. fhtpaq;fs;
ngUq;fhtpak;rPtfrpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;f Njtu;tisahgjpFz;lyNfrp - ehjFj;jdhu;rpW fhtpaq;fs;#shkzp - Njhyhnkhopj; Njtu;ePyNfrpcjazFkhufhtpak;ahNrhju fhtpak;ehfFkhufhtpak;fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gu;
2. Guhzq;fs;ngupaGuhzk;fe;jGuhzk;
3.rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;1. guzp fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - raq;nfhz;lhu; jf;fahfg;guzp - xl;lf;$j;ju;2. cyh %tUyh - xl;lf;$j;ju;3. gps;isj;jkpo; FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; gps;isj;jkpo; - xl;lf;$j;ju;4. esntz;gh - GfNoe;jpg;Gytu;
5. Vu; vOgJru];tjp me;jhjp - fk;gu;rlNfhgu; me;jhjp
6. jpUj;njhz;lu; jpUite;jhjp - ek;gpahz;lu; ek;gp
3.irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fs;1. jpUTe;jpahu;2. jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahu;3. rptQhdNghjk;4. rptQhd rpj;jpahu;5. ,Ugh,U/J6. cz;ik tpsf;fk;7. rptg;gpufhrk;8. jpUtUl;gad;9. tpdhntz;gh10. Nghw;wpg; g/nwhil11. nfhbf;ftp12. neQ;RtpL J}J13. cz;iknewp tpsf;fk;14. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;
4. ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
106
1. ahg;gUq;fyk; - mkpu;jrhfuu;2. ahg;gUq;fyf;fhupif - Gj;jkpj;jpudhu;3. tPuNrhopak; - FztPu gz;bju;4. ed;D}y; - gtze;jp Kdptu;
2. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j fhtpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; nghUs; kugpid tpsf;Ff.1. fhtpaq;fs; - (Nrhou;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;sJ)2. nghUs; kuG
tlnkhop E}y;fisj; jOtp vOjg;gl;lit fk;guhkhazk; - thd;kPfp ,uhkhazk; rPtfrpe;jhkzp - \j;jpu #lhkzp> fj;jpa rpe;jhkzp
tlnkhopg; gz;ghl;Lf; fij kugpid jkpof kd;du;fisAk; ehL efug;gFjpfisAk; kdjpw;nfhz;Nl fhtpaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
fk;guhkhazk; - (fhtpup ehld;d fsdpehL) kd;du; Gfo;ghLgitahf cs;sd jj;jk; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf; $Wgit
rPtfrpe;jhkzp - rkzk; Fz;lyNfrp - ngsj;jk; fk;guhkhazk; - itztk;
cyfpay; tho;f;ifia tpje;J $Wgit rPtfd; - vl;Lg; ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;jy;
tpUj;j ahg;gpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit
3. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; gz;Gfisj;njspTgLj;Jf.rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs; kd;du; Gfo; ghLgit nja;tq;fspd; mtjhuq;fisf; $Wk; jd;ik Ngupyf;fpaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tlehl;L tuyhWfisf; $w> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; jkpof
kd;du; tuyhWfisf; $Wfpd;wd. cyh> gps;isj;jkpo;> guzp Kjypa tbtq;fs; Ngupyf;fpaq;fs; tpUj;jg;ghtpw; ghlg;gl;l kuGf;F khwhf fypntz;gh> xj;jhopirf;
fypg;gh Kjypa ahg;Gfspd; gad;ghL tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F
4. Nrhou;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w murit ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; nghJthdgz;Gfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
Mrpupau; jpUj;jf;f Njtu;> rkarkaf; fhg;gpsk;> 3147 tpUj;jq;fs;>fhe;jUtj;ijahu; ,yk;gfk;> Fzkhiyahu; ,yk;gfk; Kjypa 13 ,yk;gfq;fs;
kzE}y; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJMuk;gfhy rq;fkUtpa fhyj;njOe;j rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Mfpait
mftw;ghtpw; ghlg;gl;l fhtpak;.fhtpaq;fis tpUj;jg;ghtpw; ghlTk; ehl;Lg;glyk;> efug;glyk; vd;gd mikf;fTk;
gpw;fhyf; fhg;gpak;\j;jpu#lhkzp> =Guhzk;> farpe;jhkzp Kjypa tlnkhop E}y;fspd; jOty;jkpo;nkhopf;F ,ypal;Lk; ,JNt> xbrpAk; ,JNt vd;W [p.A. Nghg; ,dhy;
ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ.
2. fk;guhkhazk;
107
fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.tlnkhop thd;kPfp ,uhkhazj;jpd; jOty; ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpa fhz;lk;> Muzpa fhz;lk;> fp\;fpe;jh fhz;lk;>
Re;jufhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; Kjypa MW fhz;lq;fs;> gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk;Nkw;gl;l ghly;fs;
jkpopd; jiyrpwe;j fhtpakhfTk; jkpo;f;ftpj;Jtj;jpd; Ngnuy;iyahfTk;gz;ghl;bd; gjpthfTk; Nghw;wg;gLtJ.
3. ngupaGuhzk;
Re;juupd; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifia Kjy; E}yhfTk; ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gpapd;jpUj;njhz;lj; jpUte;jhjpia topE}yhfTk; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. 13rUf;fq;fs; 4286 tpUj;jg;ghly;fs; 63 ehad;khu;fspd; tuyhW $WtJ
jkpofk; KOtijAk; irtrkak; vd;Dk; Filapd; fPo; xd;Wglitf;fKide;jik.
4. esntz;gh
GfNoe;jpg; Gytuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.Rak;tufhz;lk;> fypnjhlu;fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk; Mfpa %d;W
fhz;lq;fSk; 424 ntz;ghf;fSk;.kfhghujj;jpy; tUk; eNshghf;fpahdk; vd;Dk; gFjpapYs;s esd; fijia
%yf;fijahff; nfhz;lJ.ntz;ghtpd; rpwg;ghd gad;ghl;lhy; “ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp” vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.ntz;ghahg;gpdhy; fijnghjp fhtpakhfg; ghlg;gl;l rpwg;gpidf; nfhz;like;jJ.
5. fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
~~guzpf;Nfhu; raq;nfhz;lhu;|| vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; raq;nfhz;lhuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.jkpopd; Kjw;guzpFNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; gilj;jsgjpahd fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhd; fypq;f
ehl;bd; Nkw; gilnaLj;J ntd;w nra;jpiag; ghLtJ.FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; Gfo; gytiffspw; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtd; flTspd;
mtjhuNk vd;W Gytu; ghbAs;shu;.xj;jhopirf; fypg;gh ahg;gpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.filj;jpwg;G> fhL ghbaJ Kjypa 10 cWg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.rpwe;j ftpj;Jtk; cilaJ.
ehaf;fu;fhy ,yf;fpak;
ehaf;fu;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs; rkar;rhu;G jj;Jtr;rhu;G gioik Nghw;Wjy; tpj;Jtr; nrUf;F nghJkf;fl;rhu;G ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;wk; tuz;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; tirf;ftp ghLk; kuG ngUe;njhifahd gpuge;jq;fs; (gpuge;jfhyk; vd;Wk; $Wtu;)
INuhg;gpau; fhyk;
1. INuhg;gpau;fhy ciueil tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fhuzpfs; vit?
108
,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpau; tUifia mLj;J murpay;> nghUshjhu r%fmikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.
fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;gdpapd; Njhw;wKk; nrd;id fy;tpr;rq;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpAk;. Mq;fpyf;fy;tp mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUif gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wk; kjg;gpurhuk;> vjpu;g;gpurhuk; epu;thfj; Njit
2. INuhg;gpau;fhy ciueil ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,yf;fzj; jkpo; nkhopeil ifahsg;gly;c-k; : fe;jGuhz> ngupaGuhz trdeil
gpw;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yf;fpaj; NjitfUjp nkhop vspikahf;fg;gly;epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjy;Mf;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fz;ld gpuRuq;fspYk; Ngr;Rtof;F nkhopf; ifahSif
,lk;ngw;wikjkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;fg;gly;
c-k; : tPukhKdptu; gzpfs;Mq;fpyr; nrhw;gpuNahfk; jkpopy; ‘mq;fj ciueil’ ,yf;fpakhd gukhu;j;j FUf;fij Nghd;w fijfspd;
tUifMNdhy; rjhrptk;gps;isapd; ‘ed;ndwpf;fjhrq;fpujk;’ Nghd;w rpWfijfspd; tUif.
3. INuhg;gpau;fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jtu;fspd; jkpo;g;gzpfisr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.
1453 ,y; nfhd;rhd; jp Nehgps; JUf;fpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJk; Nkiyj;Njrj;jtu;fs;fPioj;Njrq;fSf;fhd ehLfhz; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;likAk;.
jj;JtNghjfRthkpfs;> tPukhKdptu;> rPfd;ghy;FIau;> Nghg;Iau;> vy;yP];Jiu>fhy;Lnty; KjyhNdhupd; gzpfs; Fwpf;fg;gly;
gjpg;Gj; Jiwapd; nghUl;L mr;Rf;$lq;fs; epWtpg; gzpahw;wpaik.
rPfd;ghy;FIau; jkpo;ehl;by; juq;fk;ghb vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J mr;Rf;$lk; xd;W
epWtp> mjw;fUfhikapy; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy xd;iw epWtpg; gy E}y;fis mr;rpl;L
ntspapl;Lg; gjpg;Gj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;rPfd;ghy;FIau; yj;jPd; - jkpo; mfuhjp vOjpaik tz. [P.iew;W vd;ghUk;fgpupNay; jpNruh> tz. gPw;wu; Ngu;rpty; MfpNahupd; JizAld; aho;g;ghzmfuhjp cUthf;fg;gly;.
jkpo;f;fy;tp Kaw;rpfs;,iwgzp nra;a te;j INuhg;gpag; ghjpupkhu;fs; fpwp];jtu;fshf;fg;gl;l jkpo;kf;fspd; fy;tpg; gzpapYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. fpwp];jt kjj;ijg; gutr; nra;Ak;Nehf;Fld; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,f;fy;tpg;gzp> jkpo;f;fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Gjpa khw;wq;fiscUthf;fpaJ. ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld> G+Nfhs rupj;jpuk;> ,aw;ifg;ghlk;Kjyhdit fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. thdE}y;> cly;E}y; Kjyhd tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpAk;fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rpfs;[P. A+. Nghg; vd;gtu; jpUf;Fws;> ehybahu;> jpUthrfk; Mfpatw;iwAk; GwehD}W>Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Mfpatw;wpd; rpy gFjpfis nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.vy;yp];Jiu jpUf;Fwspy; Kjy; ehw;gJ mjpfhuq;fis nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
109
vr;.v.fpU\;zgps;is ‘The pilgrim progress’ E}iy ‘,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;’ vd;Dk;ngaupy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
xg;gpyf;fz Kaw;rp - nwhNgu;l; fhy;Lnty;ypd; ~jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;| tuyhw;W Ma;T Kaw;rpfs; - nwhNgu;l; fhy;Lnty;ypd; ‘jpUney;Ntypapd; murpay;
kw;Wk; nghJ tuyhW’ ciuahrpupau; gzp : jpUf;Fwspy; Kjy; gjpd;%d;W mjpfhuq;fSf;Fj; jkpo;
,yf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fSld; vy;yp];Jiu ciu vOjpaik. Rtbg;gzpfs; - vy;yp];Jiuahy; tPukhKdptupd; Rtbfs; fz;nlLj;Jg;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lik. ehty; Kaw;rpfs; - khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;isahy; ‘gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk;’
vOjg;gl;lik ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs;
Ntjehafk; rh];jpupahuhy; ngj;jyNfk; FwtQ;rp ghlg;gl;likkhA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;isahy; ngz;tpLjiyf;Fk;kp ghlg;gl;likvr;.v.fpU];zgps;isahy; ,ul;rzpa rkaepu;zak;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpaFws; Kjyhdit vOjg;gl;lik.
gj;jpupif Kaw;rpfs;1831 ,y; ‘kjuh]; upypa]; buhf;l; n]hi]bahy;’ ‘jkpo;g; gj;jpupif’ nrd;idapy;mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ‘Missionary Gleanings, Friendly, Instructor’ Kjyhdfpwp];jtg; gj;jpupiffs; KiwNa ehfu;Nfhtpy;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il Kjyhd,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J mr;rpl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld.
Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; : kJiuapy; ,Ue;j mnkupf;fd; kp\d;> jQ;rhT+u;> juq;fghbkp\d; Mfpa rq;fq;fSk;
Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fis ntspapl;ld.
4. INuhg;gpau; tUifia mLj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa Nghf;Ffisf;Fwpg;gpLf.
ciueil Kaw;rpfs;m) mq;fj ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
c-k; : tPukhKdptu; gukhu;j;j FU fij - 1800 fspy; fpof;fpe;jpaf;fk;gdpapy; gzpahw;wpa ngQ;rkpd; ggpq;ld; vd;gtu; Kd;DiuAld; ,ijg; gjpg;gpj;J,Uf;fpwhu;.M) Ntjtpsf;fk;> Ntjpau; xOf;fk;> thkdd; fij> Ngjfk; kWj;jy;>Qhdf;fz;zhb Kjyhd E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
gjpg;G Kaw;rpfs;c.Nt. rhkpehijau; gjpg;G Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fSs; xUtu;. mtuhy;rPtfrpe;jhkzp> kzpNkfiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> GwehD}W> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>gj;Jg;ghl;L> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>Ky;iyg;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> neLey;thil> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> gl;bdg;ghiy>kiygLflhk; Kjyhd E}y;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
ghlE}y; cUthf;fk;gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; cUthd ghlrhiyf; fy;tp Kiwrhu;e;J ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;E}y; tptu ml;ltizfs; 1867Mk; Mz;L Kjy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1900 - 1910 fhyq;fspy; ntspte;jE}y;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fisf; $Wk; jkpo;E}y; tptu ml;ltiz 3626 E}y;fisg;gw;wpa tptuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tuyhw;W E}y;fspd; cUthf;fk;> fz;ldg; gpuRuq;fs;
110
nuhgu;l; fhy;Lntypd; ‘jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; murpay; kw;Wk; nghJtuyhW’ ,J 1881 Mk; Mz;by; kjuhR murpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
fz;ld E}y;fs;fj;Njhypf;fUf;Fk; Y}ju;rigapdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l gifik fhuzkhfVuhskhd fz;ldE}y;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. tPukhKdptu; vOjpa Ntjtpsf;fj;Jf;FkWg;ghf Y}ju;rigapdu; ‘jpUr;rigg;Ngjfk;’ vd;Dk; fz;ldE}iy vOjpdu;.me;E}Yf;F kWg;ghf tPukhKdptuhy; Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> Y}j;ju; ,dj;jpay;G KjyhdE}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
Gidfij ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs;gQ;rje;jpuf; fij (1826)gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk; (1878)> RFzRe;jup (1887)1893 khrpapy; tpNtfrpe;jhkzpapy; ,uh[ikau; fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk; ehtiyvOjpdhu;.khjitahtpd; gj;khtjp rupj;jpuk; (1898)
gj;jpupiffs;fpwp];jtg; gj;jpupiffs; - jw;Nghjfk; (1840)> Nj. Nrhgfhup (14861)fpwp];jtj;J}jd;jpUr;rigg; gj;jpupif (1863)> rpNdfNghjfd; (1875),e;Jkjg; gj;jpupif - gpukjPgpif (1878)> rpj;jhe;j rq;fpufk; ( 1877)ngz;zpag; gj;jpupif - mkpu;jtrdp (1865)> ,e;Jkjg; ngz;kzpfSf;fhfr;nrd;idapypUe;J ntspte;j ,jo;.rpWtu;fSf;fhd gj;jpupif - ghyjPgpif (1840),yf;fpag; gj;jpupif - jpdtu;j;jkhdp
5. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;F Nky;tUNthu; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
tPukhKdptu; :
,aw;ngau; : fhd;];lhd;ba]; N[hrg; ng];fpijupaehju; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,yf;fpar; Rtbfs; gy ,lq;fs; nrd;W NjbvLj;jjhy; “Rtb NjLk; rhkpahu;” vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.fhg;gpag;gzp : Njk;ghtzprpw;wpyf;fpag;gzp : jpUf;fhty; Cu;f; fyk;gfk;> fpj;Njup mk;kd; mk;khid>
milf;fyehafp ntz;gh> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fUzhfug;gjpfk;
ciueilg;gzp : Ntjtpsf;fk;> Ntjpau; xOf;fk;> Qhdf;fz;zhbmq;fj ,yf;fpak; : gukhu;j;jFU fijfz;ld E}y;fs; : Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> Y}j;ju;> ,dj;jpay;G,yf;fzg;gzp : nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> njhd;D}y;
tpsf;fk;.
mfuhjpg;gzprJufuhjp> 4400 nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l jkpo; Nghu;j;Jf;fPa mfuhjpiacUthf;fpdhu;.
njhFg;Gg;gzp :jkpopy; cs;s ePjpE}y;fisj; njhFj;J jkpo;r; nra;Asj;; njhifia
vOjpdhu;.
111
vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jg;gzp :jkpopy; capu; vOj;Jf;fspd; mUfpy; ‘u’ Nru;j;Jk; (m> mu> v> vu)
capu ;nka ; vOj ;Jf ;fs pd ; Nky ; Fw py ; Xirf ;Fg ; Gs ;s p itj ;JvOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. mitfspd; neby; Xirf;F Gs;sp itf;fhky;njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J toq;fp te;j ,e;jg; gioa Kiwia 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd;njhlf;fj;jpy; tPukhKdptu; khw;wp “M> V” vdTk; nel;nlOj;Jf; nfhk;ig NkNyRopj;njOJk; (Nf> Ng) tof;fj;ij cz;lhf;fpdhu;.
khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is (11 mf;Nlhgu; 1826 - 21 A+iy 1889)
gpwg;G : je;ijahu; rutzKj;Jg;gps;isahu;> jhahu; MNuhf;fpa kup mk;ikahu;Gfo; : 1876 - 1888 Mz;Lfspy; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rj;jpd; NghJ jkJnrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; nfhilaspj;jhu;.njhopw;gzpfs; : ,tu; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; gjpthsuhfTk; nkhopngau;g;ghsuhfTk;gzpahw;wpa gpd; 1856 ,y; juq;fk; ghbapy; KdprP/g; Ntiyapy; mku;e;jhu;.khatuk; khtl;l KdprPg;ghf 13 Mz;Lfs; gzpGupe;jikahy; ,tiu khatuk;Ntjehafk; gps;is vd;Nw miof;fyhapdu;.
nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpfs; : fp.gp. 1805 Kjy; fp.gp.1861 Mk; Mz;Ltiu Mq;fpynkhopapy; ,Ue;j rju;d; Nfhu;l; jPu;g;Gfisj; jkpopy; nkhop ngau;j;Jr; rpj;jhe;jrq;fpufk; vd;w E}yhf 1862 ,y; ntspapl;lhu;. NkYk; 1862> 1863 Mk; Mz;Lfspd;jPu;g;GfisAk; mt;thNw ntspapl;lhu;. ,t;thW jPu;g;Gfis Kjd;Kjypy; nkhopngau;j;jjkpowpQu; Ntjehafk; gps;is Mthu;.
Gjpd ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij : gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk;> RFzRe;jup
fPu;j;jidfs; : ru;trkarkurf; fPu;j;jid> rj;jpaNtjfPu;j;jid
jdpg;ghly;fs; - nghk;ikf; fypahzk; (E}y;)> ngupaehafpak;kd; (E}y;) vd;Dk;E}y;fSk; kw;Wk; gy jdpg;ghly;fSk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.rpw;wpyf;fpag;gzp : 1873 ,y; %d;W E}y;fs;> jpUtUs; khiy> Njtkhju; me;jhjp,it nra;As; E}y;fs; fpwp];jtkjk; gw;wpaJ. kj tuyhW kw;Wk; flTs; ghy;mtUf;F ,Ue;j md;G ,tw;iwg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
c.Nt. rhkpehijau; (cj;jkjhdGuk; Ntq;flRg;igau; kfd; rhkpehjd;)
gpwg;G : rhkpehjd; gpg;utup 19> 1885Mk; Mz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;FmUNf cs;s cj;jkjhdGuk; vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; Ntq;fl Rg;igau; kw;Wk; ruRtjpmk;khs; ,UtUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.fy;tp : jpuprpuGuk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is mtu;fsplk; 5 Mz;Lfhyk; gapd;whu;.
jkpo;g;zp : rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gy;tifg;gl;;l njhz;Z}Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Xiyr;RtbfSf;F E}y;tbtk; je;J mtw;iwmoptpy; ,Ue;J fhj;jJ khj;jpukd;wp mLj;j jiyKiwapdu; mwpTe; je;jhu;.
Ngr;Rj;jpwd; : c.Nt.rh. fUj;jhoj;NjhL eifr;Rit ,ioNahlg; NgRk; jpwikcilatu;. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; c.Nt.rh. Mw;wpa nrhw;nghopNt rq;ffhyj;jkpOk; gpw;fhyj; jkpOk; vDk; E}yhf ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
gl;lq;fs; : c.Nt.rh jkpOf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpidg; ghuhl;bkhu;r; 21 1932 md;W nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ~kjpg;GW Kidtu;| gl;lk; mspj;jJ.,J jtpu ~kfhkNfhghj;jpaha| kw;Wk; ~jÑ ;rpz fyhepjp|g; gl;lKk; ngw;Ws;shu;.,e;jpa muR ngg;utup 18 2000 Mk; Mz;by; ,tuJ epidT mQ;ry; jiyntspapl;Ls;sJ.
112
gjpg;G Kaw;rpfs;rPtfrpe;jhkzp> kzpNkfiy> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> GwehD}W> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil>
gj;Jg;ghl;L> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk ; g hzhw ;Wg ; gil >Ky;iyg;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> neLey;thil> FwpQ;rpg ;ghl;L> gl;bdg;ghiy>kiygLflhk;
,wg;G - 1942 Vg;uy; 2
INuhg;gpau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
ciueilapy; mike;jit
m) 18Mk;; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupait
vOjpatu; E}y;fs;
tPukhKdptu; Ntjtpsf;fk;> NtjpanuhOf;fk;> Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> Y}j;ju;> ,dj;jpay;G>Qhdf;fz;zhb (,it fpwp];jt rkar; rhu;Gilait)
tPukhKdptu; thkdd; fij> gukhu;j;jFU fij (jkpopNy Njhd;wpa mq;fj ,yf;fpak;vd;gu;) njd;D}y; tpsf;fk; (,yf;fzE}y;)
rptQhdKdptu; njhy;fhg;gpar; #j;jputpUj;jp (,yf;fz Muha;r;rp),yf;fz tpsf;fr;#whtsp rpj;jhe;j kuGf;fz;ld E}y; (fz;ldE}y;)jpuhtpl khghbak;(rptQhd Nghjg; NgUiu)
M) 19Mk;; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupait ,e;JrkaQ; rhu;e;jit
vOjpatu; E}y;fs;
ty;Y}u; Njtuhrgps;is FNrNyhghf;fpahdk;> rpW fhtpak;kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is jpUf;Fle;ijg; Guhzk;> Nrf;fpohu; gps;isj;jkpo;> thl;Nghf;fpf;
fyk;gfk;> jpUtUl;gh,uhkypq;f mbfs; jpUNtufakf me;jhjp(ts;syhu;)
fpwp];jtrkaQ; rhu;e;jit
vOjpatu; E}y;fs;
fpU];zgps;is ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; (fhtpak;)> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;>,ul;rzpa rka epu;zak;.
Ntjehaf rh];jpupahu; Qhdf;Fk;kp> ngj;yNfk; FwtQ;rp> Qhd Vw;ghLNt.fdfrigg; Gytu; jpUthf;Fg; Guhzk;
,];yhkpa rkaQ; rhu;e;jit
vOjpatu; E}y;fs;
Fzq;Fb k];jhd;rhfpG Gytu; k];jhd; ghly;fs;NrFdhg; Gytu; ehifae;jhjp> jpUkzpkhiy
113
tz;zf;fsQ;rpag; Gytu; ,uh[ehafk;> jPd; tpsf;fk;(`kPJ ,Guh P̀k;)eQ;rPau; (ek;gps;is) jpUtha;nkhop>
jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rpjpUtpUj;j ciu> jpUnkhop ciu (xd;gjhapug;gb)
ngupathr;rhd; gps;is ehyhapuk; jpt;tpa gpuge;jq;fSf;Fk; ciu (,Ugj;Jehd;fhapug;gb)
tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg;gps;is jpUtha;nkhop ciu (Kg;gj;jhwhapug;gb)mofpa kzthsu; jpUg;ghit ciu (Mwhapug;gb)mkyd; Mjpgpuhd;
fz;zpd; Ez; rpWjhk;G ciu,. jj;JtNghj Rthkpfs; flTs; epu;zak;> Mj;Jk epu;zak;> jj;Jtf;
fz;zhb>(nuhNgu;l; b.Nehgpyp) (1605-1656) NaRehju; rupj;jpuk;
jj;Jt Nghjf Rthkpfs; 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtu;. vdpDk; ,tuJ ciueilg;gz;Gfisf;fUjp INuhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; itj;J Nehf;FNthUk; csu;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L.
rpWfij
rpWfij jkpofg; gpd;Gyj;jpyhd ghu;it
1. Muk;gfhyj; jkpo;r;rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; ghujpahu;> t.Nt.R. Iau; MfpNahupd; Kaw;rpfiskjpg;gpLf. Nkdhl;Lr; nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf jkpopy; rpWfij 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;
Njhd;wpaJ. Muk;gj;jpy; fij kuNg rpWfij kughf ,Ue;jJ. jkpopy; jh$upd; rpWfijfis nkhopngau;j;Jg; gzpnra;jtu; ghujpahu.; kuG
topahd rpWfijfisg; gilj;j mtu; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Kd;Ndhb Mthu;.mf;fhyr; r%fg; Nghf;Ff;fisr; rpj;jpupj;j mtu; fijfs; fhjy;> ehl;Lg;gw;WKjyhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jpd.
Mwpy; xU gq;F> G+Nyhfuk;ig> NtZKjyp Kjypa fijfs; rKjha czu;Tfisf;fUg;nghUshf;fp mtu; vOjpa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fijfs; ghujpahu; epiwaf; fijfisvOjpa NghJk; mit cUtg; gpuf;iQAld; vOjg;gl;litay;y.
jkpopy; Kjy; rpWfij Kaw;rp ghujpahNuhL njhlq;fpdhYk; th.Nt.R.Iaupd;(1881-1925) ‘Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk;’ vd;w fijNa rpW fijf;Fupa KOikahdmk;rq;fNshL ntspte;jJ vd;gu;. ,f;fij mf;fhyj;J tujl;rizf; nfhLikiantspg;gLj;jpaJ. ‘kq;fau;f;furpapd; fhjy; Kjypa fijfs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy;mtu; fijfs; njhFjpahf ntspte;jd. ‘iyyh k[;D}d;’> ‘vjpnuhypahd;’> mNod;of;Nf Mfpa fijfspy; gpwehl;Lf; fjhghj;jpuq;fis ,tu; mofhfr; rpj;jpupj;Js;shu;.
,tuJ fijfspd; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; capUld; elkhLtd. cz;ikf;fhjy;> jpahfk;> tPuk; Kjypa kf;fl; gz;Gfs; mtuJ fijfspy; rpwg;ghf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tuJ fijfs; r%fg; gpur;rpidfis ajhu;j;jkhfr; rpj;jpupj;jit my;y. fw;gid
mk;rKk; kpif czu;r;rpAk; NkNyhq;fp epw;gd. ,tuJ fijfspy; rpWfijf;Fupa G+uz tbtk; ,tiuj; jkpo;r;rpWfijapd; je;ij
vd;gu;.2. jkpo;r;rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1930 - 1940 fspy; ‘kzpf;nfhb’ rQ;rpif ntspte;jJ. ,f;fhyj;ijNakzpf;nfhbf; fhyk; vd;gu;.
114
,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ey;y ,yf;fpaj; juKs;s rpWfijfs; gyTk; Njhd;wpd. kzpf;nfhbapy; rpWfij vOjpatu;fspy; GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;> nksdp>
e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> gp.v];.uhikah KjypNahu; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; %yNkjkpopy; rpWfij Ntu; nfhz;lJ.
,tu;fSs; GJikg;gpj;jd; Kjd;ikahdtu;. mtu; vOjpa Rkhu; 100 rpWfijfs;mtu; nkhopngau;j;j cyfr; rpWfijfs; jkpopy; rpWfij vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tbtj;ijKOikg;gLj;jpd.
mtUila fiy El;gKk; $u;ikahd r%f tpku;rdKk; jkpo;r;rpWfij tuyhw;wpy;mtUf;F mopah ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;Js;sd.
F.g.uh. ,f;fhyj;jpd; gpwpnjhU Kf;fpakhd vOj;jhsu;. Mz;> ngz; cwTr;rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jd; fijfspy; ngupJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;. ngz;fspd; kdczu;itr; rpwg;ghfr; rpj;jpupj;jtu; vd;W ,tu; fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.
nksdp gpwpnjhU Kf;fpakhd rpWfij vOj;jhsu;. kpff; Fiwthf vOjp (Rkhu;30 fijfs;) mjpf gpugyk; ngw;wtu; ,tu;. jd; fjhghj;jpuq;fspy; cs;Szu;Tf;FKf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;. ,tu; fijfs; ,yFtpy; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbahjit.rpWfijapd; jpU%yu; vdg; GJikg;gpj;jd; ,tiug; gw;wpr; nrhy;ypAs;shu;.
e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> gp.v];.uhikah KjypNahUk; Kf;fpakhd kzpf;nfhbf;fhyvOj;jhsu;fs;. y.r.uhkhkpu ;jk;> e.rpjk;guRg;gpukzpak;> rp.R.nry;yg;gh>f.e.Rg;gpukzpak;> vk;.tp. ntq;fl;uhkd; KjypNahUk; kzpf;nfhbf;fhyvOj;jsu;fshtu;.
r%f czu;TlDk; tbt Neu;j;jpNahLk; cs;slf;fr; nrOikNahLk; rpWfijfisvOjpj; jkpo; kz;Zf;Fupa ,yf;fpa tbtkhfr; rpWfijia khw;wpatu;fs;‘kzpf;nfhbfhy’ vOj;jhsu;fs;.
mt;tifapy; kzpf;nfhbf; fhyk; jkpo;r;rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
3. Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijfspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; ahit? ajhu;j;jg;gz;G> r%f czu;T> gioa Guhzf; fijfis etPd fhyj;Jf;F
Vw;wgb Nehf;fy; Ngr;Rtof;fpidf; ifahSjy; mstpw;rpwpajhfTk;> ,Wf;fkhfTk; fl;Lf;Nfhg;G cilajhfTk; KOikAk;
xUikg;ghLk; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uj;jy; fhtpaj;jpd; epow;rhay; fhzg;gly;. c-k;: t.Nt.R.Iaupd; fijfs; tujl;rpizf;nfhLik> tpjit kWkzk;> jPz;lhik> kJtpyf;F> Nga;gprhR ek;gpf;if
vd;gd rpWfijapd; ghLnghUs;fshff; fhzg;gly;. c-k; : khjitahtpd;rpWfijfs;
fl;Liug; Nghf;fhd fUj;J tPr;Rf;fs; mjpfkhfTk; fiyak;rk; FiwthfTk;fhzg;gly;.
jp.[h.uhtpd; rpWfijfs; jkpo;ehl;L rKjha tho;tpy; cs;s rpf;fiyf; fiyaoNfhLfhl;LfpwJ.
nghUj;jkhd gjg;gpuNahfq;fNshL njspe;j eilapy; ,aq;fpr; nry;Yk; fijNajp.[h.uhtpd; fijahFk;.
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fij $Wk; kuGk; fhzg;gl;lJ. - gp.v];.uhikah jp.[h.uhtpd; fijfs; r%fr; rpf;fy;fisf; $u;e;J Nehf;Fk; jpwd; gilj;jit Foe;ijapd; kdepiyiaf; fiy czu;NthL rpj;jpupg;gjpy; gp.v];. uhikah
ntw;wp ngw;whu;. jj;Jtg; Nghf;F> rKjhar; rpe;jidfs;> tpjpapd; Mw;wy;> rhtpd; mr;rk;> fiyapd;
epiyNgW> jPz;lhik xopg;G> fpuhkr; rPu;jpUj;jk;> tpjit tpthfk;> xj;Jioahik,af;fk;> Nkiy ,yf;fpa kuigAk; fPio ,yf;fpa kuigAk; fye;J vOJjy;>kdpj kd czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy; Kjyhdit Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijapd;gz;GfshFk;.
Muk;gfhy rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fshf m.khjitah> jp.[h.u rq;F Rg;gpukzpak;>rp.R. nry;yg;gh> e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> gp.v];.uhikah> GJikg;gpj;jd;> F.g.uh> nksdp>
115
e.rpjk;guRg;gpukzpad; ng.Nfh. Re;juuh[d; (rpl;b) KjyhNdhu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhu;Mtu;.
,t; Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijfs>; tpLjiyf;F Kw;gl;l Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijfspd;fijg;nghUs;fshfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
Foe;ij kzk; ifk;ngz;Jauk; ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzk; nghUe;jhkzk; fyg;G kzk; rPjdg; gpur;rpid jPz;lhikAk; kJtpyf;Fk; Guhz> ,jpfhr> ,yf;fpa> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; Ruz;ly;
4. GJikg;gpj;jd; rpWfijfspy; Muk;gfhyr; rpWfijfspd; gz;Gfs; ,lk;ngWkhw;wpidj;njspTgLj;Jf.
,tuJ fijfs;; ajhu;j;jg;; gz;Gilad. r%fczu;Ts;s ngUe;njhifahdfijfis vOjpAs;s GJikg;gpj;jd; gioa fijfisg; Gjpa Nehf;fpy; ghu;g;gtu;.,tuJ fijfspy; jpUney;Ntypj;jkpo; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,tu; Ngr;R nkhopiajpwikAld; ifahz;lhu;.
rpWfij tho;f;ifapd; ‘rhsuk;’ vd;gJ ,tuJ fUj;jhFk;. ,tuJ rpWfijfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. xUehs;fope;jJ> nghd;dfuk;>
flTSk;fe;jrhkpg;gps;isAk;> mfypif> njhz;lu;ehjd; J}J> rhgtpNkhrdk;vd;gdthFk;.
xUehs; fope;jJ vDk; rpWfijahdJ r%f czu;TilajhFk;. ahUk;njhLtjw;Ff; $Rfpd;w tplaq;fis kpfTk; fiyaoNfhLk; mq;fjr; RitNahLk;mk;gyg;gLj;Jtdthf ,Uf;Fk;.
rhjhuz xU kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ek; fz;Zf;F mw;gkhfj; njupAk;tplaq;fs; $l ,tupd; vOj;jhw;wypd; tpistha; Mokhd tplaq;fspd; glg;gpbg;ghfkhWtijf; fhzyhk;.
‘nghd;dfuk;’ fij ,tuJ jPtpu Nghf;iff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ‘flTSk; fe;jrhkpg;gps;isAk;’ vd;w fijapy; eifr;Rit ,ioNahLfpwJ. mfypif> ghgtpNkhrdk; Nghd;wd gioa fijfisg; Gjpa ghu;itapy; ,tu;
ghu;j;jjw;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;. rhjpf;nfh^uk;> tpjitf; nfhLik> ,sikkzk;> nghUe;jhj; jpUkzk;>
%lek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,tu; cz;ikahff; fz;bj;jhu;. ,tuJ fijfs; gyjug;gl;lit. ,ay;G etpw;rpg; ghq;fhd fijfs;> GJtpsf;ff;
fijfs;> mfepiy czu;Tf; fijfs;> fdTUg; GidT rhu;e;j fijfs;>FwpaPl;LUtf; fijfs;> ieahz;bf; fijfs;> xl;Ltikf;fijfs;> Nga;gprhR gw;wpafijfs; vdg; gytifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;.
,tuJ fijfspy; Nkiy ,yf;fpa kuGk;> fPio ,yf;fpa kuGk; gpd;dpf;fplf;fpd;wikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
5. jkpo;r;rpWfij tuyhw;wpy; gpd;tUNthu; ngWk; ,lj;jpid kjpg;gpLf.
gpr ;r%u;j;jp
kzpf;nfhbFO vOj;jhsu;fSs; xUtu; gpr;r%u;j;jp. ,tu; rpWfijapy; jj;Jt Nehf;ifg; GFj;jp> kdpjdpd; Md;kPf cau;Tf;F topfz;ltu;.
kdpjhgpkhdk;> md;G> jpahfk; Mfpa gz;GfshNyNa kdpjd; nja;t epiyf;F
116
cau;e;J Nghfpwhd; vd;gJ ,tuJ fUj;J. xt;nthU jdpkdpjdpd; kdKk; mUs;gOj;j fdpahFNkahdhy; rKjha mikjp jhNd tpisAk; vd;W mtu; fUjpdhu;.
,tuJ fijfspy; khakhd;> eh$u; Mz;ltu;> gg;ghrhkpahu;> thdk;ghb> Qhdg;ghy;><];tuyPiy vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
,tuJ rpWfijfspd; ghL nghUs;fs; gyjpwg;gl;lit. mtw;wpy; rpy tUkhW.jd;id mwpe;J ,d;gKwKbahj xUtu; epidj;jijnay;yhk; gw;Wf;Nfhlhf vz;zpVkhe;J Nghtij ntspg;gLj;Jk; - khakhd;xNu epfo;r;rp gw;wpa ,UNtW kdpju;fspd; ghu;itia ntspg;gLj;Jk; - <];tuyPiyrKjhar; rpe;jidfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; - ‘,Uk;Gk; Gul;rpAk;’
,tuJ fijfspy; ve;jf; fUj;ijAk; ntspg;gilahfg; NgRtjpy;iy. Fwpg;ghw;wy;nfhz;l vspa njhlu;fis kl;LNk ,tu; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
cUtfeyDk; njhdpg;nghUSk; fiyj;jpwDk; xUq;Nf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. - ghk;gpd;Nfhgk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpWfijfshFk;.
fy;fp
tpLjiyf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jkpo;r; rpWfij Mrpupau;fSs; xUtu;. jkpo;r; rpWfij muq;fpy; ‘rhuijapd; je;jpuk;’ vd;w njhFg;gpd; %yk; fy;fp
mwpKfkhdtu;. mtu; Kjy; rpWfijj; njhFg;ghfpa ,e;E}y; 1931Mk; Mz;Lntspte;jJ.
1937Mk; Mz;L fizahopapd; fdT vd;w kw;nwhU njhFjp ntspte;jJ. ,tuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Vida fijfs;
tprke;jpuk; Nfjhupapd; jhahu; ftu;du; tp[ak; kapy; tpopkhd; tPL NjLk; glyk; Gypuh[h Rz;Ltpd; re;epahrk; ghoile;j gq;fsh ituNkhjpuk; kapiyf;fhis
,tuJ fijg;nghUs;fs; jPz;lhik xopg;G> fpuhkr; rPu;jpUj;jk;> tpjittpthfk; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - rhuijapd; je;jpuk;> fizahopapd; fdT rhjp Ntw;Wik - tp> ke;jpuk; fpuhkr; rPu;jpUj;jk;> kJtpyf;Fg; gpurhuk; - fizahopapd; fdT ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLik - ftu;du; tp[ak; r%fr; rpf;fy;fis ntspg;gLj;jy;> Gidtpay; jd;ik - kapy;tpopkhd; eifr;Ritj;jd;ik - ‘tPL NjL glyk;’> ‘Gypuh[h’ gpwnkhopj;jOty; - ‘ghoile;j gq;fsh’
,tuJ rpwg;gpay;Gfs; r%fr; rpf;fy;fis ,ay;G etpw;rpg; ghq;NfhL rpj;jpupj;jy; fijfs; neLikahdjha; ,Uj;jy; thrfu;fspd; czu;TfSf;F tpUe;J gilf;Fk; tifapy; eifr;Ritg;
gz;Gld; fijfis vOJjy;;. thrfu; njhifiag; ngUf;f cjtpa rpWfij tsu;r;rpf;fhd ,tuJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ghf mikjy;. Fj;jYk; NfypAk; epiwe;j njd;dpe;jpaj; jkpo; eilapy; vOJjy; gpwnkhopf; fijfspd; jOtyhf ,Ue;jNghJk; jOty; vd;Nw
njupahj tz;zk; jkpo;ehl;L kz;zpy; Nt&d;Wk; gbahf
117
vOjpaikmfpyd;
rpwe;j ehtyhrpupauhfTk; rpwe;j rpWfij MrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpatu; mfpyd;. ,tuJ rpWfijfs;
fhRkuk; G+r;rhz;b ,uTk; gfYk;
rpWfijg; nghUs; Foe;ijapd; kdepiyiaf; $wy; - ‘fhRkuk;’ kdr;rhd;wpd; Mw;wiy tpsf;Fjy; - ‘G+r;rhz;b’ Mz; ngz; cwT - ,uTk; gfYk;
,tuJ fijfspy; cs;s fiyj;jpwd; thrfu; kdijf; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;mstpw;F uridia Vw;gLj;Jtjha; cs;sJ.
1960 ,d; gpd; mfpyd; vOjpa fijfs; ngupJk; gpurhug; Nghf;iff; nfhz;ldthfcs;sd.
cz;ikNa moF moNf cz;ik vd;w fhe;jpaf; fiyf;Nfhl;ghL mtuJgpw;fhyf; fijfspd; mbepiyg; gz;ghf tpsq;FfpwJ.
mofpuprhkp
jkpofr; rpWfij tuyhw;wpd; ,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lj;jpid cUthf;fpatu; mofpuprhkp. rKjhar; rpe;jidAk; vspikahd rpj;jpupg;Gk; nfhz;l ,tuJ fijfs; kuG
topg;gl;lit. fijfs; nky;yNt tpupe;J nry;Yk; Mw;wy; cilad. ,tuJ fijfspy; rpy tUkhW
md;gspg;G jpUNtzp uh[h te;jpUf;fpwhu;
,tuJ fijfspd; nghJthd gz;Gfs;ngz;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngz;fspd;
gpur;rpidfisAk; kd czu;TfisAk; Jy;ypakhf rpj;jpupg;gtu;.rpWtu;fspd; kdepiyiar; rpj;jpupg;gJmq;fjr; RitNahL Nfyp> fpz;;ly;> Fj;jpf;fhl;ly; Kjypa gz;Gfs; ,tuJ fijg; gz;GfshFk;.
n[afhe;jd;
kpuhRjhu;fs;> jhrpy;jhu;fs;> Irpv]; tu;f;fj;jhUk; tf;fPy;khu;fSk; fijkhe;ju;fshf,lk;ngw;w rpWfijfs;.
cyfj;jpy; eilghijthrpfs;> upf;~hf;fhuu;fs;> tpgr;rhupfs;> gpr;irf;fhuu;fs;>njhopyhsu;fs;> F\;;lNuhfpfs;> csNehahsu;fs; MfpNahiuf; FbNaw;wp Gjpakhw;wj;ij cz;lhf;fpatu; n[afhe;jd;.
,tuJ fijg;nghUs; rKjhaj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L eRf;fg;gLk; Vio
vspNahupd; Jaiu mDgtj;NjhL ntspg;gLj;Jgit ,tuJ fijfs; khf;rPaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;lit. jPtpukhd jdpkdpj thjKk; ,tu; fijfspy; vjpnuhypj;jJ. tho;f;ifapy; cs;s rfytpjkhd gpur;rpidfisAk; Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy;
,Ue;J jPtpukhf tpku;rdk; nra;Ak; ghq;F fhzg;gLjy;. thrfiur;; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Lk; jd;ik tha;f;fg; ngw;wit.
118
,tuJ Mw;wy;fs; jkpo;r; rpWfij tuyhw;wpy; n[afhe;jdpd; rhjid mstpl;L ciuf;f
Kbahj ngUik cilaJ. ,tu; ‘rpWfij kd;dd;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpidfisf; $l rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Lk; tifapy;
,uridglf; $WtJ ,tuJ jdpj;Jtk;. ,tuJ fijfspw; rpy>
,dpg;Gk; fupg;Gk; xUgpb NrhW me;juq;fk; GdpjkhdJ MLk; ehw;fhypfs; MLfpd;wd cz;ik RLk; ,Uisj; Njb
rpjk;guRg;gpukzpak;
kzpf;nfhb vOj;jhsu;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; e.rpjk;guRg;gpukzpak; ,tu; Fiwe;j rpWfijfis vOjpapUe;jhYk; $l jpwdha;thsu;fspd;
ftdj;jpw;Fupatuha; ,Uf;fpwhu;. Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpag; gupr;raj;jhy; ,tUf;Fr; rpWfij tbtk; kpf vspikahfg;
gpbgl;bUe;jJ. ,tuJ fijfs;
Cu;tyj;jpy; GtNd];tup
,tuJ fijfspd; nghUs;fs; tpjpapd; Mw;wy; rhtpd; mr;rk; fiyapd; epiyNgW tho;tpd; epiyahik
epiyahikiaf; $l fiyaoNfhL ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
6. rpWfij vd;gjd;; nghUis tpsf;fp> Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l jkpo; rpWfijapd;Nghf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpWfij vd;why; ~rpwpa fij|my;y. vy;yh rpwpa fijfSk; rpWfijfs; my;y.rpWfij vd;gJ xU jdpj;j ,yf;fpa tbtk;. mjw;F jdpahd tbtr;rpwg;Gfs;cz;L. rpwpa fijfs; gytif. cjhuzf;fijfs;> ePjpf;fijfs;> cUtff; fijfs;>epfo;r;rpj; JZf;Ffs; vy;yhNk rpwpa fijfs;jhd;.
jkpo; nkhopapy; fij vd;gJ fl;L> Fwpg;G> fpstp> GidT> fjhdfk; Nghd;wngaHfshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rpWfijapd; %ygpjh vd;W fUjg;gLk; vl;fhH myd;Ngh $l> ‘miukzp Neuk;Kjy; ,uz;L kzp Neuk; cs;s fhyk;tiuapy; gbj;J Kbj;J kfpof; $bajhfr;rpWfij ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;” - vd;W $wpaik.
“tho;f;ifapd; rhsuk;” rpWfij vd;W GJikg;gpj;jd; $wpaik NguhrpupaH nty;]; ‘gj;jhapuk; nrhw;fSf;F Nkw;Nghfhky; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa
miukzp Neuj;jpy; thrpj;J Kbf;ff; $ba njhd;whf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;’ - vd;W$wpaik.
rpWfij vd;gJ rpwa fij vd;Dk; nghUs; ,y;yhky; xU Gjpa ,yf;fpatbtj;jpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; jdpr;nrhy; vd gpuz;lu; kj;A+ $Wthu;.
RUf;fKk; nrwpTk; rpWfijapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; vd N[k;]; $g;gu; Nyhwd;];$Wtu;.
119
7. Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Nghf;Ffis Muha;f. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gug;gpYk; tbtj;jpYk;
gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L te;Js;sd. mr;Rg;nghwpapd; gad;ghl;bdhYk;> Mq;fpynkhopapd; nry;thf;fpdhYk; jkpo;r; rpWfij tof;fpy; xU ngUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.tha;nkhopahf toq;fp te;j fijfs; gy E}y; tbtpy; mr;RUtpNy ntspaplg;gl;ld.,t;tifapy; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rpy;te;jJ tPukhKdptupd; ~gukhHj;j FUtpd; fij|vd;gjhFk;.
tPuhrhkp nrl;bahH (1855) jhk; vOjpa ciueilf; fl;Liufisj; njhFj;J~tpNdhj urkQ;rup| vd;W ntspapl;lik..
MrpupaH rp.tp. Rthkpehja;aH 1892,y; ~tpNtf rpe;jhkzp| vd;w rQ;rpifiaj;njhlq;fpdhH. ,jpy; khjitau;> gp.Mu; uh[k; Iaupd; rpWfijfs; ntspte;jik1908 ,y; t.Nt.R. Iaupd; “Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk;” fij Kjd;Kjypy; ntspte;jik.
khjita;ahtpd; ‘Frpfu; Fl;bf;fijfs;| vDk; fijj;njhFjp Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk;ntspte;jik. ,tH gpuhkzr; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> tpjitfs;gl;l JaH> tujl;rizf; nfhLik Kjypa rPHNfLfisg; gw;wpj; jkJ fijfspd;%yk;kpf td;ikahff; fz;bj;jik. ‘gQ;rhkpu;jk;’> ‘fz;zd; ngUe;J}J’ Nghd;w fijfs;cUt thu;g;Gf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; vdyhk;.
Rg;gpukzpaghujpahu; jh$upd; rpWfijfis nkhopngau;j;jik. ghujpapd;re;jpupifapd;fij> NtZ Kjyp> G+Nyhfuk;ig> fhf;if ,yf;fzk; fw;w fij>Mtzp mtpl;lk;> ];tu;zFkhup> Mwpy; xU gq;F> NtZ Kjyp> tprpj;jpuk;Kf;fpakhd fijfs; vd;gij ciuj;jy;
t. Nt. R. Iaiuj; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; je;ij vd;W $wy; ~fk;g epiyak;| vd;wgjpg;gfj;jpd; %yk; gy fijfis ntspapl;lik> kq;ifaHf;furpapd; fhjy;>fhq;Nfad; Kjyhd fijfSf;F ,tH vOjpAs;s #rpif Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gply;>kw;Wk; vjpnuhypahs;> mdhu;fyp> iyyhk[;D}d;> mNod;of;Nf Kjyhd rpWfijfs;vOjpaik.
uh[h[p> jp.[. uq;fehjd;> e. gpr;r%Hj;jp> fy;fp Nghd;NwhH ,tw;iwmbg;gilahff;nfhz;L rpWfijfs; vOjyhapdH. jp.[.u-tpd; re;jdf;fhtb>nehz;bf;fpsp- njhFg;Gfs;> e. gpr;r%Hj;jpapd; Nkhfpdp> gjpndl;lhk; ngUf;F>Ks;Sk; Nuh[hTk;> fhty;> fy;fpapd; Nfjhupapd; jhahH> uh[h[papd; Njthid -rpwe;j rpWfijfNs uh[h[p ePjpf;fijfisAk;> Nghjid tpsf;fr; rpWfijfisAk;vOjpj; jk; ngaiu epiyepWj;jpdhu;.
kzpf;nfhbf; fhyf; fijfisf; Fwpg;gply;. 1937 ,y; gp.v];. uhikahitAk;>t.uhitAk; Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa kzpf;nfhb ,jo; 1939tiuntspte;jJ.
etPd ,yf;fpar; rpWfijapd; gupNrhjidf;fskhf kzpf;nfhb tpsq;fpaJ.GJikg;gpj;jd;> e. gpr;r%Hj;jp> F.g. uh[ Nfhghyd;> ng.Nfh. Re;juuh[d; (rpl;b)>gp.v];. uhikah> nksdp (v];. kzp). fp.uh.e. rpjk;gu Rg;gpukzpak;> MH. rz;KfRe;juk;> vk;.tp.ntq;fl;uhk;> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> gp.vk;.fz;zd;> yh.r.uhkhkpHjk;> f.eh.Rg;gpukzpak; vd;Nghu; kzpf;nfhb vOj;jhsHfshfg; gupzkpj;jy;.
kzpf;nfhbapd; %ytHfspy; xUtuhd GJikg;gpj;jd; tYTk; NtfKk; nfhz;l>;eilapy;> GJg; GJr; nrhy;yhl;rpfisf; nfhz;L rKjha cz;ikfisntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tu; MoKk;> gug;Gk; nfhz;l rpWfijfisg; gilj;jhH.
nksdp ~fdkhd tplaq;fis ,yFthd nrhw;fspy; ~kdg;Nghf;Ffspd;elg;gpay;Gfisg; gupg+uzkhfr; rpj;jpupj;Js;shH. epfo;r;rpfisr; rpf;fdg;gLj;jp kdpjepiyikfisr; rpf;fdr; nrhw;fspNy mfz;lhukhff; fhl;btpLk; Mw;wy; kpf;ftH.
e. gpr;r%Hj;jp Mo;e;j mDgtq;fis> juprdk; epiwe;j jj;Jtr; ruLfspy;> ctifkpFe;j nrhw;nwhlHfs; epiwe;j eilfspy; rpWfijfis ntspapl;lhH.
gp.v];. uhikah fhe;jpa mbg;gilapy;> rKjhar; rPHNfLfisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk;fijfisNa ngUk;ghYk; ,f;fhyj;jpy;> vOjpdhH.
,f;fhy fl;lj; jkpo; vOj;jhsHfs; ngUk;ghNyhH. fy;Y}upfspy; gbj;jtHfs;@Njrpa czHr;rp kpQ;rpatHfs;@ gioikapd; vjpupfs;@ tho;tpd; cz;ikfis
120
NeUf;F NeH epd;W juprpj;J> mtw;iw tpkHrd mbg;gilapy; rHtNjr ,yf;fpaj;jpd;juj;jpw;Ff; fiyaoFld; jkpopy; rpWfij vOjNtz;Lnkdj; Jbj;jtHfs; vd;gjidmtHfspd; gilg;Gf;fs; ,d;Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
fpuhk Copad;> fyhNkhfpdp> ghujNjtp> #whtsp Nghd;w gj;jpupiffs; rpWfijtsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gply;.
8. 1947 Kjy; 1970 tiu jkpo; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf. 1947 Kjy; 1970 tiu jkpo;r; rpWfij tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisj;
njspTgLj;Jf. ghuj ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw;wgpd;> ,yf;fpag; Nghf;Ffs; khw;wkilaj; njhlq;fpd.
Ml;rpg; nghWg;G RNjrpfspd; ifapy; te;jJk;> ehl;bd; murpay;> nghUshjhu>r%f czHTfs; khw;wk; ngwyhapd.
xw;WikAzHr;rp gpuNjr czHr;rp tYtilaNt> jkpOzHr;rp> jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;Kjyhdit rpWfijapd; nghUshdJ.
ftpij
jkpofg; gpd;Gyj;jpyhd ghu;it
jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpa etPd ftpijfs; Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff
Modernus vd;Dk; yj;jPd; nkhopapypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;w “etPdk;” vd;Dk; nrhy;GjpaJ> GJik> kWkyu;r;rp vd;Dk; nghUz;ikapy; tUk; nrhy;yhFk;. mjhtJ“Gjpa khw;wq;fSf;Fk; NjitfSf;Fk; Vw;w KiwfisAk; jd;ikfisAk;nfhz;liktJ”.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypy; Njhd;wpa etPdj;Jtk; rka r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j,af;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ,af;fq;fs; murpay; r%fuPjpahd Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fSf;Fmbj;jskpl;lJ. c -k; - gpuk;krkh[k; (1828)> Mu;arkh[k; (1925)> ,uhkfpU\;zkprd;(1886) ,e;J ,yf;fpar;rq;fk; (1820)> ,e;J Kw;Nghf;F mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;
etPd ftpijfSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fhuzpfs;1. epyg;gpuGj;Jt KiwapypUe;J ,e;jpar; r%fk; Ntfkhf khw;wj;Jf;F
cs;shfpf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpNy> ghuk;gupa kuGrhu; tho;f;ifKiwkhw;wkile;jJ.
2. fpuhkq;fs; efukakhFk; #o;epiyapNyNa kdpj tho;tpay;rhu; ,aq;fpaYf;Nfw;g,yf;fpaj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;l nkhopAk; jd;dpWf;fj;ijj; jsh;j;jpaJ.
3. ,jdhy; kuG topg;gl;l nra;As;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; milnkhopfSk; myq;fhunkhopfSk; tof;fpof;f> Gsf;fj;jpYs;s Ngr;Rnkhopapd; mtrpak; czug;gl;lJ.
,uhkypq;f ts;syhupd; ghly;fs;> khA+uk; Ntjehafk;gps;isapd; rh;trkarkurf;fPu;j;jidfs;’ Nghd;wd ,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wj;jf;fit.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bNy ghujpapd; vOr;rp etPd ftpijapd; tpahgpj;j vy;iyfisepug;gpf; nfhs;s cjtpw;W. ghujp. “Rit GjpJ> nghUs; GjpJ> tsk; GjpJ>nrhw;GjpJ> Nrhjpkpf;f etftpij> ve;ehSk; mopahj kfh ftpij” vd;Dk;jd;$w;iw nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; “fhl;rpfs;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; trd ftpijfisvOjpdhH.
121
ghujpapd; fhl;rpfSk; thy;l;tpl;kdpd; trd ftpijfSk; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;ghy;1934,y; GJf;ftpijfis vOjj; njhlq ;f pa e.g pr ;r%u ;j ;j p tbtu Pj pahdNrhjidfisj; jkpo;f; ftpijapy; epfo;j;jpdhu;.
,tiuj; njhlu;e;J F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd;> ty;ypf;fz;zd; KjyhNdhUk; trdftpijfs; gytw;iw vOjpdhu;fs;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ntspahd kzpf;nfhb>#whtsp> fyhNkhfpdp> fpuhk Copad;> ru];tjp> ,yf;fpa tl;lk;> vOj;J> eil>frljgw Kjyhd rQ;rpiffs; trd ftpijfis ntspapl;Lj
etPd ftpijiar; rf;jp tha;e;j ,yf;fpa tbtkhf cUthf;fpa ngUik 1959,y;rp.R.nry;yg;ghthy; njhlq;fg;gl;l “vOj;J” vd;Dk; rQ;rpifiaNa rhUk;. jUKrptuhk;> jp.Nrh.NtZNfhghyd;> rp.kzp> gRta;ah> eFyd;> v];.itj;jP];tud;Nghd;w rpwe;j etPd ftpQu;fis vOj;Nj mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
eh.fhkuhrd;> kPuh> rpw;gp> GtpauR> Nkj;jh> jkpod;gd;> mf;dpGj;jpud; vdg;GJf;ftpQh;fs; gyiuj; jkpOf;F mspj;j ngUik “thdk;ghb” ,jOf;F cz;L
thdk;ghbf;ftpijfs; ,lJrhupr; rpe;jidAk;> jkpo; kugwpe;J ftpij ghLk;GJikAk;> rKjhag; ghu;itAk; nfhz;lit.MapDk; thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fshy;nrhy;Neh;j;jp kpf;f nrhy;ypWf;fkhd ftpijfisg; Ngustpy; $l gilf;fKbatpy;iy.
jw;fhyj;jpy; etPd topg;gl;l Nkdhl;L kdepiyahy; jkpo;f;ftpij>cUtg;GJikahy; cs;slf;f uPjpahd khw;wq;fSf;Fs;shfpaik>vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gly;.
c-k; - gpukuh[d;> Re;juuhkrhkp> Ftisf;fz;zd;> atdpfh=uhk;> Atd; re;jpuNrfH> fhpfhyd; KjypNahh;
mbkl;l kf;fspd; tho;tpay; ftpijahf;fg;gly; (jypj;jpaf;ftpijfspd;vOr;rp)
c- k; - uh[;FkhH> gh.tpop.,jaNte;jd;> czu;tpd; epiyf;Nfw;g vz;zj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ahg;Gilj;j etPd
ngz;zpaf;ftpijfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. myq;fhuj;jd;ikaw;W mu;j;jk;kpFe;j nrhw;fshy; jd;id epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld.
c-k; - khyjpikj;jpNuap> Fl;bNutjp> fpU\hq;fpdp> yjh>Rfph;juhzp> ,e;jpuh> ckhkNf];thp>
ehty;
1. .1947 Kjy; 1970 tiu jkpo; ehty;fspd; tsh;rpg; Nghf;fpid Muha;f. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg;gpd;dH vOe;j jkpo; ehty;fs; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaw;
Gyq;fisr; Rl;bepd;wd.,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tPo;r;rpiaAk; jkpo; ehty;fs;Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bd.
2. 1980fSf;Fg;gpd;duhd fhy khWjy;fis jkpo; ehty;fs; rpj;jphpf;Fkhw;wpid njspTgLj;Jf
tuyhw;W #oYf;F Vw;g r%fkhw;wq;fis cs;thq;fp ehty;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. c- k;- ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujpapd; VRtpd; Njhoh;fs;
tuyhw;W ehty;fs; : n[aNkhfdpd; tp\;ZGuk;> nfhw;wit fpU\;zdpd; Gypeff; nfhd;iw fUzhepjpapd; njd;ghz;br; rpq;fk;R[hjhtpd; ,uj;jk; xNu epwk;
ngz;zpa ehty;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd1. Mz; vOj;jhsuhy; vOjg;gl;l ngz;zpa ehty; - gpugQ;rdpd; “re;jpah”
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2. ngz; vOj;jhsuhy; vOjg;gl;l ngz;zpa ehty;fs; - ckhkNf];thpapd; “ahUk; ahUlDk; ,y;iy”jkpo;ejpapd; “fhdy;thp”> gh.tprhyj;jpd; “nky;yf;fdtha; goq;fijaha;”> “cz;ik xsph;f vd;Wk;; ghLNthh;”
njhopy;rhh;e;j ehty;fs; vOe;jik :1. rpdpkhit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOe;j ehty;fs; : R[hjhtpd; fdTj; njhopw;rhiy
2. uh[k; fpU\;zdpd; fhpg;Gkzpfs; cg;gsj;njhophspfspd; tho;tpaiyr; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.
3. kPdth; tho;tpaiyr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; ehty;fs;: N[h.b.F&]Pd; “Mop #o; cyF”> “nfhw;if” uh[k;fpU\;zdpd; “miy tha; fiuapy;”Njhg;gpy; KfkJ Kj;J kPuhdpd; “xU flNyhuf; fpuhkj;jpd; fij”
tl;lhuehty;fs;1.ehQ;rpy; tl;lhuehty;fs; : ehQ;rpy; ehldpd; “kpjit”> khkprg;gilg;G> n[aNkhfdpd; “ug;gH”
2.ney;iy khtl;l tl;lhuehty;fs; : tz;;zepytdpd; fk;ghejp> nuapdp];IaH G+kzpapd; “ntf;if”> ieNtj;jpak;> tz;ly; Kjyhdit. ,it fhpry; fhl;L ehtyhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. jQ;ir khtl;l ehty;fs; : rh, fe;jrhkpapd; “#Hatk;rKk; njhiye;J Nghdth;fSk;” rp.Kj;Jtpd; “fwpr;NrhW”
Kfit tl;lhu ehty;fs; : n[fjhtpd; rKj;jpuehty;fs; jypj; kf;fspd;tho;tpaiyg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ehty;fs; : uh[;nfsjkdpd; “ fhyr;Rik”>rpYituh[; rhpj;jpuk;> ghkhtpd; “fUf;F”> td;kk;” ,ikaj;jpd; “NfhNtWfOijfs;’> “MWKfk;”> rptfhkpapd; “gioad fopjYk;”
fy;tpr;rpe;jidia ikakhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ehty;fs; : f.eh.R.tpd; “Nfhijrphpj;jhs;”
mwj;ijg; Nghjp;f;Fk; ehty;fs; : R.rKj;jpuj;jpd; “Nts;tpj;jP”> “neUg;Gj;jlaq;fs;”>CUf;F xU Gul;rp”> “xU nfhl;Lf;F ntspNa”
fiyQid ikag;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l ehty;fs; : Re;juuhkrhkpapd; N[>N[.rpyFwpg;Gf;fs;”> tpl;ly;uht;tpd; “fhyntsp”> mNrhfkpj;jpudpd; “ xw;wd;”
cstpay; ehty;fs;; : jpahFtpd; “gpj;jg;G+”>” eFydpd; “ thf;F%yk;” fs;su;r%f tho;itg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ehty; : v]; uhkfpU];zdpd; neLq;FUjp gpd;etPdj;Jt rpe;jidia cs;thq;fp ntspte;j ehty;fs; :Atd; re;jpuNrfhpd;
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“Fs;sd; rpj;jpud; fhtpak;”> “fhdy;ejp” vk;.[p.RNu\pd; “ANufh vd;nwhUefuk;”
mikg;gpay;thjr;rpe;jidia cs;thq;fp ntspte;j ehty;fs; : jkpotdpd;“rhpj;jpuj;jpy; gbe;j epoy;fs;”> rhUepNtjpfhtpd; “ vf;];nld;rpayprKk; /ngd;rp gdpaDKk;”
fpA+gp]f; Nfhl;ghl;il cs;thq;fp gilf;fg;gl;l ehty; : vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpye;jp
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW.
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;.
1. Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; vDk; aho;g;ghz kd;du; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;duhf <oj;jpy; jkpo;,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs; epfo;e;jikf;fhd rhd;whjhuq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. <oj;Jg; G+jd;Njtdhupd; gq;fspg;G rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik - <oj;Jg;
G+jd;Njtdhu; ngaupy; ,uz;L ghly;fSk; kJiu <oj;Jg; G+jd;Njtdhu; ngaupy;Ie;J ghly;fSkhf nkhj;jk; 7 ghly;fs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd.
aho;g;ghz kd;du; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l <oj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; rhrdq;fspy;cs;s jkpo; nra;As;fs; (mEuhjGuk;> Nfhl;lfk> gjtpah> gz;Lt];Etu fy;ntl;Lr;nra;As;fs;)
KuQ;rpA+u; Kbehfuhau;> mk;%tdhu;> njhy;fhg;gpau; KjyhNdhiu <oj;jtuhff;fhl;l epfo;e;j Kaw;rpfs;
2. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; <oj;Jg; G+jd;Njtdhu; ngWk; ,lj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jf. <oj;Jg; G+jd;Njtdhiu <oj;J Kjw; jkpo;g;Gytuhff; nfhs;tu; - tpj;JtrpNuhkzp
fNziraupd; ,k;Kaw;rp njhlu;fpwJ. G+jd;Njtdhu; ngaupy; FWe;njhifapy; %d;W ghly;fSk; (189> 343> 360) ew;wpizapy;
xd;Wk; (366) mfehD}w;wpy; %d;Wk; (88> 231> 307) Mf nkhj;jk; VO ghly;fs;cs;sd.
mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j ghly;fspy; fhjy; rhu;e;j tpgupg;GfNshL Ntyd; ntwpahl;L>ehl;Ltsk;> kd;du; ngUik vdg; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ruNrhjp khiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jf. <oj;jpy; vOe;j Kjy; jkpo; E}y; - ,aw;wpatu; NjDiug;ngUkhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
Nghruhrgz;bju; - FUehfy; gFjpapYs;s jk;gnjdpahtpy; 4Mk; guhf;fpukghFmitf;fsj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;lJ.
Nrhlr fUkg;glyk;> Vu;kq;fyg;glyk;> el;rj;jpu njhifg;glyk; Kjypa 12 glyq;fs;>934 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs;
“fjputd; kugpy; te;Njhd;> ghkhiy #L kPspg; guhf;fpukghF G+gd;” vd kd;dd;Gfo; $Wjy;.
4. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; njhlu;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; ,yf;fpaky;yhr;rhd;Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? fp.gp. 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhW ,Us; rhu;e;jjhd cs;sik. ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaik gw;wpNah> ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpajhy; mtw;Wf;F vd;d
epfo;e;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpNah mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; ,y;yhik. ,yf;fpaky;yhr; rhd;WfNs ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wj; njhlu;r;rpia mwpa cjTjy;.
rhrdq;fs;> njhy;nghUl; rhd;Wfs;> ehzaq;fs;> nrg;NgLfs; Kjyhd njhy;nghUl;rhd;Wfs;
gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; : ,gd;gj;J}jh> khu;f;NfhNghNyh
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5. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.1. Nrhjpl E}y;fs;
ruNrhjpkhiynrfuhrNrfu khiy
2. itj;jpa E}y;fs;guuhrNrfuk;nrfuhrNrfuk;
3. Guhzk;jl;~pzifyha Guhzk;jpUf;fuirg;Guhzk;tpahf;fpughj Guhzk;
4. tuyhw;W E}y;fs;itahghly;NfhNzru; fy;ntl;Lifyha khiy
5. fhg;gpak;,uFtk;rk;fz;zfp tof;FiuNfhtydhu; fijrpyk;G $wy;
6. nghJkf;fs; rhu;G ,yf;fpak;fjpiukiyg;gs;S
6. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j mwptpay; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpd;gpd;dzpiaj; njspTgLj;Jf.Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhy mwptpay; rhu;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;
kUj;Jtk; - guuhrNrfuk;> nrfuhrNrfuk;Nrhjplk; - nrfuhrNrfukhiy
Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzp kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; kUj;JtKk; NrhjplKk; kpf Kf;fpakhdit. kUj;JtKk; NrhjplKk; gpupf;f Kbahj njhlu;Gilait. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J aho;g;ghzj;jpy; FbNawpNahupy; kUj;Jtk;>
Nrhjplk; mwpe;jtu;fs; ,Ue;jik. tlnkhopf; fy;tpawpT kd;du;fNs rpwe;j kUj;Jtu;fshf ,Ue;jik. epWtd uPjpahd MjuT fpilj;jik kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp ];jpukw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lik. Nfushtpy; mjpfstpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Nrhjpl E}y;fspd; jhf;fk;.
6. Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j tuyhW rhu;e;j E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ,e;jtuyhw;Wg; gjpTf;fhd Njitfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Ff.
tuyhw;Wg; gjpTf;fhd Njit rpq;fs ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; fhzg;gl;lik Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; jkJ cupikia epiyehl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F jkpou;jk; milahsq;fisg; Ngzpf;nfhs;tjw;F. Njbj;njhFf;Fk; kuG Mupar;rf;futu;;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lik Ml;rpaikg;Gf;F mr;RWj;jyhd #oy; fhzg;gl;lik
7. Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j fhtpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jiuf;f.
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fz;zfp tof;Fiu> rpyk;G $wy;> Nfhtydhu; fij xNu ,yf;fpaj;jpd; NtWgl;l ghly;fs; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fz;zfp tof;Fiu
vd;Wk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nfhtydhu; fij vd;Wk; Ky;iyj;jPtpy; rpyk;G $wy;vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
%yE}y; rftPudhy; ,aw;wg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;wpid rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijiaj; jOtpf; $wpr;nry;fpwJ. fz;zfpapd; gpwg;G> fz;zfpapd; jpUkzk;> ntbaurd; tpsq;FNjtd;> tPuehuhazd;
Nghd;Nwhupd; fij> Fspu;r;rpf;fij vd;gd tpupthfTk; GjpjhfTk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. fz;zfp topghl;bid <oj;;Jld; ,izf;Fk; Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. <oj;jpd; tsk; “<ok; Rw;wpNahLjy;” vd;Dk; gFjpapy; tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uFtk;rk; murNfrupahy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. tlnkhopapy; fhspjhruhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘uFtk;rj;jpidj; jOtpajhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJf;fhz;lk;> rpwg;Gf;fhz;lk;> nghJr;rpwg;Gf; fhz;lk; vd;Dk; 03 fhz;lq;fs;
26 glyq;fs; 2444 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; jpyPgd;> mtd; kfd; ,uF> mtd; kfd; jrujd;> mtd; kfd; ,uhkd; KjypNahu;
fij $WfpwJ. ,yFtpw; nghUs; tpsq;fhj tpj;Jtj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
8. <oj;jpy; vOe;j fz;zfp njhlu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gLk;jdpj;Jtq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wf.
fz;zfp tof;Fiu> rpyk;G $wy;> Nfhtydhu; fij rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijiaj; jOtpait nghJthd %yE}y; xd;wpd; NtWgl;l ghlq;fshff; fzpf;fg;gLgit %y E}yhrpupau; Fwpj;J Kuz;gl;l jfty;fs; cs;sd. aho;g;ghzk;> Ky;iyj;jPT> kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrq;fspy; toq;fp tUk;NghJ
ghlNtWghLfSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd.aho;g;ghzk; - Nfhtydhu; fijKy;iyj;jPT - rpyk;G$wy;kl;lf;fsg;G - fz;zfp tof;Fiu
,g;ghlq;fspilNa fz;zfpapd; gpwg;Gj; njhlu;ghf NtWgl;l fijfisf; $Wfpd;wd. Nfhtydhu; fijapy; fz;zfpapd; jpUkzk; (kzkhiy) njhlu;ghd tpupthd
jfty;fs; cz;L. fz;zfpia tho;j;Jk; ghly;fs; gy mjpYs;sd. fz;zfp tof;Fiuapy; fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;El;gk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; tpupthf
cs;sd. Nfhtydhu; fij kw;Wk; rpyk;G $wypy; je;ijtopr; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;Fk;
fz;zfp tof;Fiuapy; jha;topr; r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;Fk; fhzg;gLtij czuKbAk;.
9. Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j rkak; rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;J fUj;Jiuf;f. Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy;>
rpy Neubahfr; rkag; nghUz;ikiag; NgRtd.jl;rpzifyhrGuhzk;> jpUf;fuirg;Guhzk;> tpahf;fpughj Guhzk;Kjyhdit.
rpy rkag; nghUz;ikia cg tplakhfg; NgRtd : ifyhakhiy>fz;zfp tof;Fiu> NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L> fjpiukiyg;gs;S
jyq;fspd; rpwg;gpidg; ghLtdjy Guhzq;fs; - jl;rpzifyhrGuhzk;> jpUf;fuirg; Guhzk;>
ifyhakhiy> fjpiukiyg;gs;S
126
mbahu; ngUikiag; ghLtd.tpahf;fpughj Guhzk;
Mya epu;thff; fl;likg;Gf;fs; xOq;F Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jg; NgRtd.NfhNzru; fy;ntl;L
nja;t kfpik kw;Wk; nja;tj;NjhL njhlu;Ggl;l fijfisf; fhtpa tbtpy;ghLtd.
fz;zfp tof;Fiu
10. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;L ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; <oj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy;Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Ff; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jiuf;f.
jkpo;ehl;L ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; nry;thf;F Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhy ,yf;fpag;nghUs;epiyapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.c-k; : rpyg;gjpfhuj;ijj; jOtp rpy khw;wq;fSld; fz;zfp tof;FiuNjhd;wpaik
tlnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp Guhz> fhtpa E}y;fs; vOe;jikc-k; : fhspjhrupd; ,uFtk;rk; murNfrupahy; ,uFtk;rkhf ntspte;jik
,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; ifahs;if jyGuhzj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - kr;Nre;jpa Guhzj;ijj; jOtp jl;rzifyhaGuhzk;
vOe;jik gs;S ,yf;fpak; - fjpiukiyg; gs;spy; ghuj ehl;Lg; ghuk;gupak;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
11. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tlnkhop nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wpUe;j ,lj;jpid kjpg;gpLf.
tlnkhopr; nry;thf;Fila aho;g;ghz kd;du; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhspjhrupd; ,uFtk;rk; jkpopy; murNfrupahy; ,uFtk;rk; vd;w ngaupy;
ntspte;jik kr;Nre;jpa Guhzj;ijj; jOtp jl;rzifyhr Guhzk; vOe;jJ. guuhrNrfuk;> nrfuhrNrfuk; Mfpa kUj;Jt E}y;fspYk; tlnkhop thflq;fspd;
nry;thf;F cz;L nrfuhrNrfukhiy tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; vd rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
12. <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; NfhNzru; fy;ntl;Lg; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;gpLf.
jpUf;NfhNz];tuu; jpUj;jyj;jpid ikag;gLj;jp vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; xd;W,jid vOjpatu; ftpuh[ tNuhjau;
tpUj;jg;gh> Mrpupag;gh kw;Wk; ciueilahy; mike;j gFjpfs; ,e;E}ypYs;sd. tpUj;jg;ghthyike;j gFjpNa ftpuh[tNuhjauhy; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Vidait gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;L Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. NfhNzru; Nfhtpiyf; Fsf;Nfhl;ld; Gduikj;jik> Mya epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
G+ir Kiwfis xOq;fikj;jik> jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J td;dpau;fis tuyioj;Jf;FbNaw;wpaik> fe;jsha;f; Fsj;jpidf; fl;baik Nghd;w nra;jpfs;tpUj;jg;ghthyhd gFjpapYs;sd.
mfty; ghthyhd gFjp f[ghF kd;ddpd; tUif gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wJ. ciuahly;gFjpapy; NfhNzru; Nfhtpy; epu;thfk; kw;Wk; toikfs; njhlu;ghff; fhye;NjhWk;Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
jpUNfhzkiyg; gpuNjr rka> r%f tuyhWfs; kw;Wk; td;dpikfs; njhlu;ghfmwptjw;F cfe;j ,yf;fpak; ,J.
<oj;jpd; njhlf;f fhy ciueilg; Nghf;fpidAk; ,jd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
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13. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
gyJiw rhu;e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd : rkak;> tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;>Nrhjplk;
mstpy; ngupa ,yf;fpaq;fshf mike;jd. - guuhrNrfuk;> ,uFtk;rk;> fz;zfptof;Fiu
jkpo;ehl;L ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;F fhzg;gl;lJ. tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F - ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy
jOty; kw;Wk; nkhopngau;g;Gf;fshf mike;jik. E}y;fs; gy me;jhjpj; njhilapy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. kd;dupd; Mjutpid ntspg;gLj;jw; nghUl;L rpy E}y;fspd; ngau;fs; kd;du;
ngau;fspNyNa mike;Js;sd. guuhrNrfuk;> nrfuhrNrfuk;> nrfuhrNrfukhiy nghJkf;fl; rhu;Gzu;T - fjpiukiyg;gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,e;Jrkar; nry;thf;F
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;.
1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Qhdg;gs;SNtjg;gs;S vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,NaRehjiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;lJ.fj;Njhypf;f kjg;gw;iw kf;fspilNa gug;Gk; Nehf;FilaJ.Nghu;j;Jf;fy; kd;did tho;j;Jk; ghly;fs; ,jpYs;sd. nre;jkpo; nrhw;fSk;>tlnrhw;fSk; ,g;gs;spy; mjpfk; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.
mu;r;. ahfg;gu; mk;khidre;jpNahFikau; mk;khid vd;w ngaUk; ,jw;Fz;L. ,aw;wpatu; ngau; -NgJUg;Gytu;.‘fpshyp’ vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;l ahf;NfhG vd;Dk; nrd;. N[k;]; (St.James) ngaupy; ,e;j mk;khid ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1647 mstpy; ,e;E}y; nra;ag;gl;ljhfmjd; ghapur; nra;As; Fwpg;gpLk;. Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lf; fUj;ijAk; ghuk;gupaf;fijapidAk; ,izj;J ,e;E}y; vOjg;gl;lJ.
2. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; ngUksTf;Fj; jkpo; E}y;fs; Njhd;whikf;Fupa fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhfpa me;epau;fspd; Ml;rpr; #oy; RNjr rkaq;fSk; RNjr kj topghLfSk; jilnra;ag;gl;lik. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nfhLikahd tupr;Ruz;ly; - cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F
mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;G Fiwthdjhf ,Ue;jik. jkpio> jkpo;g;Gytu;fis> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; vz;zk;
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F ,y;yhik - epWtd uPjpahd MjuT jkpo; Gytu;f;Ff;fpilf;fhik
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; gz;ghL RNjr gz;ghl;Lld; fyf;f Kw;gl;ljhy; gz;ghl;Lf;Fog;gepiy
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3. ‘Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;ij <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; tuz;l fhyg;gFjpahff; fUjyhk;’.tpsf;Ff.
vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwthf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik rkak; rhu;e;j ghLnghUisf; nfhz;lit - ,yf;fpar; Rit Fiwe;jit me;epa kd;didAk; (Nghu;j;Jf;fy; kd;du;) me;epa Njrq;fisAk; (n[UrNyk;>
cNuhkhGup) Gfo;e;J ghLgit nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; mjpfk; gapd;W te;Js;sd tlnrhw; gad;ghL kpf mjpfk;.
4. fjpiukiyg;gs;S> Qhdg;gs;S vd;gtw;iw xg;gpl;Lf; fUj;Jiuf;f.
fjpiukiyg;gs;S Qhdg;gs;S,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;jJ fj;Njypf;fkjk; rhu;e;jJ<oehl;L tsk; NgRtJ cNuhkhGup> n[UrNyk; vd;w gpwNjr tsk;
NgRtJnraw;ifj; jd;ikahd ghly; fpwp];jt kiwQjdg; ghly;fs; ,ilapilNaNru;f;iffs; ,y;iy Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.nkhopeil thrfupidf; ftUk; nre;jkpo; nrhw;fSk; tlnrhw;fSk; kpFjpahff;tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,yf;fpar; Ritia Kjd;ikahff; kjg; gpurhuj;jpid ikag;gLj;jp vOe;jJ.nfhz;lJ.
5. re;jpahFikNahu; mk;khidapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd rka r%fg; gpd;dzp Fwpj;Jf;fUj;Jiuf;f.
fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpdu; jkJ rkaj;jpid <oj;jpy; gug;Gtjw;F jkpo; ,yf;fpakugpidg; gy;NtW tifapy; cs;thq;fpdu;. (c -k;)
jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpsq;fpa $j;J kuGfisf; fj;Njhypf;f kag;gLj;jp etPdKiwfisAk; cs;thq;fp NkilNaw;wpdu;. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;kj;jpapy; toq;fpa mk;khid vd;Dk; fijg;ghly; kugpidf; fpwp];jtkjg;gug;Giff;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kide;jik. Vffhyj;jpy; jkpo;; ehl;bYk; mk;khidkuG fj;Njhypf;fu; kj;jpapy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
fj;Njhypf;fj; Njthyaq;fspy; tpohf;fhyq;fspy; ,uT KOtJk; gf;ju;fs;Kd;dpiyapy; gbf;fg;gLk; kuig re;jpNahFikau; njhlf;fp itj;jhu; vdyhk;.,e;j kuG xy;yhe;ju; fhyg;gFjpapy; irtkf;fs; kj;jpapYk; epytp te;Js;sJ.cjhuzk; : Vfhjrpg;Guhzk;> rptuhj;jpup Guhzk; Nghd;wd gbf;fg;gl;likiaf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fj;Njhypf;f kjFUkhu; RNjr jkpo;g; Gytu;fis mZfp mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp,j;jifa E}y;fis vOJtpj;jdu;.
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xy;yhe;ju; fhyk;.
1. xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisj;njspTgLj;Jf.
me;jhjp> Guhzk;> J}J> CQ;ry; Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fisf; ifahz;Lgf;jpAzu;tpid ntspg;gLj;jy;.
irtrkaj;jtu; gpd;gw;Wk; tpujq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk; mtw;why; Vw;gLk;gyd;fisAk; fijfspd; Jizf;nfhz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.c-k; : rptuhj;jpup Guhzk;> gps;isahu; fij
jyq;fspd; Gfo;ghLjy;> gpuNjr czu;it tYg;gLj;jp Myaq;fis xUq;fpizj;Jg;ghLjy;
ngUe;nja;t> rpWnja;t topghL Fwpj;j tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jy;.c- k; : gQ;rtd;dj;J}jpy; - ,se;jhup topghL> mz;zkhu; topghLrpWnja;t topghl;Lf;Fr; rhd;W
mw;Gjq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;c-k; : ,Ztpy; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu; ghly; ghl (kwpay; nfhr;rfk;)rpiwf;fjT jpwe;jik
tlnkhopapy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jOtp jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOe;jik
2. xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jrkak; rhu;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk;ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
nghUshjhu eyidg; NgZtjpy; mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jpa xy;yhe;ju; RNjrparkaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; XusT nefpo;thd Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;jik.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; mopf;fg;gl;l ,e;J Myaq;fisg; Gduikf;fj; J}z;Lk; tpjj;jpy;ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;lik.
kf;fSf;F rka ek;gpf;ifia Cl;lTk; topghl;L Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfTk;njspTgLj;Jk; tifapy; irtrka ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilg;gjpy; Gytu;fs; Mu;tk;nrYj;jpaik.
<oj;jpw;Fk;> ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ,ilNa epytpa Gyikrhu; njhlu;G rka ,yf;fpantspg;ghLfSf;F ce;Jjy; mspj;jik. jkpofj; jpUj;jyq;fs; kPJk; <oj;Jg;Gytu;fs; ghly;fs; ghbaik.
xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Gytu;fs; Mw;wy; kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> tlnkhopmwpTilatu;fshfTk; jpfo;e;jikahy; tlnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jOtp rka,yf;fpaq;fs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
3. $oq;ifj; jk;gpuhd; <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ngWk; ,lj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jf.
xy;yhe;ju; fhyg; Gyikg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; tz;zhu;g;gz;izia ikakhff;nfhz;L nraw;gl;ltu;.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J <oj;jpw;F te;j ,tu; $oq;ifau; tz;zk;> mupahiy rpj;jptpehafu;jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy Kjyhd irtrkak; rhu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfisvOjpAs;shu;.
fpwp];jt rkak; rhu;e;j NahNrg;G Guhzj;ij nky;Nyhg; ghjpupahupd;Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fg; ghbdhu;.
$oq;ifj; jk;gpuhdpd; ‘ed;D}y; ciu’ <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fz tuyhw;wpy;Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntspg;ghlhFk;.
jdpg;ghly;fs; gytw;iwg; ghbAs;s ,tu;> khjfy; kapy;thfdg; Gytu; cs;spl;lgyuJ FUthfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
<oj;J kuGtopf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fg; GJ Cl;lj;jpid toq;fpatu; ,tu;.
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4. xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfis njspTWj;Jf.
kuGuPjpahd fhg;gpa tbtj;ijf; ifahz;L G+Nyhfrpq;f Kjypahu; jpUr;nry;tu;fhtpaj;ij vOjpdhu;.
Guhz ,yf;fpa tbtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nky;Nyhg; ghjpupahupd;Ntz;LNfhspd;gb $oq;ifj; jk;gpuhd;> NahNrg;G Guhzj;ijg; gilj;jhu;.nfhd;rhy;nt];> Njt mUs;Ntj Guhzj;ij ciueilapy; vOjpdhu;.
ehl;lhu; epiyg;gl;l ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspy; xd;whd mk;khid tbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpG+Nyhfrpq;f Kjypahu; jpUr;nry;tu; mk;khidg; ghbdhu;.
fpwp];jt kjk; rhu;e;j epfo;Tfis rk;gt tpgupg;Gfshf fij tbtpy; Kd;itf;Fk;Kaw;rp epfo;e;jJ.
c-k; - nfhd;rhy;nt];ypd; mw;Gj tuyhW> ju;k cj;jpahdk;
Gul;l];jhe;J> fj;Njhypf;f rkaq;fSf;fpilNaahd fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,yf;fpauPjpahfTk; ntspg;gl;ld. nky;Nyhg; ghjpupahupd; ‘rj;jpaj;jpd; nrak;’ vDk; E}Yf;FkWg;ghf gr;Nrf;F FUthdtu; ‘rj;jpa tpNuhj rq;fhuk; vDk; E}iyg; gilj;jhu;.
ciueilapy; Ngr;Rj;jkpio mjpfsT ifahsy;> gpurq;f ghzpiag; gpd;gw;wy;>ciuahLtJ Nghd;w eilia mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sy; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit.nfhd;rhy;nt]pd; tpahFyg; gpurq;fk; ,jw;F jf;f rhd;whFk;.
‘Gjpa Vw;ghL’ nky;Nyhg; ghjpupahuhy; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;lJ. jdpkdpj tuyhw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L ‘NahNrth]; rupj;jpuk;’ gr;Nrf;Ff;
FUthdtuhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ‘thj;jpahUk; FbahdtUk; ju;f;fpj;Jf; nfhz;l ju;f;fk;’ vDk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
%yk; ju;f;fj;ij ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd cj;jpahff; iff;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpepfo;e;Js;sJ.
5. xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jiuf;f.
Njhw;wk; ngw;w ehlfq;fspw; rpy thsgpkd; ehlfk; mDUj;jpud; ehlfk; myq;fhu &gd; ehlfk; Qhd myq;fhu&gd; ehlfk; nehz;b ehlfk; %tpuhrhf;fs; ehlfk;
,jpfhrf; fijfs; fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; $j;Jf;fs;vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. thsgpkd;> mDUj;jpud; ehlfq;fs; ,tw;NwhL njhlu;Gilad.
rkar;rhu;G ciladthf cs;sik.c-k; : irt> fpwp];jt rkaq;fisj; jOtpa $j;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzKbAk;. KUfd; gw;wpa nra;jp myq;fhu &gd; ehlfj;jpYk; fpU~;zd;gw;wpa Fwpg;G mDUj;jpud; ehlfj;jpYk; cs;sik.NaRtpd; gpwg;NghL njhlu;Gila tplaq;fs; %tpuhrhf;fs; ehlfj;jpy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbapd; nry;thf;Fc-k; : njd;Nkhb - myq;fhu &gd;
jkpouJ gz;ila fpuhkpa ,ir tbtq;fspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gly;. r%f kf;fsJ ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; gz;ghLrhu; $Wfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
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fpilf;fg;ngw;w ehlf vOj;JUf;fis ,aw;wpNahu; njhlu;ghf NtWghlhd fUj;Jf;fs;cs.
6. Nrhjpl> itj;jpa ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;e;jikf;fhdgpd;Gyj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
<oj;Jg; Gyikg; ghuk;gupa tuyhw;wpd; Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;Nj itj;jpa NrhjplmwpT tsu;r;rpngw;W ,Ue;jik.
Gytu;fs; tlnkhop mwpT cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jik. c-k; : re;jhd jPgpif tlnkhopapypUe;J ,uhkypq;f Kdptuhy; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;lJ. xy;yhe;ju; fhyg;gFjpapy; tp~[e;Jf;fshy; kf;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l Mgj;ij ePf;fNtz;ba
#oy;. Nrhjplj;jpd; kPjhd r%f ek;gpf;if. <oj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ,ilNa epytpa njhlu;G.
7. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; khjfy; kapy;thfdg;Gytu; ngWk; ,lj;jpid kjpg;gPLnra;f.
$oq;ifj; jk;gpuhdplj;Jf; fy;tp fw;wtuhd khjfy; kapy;thfdg; Gytu; me;jhjptbtj;ijf; ifahz;L rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s rptidf; Fwpj;J ‘GypA+ue;jhjp’ vd;w,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghbAs;shu;.
ahj;jpiu mDgtj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L ‘fhrpahj;jpiu tpsf;fk;’ vDk; E}iyvOjpajhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
‘aho;g;ghz itgtkhiy’ vd;Dk; tuyhw;W E}y; ciueilapy; fu;z guk;giuf;fijfs;> tuyhw;W mk;rq;fs; epiwe;jjha; Gytuhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kapy;thfdg; Gytu; ‘Qhd myq;fhu&gd;’ vd;Dk; ehlfj;ijAk; gilj;Js;shu;vd;w Fwpg;G cs;sJ.
8. <oj;jpy; xy;yhe;ju; fhyk; ,yf;fpa tsk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzpfis Muha;f.
nghUshjhu eyidg; gpujhd Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l xy;yhe;ju; RNjrpa rkar;nraw;ghl;by; nefpo;Tg; Nghf;if filg;gpbj;jik.
kf;fisr; rkaj;jpd;ghy; xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;ba Njitg;ghL. Gyikj;Jt kugpd; njhlu;r;rpahd ntspg;ghLfs;. Gytu;fs; tlnkhop mwpT ngw;wtu;fsha; jpfo;e;jik. cs;@u; gpuGj;Jtj;ij epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpAk; gpuGf;fs; gyu; Gytu;fis
Mjupj;jikAk;. jkpou;fspilNa Vw;gl;l tuyhw;Wzu;T. <oj;jpw;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd cwTj;njhlu;G. neUf;fbfis vjpu;nfhz;l fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jtiu Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjw;F
,yf;fpaq;fs; nghUj;jg;ghLiladthf czug;gl;lik.
9. cs;@u; gpuGf;fs; kPnjOe;j xy;yhe;ju;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit Njhw;wk;ngw;wikf;fhd r%ff; fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fuitNtyd; Nfhit - ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu;
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jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;S - khit rpd;df;Fl;bg;Gytu;
Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd r%ff; fhuzpfs; cs;Su; gpuGf;fspilNa epytpa mjpfhug; Nghl;bAk;> jkJ r%fr; nry;thf;if
epiyepWj;j Ntz;ba Njitg;ghLk;. xy;yhe;j Ml;rpahsUf;F jkJ Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit ,Ue;jik. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J FbNawpa jz;biff; fdfuhadpd; guk;giuapy; te;jtu;fshfTk;>
gpuGf;fisr; rhu;e;J tho;e;jikahYk; el;gbg;gilapYk; gpujpAgfhuj;jpd; nghUl;Lk;,yf;fpak; gilf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lik.
10. xy;yhe;ju;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo;ehl;L ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;Ff;fhzg;gLkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpYs;s irtrkaj;jpd; gpujhd jyq;fs; Fwpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOe;Js;sd.1. kiwir me;jhjp - jpUkiwf;fhL vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Ntjhuzpaj;jpy;
cs;s NtjhuzpNaRtuu; kPJ ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.2. GypA+u; me;jhjp - rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s rptid ikag;gLj;jp khjfy; kapy;thfdg;
Gytuhy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.3. rptuhj;jpup Guhzk;> Vfhjrpg; Guhzk; cs;spl;l gy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,e;jpaj;
jyq;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; cs;sd. jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;spy; fhiuf;fhl;by; tlfhiu> njd;fhiu njhlu;ghd
tpgupg;Gf;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. gwhis tpehafu; gs;spy; Nrho kz;lyg; gs;spapd; Clhf Nrhokz;ly rpwg;Gf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. khjfy; kapy;thfdg; Gytupd; fhrpahj;jpiu tpsf;fk;> ahj;jpiu mDgtq;fis
tpsf;fpapUf;ff; $Lk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. (jw;nghOJ ,e;E}y; fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy)
11. fjpiukiyg; gs;S> Qhdg;gs;S> > jz;biff;fdfuhad; gs;S> gwhis tpehafu;gs;S Kjypa gs;Sg; gpuge;jq;fs; <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ngWk; ,lj;jpidkjpg;gpLf.
fjpiukiyg;gs;S <oj;jpy; vOe;j Kjw;gs;S ,yf;fpakhff; fjpiukiyg;gs;S nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. 130 nra;As;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;gs;Sg; gpuge;jj;jpy; KUfd; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhfg;
Nghw;wg;gl;Ls;shu;. ‘kfhtypfq;iftaw;’ gs;spapd; Clhf <oj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(jpUf;Nfhzkiy> jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; Kjyhdit) mNjNtis gfPujhtaw; gs;spapd;Clhf ghuj Njrj;jpd; rpwg;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Guhzf;fijfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l ghujNjr tpgupg;G)
rpUq;fhu urkw;w jd;ik
Qhdg;gs;S / Ntjg;gs;S fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijg; Nghw;wp NaRehjiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L
vOe;Js;sJ. %j;jgs;sp> gs;sd; MfpNahu; vUrNyikr; rhu;e;jtu;fshfTk;> ,isags;sp>
gz;izf;fhud; Nuhk; efiur; rhu;e;jtu;fshfTk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. cUtfg;gs;S vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Qhdg;gs;S rpUq;fhu urkw;wJ. mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; Gfo;ghly;> gpurq;fghzp Kjyhd gz;GfSk; Qhdg;gs;spapy;
cs;sd.
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jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;S xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j fdfehaf Kjypapd; Kw;re;jjpahd jz;biff;
fdfuhaidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L khit rpd;df;Fl;bg; Gytu; ,g;gs;S,yf;fpaj;ij vOjpAs;shu;.
ghujj;jpd; fhiuf;fhl;bypUe;J njy;ypg;gisapy; FbNawpa guk;giuapdu; Fwpj;jhdgs;shifahy; fijkhe;ju; fhiuf;fhl;bw;F cupatu;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;.
tlfhiu> njd;fhiu tstpgupg;G Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. rpq;fhu urKs;s ,g;gs;spapy; cs;@u;g; gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; ,Ug;ig tYg;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;fk; njspTw ntspg;gLfpwJ. gs;S kugpw;F khwhf gs;sdJ ,aw;ngau; ‘ehfd;’ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gwhis tpehafu; gs;S ey;Y}u;r; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytuhy; gilf;fg;ngw;w gwhis tpehafu; gs;shdJ
gwhisj; jyj;jpd; tpehafiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. gs;spapy; tUk; %j;jgs;sp <okz;lyg; gs;spahfTk; ,isags;sp Nrhokz;lyg;
gs;spahfTk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mbepiy kf;fspd; tho;f;if> gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspd; ntspg;ghLfs; ftdpg;gpw;Fupad. nghJthf <oj;Jg; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mbepiy kf;fspd; nkhop ifahs;ifFwpj;j
tplaq;fs; mUfpAs;sd. ghtifapy; rpe;J> tpUj;jk;> ntz;gh> fypg;gh> jUvd;gd nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.
Mq;fpNyau; fhyk;.
1. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
epWtdkag;gl;l fy;tpawpT <oj;jtUf;Ff; fpilf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. - ghlrhiycUthf;fk;.
Mq;fpy nkhopawpTk; mjdhy; Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpag; gupr;raKk; fpilj;jJ. etPd ciueil mwpKfkhfpaijj; njhlu;e;J ciueilahyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Njhd;wpd. mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;jJ. - gjpg;Gj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wKk; mDgtKk;
fpilj;jd. - gioa E}y;fis mr;Rthfdk; Vw;Wk; Kaw;rpfs; epfo;e;jd. gj;jpupiffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. - thrfu; tl;lk; tpuptile;jJ. etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; - ehty;> rpWfij - jkpOf;F mwpKfkhfpd. etPdj;Jtj;jpd; nry;thf;F jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gbg;gbahf Vw;glj; njhlq;fpw;W. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis Mq;fpyj;Jf;F nkhopngau;f;Fk; Kaw;rpfSk; Nkiyj;Nja
,yf;fpaq;fis Mq;fpyj;Jf;Ff; nfhzUk; Kaw;rpfSk; epfo;e;jd. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpid vOJk; Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
2. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bNy <oj;jpy; ciueil nropg;Gw;W tsu;e;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fisMuha;f.
Mq;fpyf;fy;tpAk; mjD}lhff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpag; gupr;raKk; mr;rpaj;jpuj;jpd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;jik gj;jpupiffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik kjg;gpurhu Kaw;rpfSk; mjw;nfd ntspaplg;gl;l E}y;fSk; etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; Fwpj;j mwpTk; mDgtKk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik.
3. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ciueil tsu;r;rp ngw;wjhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf.
ciueil rhu;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
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kjg;gpurhu E}y;fs;fz;ldg; gpuRuq;fs;ghlE}y;fs;nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fis ciueilapy; vOJk; Kaw;rp
c-k; : ngupaGuhz trdk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhz trdk; gj;jpupiffs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. mfuhjpfisj; njhLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; njhlq;fpd. Gidfij ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOJk; Kjd; Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gkhfpd. nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rpfs; epfo;e;jd ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpid vOJk; Kaw;rpfs; njhlq;fpd.
4. <oj;jpyf;fpag; Nghf;fpNy Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j gj;jpupiffs; Vw;gLj;jpajhf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; cjajhuif (1841)> rj;jpaNtjghJfhtyd; (1876) ,e;Jrhjdk; (1880)> cjaghD (1880)> ,yq;if Nerd; (1848)> ghypau; Nerd; (1859)>rd;khu;f;f Nghjpdp (1885)> RNjrehl;bak; (1902)> FUre;jpNuhjak; (1908)> Qhdg;gpufhrk;(1910)> tPuNfrup> <oNfrup> jpdfud; Kjyhd gj;jpupiffs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
mr;R ,ae;jpu tUifahy; mwpKfkhd gj;jpupif nghJkf;fs; njhlu;GClfkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
rkak; rhu;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;> rka tpkuprdk; vd rkak; gpujhd NgRnghUshf,Ue;jJ.
,yf;fpak; rhu;e;J rpd;df; fijfs;> ftpijfs;> E}y; tpguq;fs;> kjpg;Giufs;>kuz rq;fjpfs; Kjyhd tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
jkpOk; Mq;fpyKk; fye;J vOJk; Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ. jkpo;nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; nefpo;r;rpahd gpuNahfj;jkpo; eil gad;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ. thrfu; tl;lk; ngUf;fkile;jik. fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; vDk; tbtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaik. rpWtu;fis ikag;gLj;jpg; gj;jpupiffs; ntspte;jik. c-k; : ghypau;Nerd;
5. <oj;jpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd;Njhw;Wthahf miktijj; njspTgLj;Jf.
Gidfij ,yf;fpa tbtj;jpy; xd;whd ehty; ,yf;fpak; ntspte;jikc-k; : mrd;Ng rupj;jpuk; - rpj;jpnyg;ig
Nkhfdhq;fp - jp. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is fij tbtj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L “ed;ndwpf; fjhrq;fpujk;” vDk;
fijj;njhFjp Mu;ndhy;l; rjhrptk;gps;isahy; vOjg;gl;lik gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wk; - cjajhuif> K];ypk;Nerd;> cjaghD
Kjyhdit. tuyhW> r%fk;> ,yf;fpak;> gilg;ghspfspd; gq;fspg;G Kjyhdtw;iw
tuyhw;W uPjpahfg; gjpTnra;Ak; Kaw;rpc-k; : tuyhW- rhjhuz ,jpfhrk; - Mu;ndhy;l; rjhrptk;gps;isr%f tuyhW - aho;g;ghz itgtnfsKfp - NtYg;gps;is
gilg;ghspfs; - ghtyu; rupj;jpujPgfk; - Mu;ndhy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is fz;ldq;fs;> gpuRuq;fs; ntspte;jik. mwptpay; E}y;fspd;; Njhw;wk;
c-k; : lhf;lu; fpwPdpdJk; mtuJ khztuJk; gilg;Gfs; mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;
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6. 19Mk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpid epu;zapj;j fhuzpfisr;RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp KiwAk; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSk;ngUe;njUf;fs;> ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if> jghy;> je;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;J>mur cj;jpNahfk;> ,yq;if KOtijAk; xUFilf; fPo;f; nfhz;Lte;jikKjypad. (fy;tpr;rq;fq;fs; epWtpaik)
fy;tp gutyhfpaik mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUifAk; gad;ghLk; gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp
cjajhuif> cjahjpj;jd;> ,yq;ifNerd;> K];ypk; Nerd;> ,e;Jrhjdk; rkar; nraw;ghLfs;
fpwp];jtk;irtk;(fz;ld E}y;fs;> fz;ldg; gpuRuq;fs;> rka> jj;Jt E}y;fs;)
gjpg;G Kaw;rpfs; ghlE}y;fs; nkhopngau;g;G
7. 19Mk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpidj; njspthf tpsf;Ff.
kuG uPjpahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; :gjpfk;> ehd;kzpkhiy> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> Fk;kp Kjyhd ,yf;fpatbtq;fs; njhlu;e;J te;jik> rkak;> jj;Jtk; Kjyhdtw;wpd;njhlu;r;rp
kuG uPjpahd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspNy Gjpa ghLnghUisg; gad;gLj;jpaikfdfpGuhzk;jhyGuhzk;Nfhl;Lg;Guhzk;jj;ijtpL J}J Kjyhdit
ciueil tsu;r;rpciueil nrk;ikahf mike;jik.
c-k; : ehtyupd; ciueilciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
c-k; : ed;ndwpf;fjhrq;fpufk;fz;ld ciueil.
c-k; : irtk;> fpwp];jt fz;ldq;fs;fl;Liufs;> fbjq;fs; gj;jpupiffspy; ntspahdikFwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;likNgr;Rnkhopr; nrhw;gad;ghL.
c-k;: fz;ldq;fs;> gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfs;> Gidfijfs;
Mq;fpyKk; jkpOk; tlnkhopAk; tputptUk; ciueil nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs;
ePjpE}y;fs;> irtrka E}y;fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;likjkpopYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpYk; tlnkhop jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rpfs;eilngw;wik
mwptpay; E}y;fs; vOe;jik.c-k; :thdrh];jpuk;> itj;jpak; (Mq;fpyk;)
136
ehlf ,yf;fpak;> ,irehlfk;> tpyhrk;> $j;J
8. mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; gad;ghL <oj;J ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf. jkpo; ciueil tsu;r;rpaile;jik gioa E}y;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lik gj;jpupiffs; ntspte;jik jkpo;nkhopg; gad;ghl;by; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik Vw;gl;lik gutyhd thrfu;fis cUthf;fpaik ghlE}y;fs; ntspte;jik mfuhjpfs; ntspte;jik
9. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpNy 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; gj;jpupiffs; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs;ahit?
jkpo;nkhopapy; ciueil vOr;rpngwj; njhlq;fpaik thrfu;Fohk; xd;W cUthfpaik (thrpg;Gg; gof;fk;) ,yf;fpa ,yf;f tplaq;fs; nghJkf;fis Nehf;fpr; nrd;wik
(c-k; : Iatpdhf;fs;) cyftplaq;fisr; rhjhuzkf;fSk; mwpAk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpaik fbjq;fs; fl;Liufs; vOJk; gapw;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaik
10. gioa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fSs; Gjpa nghUs; kugpidg; ghLk; kuG 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;Vw;gl;l tuyhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.
fy;tp gutyhfpaik - Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; gad;ghL. r%f rpe;jid tsu;r;rp> r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j Nehf;F> r%f khw;wk; Guhzk; vDk; Guhjd ,yf;fpa tbtj;jpidr; r%fkag;gLj;jpg; ghbaik
c-k; : jhyGuhzk; (gdq;fha;g; ghujk;)Nfhl;Lg;Guhzk; - Nfhl;L tof;Ffspdhy; tUk; jPikfdfp Guhzk; - r%fr; rPu;NfLfisf; fz;bj;jikjj;ijtpL J}J - J}Jg;gpuge;j tbtj;jpDs; ngz;fspd;
epiyikiar; nrhy;ypaikFk;kpg;ghly;fs; - VRkjtpfw;gf;Fk;kp> mQ;Qhdf;Fk;kp Kjyhdit.
11. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpNy 19k; E}w;whz;L Gjpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd;Njhw;wf;fhykhf mikfpd;wJ. tpsf;Ff.
murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu fhuzpfspdhy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; fy;tpg;guk;gy; (Mq;fpyf;fy;tp Kf;fpak; ngwy;) ciueil tsu;r;rp kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - thrpg;Gg; gof;fk; (Xa;TNeuk;) cyf> ,e;jpaj; (jkpof) njhlu;Gfs; gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wk;.
rpWfij> ehty; - Gidfij> elfk; - tpyhrk;> bwhkh
12. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;jpy; vOe;j ehlf Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,ir ehlfq;fs;> tpyhrq;fs; vOe;jik c-k; : thsgpkd;> tp[aju;k tpyhrk;> ,uj;jpdtpyhrk;> ,uhk tpyhrk;>
v];jhf;fpahu; tpyhrk;> khzpf;fthrf tpyhrk;> esr;rf;futu;j;jp tpyhrk;>kjdty;yp tpyhrk;> gjptpuij tpyhrk;> G+jj;jk;gp tpyhrk; Kjyhdit
137
rghehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; epfo;e;jiktpyhrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mk;rq;fSld; Nky;ehl;Lj; jhf;fKk;rgh ehlfq;fspy;ntspg;gl;ld.
c-k; : v];jhf;fpau; rgh> QhdrTe;jup etu]rgh> rtPPdfd;dprgh rghehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,ize;njOe;j ehlf tbtkhd ‘bwhkh Nkhb’ ehlfj;jpd;
tsu;r;rp> trdj;jpy; mike;j ciuahly;fs; mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;> jpiufs; %ykhdfhl;rp khw;wk;> nkl;Lf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghly;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw Kjyhdit,e;ehlfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfspy; rpythFk;.
kuG rhu;e;j $j;J tbtq;fspd; njhlu;r;rp c-k; : NyhwQ;Rg; Gytupd; Ngud; fPj;jhk;gps;is> MWKfehtyupd; je;ijahu;
fe;jg;gps;is> khdpg;gha; Rthkpehju;> muhyp Kj;Jf;FkhUg;Gytu;>cLg;gpl;bf; FkhuRthkpg;Gytu;> vUf;fyk;gpl;b gf;fPu;g;Gytu;> jhdPJnfh];jPd;> mr;RNtyp jk;gpKj;Jg;gps;is> nfhf;Ftpy; tpRtehjrh];jpup> ehNfr Iau;> it. ,uhkypq;fk; Gytu;> Rthkpg;gps;isKjyhdtu;fs; $j;J ehlftsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpAs;sdu;.
13. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; epfo;e;j mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jiuf;f. ciueil tsu;r;rp
gjpg;Gj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l mEgtk;Mq;fpyf;fy;tpapd; nry;thf;FNkiyj;Njag; gupr;rak; Vw;gl;likghjpupkhu;fs; kjg;gpur;rhuj;jpd; nghUl;L nkhopj;Nju;r;rpapidg; ngwNtz;baNjitvd;gd mfuhjpfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf mike;jd.
<oj;jpy; mfuhjpfs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. aho;g;ghz mfuhjp / khdpg;gha;mfuhjp mnkupf;f kp~idr; rhu;e;j cntd;rpNyh gPw;wu; Ngu;rpnty; MfpNahNuhLcLtpy; re;jpuNrfu gz;bju;> fNwhy; tp];tehjgps;is> netpy; rpjk;gug;gps;isNghd;Nwhupd; $l;L Kaw;rpahy; Kjypy; cUthfpaJ.
cntd;rpNyh jkpo; - Mq;fpy mfuhjpiaAk; Mq;fpy - jkpo; mfuhjpiaAk;njhFj;J ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
kuG topapy; jkpioAk; tlnkhopiaAk; fw;Wj; Nju;e;j Fkhurhkpg;Gytu; ‘,yf;fpar;nrhy;’ mfuhjpiaj; jahupj;jhu;.
itkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is mfuhjpj; njhFg;G Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. irkd; fhrpr;nrl;b ‘Mq;fpy - jkpo;’> ‘rk];fpUj - jkpo;’ mfuhjpfis Mf;fpajhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. aho;g;ghzk; r.Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupahu; ‘nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;’ vd;Dk; mfuhjpiaj;
njhFj;Js;shu;. khdpg;gha; M. Kj;Jj;jk;gpg;gps;is ‘mgpjhd Nfhrk;’ vd;Dk; mfuhjpiaj;
njhFj;jNjhL Mq;fpy - jkpo; mfuhjp xd;wpidAk; Mf;fpAs;shu;. ePu;Ntyp rq;fugz;bjupd; ‘jhJkhiy’ vd;Dk; mfuhjp tlnrhw;fisf; fpue;j ypgp
tbtpy; mfutupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpg; nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ.
14. ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W vOJKiw xd;W 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bNy Jspu;tplj; njhlq;fpaJ.Muha;f.
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ciueil tsu;r;rp> gjpg;G tha;g;Gfs;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapD}lhff; fpilf;fg;ngw;wNkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpaj; juprdk; vd;git <oj;jtu;fspd; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W vOJKaw;rpfSf;F gpd;Gyq;fshf mike;jd.
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;j mwpTk; Mu;tKk; nfhz;Nlhu; ,jpy; <LgLtuhapdu;.irkd; fhrpr;nrl;b - jkpo; GSl;lhf;MNdhy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is - ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfk;rp.it.jh. - gjpg;G Kd;Diufs;rghgjpehtyu; - jpuhtplg;gpufhrpif
,tu;fsJ Kjd;Kaw;rpfis Mju;rkhff; nfhz;L 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gjrhg;jq;fspy; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W vOj;J Kaw;rpfs; gy epfo;e;Njwpd.
Rd;dhfk; Fkhurhkpg;Gytu;njd;GNyhypA+u; K.fzgjpg;gps;isky;yhfk; - tp.fdfrigg;gps;istpj;JtrpNuhkzp fNzirau;
15. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;jpy; epfo;e;j kugpyf;fpa Kaw;rpfs; Fwpj;Jj;njspTgLj;Jf.
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; - - njhlu;r;rpahf ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; gpuge;jq;fs;
Guhzq;fs;jyGuhzq;fs;tpujGuhzk;
khiy> Nfhit> me;jhjp> gjpfk;> CQ;ry;J}J kuGkhwpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; (gioa tbtk;> GjpanghUs;)
fdfpGuhzk;> Nfhl;Lg;Guhzk;> jyGuhzk; ciufs;
,yf;fz ciufs;,yf;fpa ciufs;
ehlfk;; - Nkilehlfk;> $j;J itj;jpaNrhjplk; : Nrhjpl tpdhtpil> Nrhjplkhiy.
rpWfij.
1. jw;fhy ,yq;if jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapy; kiyafj; jkpopyf;fpak; ngWk;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;gpLf.
1930 fspy; ,Ue;J kiyaf kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gl;lJ. kiyaf kf;fsJ tho;tpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp (ehty;>
rpWfij> ftpij),yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fs; - eNlirau;> kPdhl;rpak;khs;> rp.tp.NtYg;gps;is>Nfhfpyk; Rg;igah> Nf.fNz];> ee;jp> ngdbf; ghyd;> vd;. v];.vk;. uhikah>njsptj;ij N[hrg;> khj;jis fhu;j;jpNfR> khj;jis tbNtyd;> rf;jp>m.ghiyah> FwpQ;rpj; njd;dtd; KjypNahu;
,yq;ifj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU Gjpa tho;tpay;> Gjpa fsk; mwpKfk; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpypUe;J vOj;jhsu;fs; cUthfpaik (njhopyhsu; gilg;Gfs;)
139
2. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; K];ypk; vOj;jhsu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpidj;njspTgLj;Jf.
1950fspypUe;J <oj;Jr; rpWfij tsu;r;rpf;F ,yq;if K];yPk;fs; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;jdu;. gpj;jd;> mg;Jy; rkJ> vr;.vk;.gp.nkhifjPd; KjypNahu; ,yf;fpaKd;Ndhbfshff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhu;.
1960fspy; kUJ}u;f;nfhj;jd;> kUJ}u;f;fdp> V.,f;ghy;> v];.vy;.vk; fdpgh KjypNahu;fpof;fpyq;if K];ypk;fspd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupj;jdu;.
kj;jpagpuNjr kf;fspd; tho;tpid vk;.vy;.vk;.kd;#u; Mg;bd;> my;m];kj; KjypNahu;rpj;jpupj;jdu;.
K];ypk; ngz; vOj;jhsu;fs; : eapkh rpj;jpf;> nff;fpuht ]`hdh KjypNahu; ,yq;ifj; jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; Gjpa tho;tpay; K];ypk; Ngr;Rtof;F> K];ypk; gz;ghl;L
mk;rq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
3. ,yq;ifapy; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhf mike;j fhuzpfistpsf;Ff.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpAk; murpay;> nghUshjhukhw;wq;fSk; rKjha mikg;gpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j epykhdpa mikg;Gr; rpije;JGjpa rKjha cwTfs; Vw;gl;ld. ,jdhy; jdpkdpjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj;njhlq;fpdhd;. ,jd; tpisT rpWfijfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fuzkhfpaJ.
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp mjdhy; murpay;> nghUshjhu> rKjha> gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fSk;fhuzkhfpd.
Mf;fpyf;fy;tp mwptpd; ngUf;fk;. RNjr gz;ghL njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l tpopg;Gzu;T (fpwp];jt rkaKk; mjd; gz;ghL
fuzkhf) ngz;fy;tpAk;> Nkdhl;Lf; fy;tp KiwAk; rhjp mikg;gpy; jsu;r;rpia
cz;Lgz;zpaik. kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gj;jpupiffspd; Njhw;wk; jkpo;ehl;L vOj;Jf;fspd; jhf;fk;
4. Muk;gfhy <oj;Jj; jkpo;r;rpWfij Mrpupau;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLNthu; ahtu;? mtu;fspd;rpWfijfspy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; ahit?
<oj;jpw; jkpo;r; rpWfij Kaw;rp Vwj;jho 1930Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapNy Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ.Muk;gfhy rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fs;
Nrh.rptghjRe;juk; ,yq;ifau;Nfhd; rp.itj;jpaypq;fk; rk;ge;jd;
Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;
140
jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpWfijfspdJk; Mq;fpyr; rpWfijfspdJk; ghjpg;G fhtpag;ghq;fhd nkhopeil fhtpaurid Nehf;Fk; fw;gid tsKk; ,aw;if tUzidfSk; fpuhkr;
#o;epiyAk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfshfpd;wd. gioa tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fisAk; Guhz ,jpfhrq;fspy; tUk; rk;gtq;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; kdpjdpd; nkd;ikahd> gytPdkhd kd czu;TfisAk;mfkd czu;Tg; Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; rpj;jpupg;gd.
Mz; - ngz; cwtpidr;; rpj;jpupj;jy; <oj;ijf; fskhff; nfhz;litahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; <oj;J kf;fSf;Nf cupa
gpur;rpidfisg; gpujpgypf;fhky; fhyNjr tu;j;jkhdq;fisf; fle;j nghJthdkd czu;TfisNa gpujpgypj;jik
,tu;fspd; fijfspy; rk;gtq;fspYk; ghu;f;f rk;gtq;fspdbahfj; Njhd;Wk; czu;TepiyNa Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWk;.
5. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; nlhkpdpf; [Pth ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijMuha;f. 1950fspd; gpd; Vw;gl;l rKjha murpay; tpopg;Gzu;tpd; gpd;dzpapy; <oj;Jj;
jkpo;r;rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fSs; cyfpw;F mwpKfkhd kpf Kf;fpakhdtu; nlhkpdpf;[Pth.
rKjha murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fSld; ,yf;fpak; gpupf;f Kbahj cwTilaJ vd;wfUj;J epiyNahL jdJ rpWfijfis vOjpatu;.
khf;]p] rpj;jhe;jj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Lk; rKjha murpay; gpuf;iQNahLk; fijfs;vOjpatu;.
rKjha Vw;wj;jho;T> njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lk;> rhjp mlf;FKiw> tWik> Ruz;ly;Kjypad mtuJ fijapd; fUg;nghUshf mike;jd.
mbepiy kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ahjhu;j;jj;Jld; jdJ fijfspy; rpj;jpupj;jtu;. ,tuJ fijfs; rKjha rPu;jpUj;jj;ij typAWj;Jtij tplr; rKjha khw;wj;ij
mthtpait. ghJif> jz;zPUk; fz;zPUk;> rhiyapd; jpUg;gk;> nlhkpdpf; [Pth rpWfijfs;
Mfpad ,tuJ rpWfijj; njhFjpfs;.
6. etPd <oj;Jr; rpWfijfspd; Kf;fpa gz;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;fpidAk; tpgupf;Ff.
czu;Tf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gdthfTk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LtdthfTk;tho;itAk; kdpjiuAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTtdthfTk; mike;Js;sd.
Ik;gJfSf;Fg; gpd;duhd rpWfijfspy; rKjhar; rhu;G cuk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Rthu];a fhjy; fijfSk; mjPj fw;gidf; fijfSk; $l vOjg;gl;ld.
rKjha kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gLj;jpa gpur;rpidfs;> rpWfijfspy;Mokhf Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rhjpg;gpur;rpid> ,dg;gpur;rpid> njhopyhsu; tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpid> rPjdg; gpur;rpidvd;gdTk; rpWfijfspd; nghUshf cs;sd.
Nghuhl;lfhy czu;TfisAk; rpWfijfs; gpujpgypj;Js;sd.
Gyk;ngau;e;Njhu; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk; rpWfijg; nghUshf cs;sd.
<oj;Jr; rpWfijg; Nghf;fpid 6 fhyfl;lq;fshfg; gFj;J Nehf;fyhk;.
141
1MtJ fhyfl;lk; - ,yq;ifau;Nfhd;> rk;ge;jd;> itj;jpaypq;fk; -,tu;fs; <oj;Jr; rpWfij Kd;Ndhbfshtu;. mfkdg; Nghuhl;lk;> tuyhw;Wr;rk;gtq;fs;> Guhz ,jpfhrf; fUj;Jf;fs;> fhjy; Kjyhdtw;Wf;F,tu;fs; jkJ fijfspy; Kjd;ik je;jdu;.
2MtJ fhyfl;lk; - m.nr.KUfhde;jd;> jp.r.tuju;> m.e.fe;jrhkp> fdfnre;jpehjd;> jhioab rghuj;jpdk;> t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> - ,tu;fsJfijfs; rhjptu;f;f NtWghL> ,dg;ghFghL> Njrpa xw;WikNghd;wtw;iwg; nghUshff; nfhz;ld.
3MtJ fhyfl;lk; - nr.fjpu;fhkehjd;> nr.Nahfehjd;> nrq;ifMopahd;> lhdpay;> nlhkpdpf; [Pth> nrk;gpad; nry;td;> mf];jpad;>v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu> jisarpq;fk; - ,tu;fsJ fijfs; r%ftag;gl;lit. <oj;Jr; r%f nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfisMokhf myRgitahfTk; r%f khw;wj;ij mthTgitahfTk;mike;jd.
4MtJ fhyfl;lk; - rl;lehjd;> rhe;jd;> NaRuhrh> ee;jpdp Nrtpau;KjypNahupd; rpWfijfs; NgRnghUs; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lkd;wptbtwpepiyapYk; ftdj;jpw;Fupad.
5MtJ fhyfl;lk; - uQ;rFkhu;> ckhtujuhrd; - murpay;>,dKuz;ghL> ,dg;gpur;rid> Nghuhl;lk; Kjyhdtw;iwmyRtdthfTk; mtu;fsJ Mf;fq;fs; mike;jd.
6MtJ fhyfl;lk; - ,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;Lr; rpWfij - Gyk;ngau;rpWfijfs;.
7. <oj;Jj; jkpo; rpWfij tsu;r;rpapy; kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpdupd; / FOtpdupd; gq;fspg;gpidkjpg;gpLf.
1940 - 1950 kWkyu;r;rp vd;w ngaupy; Xu; ,jo; ntspte;jJ. ,t;tpjioj; njhlf;fpelhj;jpa tl;lj;jpdiuNa kWkyu;r;rp vOj;jhsu; vdr; rpwg;ghff; $Wtu;.
R.,uh[ehafk;> jhisab rghuj;jpdk;> m.nr.KUfhde;jd;> jp.r.tujuhrd;>m.e.fe;jrhkp> t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> fdf nre;jpehjd;>nrhf;fd;> ehtw;FopA+u; eluhrd;>ey;iyah KjypNahu; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy vOj;jhsu;fshff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
,tu;fs; ,yf;fpa Ntfk; kpf;ftu;fshfTk; kWkyu;r;rp fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w gpuf;iQkpf;ftu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fs; jk;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s kf;fs; kPJk; mtu;fs; tho;tpd; kPJk; tuyhw;wpd;kPJk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;fs;. mk;kf;fSila gioa ek;gpf;iffs; rpytw;iwGduhNyhridf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. mk;kf;fsJ tho;tpYs;s Vw;wj;jho;Tmfd;W mtu;fs; cau;T ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. kdpjhgpkhdKk;kdpjey Ntl;ifAk; nfhz;l ,tu;fs;> Gjpa ,yf;fpa tbtg; gupNrhjidfisAk;Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,g;Gjpa guk;giuapd; Njhw;wj;Jld; <oj;Jr; rpWfij cUtj;jpYk;cs;slf;fj;jpYk; rpwg;gilaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
njd;dpe;jpa kuig mOq;Fg; gpbahfg; gpd;gw;Wk; Nghf;fpid tpLj;J <oj;Jf;nfdj;jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; tsu ,f;fhyg;gFjp vOj;jhsu; tpj;jpl;ldu;.
r%f> rka rPu;NfLfs;> Coy;fs;> r%f nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> ngz;fspd;gupjhgepiy> Mz; mlf;FKiw> Viofspd; f];lq;fs; rpwg;ghf ,tu;fspd; fijfspy;rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
142
1943 ,y; Njhw;wk; ngw;w jkpo; kWkyu;r;rpf; fofk; fhyj;Jf;F xt;thj gioakuGfisf; fise;J Gjpa rpe;jidfis tuNtw;W gz;bj kdg;ghd;ikia vjpu;j;J<oj;Jr; rpWfij cyif tsg;gLj;jpaJ.
8. 1960 fs; tiuahd <oj;Jj; jkpo;r; rpWfij tsu;r;rp gw;wp kjpg;gpLf.
,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyau; tUifAlNd rpWfij Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; ngWfpwJ.1930Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpd;dNu <oj;jpy; rpWfij tsuj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. <oj;Jr;rpWfijapd; Kd;Ndhbfshf Nrh.rptghjRe;juk;> rp.itj;jpaypq;fk;> ,yq;ifau;Nfhd;>f.jp.rk;ge;jd; MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,tu;fspd; rpWfijfspy; Nkiyehl;Lr; rpWfijfspd; jhf;fj;ijAk; kzpf;nfhbvOj;jhsupd; jhf;fj;ijAk; ,dk;fhz Kbak;.
Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfs;> tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;> Mz; - ngz; cwTfs;> mfkdg;Nghuhl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Kjd;ik je;J> ,tu;fs; fijfis vOjpAs;sdu;.,tu;fsJ fijfs; jkpo;ehl;Lr; rQ;rpiffspNyNa mjpfk; ntspte;jjhy;jkpofj;Jf;Fk; <oj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd nkhopeilia ,tu;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.,tu;fsJ nkhop fhtpag; ghq;fhdJ vd tpku;rpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
1940fspd; gpd; t.m.,uhruj;jpdk;> m.nr.KUfhde;jd;> tuju;> fdfnre;jpehjd;>m.e.fe;jrhkp> nrhf;fd;> jhioab rghuj;jpdk; KjypNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;;.,f;fhy vOj;jhsu;fSf;Fg; ngupJk; fsk; mikj;Jj; je;jit <oNfrupg; gj;jpupifAk;kWkyu;r;rpr; rQ;rpifAk; MFk;. ,f;fhy vOj;jhsu;fs; vOj;jhu;tj;Jld;nraw;gl;ldu;. rKjhag; gpur;rpidfisAk;> FiwghLfisAk; kdpjNeaf;fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mZfpdu;. ,tu;fsJ fijfs; <oj;ijf; fskhff; nfhz;ld.Njrpa czu;T ,tu;fsJ fijfspy; ntspg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd murpay; rpe;jidfSk; ,dKWfy; epiyfSk;50 fspw;Fg; gpd;duhd rpWfijfspw; gpujpgypj;jd. ,ytrf;fy;tp Vw;gLj;jpatha;g;gpdhy; Gjpa vOj;jhsu; gyu; rpWfij cyfpw;Fs; te;jdu;.
r%f xLf;F KiwfSk; kiyaf kf;fspd; tho;tpay; rpj;jpupg;GfSk; ,d czu;Tk;rpWfijfspy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; gpbf;fj; njhlq;fpd.
9. ,yq;ifau; Nfhdpd; rpWfijfs; <oj;Jj; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; cUt cs ; s l f ; ftsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpd. tpsf;Ff.
rptQhdRe;juk; vd;gJ ,tuJ ,aw;ngauhFk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; Kd;NdhbfSs; ,yq;ifau; Nfhd; xUtu;. 1930fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J rpWfijj; Jiwapy; <Lgl;L te;jtu;. ,tuJ rpWfijf;Fupa cUt xj;jpirT epiwthf mikatpy;iy. Vwj;jho 30 rpWfijfis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tuJ ciueil jdpj;JtkhdJ. rk;gtq;fis ciuahly; thapyhf tpsf;fpr;
nrhy;Yk; jpwd; ,tUf;F ,ay;ghfNt fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. r%fk; rhu;ghd Ngr;Rtof;if ,ay;gwpe;J gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. fpuhkj;Jr; #oiy ed;F tpgukhf vOJk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtu;.
10. <oj;jpy; jkpo;r;rpWfij Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpd;dzp gw;wpr; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;Jf. Mq;fpNya Ml;rp Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; Mq;fpyk; fw;w xU Gjpa guk;giu cUthfpaik mr;rpae;jpu tUif kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
143
gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif Njhw;wk; ngw;wik jkpo; ehl;Lj; jhf;fk; thrfu; ngUf;fk;
ftpij
1. Nky;tUNthu; <oj;Jj; jkpo;f; ftpijapd; tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpidr; RUf;fkhftpsf;Ff.
ethypA+u; NrhkRe;jug;Gytu; (1878 - 1953) gioikAk; GJikAk; ,ioNahLk; ghly;fisg; ghbatu;. jq;fj;jhj;jh vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltu;. (jq;fk; vd;why; <ok;) <oj;Jj; jkpo;f;ftpij tsu;r;rpf;F 50 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; gzpGupe;jtu;. rpWtu; Kjy; KjpNahu; tiu midtUk; jhkhfNt gbj;Jg; gutrkilaj;jf;f
vspikAk; ,dpikAk; tha;e;j ghly;fisg; ghbdhu;. gz;bjkzp fzgjpg;gps;ismtu;fs; NrhkRe;jug; Gytupd; ftpijfis <oNfrup> jpdfud; gj;jpupiffspd;thapyhfTk; gpwtw;whYk; gpurpj;jk; ngwr; nra;jhu;.
rpWtu;ghly; Kd;Ndhbfj;jupj; Njhl;lj;J ntUspgtsf;nfhbMbg;gpwg;Gf;F ehis tpLjiy
,yq;ifj; jpUehl;bd; tsj;ijg; ghbatu; - ,yq;iftsk;. gidtsj;ijg; ghbatu; - jhytpyhrk; fijg;ghly;fs; ,aw;wpaik - jhb mWe;j Ntld;> nfhOf;fl;ilg; nghd;dd; rka> r%ff; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftpijapd; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;ltu;. gf;jpg;ghly;fs; ,aw;wpaik
fjpu;fhk Ntytu; gjpfk;ey;iy me;jhjpfjpiur; rpNyil ntz;gh
Vida ftpij E}y;fs;je;ijahu; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jkujd; mQ;ry; Xl;lk;
rpWtu; nre;jkpo;
ghtyh; Jiuag;ghgps;is gpwg;G : 1872.10.20 mnkupf;fd; kp~d; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy; Muk;gf;fy;tpiaf; fw;whu;. gpd;du;
aho;g;ghzf;fy;Y}upapy; fy;tp gapd;W mjd;gpd;du; Nfk;gpwpr; cau;epiyg;ghlrhiyapy; ,Wjpj; Nju;tpw; rpwg;Gr; rpj;jpAld; ntspNawpdhu;.
<oj;J ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lf; ftpQu;f;F Kd;Ndhbahdtu;. rpwe;j fy;tpkhd;>rPu;jpUj;jthjp> Njrpathjp> kdpj r%fey Ntl;if nfhz;ltu;.
r%fg; gpur;rpidfisf; ftpijg; nghUshff; nfhz;ltu;. kJtpyf;Ff; nfhs;ifiacWjpahf eilKiwg;gLj;j Kad;whu;.
G+jyj;jpw; nfhLe;jPik GupkJthk;ghdnkDk; nghy;yh eQ;irf;fhjYld; thq;fpAz;L fspg;gilAk;kjpnfl;l frNu
ngz; fy;tpiar; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghbaik. ,uhkehjd; fy;Y}upia cte;Njj;jpg; ghbaghly; ,jw;Fj;jf;f rhd;whFk;.
ngz;fs; ek; rhjp rka kpuz;bYk; kd;dkpyu;
144
njhd;fiy fw;f Tau;e;jfy; Y}up me;epa ehfupfj;jpy; kaq;fp %o;Fgtu;fisf; fz;bj;Jg; ghly;fisg; Gide;jhu;.
,tUila aho;g;ghzr; RtNjrf; Fk;kp tu;j;jfk;> fy;tp> jha;nkhop> ngz;fy;tp>cj;jpNahfk;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rhjp> Ruz;ly;> rPjdf;nfhLik Kjyhdtw;iwg;NgRfpwJ.
,tUila Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidfis cs;thq;fp rpe;jidr;Nrhiy vd;Dk; ftpijj;njhFg;G ntspte;Js;sJ.
1927 Mk; Mz;L rptkzpkhiy vd;w gpuge;jk; ntspte;jik.
ePyhtzd;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpYs;s ePyhtiz vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; Nfrfg;gps;is jq;fk;khjk;gjpau;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.gpwg;G - 1931.06.31,aw;ngau; - rpd;dj;JiuMuk;gf;fy;tp - ngupa ePyhtiz murpdu; jkpo;f;fytd; ghlrhiycau;fy;tp - kUjKid my;kdhu; kj;jpa fy;Y}up
ftpauq;F ftpQuhf Muk;gj;jpy; mwpag;gl;l ,tu; 1961 ,y; fy;Kid vOj;jhsu;rq;fk; vd;w mikg;ig epWtp fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ,yf;fpa vOr;rpiacUthf;fpdhu;.
rQ;rpifg;gzpghLk;kPd; rQ;rpifapd; nfsut Mrpupau;fSs; xUtu;.
ftpij E}y;fs;top - 1976 ,y; ntspte;J rhfpj;jpa kz;ly tpUijg; ngw;wJ.xj;jpif 2001 ,y; ntspte;jJ.
fhtpak;Ntshz;ik - 1982 ,y; ntspte;jJ.
ftpijehlfk;kiof;if - ,e;E}y; fu;zdpd; fijiaf; fUthff; nfhz;LvOjg;gl;lJ. mWrPu; tpUj;jg; ghf;fshy; MdJ.
,wg;G - 11.01.1975
k`hftp cUj;jpu%u;j;jp
<oj;J etPd ftpij Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtu;. ghuk;gupakhd jkpo;f;ftpij kugpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr; rkfhyj; juprdq;fSf;F Kjd;ik nfhLj;jtu;.
1943 - 1969 fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; ntspte;j Rje;jpud;> <oNfrup> tPuNfrup> Njd;nkhop> jpdfud;> mwpnthsp> ftpQd; Kjyhd rQ;rpiffspNy ftpijfis vOjpdhu;.
• ts;sp> fy;yofp> fz;kzpahs;; fhij> xU rhjhuz kdpjdpd; rupj;jpuk;> jfdk;Kjyhd fhtpaq;fisj; njhFj;J Nguhrpupau; vk;.V.E/khd; k`hftpapd; MWfhtpaq;fs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; E}YUthf;fpdhu;.
Nguhrpupau; vk;.V.E/khd; kfhftpapd; ftpijfis “tPLk; ntspAk;” (1973) kfhftpapd;ftpijfs; vd;Dk; ngaupw; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
GjpanjhU tPL> Nfhil Kjyhdit kfhftpapd; gh ehlfq;fshFk;. Njd;nkhop vd;Dk; ftpij Vl;bd; MrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpatu;. jpdfudpy; gy;NtW ftpQu;fs; gq;nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;l ftpijr; rku; vd;Dk; gFjpapYk;
gq;nfLj;jtu;.kfhftpapd; ftpijg; gz;Gfs;
145
kuigAk; GJikiaAk; ftpijf;Fs; ,izj;jtu;. ahg;G tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;L vOjpatu;. ftpijapy; nre;jkpo; tof;ifAk; Ngr;Nrhirg; gz;igAk; ,izj;jtu;. ,wg;G 1971 A+d; 20
KUifad; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidahYk; kuG jOtpa ftpij eilahYk; etPd ftpij
Kd;Ndhbahf mwpag;gl;ltu;.gpwg;G 23.04.1935ngw;Nwhu; - ,uhKg;gps;is - nry;yk;kh
Kjw;ftpijts;Stupd; tOtw;w nfhs;ifapy;iytsKila ey;yfpk;irAld; xOf;fkpy;iy.......... vDk; ftpijia,e;Jrhjdk; itutpoh kyupy; vOjpatu;.
,d td;Kiwf;Fk; xLf;FKiwf;Fk; vjpuhd ftpijfis vOjpatu;.jkpo; vq;fs; MAjk; njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngWk; KUifad; ftpijez;LtpL J}Jfjpu;fhk nja;Nah
ehlfq;fis vOjpatu;.ntwpahl;L (E}yf vupg;Gg; gw;wpaJ)te;J Nru;e;jd (khzpf;fthrfu; fij)Nkw;G+r;Rrq;flq;fs;mg;gUk; Rg;gUk;
nkhopngau;g;GtlnkhopapYs;s Fkhu rk;gtj;ijj; jOtp ,seyj;ij vOjpdhu;.
ftpijr; rQ;rpifapd; Mrpupau;‘Nehf;F vd;Dk; ftpijr; rQ;rpifia R. ,uj;jpdj;Jld; ,ize;Jnfhz;L te;jtu;.
KUifadpd; ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fs;xU Gy;Yk; G+Tk; gps;isAk;khLk; fapW mWf;Fk;mJ mtu;fs;
ePs; ftpijfs;Mjpgftd;NfhGuthry;neLk;gfy;
nkhopngau;g;Gf; ftpijfs;xU tuk;
ftpij njhlu;ghfg; Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjpAld; ,ize;J vOjpaJ ftpijeak;
ftpij njhlu;ghd tpkuprd E}y;,dp rpy tpjp nra;Nthk;
kfhftpAld; ,ize;J vOjpa fhtpak;jfdk;
,wg;G - 27.06.2009
2. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jj; jkpo;f;ftpijapd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Ff.,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;f;ftpij ,U tiffspy; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.
1. kuG uPjpahd fbdkhd gh mikg;Gf;fSf;F Vw;g ftpijfisg; gilj;jy;.
146
,Wf;fkhd ahg;igg; gpd;gw;wpf; ftpij ghly;.<oj;Jf; ftpijfs; gpuge;j Kiwf;F mikag; ghlg;gLjy;KUNfr gz;bju;> Rd;dhfk; Fkhurhkpg;Gytu;> mUs;thf;fp mg;Jy; fhjpWg;
Gytu;> etePjfpU];z ghujpahu;> Gytu;kzp ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> tpGyhde;ju;>ekrptha Njrpfu;> M.K.n~upGj;jPd;> Nguhrpupau; f.fzgjpg;gps;is.
gioik Nghw;Wk; gz;Gnrhy;yyq;fhu ahg;gpay; td;ikf;F mika ftp ghLjy; (c-k; : rptrk;Gg;
Gytu; - ehy;tiff; ftp ghLtjpy; ty;ytu;.)akf me;jhjpfs;> CQ;ry;fs;> gjpfq;fs; ghlg;gl;ld.FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; ghba gpuge;jq;fs;rkak; jOtpa tho;f;if xOf;fq;fisg; ghLjy;fNzirau;> Gytu;kzp ngupa jk;gpg;gps;is> M.K.n~upGj;jPd;> kapy;thfdg;
Gytu;.
M.K. n\upGj;jPdpd; KJnkhop ntz;gh
tlnkhopapy; cs;stw;iw jkpo;r; nra;As; tbtpy; nfhz;LtUjy; NkfJ}jk;> rhzf;fpa ePjp ntz;gh> ,NjhgNjrk;> ,uhNkhje;jk; jpUg;Gfo;> Fk;kp tbtq;fisf; ifahz;L ,];yhkpag; Gytu;fs; ghly;fs;
Gide;jik.mUs;thf;F mg;Jy; fhjpWg; Gytu;.xOf;f rPyq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; njhopy; ehl;lq;fisAk; r%f rPu;jpUj;jf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; ghbaik ,tw;wpidg; ghlf; fz;zp> Fk;kp Kjypa tbtq;fs;ifahsg;gly;
tz;iz ne.it.nry;iyah fhe;jp ,ad;nkhop tho;j;J> kJ tpyf;Fg; ghl;L>kJ khdplf; Fk;kp> xOf;f kQ;rup Mfpatw;iw ,aw;wpdhu;. K. ey;yjk;gp>g.F. rutzgtd;
Foe;ijg;ghly; Kaw;rpfs;Nf.v];. mUze;jp> NrhkRe;jug;Gytu;> kh.gPjhk;guk;> K.ey;yjk;gp>
gh.rj;jparPyd;> fy;tay; Nt. FkhuRthkp KjypNahu;.
rp.mfpNyrru;kh> N[.v];.Mo;thu;gps;is - ,tu;fs; miutha;nkhopg; Gytu;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs; fy;tp> flTs;> xOf;fk;> clw;gapw;rp> Rfhjhuk; Kjyhdtw;wpy;
ehl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.
2. 1940fspw;Fg; gpd;du; kuGf; ftpijfs; etPd ftpijfshf tsu;r;rp fz;ld.
ftpijg; Nghf;Ffs; kuGtop epd;W GJikiag; ghly;
,d;dit jhk; ftp vOjVw;w nghUs; vd;W gpwu;nrhd;dtw;iw ePu; jpUg;gpnrhy;yhjPu; Nrhiy fly;kpd;dy;> Kfpy; njd;wypidkwTq;fs; kPe;jpUf;Fk;,d;dy; ciog;G Vo;ik cau;Tvd;gtw;iwg; ghLq;fs;
vd;Dk; kfhftpapd; $w;W Kf;fpakhdJ.ftpijapNy nre;jkpo; tof;ifAk; Ngr;Nrhirg; gz;igAk; ,izj;Jf; ftpij
ghbdu;.k`hftpapd; fy;yofp> ts;sp
Gjpa nghUz;ikiag; ghLjy;nkhopg;gw;W> ,dtpLjiy Kjypatw;iw ikag;gLj;jp jkpo;f;ftpij xypj;jy;.
1. jkpo; vq;fs; MAjk;
147
2. Culq;Fr; rl;lj;ijg; ghLjy;
rpy;iyA+u; nry;tuhrdpd; nfypfg;lu; tpLJ}J kw;Wk; ehtw;FopA+u; eluhrd;> m.e.fe;jrhkp ePyhtzd;> Nte;jdhu; ftpijfs;
<oNfrupapd; tUifiaaLj;Jk; kWkyu;r;rpapd; tUifiaaLj;Jk; jkpo;f;ftpijfs; cs;slf;f uPjpahfg; Gjpa gz;Gfis nfhz;like;jd.
kz;thridiag; gpujpgypf;ff;$ba ftpijfs; ntspte;jd.k`hftpapd; ts;sp> ePyhtzdpd; Ntshz;ik> Nguhrpupau;fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ftpijfs;
rf%fj;jpYs;s ngha;ahd tho;f;if epiyiaf; fz;bj;jy; r%f khw;wj;ijg; ghLjy;
KUifadpd; neLk;gfy;> Mjpgftd; Nehf;Fk;> thf;Fk;> tprhyKk; tsKk; ngw;w ftpQu;fs; Njhd;Wjy;
vk;.V.E/khd;> ,.rpthde;jd;> GJit ,uj;jpdJiu> nksdFU khdplj;jpd; rpwg;gpidg; ghLjy;
rkTlikf; fUj;Jf;fisf; ftpijahfg; ghLjy;. r%f> tpQ;Qhd> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fisg; ghLjy;
Gjpa rpe;jid Xl;lq;fis cs;thq;fpg; GJf;ftpijfs; Njhd;Wjy;> Kjw;GJf;ftpijj; njhFg;ghf jpf;F ty;iy fkhypd; vypf;$Lmd;G [tu;frhtpd; nghwpfs;
3. 1980fSf;Fg; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f murpay; gpur;rpidfs; ,yq;ifj;jkpo;f;ftpijapy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpidg; guprPypf;Ff.
1970fSf;Fg; gpd;du; Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; Kidg;Gg;ngwy;Nrud;> n[aghyd;> K. nghd;dk;gyk;> R.tpy;tuj;jpdk;> K.G];guh[d;> m.NaRuhrh KjypNahu; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.1980 fspd; gpd; ngz;zpaf; ftpijfs;
nrhy;yhj Nrjpfs;> Cu;trp> rd;khu;f;fh> rq;fup> xsit> uq;fh murpay; czu;Tfs; ftpijapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjy; n[aghydpd; <oj;J kz;Zk;
vq;fs; Kfq;fSk;> Nrudpd; ,uz;lhtJ #upa cjak; nkhopngau;g;Gf; ftpij Kaw;rpfs;
Nehf;F> ftpQd;> miy> GJR Kjyhd rQ;rpiffs; nkhopngau;g;Gg;gzpapy; <Lgl;bUj;jy;.
KUifadpd; ‘xU tuk;’vk;.V.E/khdpd; gy];jPdf; ftpijfs;rp.rptNrfuj;jpd; ghiym.NaRuhrhtpd; gdpkio
4. Ik;gJfs; fhyk; tiuahd <oj;J ehty; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhftpsf;Ff. 1889 - 1904 tiuahd fhyfl;lk; :
148
Kjy; ehtyhd ‘mrd;Ng rupj;jpuk;’ (1889) cNrhd; ghye;ij (1891)>Nkhfdhq;fp (1895) ntsptUjy;> vdpDk; ,f;fhyfl;l ehty;fs; gyTk; jOtyhfNth>nkhop ngau;g;GfshfNth may;ehLfisf; fskhff; nfhz;ldthfNth tpsq;Fjy;
1905 - 1939 tiuahd fhyfl;lk;<oj;ijf; fskhf;fpf; nfhz;l ehty; 1905 ,y; ntsptUjy;> <oj;J kf;fsJ
tho;f;if msT ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhfTk; r%fg;gpur;rpidiag; (kjkhw;wk;) NgRtjhfTk;ngz;fsJ mty tho;itr; rpj;jpupg;gjhfTkhd ehtyhyhf ‘nehWq;Fz;l ,jak;’(1914) ,f;fhyg;gFjpapNyNa ntsptUjy;.
1930 - 1950 tiuahd fhyfl;lk; :,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Jg;gwpAk; ehty;fSk; ku;k ehty;fSk;
mjpfsT ntsptUjy;;; (c-k; : vr;. nry;iyah vOjpait)> tpjptpyf;fhf>cwTfs;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; Kjypad rhu;e;j ehty;fSk; ntsptUjy;
(c-k; : ghrk;>md;dG+uzp)> nkhopngaug;G ehty;fSk; ntsptUjy; (c-k; :Nrhtpaj; ehty;fs;)
ehty;
1. ehty; vd;gjd; nghUis tpsf;fpr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l jkpo; ehty;fspd;nghJg;gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ehty; Fwpj;j mwpKfk; :Novela vd;Dk; ,j;jhypa nkhopr; nrhy;ypypUe;J gpwe;jNj ehtyhFk;. nfhyk;gpahvd;irf;Nsh gPbah ciueilahy; mike;j nebafij vdf; $Wk;.mjhtJ kdpj czu;r;rpfs;> vz;zq;fs; mtu;jk; nray;fs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;fpfhl;Lfpd;w ciueilapy; mike;j ePz;l fijNa ehty; MFk;.,d;gpayhd ciueilf; fhg;gpaNk ehty; vd gPy;bq; $Wthu;.Fwpg;gplj;jf;f VNjDk; xU nra;jp gw;wpajhfTk>; khe;ju;fisAk; Mo;e;jNehf;fpidAk; mbjskhf cilajhfTk; mikAk;. ciueilapy; mikfpd;wGidfijjhd; ehty; vd;W Nrk;gu; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; ,ak;Gk;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l jkpo; ehty;fspd; nghJg;gz;Gfs;
Muk;gfhy ehty;fspd; ngUk;ghyhd jiyg;Gf;fs; ‘rupj;jpuk;’ vd;w ngau;nfhz;ldthfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
Ntjehafk; gps;isapd; gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk; (1876)> RFz Re;juprupj;jpuk;
,uh[ikaupd; fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk; (1896) khjitaupd; fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk; fhg;gpag; gz;gpy; ,Ue;J tpLglhj ehty;fshfNt fhzg;gl;ld. khA+uk;
Ntjehafk; gps;is ,jid ciueilf; fhtpak; vd;Nw mioj;jhu;. mwf;fUj;Jf;fisg; Nghjpg;gdthf mike;jd. fpisf;fijfs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk;> fUzhde;jgps;is> fw;ghyq;fhup> xd;gJtpf;fpufq;fs;> FzG+rzp vdg; gyfijfisf; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
vz;zpwe;j Jizkhe;ju;fisf; nfhz;L ,Uj;jy;. njhlf;fk;> ikak;> KbT vd;w mbg;gilapy; mikAk; Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghzpapy;
vOjg;gl;lit. ngz;fspd; ngau;fisj; jhq;fpNa ngUk;ghyhd fijfspd; jiyg;Gf;fs;
mike;jpUj;jy;.RFzRe;jup rupj;jpuk;> v];. itj;jpaehjdpd; rpd;dk;kzp> ngupak;kzprupj;jpuk;.
149
Guhzq;fs;> tuyhWfs; fijapy; ,lk;ngWjy;.FNryd; rupj;jpuk; (1891)> G&ut rf;futu;j;jpapd; fij (1887)>tPjptplq;fd; tho;f;ifr; rf;fuk; (1890)
mw;Gjetpw;rpf; fUtpy; vOjg;gl;l gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuj;ij mLj;Jelg;gpay; rhu;e;j GidTfs; vOe;jik.,uh[k;ikahupd; fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk;> m. khjitaupd; gj;khtjp
rupj;jpuk;> Kj;JkPdhfup> gz;bjeNlr rh];jpupapd; jpf;fw;w ,UFoe;ijfs;> Nfhksk; Fkupahdpd;> jPdjahS
xUrpy ehty;fs; nre;jkpo; eilapYk; vOjg;gl;ld.tp.Nfh.#upaehuhaz rh];jpupfspd; kjpthzd;.
me;epankhopfspypUe;J nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l ehty;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld.gz;bjeNlr rh];jpupahy; tpz;lupd; fij> msTf;F msT Kjyhditnkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld.
fpwp];jt rka vjpu;g;Gkhjitaupd; tp[akhu;j;jhz;lk; (1903)
Jg;gwpAk; jd;ikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehty;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.eNlr rh];jpupapd; jpf;fw;w ,U Foe;ijfs;> tLT+u; Nf. JiurhkpIaq;fhu;> N[.Mu;>uq;fuh[P KjypNahu; Jg;gwpAk; ehty;fNs vOjpdu;.Muzp Fg;Grhkp Kjypahupd; uh[hkzp> tLT+u; Nf.Jiurhkp Iaq;fhupd;etePjk; my;yJ etehfupfg; guptak;> NrhkRe;juk; my;yJ NjhypUf;fRistpOq;fp
ngUk;ghyhd ehty;fs; ,ul;ilj; jiyg;Gf;fis cilajhff; fhzg;gl;ld.
,uh[ikaupd; Mgj;Jf;fplkhd mgthjk; my;yJ fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk;> tLT+u;Jiurhkp Iaq;fhupd; lhf;lu; Nrhzhryk; my;yJ etehfupfg;guptgk;
3. 1947 Kjy; 1970 tiu jkpo;ehty;fspd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpid Muha;f.
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;du; jkpo; ehty;fs; r%ftho;tpaw; Gyq;fis Rl;b epd;wJ.,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tPo;r;rpiaAk; jkpo;ehty;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;bd.
K.tujuhrdpd; faik> mfpydpd; nghd;kyu;> n[fw;rpg;gpadpd;rj;jpants;sk; rKjhatPjp> neQ;rf;fdy;
,lJrhupr; rpe;jidfSk; jkpo;ehty;fspy; Kjd;ikahfg; Ngrg;gl;ld. cau;T jho;tw;wxg;Gikr; rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; jkpo;ehty;fs; vOe;jd.
njh.K.,.uFehjdpd; gQ;Rk; grpAk;> b.nry;tuh[pd; kyUk; fUFk;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fspd; tho;tpy; fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.mtw;iw cs;thq;fpAk; ehty;fs; vOe;jd.
mfpydpd; GJnts;sk;> eh.ghu;j;jrhujpapd; eprg;jrq;fPjk;
xUehl;bd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapy; $l;LwT Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,f;$l;LwitKjd;ikg;gLj;jpAk; ehty;fs; vOe;jd.
b.vd;.Rfp. Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; “ciof;Fk; fuq;fs;”
Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; fhuzkhfj; njhopy;Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhopy;kakhjiy Kf;fpag;gLj;jp ehty;fs; vOe;jd.
150
uh[k; fpU~;zdpd; “mKjkhfp tUf”> f.uj;jpdj;jpd; “fy;Yk; kz;Zk;”>Re;juuhkrhkpapd; “Gspakuj;jpd; fij”
Mz;> ngz; cwTfis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp ehty;fs; vOe;jd. Mz;> ngz;ghYzu;r;rpfis ikag;gLj;jp ehty;fs; vOe;jd.
jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; “mk;kh te;jhs;”> “NkhfKs;”> K. tujuhrdpd;“my;yp”> “fupj;Jz;L”
tuyhw;W ehty;fs; rupj;jpu tuyhw;W ehty;fs; eh.ghu;j;jrhujpapd; kzpgy;ytk;> fghlGuk; mfpydpd; Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> fay;tpop n[fw;rpw;gpadpd; gj;jpdpf;Nfhl;lk;> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; fy;fpapd; nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> ghu;j;jpgd; fdT
rhz;by;ad;> Nfhtp.kzpNrfud;> tpf;fpukd;> NrhK KjyhNdhUk; rupj;jpu ehty;fis vOjpdu;.
murpay; gpur;rpidfis Kjd;ikf; fUthff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ehty;fSk;cz;L
eh.ghu;j;jrhujpapd; neQ;rf;fdy;> rPkdpd; Raeyk; FLk;g cwTKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L yl;Rkp> uh[k;fpU];;zdpd;>
mWj;jkh> #lhkzp> Nfhijehafp mk;ghs; KjypNahUk; vOjpdu;. Nrhjid Kaw;rpfs;
r%fj;jpid Gjpa Nehf;fpy; ghu;j;j ehty;fshf n[af;fhe;jdpd; up[p%yk;>eFydpd; eha;fs;> rp.R.nry;yg;ghtpd; thbthry;> Mu;.#lhkzpapd;Nrhjidapd; Kb Nghd;wd tpsq;Ffpd;wd.