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In recent decades, the world has faced numerous global development

challenges. Consequently, there was an urgency to strengthen the

development cooperation that can contribute effectively to the

achievement of global development agenda. Countries of the South

are increasingly looking for each other to reinforce their mutual prosperity by sharing relevant

knowledge. Development cooperation implemented based on the belief that there is no

‘one-size- ts-all’ model of development cooperation. This has brought knowledge sharing

through South-South and Triangular Cooperation as an important milestone for development

cooperation and often considered a more appropriate model for building capacity among

developing countries as well as with the developed countries.

The Government of Indonesia has been cooperating closely with developing economies.

Since the 1955 and by 1980s it provided reciprocal learning opportunities through its South-

South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) program. In 2009, the Government of Indonesia

set out the Jakarta Commitment in which it pledged - among others - to enhance and

facilitate cooperation among developing countries.

The Government of Indonesia followed up this commitment by launching its knowledge hubs

during the high-level meeting: “Towards Country-Led Knowledge Hubs” held in Bali in July

2012. Indonesia aims to set up mechanisms that can help spread relevant experiences and

capability to interested communities both in the developing world and beyond. Continuing

this, the Government advocates and promotes the importance of knowledge sharing in

development cooperation through Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation

and other fora.

This booklet is a part of the Government of Indonesia’s efforts to generate and exchange

knowledge gained from Indonesia’s own development experiences. We hope that the readers

will nd key lessons and know what Indonesia can offer when it comes to addressing those

global challenges locally. We look forward to working closely with these partner countries for

knowledge sharing and exchange in the future.

Tubagus Achmad ChoesniDirector for International Development Cooperation, National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), as Chairperson of the Technical Team, National Coordination

FOREWORD

Team on South-South and Triangular Cooperation

3Indonesia’s Experiences on Democracy


If one sentence could sum up the spirit of Indonesia’s South-South and Triangular Cooperation, it might be this:

“It’s because we have had challenges that makes us more relevant. We can say: ‘We get what you’re going through because we’ve been there, too.’”

(Dr. R. M. Marty M. Natalegawa,the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Indonesia) The story of Indonesia is a tale of diversity, where overcoming inequality and disunity are enduring challenges. A series of far-reaching events have led the country to democratize its system of government. This booklet offers valuable lessons of conflict resolution and democracy taken from real stories of those who played significant roles during peacemaking and peace-building in Aceh Province. Relying on their own knowledge and local resources, they developed unique approaches and strategies to resolving conflicts. They show that we all have the power within us to make a difference, and to seek a better life for ourselves and our communities.

These voices below show Indonesia’s rich stories of knowledge that are relevant to building a better life; one centered on traditional values, women’s participation and electoral justice.

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“Women knew how to negotiate with the conflicting parties: stay neutral, focused and calm, be consistent and patient.”

Ms AzrianaWomen’s activist and lawyer

“My perspective about women’s capacity changed. Women can do what men can.”

Ms Nurlailathul QodriWomen’s group leader

“Neutrality and professionalism are absolute standards for any election administrators.”

Mr Ilham SaputraCommissioner, Aceh’s Independent Election Commission (KIP)

“Communication builds trust among community members. This is the foundation of democracy.”

Mr Zaini SalehLocal traditional leader

However plain and straightforward it might seem, their living knowledge provides practical tools that could be relevant for those facing similar challenges around the globe. Indonesia invites partner countries to share similar expertise and wisdom through the framework of South-South and Triangular Cooperation.



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FOREWORD 3

Table of Contents 6

1 Indonesia’s Democracy 7

1.1 Indonesia’s Policies for Promoting Democracy 7

1.2. Achievements in Aceh 8

2 Testimonials 11

3 Uncovering the Living Knowledge Behind Democracy in Aceh 21

3.1 The Role of Community Leader in Promoting Peace

and Restoring Traditional Values 21

3.2 The Role of Women in Conflict Resolution and Democracy 23

3.3 Introducing and Securing Electoral Justice 24

All for Peace, Democracy, and Development 26

4 Indonesia’s South-South and Triangular Cooperation 28

4.1 Multilateral and Bilateral Dialogues 28

4.2 Trainings and Workshops 29

4.3 Future South-South and Triangular Cooperation 32

4.4 Request for South-South and Triangular Cooperation 32


Indonesia’s Democracy

1.1 Indonesia’s Policies for Promoting Democracy

For more than three decades, un l the late 1990s, Indonesia made development its priority through dictatorship. The government of the me imposed strict rules over diverse religious, cultural and poli cal interests. Poli cal freedom was limited. Ensuring con nuous economic growth through non-democra c - o en repressive - means, while maintaining social order came with a price. Public discontent spiked as the na on faced severe economic challenges in 1997 leading to massive social movements known as Reformasi and regional con icts seeking self-governance.

The shi to a democra c government began amid intense social unrest. A er President Soeharto stepped down from power in 1998, subsequent governments began implemen ng a series of reforms that consolidated fair representa on, higher degrees of poli cal freedom and transparency in policy delibera on.

The rst step of these reforms consisted of removing constraints on media, unions and poli cal par es. This has resulted in a drama c increase in number of poli cal par es. Government decisions and ac ons became exposed to the public through wide media coverage.

Indonesia also sought ways to guarantee popular representa on by avoiding dispropor onate concentra on of poli cal power. Previously, government representa ves were elected indirectly at all levels. Cons tu onal amendments and enactment of new sets of laws led to a shi in this prac ce. Facing direct popular vote are not only the president and governors of the na on’s 34 provinces, but also its mayors – or heads – of more than 450 ci es and regencies as well as legisla ve members for each level of government elected to a ve-year term. The reforms also strengthened the legisla ve and judicial branches, helping balance the power of the once uncontested



execu ve branch. These e orts bore fruit most remarkably during the parliamentary elec ons in 2004 with a voter turnout rate of more than 80 percent.

Wider devolu on of poli cal power accelerated as the central government redistributed authority to provinces and municipali es, giving them increased control over their nancial and natural resources as well as their own development. Poli cal decentraliza on had to be accompanied by establishing e ec ve policy oversight. Local leaders are held accountable by the central government, which monitors how well local authori es provide public services and ensure transparency of their budgets.

With authority for local poli cians and expanded freedom, came closer scru ny of government spending and decision-making. In 2002, the establishment of the Corrup on Eradica on Commission, known by its Indonesian acronym KPK – Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, took shape. Insulated from poli cal in uence, the KPK’s prosecu on of high pro le government o cials helped promote con dence in the country’s ins tu ons.

In the mean me, peaceful ways of se ling armed con icts were explored as alterna ves to the use of force. Pu ng an end to deep-rooted armed con icts, which lasted for decades in some regions, took determina on and a rm commitment by all par es involved, notably the government and the civil society. Nego ated se lements paved paths to determining the fate of once troubled regions and brought hope of a brighter future for their people.

1.2. Achievements in Aceh

Arguably, the cornerstone of the government’s e orts to resolve con ict and promote democracy was its success in bringing peace to Aceh through the 2005 Helsinki peace agreement. For decades, Aceh had been at the center of turmoil that cost many lives and forced thousands from their homes. Today, in the poli cal aspects, all par es including former combatants par cipate in the mechanisms of power to improve the lives of Acehnese.

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In 1999, President Abdurrahman Wahid and the GAM - Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, or Aceh Freedom Movement, accepted an invita on from the Geneva based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue to broker a cease re. While hos li es would later resume, both sides sought opportuni es for a mediated end to the con ict. Under the strong leadership of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and former Vice President Jusuf Kalla, informal talks with the GAM reopened in 2004. A er a devasta ng tsunami struck in December that year claiming more than 220,000 lives in Aceh alone, the GAM declared a unilateral cease re. By the following year, the peace accord mo vated the GAM to abandon its armed struggle in exchange for a special autonomy; Aceh set out to rebuild itself.

The Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding signed by the Indonesian government and the GAM in August 2005 prevented the military from intervening in provincial a airs; allowed Aceh to retain much of its resource revenue; and provided for a human rights tribunal that would prosecute all new cases. A new special twenty-year fund would help pay for needed services and infrastructure.

A new poli cal vigor emerged in Aceh. The new Law on Governing Aceh entered into force in 2006, rea rming the applica on of Sharia Law (agreed in 2003) and the right to establish local par es. In the same year during the local elec ons, voters safely cast their ballots for candidates who represented their interests. In its most recent gubernatorial elec on in April 2012, a second former GAM leader was elected governor.

Acehnese women bene ed, too. Not only were they ac ve and in uen al advocates for peace dialogues, which the government welcomed and took measures to materialize their pe ons, but also the winners of fair representa on in Aceh’s poli cal system. A law was enacted in 2009, guaranteeing a quota of 30 percent for women legisla ve candidates.

With peace restored, steady development throughout Aceh delivered improvements in the lives of the province’s people, as being re ected in Aceh’s Human Development Index. Advancing access to health



services and educa on as well as more security and stability have s mulated economic growth helping drive development. Indonesians opened a new chapter in its history of securing social jus ce and democracy.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Human Development Index in Aceh

70.68 70.7671.31 71.7

72.16

69.41

Human Development Index in Aceh Source: United Nations Development Programme

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Testimonials

Aceh’s road to democracy was a long and winding one. However, each stage of the struggle is rich in inspiring lessons and insights. The following tes monials come from Acehnese who have endured decades of armed con icts and witnessed the birth of representa ve democracy in their homeland. Through their remarkable resilience, bravery and skill during the struggle toward a las ng peace, these people have become ambassadors of hope for democracy for their communi es.

For anyone involved in peacemaking and peace-building, a capacity for communica on is crucial. As one of the community leaders during the con ict and post-con ict period, Mr Zaini Saleh believes that communica on played a pivotal role in keeping community members safe, united, and in the case of the Aceh con ict, alive. As the con ict escalated, public gatherings became close to impossible. Caught between the opponents - the na onal troop and the separa st group, GAM, or Free Aceh Movement - communi es saw suspicion and hatred grow even among their members holding di erent views. To keep his community together, Mr Zaini held regular mee ngs in informal places, including his own home and religious places.

Public announcements were also distributed through informal channels like small chats at co ee shops, rice elds, home visits and night patrol. This was e ec ve in tackling misleading issues and

Mr Zaini SalehImeum Mukim (Local traditional leader) Lambiheu Lambaro Angan Village, AcehThrough regular meetings at his home and simple notices on a coffee shop bulletin board, Mr Zaini Saleh , the Imeum Mukim in Lambiheu Lambaro Angan village in Aceh, drew on his personal standing in the village to promote dialogue and combat rumor.



communica ng safety advice. Religious places were also a reasonable op on to provide a shelter for the local community when a threatening situa on occurred. Announcement boards in small shops, co ee stalls and kiosks were a source of important informa on.

Open communica on remains cri cal a er the cease re to further promote social cohesion and solidarity. Leaders must interact with the community and enable convenient pla orms that make them accessible to the community. Recrea onal and religious ac vi es that are reintroduced to recovering communi es also promote communica on.

“Communica on builds trust. It leads to transparency, mutual respect and cohesion, which represent the very essence of democracy. To safeguard trust among community members,” Mr Zaini says. “I have always made myself approachable to the community and ensured that everyone is heard and every concern is properly answered. As a result, we survived the con ict and tsunami in one piece.”

(Interviewed on November 3rd, 2012)

“Communication build trust among community members. This is a foundation

of democracy.”

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Dr Farid Husain is a surgeon by training. And like a good medical prac oner, he said, nego a ng for peace depends a lot on building trust - trust in his government team, in himself, and, of course, in the opposing party.

The former member of the nego a ng team for Aceh and the Chairman of Board of the Indonesian Peace Ins tute says that in order to gain the trust of the members of the GAM, he learned everything about their respec ve backgrounds before he met them.

Dr Husain even found himself a number of trustworthy contact people - “connectors” he calls them, who helped him reach GAM leaders. In a humorous tone, Dr Husain describes this phase like chasing a girl. In the community where he comes from, a fellow would normally try to gather informa on about a girl through her peers or rela ves before actually asking her out.

When a ending a mee ng, Dr Husain shed his iden ty as a high-ranking government o cial and treated everyone respec ully. He was very careful when it came to choosing a neutral venue and avoiding in ammatory language. “If they said they never want to make peace,” Dr Husain explains, “then don’t say anything about ‘peace’. Instead, ask them to end the ba le.”

When it comes to keeping the peace, Dr Husain says problems must

“I believe kinship is the best weapon Indonesia society has to succeed in building

a lasting peace.”

Dr Farid Husain, SpB (K)Chairman of Board,Indonesian Peace InstituteWhen it comes to peace talks, Dr Farid Husain says trust is the best medicine.



be addressed early, while they are s ll small. Society must forget the past and stay posi ve. Whenever a problem arises, they should not connect it to what happened in the past. Instead, nego ators need to highlight the common es that connect people. “I believe kinship is the best weapon Indonesia society has to succeed in building a las ng peace.”

(Interviewed on December 10th, 2012)

During the con ict in Aceh back in 1999, most of the aid supplies for refugees consisted of basic meals and snacks but women’s daily necessi es were hardly met. RPuK was established aiming at collec ng aid supplies for women and children. RPuK distributed them in a fairer and more transparent manner through recruited women leaders. The group also developed a database for distribu ng aid. A er the Indian Ocean tsunami struck Aceh in 2004, aid supplies reached the women and children in need, thanks to RPuK’s database and the work it had done raising community awareness of their needs.

RPuK also played an ac ve role in peace nego a ons. Its members who spoke Acehnese talked to the GAM and the rest communicated with the Indonesian Army. It was important for the RPuK members to stay neutral between the con ic ng par es to smoothen the way for humanitarian work.

Ms Azriana Women’s activist and lawyer

Women’s Volunteer Team for Humanity (Tim Relawan Perempuan untuk

Kemanusiaan/ RPuK)Ms Azriana’s RPuK earned a reputation

for neutrality and competence by mapping the needs and location of Aceh’s most

vulnerable during the uprisings. Its open dialogue with GAM and the army

positioned the group as a broker for peace.

“Women knew how to negotiate with the confl icting parties: stay neutral, focused

and calm, be consistent and patient.”

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“I believe the key elements of RPuK’s success in peacemaking were the nego a on skills of its members and how it consistently chose dialogue (to defuse tensions),” Ms Azriana says. “During nego a ons, I tried to stay neutral, focused and calm. I tried to be consistent and pa ent, and work closely with key people. I succeeded.”

(Interviewed on November 2nd, 2012)

History has showed that young people can be a catalyst for change. Aceh is no excep on, as students and other youth in Aceh learned to organize and express their needs.

But that was a gradual evolu on. During the con ict in Aceh, it was di cult to even hold a group mee ng. Usually community mee ngs were a ended by older people or tradi onal leaders - Tuha Peut (village elder) or Keuchik (village chief) or Imeum and other authority gures. At that me, people tended to focus on the bigger issue: the regional con ict.

A er the armed con ict ended, community-level con icts increased and were addressed through mee ngs of gampong (village). Those leaders were invited to the mee ng as a gesture of enduring respect and to get their valuable opinions on certain problems. Together, elders, tradi onal leaders and youth representa ves made decisions to solve community problems. For small cases, they usually referred

Ms Nida IrawanFemale youth leader of Lambiheu Lambaro Angan village, Aceh The idealism of youth mixed with guidance from local elders can be a potent catalyst for change.

“Local youth keep their differences at individual level. They’re still willing to

cooperate in community activities.”



to custom laws. While for more serious cases, they would use state law. It is apparent that Aceh recognized three types of laws: the custom laws, the state law and the Islamic law.

Local youth par cipa on in peacekeeping in Aceh needed to overcome two persistent challenges. First, miscommunica on could trigger small individual disputes. Even so, young people kept their di erences at individual level and were s ll willing to cooperate when it came to community work or staging events. Second, young women had trouble ge ng free me from obliga ons on the farm, planta on, factory or school. S ll, there were always girls who were keen to express their ideas as much as any other member of the community. In me, their contagious a tude a racted more young women to a end gampong mee ngs.


There were great contribu ons by women behind the e orts to build peace and democracy in Aceh. Ms Suraiya Kamaruzzaman had a notable role in women’s rights and peace-building in Aceh through her group, Flower Aceh, which she established with a number of friends in 1998. Ini ally intended to raise awareness of women’s rights among local women, the organiza on evolved into a powerful force for the struggle for peace in Aceh.

With many men caught up in gh ng during con ict, women had to step up to protect the en re family and make a living. “Women were fed up with the con ict. The situa on was extremely unbearable so they felt they had to do something to stop it,” says Ms Suraiya.

But the struggle was far from smooth sailing. Due to worries about their personal safety and lack of communica on channels, Ms Suraiya and her fellow ac vists started their movement at the grassroots level

Ms Suraiya KamaruzzamanWomen’s rights activist (Balai Syura

Ureung Inong Aceh)Through her group, Flower Aceh,

Suraiya Kamaruzzaman encouraged women to take action against human

rights abuses, promote dialogue and give gender equality a chance to bloom.

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mainly by keeping contact with community members on an individual basis. They lived with local residents for days, built close rela onships and taught them how to collect data on human rights viola ons, some mes through crea vely clandes ne ways. For example, women could go around the village to sell clothes while keeping eye out for possible cases of abuse. The data about human rights viola ons were later used to gather support from various organiza ons outside Aceh.

One of the key reasons for the achievements of the women’s movement was the use of their most basic yet greatest strengths – their motherly ins ncts and their nego a on skills. They knew how to touch the hearts of the armed group personnel when they had to deal with them. They had unlimited pa ence when dealing with hardships and were willing to do anything to save their loved ones. These characteris cs have enabled women to build a sense of solidarity among them. For instance, women came to guard posts collec vely to report on or to ask about their missing family members.

Women were commi ed to pu ng dialogue on the table to resolve con icts in Aceh. Furthermore, women’s ability to take on added responsibili es and to put themselves in another’s shoes has proven useful for the area’s recovery during the post-con ict period.

As a result of their remarkable e orts, the Aceh Women Congress was held in 2000. The main agenda was to listen to women’s opinions

“Women used their distinctive qualities to help build peace in Aceh - their motherly

instincts and negotiation skills.”

“Women and men must be equally represented because one gender can’t make

decision for the other.”



about peacemaking in Aceh. The congress was promoted through radio in order to reach women in remote areas.

As Aceh entered a new phase, women’s empowerment became an important objec ve for local policies and regula ons. However, the un nished homework is promo ng their implementa on and enforcing them. Inequality and injus ce will lead to discrimina on and it will trigger another poten al con ict in the future.

“I believe democracy means everyone has equal opportunity to be involved in decision-making and the development process,” Ms Suraiya says. “Women and men must be equally represented because one gender cannot make decisions for the other.”

(Interviewed on November 1st, 2012)

Every cloud has a silver lining. For Ms Nurlailathul Qodri, or Bu Cut as she is known to everyone, the con ict in Aceh taught her how to make a living for her family. During the con ict, men could not work without risking their lives. The women, on the other hand, were more exible to move around. Bu Cut and other housewives in the village learned to make a living by selling homemade cra s or developing small businesses. During the con ict, Bu Cut started selling cakes, a business she runs even today. Her success in running her own business changed not only her own perspec ve about the capacity of women but that of the en re village, too.

“Previously, local men thought a woman’s life just revolved around the kitchen, the bed and the bathroom,” Bu Cut said. “But the con ict situa on proved otherwise. Women can do what men can.”

Ms Nurlailathul Qodri Women’s group leader, Lambiheu

Lambaro Angan Village, AcehWith their men out of work or living in

fear during the confl ict in Aceh, women like Ms Nurlailathul Qodri started

businesses to earn extra money for their families and to have a greater say in

village affairs.

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“My perspective about women’s capacity changed. Women can do what men can.”

Nowadays, women are more involved in the decision-making process of the community. Village members consider and appreciate their opinions and contribu ons more than in the past. For example, now community mee ngs are o en held in the a ernoon so women can a end them - especially if the topic relates to them. Bu Cut herself has become the leader of women’s religious ac vi es in her village.

And yet, Bu Cut says she will not turn her back on her tradi onal gender role. As a woman and a housewife, she is proudly the chief caretaker of the family. “It is a tradi on that I would never want to defy,” she says.


Elec ons were a big milestone for Aceh following the signing of Helsinki peace agreement. Known as the Pilkada, they were the rst-ever local elec ons a er the con ict. It was a daun ng task, for the electoral body, the Independent Elec on Commission, known as the KIP, or Komisi Independen Pemilu. On the one hand, it was di cult to encourage local groups to follow the new regula ons. There were a number of disputes due to their lack of knowledge and trust in the legal system itself. On the other hand, the KIP was accused of being biased in favor of a certain party.

In spite of the hardships, the KIP carried out free and fair elec ons in Aceh. The key factors were staying neutral and

Mr Ilham SaputraCommissionerAceh’s Independent Election Commission (Komisi Independen Pemilu/KIP) Carrying out Aceh’s fi rst-ever local elections depended on Mr Ilham Saputra and his colleagues’ strict and even-handed enforcement of electoral laws.



maintaining professionalism at all mes. Viola ons of the rules or misconduct could trigger a new con ict. Therefore, all KIP members had to be scrupulous with their statements and prac ces. Also, they had to strictly follow elec on laws and regula ons. They used legal procedures to resolve all disputes amongst candidates and poli cal par es. To maintain peace in Aceh and prevent poten al con ict in the future, it is important to accommodate the unique characteris cs of local people and their needs. A fair elec on will provide a good opportunity for local people to take part and play a signi cant role in the development of their province.

(Interviewed on November 2nd, 2012)

“Neutrality and professionalism are absolute standards for any election administrators.”

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Uncovering the Living Knowledge Behind Democracy in Aceh

Discussions on peacemaking and democracy tend, in general, to focus more on topics such as formal ins tu onal arrangements and legal frameworks with li le a en on to prac ces and mechanisms of con ict resolu on that are na ve to each region. Aceh was no excep on. As the con ict in Aceh became the subject of interna onal discussions, many studies have focused on its peacemaking process.

The Acehnese peace process between the government and the GAM, with support from the interna onal community, was not the sole contribu ng factor to the restora on of peace and consolida on of democra c representa on. The tes monials in the previous sec ons imply that there are at least three contribu ng factors of equal importance: tradi onal values and ins tu ons that served the local leaders as unwri en guidance to keep communi es safe and united during and a er the con ict; the role of women in a predominantly Muslim society as advocates of dialogue and leadership behind the male dominated peace nego a ons; and the no on of fair representa on, which has roots in the local values and played a signi cant role in consolida ng peace.

3.1 The Role of Community Leader in Promoting Peace and Restoring Traditional Values

O en, in domes c wars, local communi es are the ones to su er the most. Caught between con ic ng par es, their livelihoods are under threat. Stories told by the survivors of the con ict provide important lessons that e ec ve and sustainable solu ons to con icts can also be found within the communi es themselves.

Respecting Traditional Values

Local community leaders walked their people down bumpy roads to peace agreements. Common to these leaders were their respect for tradi onal values and customs and their ability to restore them.



As the Imeum Mukim, the local tradi onal leader, Mr Zaini Saleh had his community’s safety and needs at the top of his list of priori es. That re ects the Islamic views on leadership: a leader is both a servant and a guardian. In order to serve and protect his community during the con ict, Mr Zaini maintained close communica on with the community members at all mes. When holding public mee ngs became nearly impossible due to intensifying warfare, he reached out to the community in every possible way that blended well with tradi onal prac ces. He kept them safe and united without raising suspicions.

This a tude was also crucial for nding common ground for an agreement between con ic ng par es. Understanding tradi onal values of local people is cri cal for every nego ator or facilitator. As the experience of Dr Farid Husain holds, learning the background of con ic ng par es before approaching them for talks, is the founda on of trust-building. He set nego a on strategies by collec ng informa on from trustworthy local sources. Dr Farid also highlighted the common es that connected people, rather than their di erences in his e orts toward brokering peace in Aceh.

Restoring Custom and Religious Laws

During the peace-building phase, Aceh’s tradi onal values served as the common es that brought people together and strengthened solidarity. Hence, it was cri cal to restore local values a er the con ict ended. The implementa on of tradi onal law, Sharia law and state law in Aceh is part of the government ini a ve to restore the iden ty of Aceh people. Such customary prac ces are maintained and implemented through various aspects, including the decision-making process. As expressed by the youth leader, Ms Nida Irawan, disputes

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in communi es today are solved through applica on of tradi onal laws. Likewise, ensuring everyone feels well represented and able to communicate openly is important to enhance trust and social cohesion.

3.2 The Role of Women in Confl ict Resolution and Democracy

Aceh has a long history of asser ng its independence. That strong-will extends to women as well as men. Courageous acts of their ancestors such as Cut Nyak Dhien and Cut Nyak Meu a who fought the Independence War alongside their male counterparts are comparable to those of the modern me Acehnese women.

Courage and Skills to Negotiate

When their men were caught up in the con ict or in hiding it was up to the women to protect the family. They turned to the power they were born with: motherly ins nct. It provided them with courage and skills to survive. Intui vely and quietly, Aceh women started their ac vist work at the grassroots level. Women’s voluntary work through women’s social organiza ons like Flower Aceh and RPuK (Women’s Volunteer Team for Humanity) was phenomenal. They secured aid supplies for women and children and recorded human rights abuses during the con ict. Their pa ence and sensi vity were useful during nego a ons with military and insurgents.



The struggle for equality of Acehnese women, however, did not end with the signing of Helsinki peace agreement. The journey toward the empowerment of women is only half-way complete with certain regula ons assuring gender equality yet to be implemented. But there is no going back. Their experiences during the con ict changed Acehnese women forever as was the case of Ms Nurlailathul Qodri, a women’s group leader. Women’s ac vist Ms Suraiya Kamaruzzaman is not alone in her ght, either. Many women in Aceh are commi ed to con nue advoca ng for women’s rights.

3.3 Introducing and Securing Electoral Justice

Introducing and securing free and fair elec ons in Aceh was among the most important steps that had to be taken to backstop the previous peace talks and usher in a new phase of representa onal government in Aceh. Free and fair elec ons to choose their representa ves were a proof that the Acehnese right to decide their own fate was restored.

In many ways, Aceh’s society was ready-made for modern vo ng prac ces and democracy. Society there is o en described as tradi onally decentralized and non-hierarchical. The local community par cipates in decision-making. Aceh’s local customs and tradi ons were fer le ground for the province’s rst gubernatorial elec ons in decades.

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For KIP, or the Independent Elec on Commission, establishing and promo ng new electoral rules for local elec on were anything but simple. Nonetheless, their professionalism, neutrality and excep onal compliance to regula ons paid o when the rst elec on for local execu ves in 2006 went smoothly with a 77 percent turnout rate. When problems surfaced, KIP stuck to its rules to nd solu on. All issues were handled carefully while all poli cal actors were treated equally. They have presented a good example of best prac ces in democracy. Quality of democracy in Aceh was improved by accommoda ng local dis nc ve needs.

With the restoration of peace to Aceh, important lessons on conflict resolution and democratic reform emerged that may better equip governments with tools to deal with similar cases in the future. Local communities have many, if not all, the resources and capacities needed for peacemaking and peace-building. Combining those with support from third parties both national and international may prove more effective in starting a resolution in Indonesia and elsewhere in the world.



There were many other actors besides community leaders, women ac vists, peace nego ators and elec on commissioners who have made peace, democracy, and development reali es in Aceh; all fought for the same goals. Their voices echo those heard in the eld, some of which were presented in the previous chapter. The tes monials below are just a small fragment of other voices that help reconstruct a fuller view of what Aceh peace process was.

What Dignifi ed Compromise Meant in the Context of Aceh Peace Negotiation.

Mr Jusuf Kalla, former Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, is a man of quick thinking and ac on, and of a dis nc ve personal charm. Mr Kalla’s philosophies emana ng from his view of life, provided guidance for se ling Aceh peace nego a on. Bringing the opposing par es to the same table; and the ‘cash-and-carry’ as he refers to the GAM’s disarmaments in exchange for the na onal troop’s withdrawal from Aceh, were among many innova ve methods proposed to end the con ict.

“Compromise with dignity” stood as one of the core principles of Aceh peace process. The GAM aimed for economic jus ce and independence while the government sought ways to keep unity and sovereignty. “The solu on was special autonomy,” says Mr Kalla. Through special autonomy, Aceh can enjoy 70 percent of total revenue from its natural resources; have the privilege to apply Sharia law for daily a airs and appoint its own head of police through local governments. Special

All for Peace, Democracy, and Development

Mr Jusuf KallaFormer Vice President of Republic

of Indonesia

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autonomy, however, means more responsibility of local people. For Mr Kalla, the presence of Partai Aceh (Aceh Party) and other local par es is a sign that they are prepared to face those responsibili es as well as other challenges.

(Interviewed on March 27th, 2012)

The Shift in the Government’s Approach for Confl ict Resolution and the Transforming Roles of Indonesian National Armed Forces.

Army is one of na onal power instruments, which does not exist in isola on. As the guardian of the na on, they live side-by-side with the communi es. “Indonesian army knows local community’s characteris cs and how to respect their culture and tradi on,” says Mr Agus Widjojo. Such a tude has proven conducive to safeguard peace a er con ict resolu on in Aceh.

When reform took place in 1998, the Indonesian government changed its approach toward con ict resolu ons that helped de ne a new role for the army. From once being charged of carrying out military opera ons, the army’s responsibility changed to that of improving condi on in the eld and stopping any form of armed con icts while nego a on for peace was in progress. The change in their role further reinforced the country’s shi to democracy. “It was not an easy task. But as the extension of the government, the army cannot decide for itself and had to adjust to poli cal decisions,” says Mr Widjojo who also led the restructuring of the Indonesian Na onal Armed Forces as one of its prominent intellectuals.

(Interviewed on March 27th, 2012)

Mr Agus WidjojoSenior Fellow of CSIS (Center for Strategic & International Studies), Board of Advisor at Institute for Peace and Democracy in University of Udayana, Bali, and Former Chief of Staff for Territorial Affair to the Commanding General of TNI.



Indonesia’s South-South and Triangular Cooperation

How is this living knowledge of Indonesians translated into programs for South-South and Triangular Coopera on? What knowledge can be learned or exchanged through those programs? How can a partner country adopt it? This sec on lays out a range of programs that were organized by the Government of Indonesia in the past, invi ng the readers to explore its many possibili es.

4.1 Multilateral and Bilateral Dialogues

Bali Democracy Forum

Indonesia believes that democracy cannot be imposed from outside. It is a condi on that has to be home-grown within the context of the people’s own history and cultural heritage. And while all na ons have much to learn from other states, it is through sharing ideas when new ones emerge. Such are the principles upon which the Bali Democracy Forum (BDF) is grounded.

This annual forum has provided venues for dialogues on democracy since 2008. During the forum, government heads from across the Asia-Paci c region share their experiences and best prac ces of democracy through adherence to the principles of equality, mutual respect and understanding. Their common goal is to strengthen es among the countries for coopera on in the eld of peace and

democracy. Observers from Africa, Europe and the Americas are also regular par cipants to the forum.

Along with the launch of BDF, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono established the Ins tute for Peace and Democracy (IDP) as the implementa on agency on the results obtained during the forum.

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Egypt-Indonesia Dialogue on Constitutional Reform and Constitutional Building

Sixteen Egyp an delegates travelled to Bali, Indonesia in November 2012, soon a er their democra cally elected President Mohamed Morsi took o ce. There, the delegates of the new regime sought ways to consolidate their nascent democracy during a three-day conference with their Indonesia counterparts on cons tu onal building.

During the talks, a wide range of topics were covered including mul -party democracy, building an e ec ve bureaucracy, judicial system reform, religion and poli cs, promo ng law enforcement, an -corrup on measures, and mass media. Prominent speakers such as the former Foreign Minister, Dr Hassan Wirajuda and former Chief Judge of the Cons tu onal Court, Prof Dr Jimly Asshiddiqie, delivered speeches on Indonesia’s lessons on the path to democracy. Similar dialogues have been held with par cipants from Tunisia, Fiji and other countries of the Asia-Paci c region.

4.2 Training and Workshops

Workshops on Confl ict Resolution and Constitutional Building

The NAM-CSSTC (Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Coopera on) is among the leading organizers in Indonesia, together with the Government of Indonesia, the Ins tute of Peace and Democracy (IPD), the Interna onal Ins tute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (Interna onal IDEA), the Centre for Electoral Reform (CETRO) that regularly co-hosts workshops on topics related to democracy and con ict resolu on.

These workshops o er opportuni es to learn innova ve methods for se ling disputes and building poli cal systems that are democra cally sound. The workshops are mostly interac ve, designed to s mulate lively discussions among par cipants on topics such as promo ng basic human rights, inclusive poli cal process and equitable economic developments.



A training course may bring as many as 100 par cipants together from the ASEAN countries, the Paci c area, Africa and the Middle East. They are individuals drawn from a wide array of ins tu ons and organiza ons who deal with the poli cal and technical aspects of democra c reform and con ict resolu on.

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Mr Seth Suon Visal Offi cial of the Human Resource Offi ce, the National Assembly of Cambodia, Cambodia.Mr Visal participated in the Workshop on Constitutional Building for Democracy in Bali, Indonesia. (July 2- 6, 2012). The Workshop was organized by the Government of Indonesia and the NAM-CSSTC.

Participant’s Voice

Mr Seth Suon Visal and his Cambodian colleagues were by no means passive receptors of knowledge from Indonesia and other countries. They were ac ve proponents of innova ve ideas derived from their own country’s history of peace-building. Cambodia rebuilt itself from ashes a er nearly two decades of war and achieved drama c social and economic transforma ons through the process of poli cal reconcilia on.

Among the many lessons Mr Visal learned during the ve-day workshop, those which were most relevant to the reali es of Cambodia were the methods for adop ng an interim working model for a cons tu on that best suits the current state of the country.

Mr Visal says, “These [workshops] are very bene cial for future and current leaders in [the] legisla ve branch as well as for those who provide assistance to decision makers. I wish they were organized more frequently. Good governance is also an interes ng topic for a workshop as it shall not only be introduced in the execu ve branch but also in the legislature. If possible, adop on of topics such as the rights and power of the opposi on would be much appreciated. I am eager to a end further trainings in Indonesia!”



4.3 Future South-South and Triangular Cooperation

Na onal Coordina on Team on South-South and Triangular Coopera on is now studying possibili es of adding other op ons of knowledge sharing by capitalizing on Indonesia’s most valuable asset: the living knowledge held by its own people. Dispatching experts, workshops, eld trips targe ng stakeholders of countries currently in a state of internal con ict or in varying stages of peace processes have been proposed by the Coordina on Team.

4.4 Request for South-South and Triangular Cooperation

The Government of Indonesia distributes informa on on bilateral coopera on programs through its embassies and consulates abroad. Corresponding applica on forms are also available there.

For prospec ve programs, the Na onal Coordina on Team serves as a contact point. To apply for or support a bilateral coopera on programs that have not been o cially announced by the Government of Indonesia, an o cial le er of request or inquiry for topics and subjects must be sent rst to the Na onal Coordina on Team. Upon its receipt, the Na onal Coordina on Team will examine the possibili es of organizing programs on requested topics and subjects. A response will be sent once the study has been completed.

The contact details are as follows: Na onal Coordina on Team on South-South and Triangular Coopera on

Secretariat:

Wisma Bakrie 2, 6th oor Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav B-2, South Jakarta 12920, IndonesiaPhone : +6221-31934659, 3905650 ext. 1339 (KPI-Bappenas)Fax : +6221-31934659 (KPI-Bappenas)E-mail : [email protected] URL : h p://ssc-indonesia.org/

32


The publication of this booklet would not have been possible without the support

of many people. National Coordination Team on South-South and Triangular

Cooperation wishes to express its gratitude to those who were abundantly helpful

and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. Its special thanks go to the

Task Force Team members: Mr A. Ro ’ie, Mr Ambrosius Thomas, Mr Elly Sufriadi,

Mr Imran Rosjadi, Mr Ivan Novianto, Mr Puji Basuki, Mr Purnomo A. Chandra, Mr

Siuaji Raja, and Ms Yane Agie Widayanti.

The National Coordination Team is also grateful to those who agreed to be

interviewed: Mr Agus Widjojo, Ms Azriana, Ms Dian Marina, Dr Farid Husain, SpB

(K), Mr Hasanudin, Mr Hasbi Jafar, Dr I Ketut Patra Erawan, Mr Jusuf Kalla, Ms

Maimunah, Ms Naimah Hasan, Ms Nida Irawan, Ms Nurlailathul Qodri, Ms Nursiti,

Dr Ratih Hardjono, Ms Riswati, Dr Rizal Sukma, Dr Saleh Sjafei, Mr Seth Suon Visal,

Ms Suraiya Kamaruzzaman, and Mr Zaini Saleh.

About This BookletThis booklet is a product of JICA’s technical cooperation project with the Government

of Indonesia (GOI), entitled “Knowledge Management for South-South Cooperation”

(2012-2013). Using a knowledge management theory developed by Prof. Ikujiro Nonaka,

the GOI’s National Coordination Team on South-South and Triangular Cooperation

(CT-SSTC) - the inter-ministerial body charged with promoting partnerships between

developing countries - identi ed ingenious practices and deep-rooted values which

helped pave the way to important events such as signing the 2005 Aceh peace agreement

and organizing local elections in Aceh. This booklet opens up a small window for its

readers on that living knowledge so it can be widely shared. The National Coordination

Team also produced a DVD featuring this knowledge on the same topic.


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