A Presentation by Group ONE, Ansh Jindal a.k.a. JD, IX - A

DRAINAGE

Drainage

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

Drainage BasinA drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from

rain and melting snow or ice converges to a

single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another water body, such

as river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, se

a, or ocean.

Water DivideA drainage divide, water divide, divide or (except in North America)watershed is the line that separates neighboring drainage basins(catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical ridges and may be in the form of a single range of hills or mountains (known as a Dividing range). In flat country—especially where the ground is marshy—the divide may harder to define

Amazon RiverThe Amazon River in South America is the second longest river in the world and is by far the largest by water flow with an average discharge greater than the next seven largest rivers combined.The Amazon, which has the largest drainage basin in the world, about 7,050,000 square kilometers (2,720,000 sq mi), accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world's total river flow. In fact, the river becomes biggest in the world even just entering Brazil, at only 1/5 of its final discharge into the Atlantic.

Find Out – Ganga BasinThe river Ganges is a part of the composite Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin draining 1,086,005 square kilometres in Tibet,  Nepal, India the Ganges-Brahmaputra divide. On the west the Ganges Basin borders the Indus basin and then the Aravalli ridge. Southern limits are the Vindhyas and Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ganges merges with the Brahmaputra through a complex a system of common distributaries into the Bay of Bengal. Its catchment lies in the states of Uttar Pradesh  (294,364 km²), Madhya Pradesh (198,966 km²) , Bihar (143,961 km²) , Rajasthan (112,490 km²) , West Bengal (71,485 km²) , Haryana (34,341 km²) , Himachal Pradesh (4,317 km²) and Delhi (1,484 km² ), the whole of Bangladesh ,  Nepal and Bhutan. Several tributaries rise inside Tibet before flowing south through Nepal. The basin has a population of more than 500 million, making it the most populated river basin in the world.

Find Out – Ganga BasinThe river Ganges is a part of the composite Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin draining 1,086,005 square kilometres in Tibet, Nepal, India the Ganges-Brahmaputra divide. On the west the Ganges Basin borders the Indus basin and then the Aravalli ridge.

The Major Himalayan Rivers are : The Indus , the Ganga , and the Brahmaputra.

The Himalayan Rivers

Indus River SystemThe Indus River flows from Tibet, into Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of Pakistan. The river is the greatest river on the western side of the subcontinent, and is one of the seven sacred rivers of Hindus. It was the birthplace of the early Indus Valley civilization.The total length of the river is 3,180

km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river. The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow.

Ganga River SystemThe Ganges an anglicized word for Ganga , is a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand,and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the longest river of India and is the second greatest river in the world by water discharge

The Ganges basin is the most heavily populated river basin in the world, with over 400 million people and a population density of about 1,000 inhabitants per square mile (390 /km2).

Brahmaputra River SystemThe Indus River flows from Tibet, into Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of Pakistan. The river is the greatest river on the western side of the subcontinent, and is one of the seven sacred rivers of Hindus. It was the birthplace of the early Indus Valley civilization.The total length of the river is 3,180

km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river. The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow.

The Major Himalayan Rivers are : Godavari, Mahanadi, Penner, Krishna, Cauvery

The Peninsula Rivers

Peninsular RiversPeninsular India is sapped by five important river systemsThe geography and weather of Peninsular India are two superseding forcible checks influencing the rivers of Pensinsular India. Through influencing the flora and soil of the territory, the weather and geography become two important deciding elements of the sedimentological natures and the entire procedure of soil corrosion, silting, and transfer factors in every catchment area of the river.The spare flora of the flat terrain has a lot of differences with the reasonably abundant flora of the river basins. Given below are the brief accounts of some important peninsular rivers in India:

Features Made by Rivers

Feature Formed in Upper Course.

Feature Formed in Middle Course.

Feature Formed in Lower Course.

Features formed in the upper course of a River.

WATERFALLS

WATERFALL FORMATION In this world waterfalls are found

anywhere. Rivers or streams run through rocky

landscapes. Waterfalls are also human attractions

but some times they are dangerous.

WATERFALL FORMATIONWhere are waterfalls

common found? Waterfalls are often found on

rivers or streams that run through rocky landscapes.

But not just on every landscape the land it should have a harder rock overlays a layer of softer rock.

Softer rock

Harder rock

Waterfall formation As the river continues to passes over the sorter rock, it is

able to erode the soft rock at a faster rate because it is not strong enough to hold the volume of the water

Because of that the soft rock is slowly eaten away or eroded forming a curved ledge underneath the hard rock.

Collapsed rocks

When this happens a plunge pool can be formed at the bottom once the water had started tumbling down.

when the water starts tumbling down some of the water goes under the waterfall and under cuts the soft rock.

when more of the soft rock is eroded there isn’t enough support under the harder rock and it collapses into the plunger pool.

WATERFALL FORMATION• The processes of erosion continues further

eroding the notch and plunge pool. • The harder rock above will collapse again

meaning the waterfall will retreat upstream over time and it looks like this.

What is a gorge?A canyon or gorge is a deep ravine between cliffs often carved from the landscape by a river. Rivers have a natural tendency to reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water it will eventually drain into.

How is a gorge formed?Most gorges are formed through water erosion. For example, waterfalls erode the rocks they fall over and the falls move gradually back - leaving a gorge behind them. Some gorges are formed as rift valleys; land stretches and a central area drops down - this has formed the Great Rift Valley in Africa and the Great Glen in Scotland.

Three stages in gorge formationStage 1

Stage 2 Stage 3

Features formed in the Middle course of a River.

Slip off slopeA slip off slope is formed when the rivers’ energy

is too low. The current is too slow when the river energy is low so the river cannot carry any load.

The slip off slope is formed as a result of deposition along the river bank. Material that was being transported is deposited because friction between the water and the bank is greater on the inner bank.

Slip off slope

Slip off slope

MeandersA meander is a bend in the river, it is usually in the lower and middle course of the river where the water slides from one side of the river to the next, this erodes one side of the river bed and deposits sediment on the other to make a bend.

How it is formed.As water in the river flows in the middle course of the river the gradient of the river is less steep so the river begins to meander.

This is because the fast flowing water on the outside of the bend erodes the side the side of the river.

Thank YOUThis PPT is originally made by

Ansh Jindal but given name as

Group One

© Copyrighted Group One Ansh Jindal a.k.a. JD