drugs. influences on drug use biological – heredity – identical twins – adoption studies –...
TRANSCRIPT
Drugs
Influences on Drug Use• Biological – heredity
– Identical twins– Adoption studies– Boys at age 6 excitable, fearless, impulsive (genetic traits) are
more likely to take drugs– NPY – brain chemical more sensitive to alcohol– Gene identified to predispose people to alcohol dependence
• Psychological – Lacking sense of purpose– Stress– Depression
• Social-cultural– Urban enviro– Cultural attitude toward drugs– Peer influences
Drugs• Our brain is
protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier.
• The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs - Chemicals that alter moods and perceptions through actions on neural synapses• Altered state (altered moods and
perceptions)associated with changes in brain activity
Examples: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine (depressants, hallucinogens, stimulants)
Dependence and Addiction• Addiction – compulsive craving for a drug despite
adverse consequences– What about each of our three major types of drugs
make someone want to keep taking them?• Sense of well-being, feeling of euphoria , blissful pleasure, relief
from anxiety, increased self-confidence, alertness• Withdrawal symptoms can contribute to addiction
• Tolerance – need to take larger and larger doses to experience the same effects– Neuroadaptation - change in brain chemistry that offsets
the effects of a psychoactive drug
• Withdrawal – discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs (aches, nausea, distress)
• Physical dependence – physiological need for a drug indicated by withdrawal symptoms
• Psychological dependence – psychological need to use a drug
Drugs are either….
• Agonists – mimics neurotransmitters• Opiates (heroine,
morphine) mimic endorphins
• Antagonists – block neurotransmitters• LSD – blocks serotonin
• Reuptake inhibitors• Cocaine – blocks
reuptake of dopamine, Ecstasy blocks reuptake of serotonin
Depressants
• Slows down body processes and calms neural activity.– Breathing slows,
pupils constrict, anxiety replaced by pleasure
• Alcohol• Barbiturates/
tranquilizers• Opiates (morphine,
heroine)
Alcohol
• More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.
• Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.
• Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.
• Is it worth the cost?
Opiates• Agonist for endorphins. • Morphine, heroin,
methadone and codeine.• Pupils constrict,
breathing slows, lethargy, blissful pleasure replaces pain and anxiety
• Highly addictive• Brain stops producing
own opiates (endorphins)– brain will lack painkilling
neurotransmitters after withdrawal
Stimulants• Excite neural activity and
speed up body processes.– Increased heart and
breathing rates, pupils dilate, appetite diminishes, energy increases
• More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.
• Amphetamines• Methamphetamines• Caffeine• Nicotine• Cocaine• Ecstasy
Hallucinogens
• Psychedelics• Causes changes in
perceptions of reality
• LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
• Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect
An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the
use of
Hero
in
Cocaine
Barbitu
rates
Mariju
ana LS
D
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1. Heroin2. Cocaine3. Barbiturates4. Marijuana5. LSD
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Barbiturates are considered
Stimulants
Hallu
cinoge
ns
Depre
ssants
Opiates
Both a depress.
..
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1. Stimulants2. Hallucinogens3. Depressants4. Opiates5. Both a depressant
and hallucinogen
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What do methamphetamine, caffeine and cocaine have in common?
They slow body..
.
They depress n...
The distort
pe...
They excite ne...
They relax t
he...
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1. They slow body functions and calm neural activity
2. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain
3. The distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input
4. They excite neural activity and arouse body function
5. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition and produce euphoria
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