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d¡{XH wJrZ _Zmo{dkmZH m g§{jßV B{Vhmg

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86

V¥Vr` AÜ`m`

d¡{XH wJrZ _Zmo{dkmZH m g§{jßV B{Vhmg

doX ^maV H m g~go àmMrZ J«§W h¡ & F ½doX _| _Zmo{dkmZ Ho H B© VÏ` h¢ & Bg_| nwéf

VWm AmË_m Ho ê n H s {dñVma go ì`m»`m h¡ & nwê fgyº Ho àW_ _§Ì _| "AZ§V e{º Ho nw§O,

gd©Ì ì`mßV nwéf' H m dU©Z h¡ & {OgZo g§gma H m {Z_m©U {H m, Omo g_` Am¡a n[adV©Z go

AbJ h¡ & AWm©V² ì`{º AnZo n`m©daU go Ow‹S m h¡ & Bg{bE dh g¥{ï go Vmb_ob {~R mH a OrdZ

JwOmaVm h¡ & Mm¡Wo gyÌ Ho AZwgma O~ ì`{º ZmZmËd H mo àmßV H aVm h¡, Vmo ñd`§ Ho ApñVËd

H mo ^yb OmVm h¡ & JoñQ mëQ _Zmo{dkmZ Ho AZwgma O~ ì`{º AnZo ì`dhma _| gm_§Oñ` Am¡a

EH sH aU ñWm{nV H aVm h¡ V~ Cg_| A^oX ^md _w»` hmoVm h¡ &

gyÌ Ho nm±Mdo _§Ì _| "nwa' eãX H m CëboI h¡ & H moB© Bgo aŠV Am¡a _ÁOm go ~Zm

eara Vmo H moB© àmU_` Am¡a _Zmo_` H moe H hVo h¢ & {dkmZ_` H moe Ho AZwgma nwê f AnZo

g§ñH ma Ûmam ì`mnma-OJV _| CÝZ{V H aVo J`o Am¡a AnZo _yb ñdê n H mo ^wbH a ^m¡{VH

gwI-gw{dYm Ho nrN o ^mJVo aho &

Hw N {dÛmZm| Zo "nwéf' eãX H mo na_oída _mZm & gmo_, A{½Z, dm`w, Ob, n¥Ïdr Am{X

H mo BÝÐ, déU, ~¥hñn{V, {dídH _m© Am{X nwéf {Z_m©Vm _mZH a BZH s àmW©Zm H s & F ½doX Ho

AZwgma nwéf hr g§gma H s _yb aMZm H m H maU h¡ &



87

AmË_m H m ñdê n …

doXm| _| AmË_m Ho ñdê n H s ì`m»`m {dñVma go H s JB© h¡ & Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ H mo

g_PZo _| "AmË_m' H m kmZ ghm`H hmoVm h¡ & AmË_m A_a h¡ & dh OÝ_-_aU go D na h¡ &

O~{H nwê f BpÝÐ`m| Ho {Z`§ÌU _| h¡ Am¡a OÝ_-_aU go Ow‹S m h¡ & Bg{bE "nwéf' eãX go

{díd e{º Am¡a na_mË_m Ho JwU H m AW© ñnï Zht hmoVm h¡ &

AmË_m Ho Xmo AW© h¢ - (1) eara H s OrdZ-e{º Am¡a (2) ì`{º VWm CgHo eara,

BpÝÐ`m§, _Z, Ad`d Am¡a dmUr &

AmË_m eãX H m AW© doXm| _| "Ah§' H m dmMH h¡ &1 F ½doX Ho AZwgma AmË_m H mo dm`w

Ho g_mZ _mZm h¡ & "AmË_m' AWm©V² "AmË_Z²' AWm©V² ñd`§ & AWd©doX Ho ~«÷gyÌ (10…9…44)

AZwgma, "AmË_Z², AH m_, Yra, A_¥V ñd`§ y Am¡a Bggo V¥ßV h¡, H _ Zht & Bg `wdm AmË_m

Ho kmVm _¥Ë`w go ^`ÌñV Zht hmoVo &'2 "AmË_Z²' H m kmZ nmH a ì`{º , AOa-A_a ~Z OmVm

h¡ & BÝÐ AnZo {bE "_h§' eãX H m à`moJ H aVo h¢ & lr bú_U emór Omoer - BÝÐ H mo AmË_m

_mZVo h¢ Am¡a `moJr AaqdX Ho AZwgma BÝÐ ewÕ ApñVËd H s e{º h¡ &

d¡{XH _Zmo{dkmZ Ho AZwgma AmË_m A_a h¡ & F ½doX _| _aU Ho níMmV² _Z, `_, dJ©,

n¥Ïdr, g_wÐ, gy ©, nd©V, Cfg² Am{X Ho nmg OmVm h¡ &3

Am¡n{Zf{XH Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ …

~¥hXmaÊ`H mon{ZfX² …

Cn{ZfX B©gm go 1200 df© go ^r A{YH nwamZm h¡ & `h doXm| H m dh ^mJ h¡, {Og_|

AmË_m d na_mË_m H m {ddaU h¡ & Ama§ _| BZH s g§»`m 10-12 Wr, ~mX _| 100 go A{YH

hmo JB© & VH© Am¡a ì`m»`m Ho AmYma na Xe©Z H s Anojm Cn{ZfX² loð _mZo J`o h¢ &

~¥hXmaÊ`H mon{ZfX² Ho AZwgma _¥V ì`{º H s dmUr A{½Z _|, àmU dm`w _|, Z`Z Am{XË`

_|, eara n¥Ïdr _|, Ho e dZñn{V _|, aŠV Am¡a dr`© Ob _| {_b OmVo h¢ & AmË_m ñdßZmdñWm

_| ^r g{H« ahVr h¡ {OgHo H maU eara H s g^r {H« mE± MbVr ahVr h¢ & H Nw E Ho g_mZ

Ord AnZo _Zmo_` H mof _| {g_Q OmVm h¡ &4 Bgr H maU kmZ VÝVw ^r ~w{Õ H mo ào[aV Zht

H a nmVo & AVEd eara {ZîMoï ahVm h¡ &5 AWm©V² ñdßZmdñWm _| ^r _Z J{Verb ahVm h¡ &

eara pñWa h¡ &

V¡Îmar` Cn{ZfX …

Bg_| AmË_m, AÝZ, àmU, {dkmZ Am¡a AmZÝX_` H mofm| H s ì`m»`m h¡ & Cn{ZfX _|



88

^mî`H ma AmMm`© e§H a Zo {bIm h¡ {H nwéf ag_` h¡ & AÝZ Am¡a agm| H m {_lU h¡ & Cggo

Omo ^r CËnÞ hmoVm h¡, dh ^r nwéf Ho g_mZ dmgZm go `wº àmUr hmoVm h¡ & AÝZ go hr

àmUr n¡Xm hmoVo h¢, ~‹S o hmoH a dh ^r CÝht H mo ImVm h¡, Bgr{bE AÝZ H hm OmVm h¡ & AÝZ_`

H mof _| ahZo dmbr AmË_m H mo _Zmo_` H mof H hVo h¢ & e§H amMm`© Zo {bIm h¡ {H g§H ën Am¡a

{dH ën go nyU© AÝV…H aU H m Zm_ hr _Z h¡ & {dkmZ eãX H s ì`m»`m _| CÝhm|Zo {bIm h¡

{H doXm| Ho AW© Ho {df` _|, Omo {ZíM`mË_H ~w{Õ h¡, Cgr H m Zm_ {dkmZ h¡ , Am¡a dh

AÝV…H aU H m AÜ`dgm` ê n h¡ & AWm©V² {OgHo AmYma na ì`{º AnZo H V©ì` Am¡a Y_© Ho

à{V gOJ h¡ &

{dkmZ_` H mof Ho Ûmam ì`{º AmZ§X_` H mof _| àdoe H aVm h¡ & S m°. gånyUm©Z§XOr Zo

nwê fgyº Ho 5d| _§Ì _| "nwa' H mo aŠV, _m§g-_‚mm Am{X go ~Zm eara `m AmZÝX_` H mof

_mZm h¡ & _Zmo_` H mof VH hr Amng _| ôX àVrV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AmZÝX_` H mof VH nh þ±MH a

`h ôX Xya hmo OmVm h¡ & Bg n¥Ïdr na g_mZVm Am OmVr h¡ & BZ n§M H mofm| _| eara go AmË_m

H s Amoa {dH mg H« _ ñnï {H m J`m h¡ & AmZÝX_` H mof Ho AZwgma `h {dH mg ~mha go

A§Xa H s Amoa h¡ Am¡a `h AbJ àH ma H m h¡ & Am¡n{ZfX Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ _mZVm h¡ -

eara AmË_m H mo Am¡a npíM_r Xme©{ZH _mZVo h¢ eara + AmË_m H mo & ^maVr` Ñ{ï go eara

"AÝZ' Am¡a "AmË_m' XmoZm| _yb g§km _| EH h¢ &6 `hr ^mdmW© Am¡n{ZfX Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ

_| {XImB© XoVm h¡ , Cëbo{IV hmoVm h¡ &

H R mon{ZfX …

Z{MHo Vm Am¡a `_ H s H Wm _| A_¥V-VËd, _moj, AmË_m Am{X H m dU©Z h¡ & lo _moj

d ghm`H h¡ Am¡a ào ^m¡{VH gwI Am¡a CÝZ{V _| ~mYH h¡ & Ohm± VH AmË_m H m àíZ h¡,

dh Z Vmo CËnÞ hmoVr h¡, Z hr _aVr h¡ & dh AOÝ_m, {ZË` Am¡a emídV h¡ & eara Ho _aZo

na ^r dh Zht _aVm &7 Z Om`Vo {à`Vo H Xm{MÝZm § ^yËdm ^{fVm Z ^y … & `yZmZr Xme©{ZH

_Zmo{dkmZ ^r AmË_m H mo A_a _mZVm h¡ Am¡a CgH m ñWmZ {ga _| _mZVm h¡ & ^maVr` ~«÷mÊS 5

A_aVm Ho à{V gmå` h¡ , Ho db ñWmZ ôX h¡ &

eara aW h¡ Am¡a AmË_m aWr h¡, ~w{Õ gmaWr h¡, _Z bJm_ h¡ &8 AmË_m ~w{Õ Am¡a

_Z Ho gh`moJ Ho {~Zm _Z H moB© H m`© Zht H a gH Vm (1…4…3) & B§{Ð`m| Ho {~Zm eara ~oH ma

h¡ & `h _Z Ho AZwgma H m`© H aVr h¢ Am¡a ~w{Õ H mo ghr {Xem _| bo OmVr h¢ & BpÝÐ`m| H mo

aW H m Kmo‹S m H hm J`m h¡ & BZ g~go {_bH a hr AmË_m, _mZd go {d{^Þ àH ma H s A{^ì`{º

H amVr h¡ & `h g§gma Ho H m`© ì`dhma go AbJ ahVr h¢ &



89

1…3…10 _| BpÝÐ`, _Z Am{X H m {dH mg ~Vm`m h¡ & BpÝÐ`m± ñWyb OJV go gå~pÝYV

h¢ Am¡a _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a AmË_m gyú_ h¢ & `h g~ {demb go bKw H s Amoa OmVo h¢ & AmYw{ZH

npíM_r _Zmo{dkmZ BZHo gå~ÝYm| go AZOmZ h¡ &

Bg Cn{ZfX Ho AZwgma 2…1…1, Omo ì`{º ~{h_w©Ir BpÝÐ`m| Ho de _| ahH a OrVo

h¢, AnZo Agbr ê n H mo nhMmZ Zht nmVo & _Zwî` AnZo _yb ê n _| ^JdmZ h¡ & Bg ê n

H mo OmZZo _| BpÝÐ`m± ^r {ddoH Am¡a ~w{Õ H s _XX go kmZ àmßV H aVr h¢ &

AmYw{ZH ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ _| ~mbH Ho {dH mg H m H« _ ñWyb go gyú_ H s Amoa hmoVm

h¡ & Bgr àH ma Am¡n{ZfX _Zmo{dkmZ H m bú` BpÝÐ` OJV go AmË_kmZ àmßV H aZm h¡ Am¡a

Bg àH ma ì`{º amJ-Ûof Am{X ^mdm| go _wº hmo OmVm h¡ & O~ ì`{º gwH amV Ho H WZmZwgma

"AnZo H mo OmZmo' H mo g_P boVm h¡ & `h AmË_kmZ gdm}n[a h¡ &

àíZmon{ZfX …

Jm½`© Am¡a {nßnbm{X _w{Z`m| Ho ~rM àíZmoÎmar Ûmam AmË_m, BpÝÐ`m±, _Z, ~w{Õ VWm

ñdßZm{X H m dU©Z {_bVm h¡ & ñdßZmdñWm _| BpÝÐ`m± {e{Wb ahVr h¢ Am¡a _Z \« m`S Ho AMoVZ

_Z Ho g_mZ J{Verb ahVm h¡ &

Bg Cn{ZfX Ho Mm¡Wo àíZ Ho nm±Mdo íbmoH Ho AZwgma ""ñdßZ _| ì`{º Ho {~Zm XoIo

{~Zm XoIo, gwZo {~Zm gwZo, AZw d {H o {~Zm AZw d, gV² Am¡a AgV² g^r nXmWm] H mo gd©ê n

hmoH a XoIVm h¡ &''

{~Zw nX Mbh gwZh {~{Y H mZm &

H a {~Zw H a_ H aX² {~{Y ZmZm &&

AmZZ a{hV gH b ag ^moJr &

{~Zw ~mZr ~H Vm ~ ‹S OmoJr &9

H mën{ZH OJV go nao Ho AZw d ^r gnZm| _| {XImB© XoVo h¢ & \« m`S Ho ñdßZ-{gÕm§V

_| AMoVZ AdñWm H m H moB© dU©Z Zht h¡ &

_wÊSy H Cn{ZfX² H m `h íbmoH ^r ^{º -^mdZm H mo àH Q H a ahm h¡ -

Zm`_mË_m àdMZoZo bä`mo Z _oY`m Z ~h þZm lwVoZ &10

AWm©V n« w H s àm{á, namoj AmË_VËd H s CnbpãY, àdMZ, _oKm VWm ~hþV gwZZo go

Zht hmoVr & à^w {Og na H¥ nmH aVo h¢ CgrH mo CZH s àm{á hmoVr h¡ & AmË_Xod AnZm ñdê n

CgrHo g_j Imob H a aI XoVo h¢ &



90

_mÊSy Š`mon{ZfX …

`h g~go N moQ m Cn{ZfX h¡ & BgHo Mma à_wI nX h¢ - d¡ídmZa, VoOg, àmk Am¡a

ZmÝV…àmk &

d¡ídmZa nmX H s pñW{V OmJ«V AdñWm _| h¡, `h AÞ_` H mof go gå~Õ h¡ &

d¡ídmZa H m AW© h¡ A{½Z, MoVZ Am¡a na_mË_m Omo g_ñV Xohm| go AbJ ahVm h¡ &

BpÝÐ`m± g§doXZ Am¡a àË`j kmZ àmßV H aZo _| ghm`H hmoVr h¢ &

VoOg - O~ ñdßZmdñWm H s àYmZVm hmoVr h¡ Vmo gmV A§Jm| Am¡a CÝZrg _wIdmbr

AmË_m gyú_ {df`m| H m ^moJ H aVr h¡ & Bg AdñWm _| BpÝÐ`m| H s Anojm _Z A{YH g{H«

ahVm h¡ & AmË_m H s Bg AdñWm H mo VoOg² H hm J`m h¡ &

àmk … `hr gwfw{ßV h¡ & ì`{º Z Vmo ñdßZ XoIVm h¡ Am¡a Z ^moJ H aVm h¡ & Bg_| AmZ§X

H s à_wIVm hmoVr h¡ & ^yV, ^{dî` Am¡a g^r {df`m| H m kmZ Bgr AdñWm _| gå^d hmoVm h¡ &

àmk Vmo àkmàYmZ h¡ hr, Omo _Z go g§~Õ h¡ VWm àkm YZ h¡ & gyú_ OJV H m `h

AÜ``Z \« m`S VWm `w§J Zo ^r {H m h¡ &

ZmÝV…àmk … AmË_m H s Bg pñW{V H mo {ed ê n H hm Om gH Vm h¡ & Bg_| AmË_m H m

ñWmZ Vwar`mdñWm _| hmoVm h¡ & `h AmË_m H m Mm¡Wm nmX AdU©Zr` h¡ & kmZ{gÕ `moJr hr BgH m

AZw d, gmYZm Ûmam H a gH Vm h¡ &

_Z … gwI-Xw…I Ho H maUm| H m {dMma H aVo hþE g{H« ahVm h¡ & {MÎm H m H m_ h¡

g§H ën-{dH ën H s {H« m _| brZ hmoZm Am¡a Ah§H ma ì`{º Ho ApñVËd, dñVwAm| Ho gå~ÝY

Am¡a ^oX^md H s à{H« m H mo AnZmVm h¡ &

AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a Cn{ZfX Ho AZwgma _Z, AÝV…H aU H s àd¥{Îm h¡ & Am¡n{ZfX

_Zmo{dkmZ H s {deofVmE± {ZåZ h¢…

(1) OJV H s g^r e{º m| H m AmYma gV² VËd h¡ &

(2) AmË_m hr dh àoaUm e{º h¡ {Oggo g^r H _m] H m CËWmZ hmo gH Vm h¡ &

(3) ^moº m Am¡a ^mo½` H m ^oX ñd`§ {Z{_©V h¡ &

(4) {dídmË_m hr _mZd ê n YmaU H aVm h¡ &

(5) AmË_m AO, AOa Am¡a A_a h¡ &

AV… Cn{ZfXm| _o AmË_m H mo hr gdm}n[a _mZm h¡ & OJV Am¡a _mZd, AmË_m H s H¥ {V



91

h¡ & _Z H mo {damQ H m A§e _mZm J`m h¡ {Oggo _Zmo{dkmZ H mo g_PZo _| AmgmZr hmoVr h¡ &

àmMrZ _w{Z`m| Ho AZwgma _mZd _Zmo{dkmZ H m AmYma AÜ`mË_ h¡ &

Cn{ZfXm| Zo _Z H mo ì`mnH VËd, eara H mo KQ H Am¡a àoaH VËd _mZm h¡ & Hw N

Cn{ZfXm| Zo ì`mnH ê n _| ^r _Z H mo XoIm h¡ Am¡a naIm h¡ bo{H Z {dMmam| _| {^ÞVm h¡ &

3.2 JrVm Xe©Z Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ

Cn{ZfX Am¡a JrVm _| AmË_m Ho ê n H m dU©Z {H m J`m h¡ & JrVm Ho db _yH Ym{_©H

J«ÝW hr Zht, A{nVw _Zmo{dkmZ H m Xe©Z ^r h¡ & `wÕ^y{_ _| AOw©Z e§H mAm| H m Am¡a lrH¥ îU

g_mYmZ H m àVrH h¢ & _hmXod^mB© XogmB© Zo JrVm H mo EH ê nH ~Vm`m h¡ &11 nmÊS d àH me

Am¡a H m¡ad A§YH ma H m àVrH h¢ & Y¥Vamï Ah§, H¥ îU A§VamË_m, AOw©Z ~w{Õ H m àVrH h¡ &

Hw N {dÛmZ AOw©Z H mo g§H Q J«ñV Ah§ ^r _mZVo h¢, Vmo H¥ îU H mo AmË_m &12

Cn{ZfX H s AmË_m H¥ îU, AOw©Z ê nr ì`{º H mo AmË_kmZ àmßV H amZo H m gmYZ h¡ &

JrVm Ho _yb VËd Cn{ZfX go {bE h¢ & JrVm Ho gV², aO Am¡a V_ H m Ho db CëboI h¡

Cn{ZfX _| & O~{H JrVm _| BgH m gånyU© {ddaU h¡ & AWm©V² JrVm, Cn{ZfX go loð h¡ &

gdm}n{ZfXmo Jmdmo Xmo½Ym JmonmbZÝXZmnmWm} dËg… gwYr^m¢º m Xw½Y§ JrVm_¥V âV &&13

JrVm _| ì`mdhm[aH OrdZ-Xe©Z, AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m Ho gå~ÝYm| H m dU©Z h¡ & JrVm

_| ~«÷ Ho XmoZm| A§Jmo§, nwéf Am¡a àH¥ {V Ho gå~ÝYm| H m {ddaU à{Vnm{XV {H m J`m h¡ & JrVm

_| Xmo Om{V h¢ - nam Am¡a Anam &

Anao {_Vê ËdÝ`§ & àH¥ {V {d{Õ _o nam_²

Ord^yVm§ _hm~mhmo `òX Ym`©Vo OJV² &14

nam Ordê nr Am¡a M¡VÝ` hmoVr h¡ & Anam _| n¥Ïdr, Ob, VoO, AmH me, _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a

Ah§H ma AmVo h¢ &

^y{_amnmo@Zbmo dm`w… I§ _Zmo ~w{Õaod M &

Ah§H ma BVr`§ ò {^Þm àH¥ {Vaï Ym &&15

AZm{X H mb go BgH m gå~ÝY ~«÷ go _mZm J`m h¡, H¥ îU Zo ^r H hm h¡ {H "__²

`mo{Z_©hX² ~«÷" VWm "Ah_² ~rOàX… {nVm'16 nam àH¥ {V Aja VËd h¡ & Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ H s

Ñ{ï go Anam àH¥ {V Ho _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a Ah§H ma à_wI h¢ &

^m¡{VH gwI-gw{dYm H mo nyU© H aZodmbo _Z, ~w{Õ Am¡a Ah§H ma h¢ & Bgr go Voam-_oam

CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ & JrVm H s H WmZwgma AmË_m hr gd }gdm© h¡ Am¡a Aj_ ì`{º BZ VrZm| VWm



92

BpÝÐ`m| Ho de _| AmH a AnZm ñd`§ H m ê n Imo XoVm h¡ &

ì`{º ñd^md go AmË_-ajm {à` hmoVm h¡, qhgm `m Aqhgm Ûmam & S ma{dZ Ho {gÕm§V

_|, qhgm go Ord `m _Zwî` Xygao H _Omoa Ord `m _Zwî` H m dY H a AnZr ajm H aVm h¡ &

_Vb~ `h {H _Zwî` AnZr ajm Y_© H m ghmam boH a H a gH Vm h¡ & gånyU© Ordm| Ho à{V

X`m^md aIZm hr JrVm H s {deofVm ~VmVm h¡ & AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ Ho "A{^àoaU' gyÌ Ho

AZwgma "ì`{º {ZîH m_ ^md go H moB© H m`© Zht H aVm & Bg àH ma ì`{º AmË_ `m ñd ajm

Am¡a na ajm XmoZm| H s Amoa A{^_wI hmoVm h¡, `hr Bg Y_©joÌ H m H _©joÌ h¡ &'17

JrVm _| "CÎm_ aW' H m dU©Z h¡ & gd©nëbr amYmH¥ îUZ Bg _Z H mo dhr aW ~VmVo

h¢, Omo eara H m àVrH h¡ & BpÝÐ`m± Kmo‹S o h¢ & AmË_m gmaWr h¡ & Eogm hr ê nH d¡{XH VWm

~m¡Õ Xe©Zm| _| ^r CnbãY h¡ &

VV… ídoV¡h© ¡ w§H Vo _h{V ñWÝXZo pñW{V &18

AOw©Z Ho _Z H m g§Kf© _mZd _mÌ Ho Amngr {damoYr ^mdm| H m ê n h¡ & Bgr{bE JrVm

Zo OrdZ H s Bg à_wI g_ñ`m H m g_mYmZ àñVwV {H m h¡ , {Og_| {Zamem Am¡a Xw…Im| H m

{ZamH aU hmoVm h¡ &

AmË_m H m A_aËd-JrVm Ho Xygao AÜ`m` _| AmË_m H s A_aVm, ñdY_© H s _hÎmm H m

dU©Z {H m h¡ & JrVm Am¡a Cn{ZfX Ho AZwgma, AmË_kmZr _mZd, ^` go _wº hmoH a OrdZ

OrVm h¡ &19

OrU© dó go eara H s Cn_m Xr JB© h¡ &20 eara `wdm Am¡a Oam Am{X go à^m{dV hmoVm

h¡ Am¡a H« _e… _¥Ë`w H s Amoa OmVm h¡ & H hm J`m h¡ {H ZmedmZ eara H m emoH Am¡a _moh

H aZm C{MV Zht h¡ &21

eara Am¡a AmË_m Ho ê n H m ghr kmZ Omo ì`{º OmZ boVm h¡, dhr {Z^© , A^`

Am¡a OrdZ_wº H hbmVm h¡ &

nwZO©Ý_ Am¡a H _© … JrVm Ho AZwgma nwZO©Ý_ Am¡a H _© Ho gyÌ Amng _| Ow‹S o h¢ & AmO H m

_Zmo{dkmZ AmZwdm§{eH Vm Ho {gÕm§V H m AmYma ^r n¡V¥H h¡ &

dmgm±{g OrUm©{Z VWm {dXm` Zdm{Z J¥hUm{V Zamo@nam{U &

VWm earam{U {dXm` OrUm©Ý`Ý`m{Zg§ m{V Zdm{Z Xohr &22

JrVm H m H _© {gÕm§V hr Bgo à_m{UV H aVm h¡ & ì`{º H m AJbm OÝ_ CgHo H _m©Zwgma

V` hmoVm h¡ & ì`{º Omo H _© H aVm h¡, CgH s O‹S _| àd¥{Îm`m± Am¡a g§ñH ma hmoVo h¢ & ì`{º



93

gV², aO Am¡a V_ Ho JwUmZwgma H _© H aVm h¡ Am¡a AJbo OÝ_ _| BgH m \ b ^moJVm h¡ &

ì`{º , AnZo OrdZ H mo Bgr Amem Ho gmW OrVm h¡ {H AJbo OÝ_ _| AmO Ho H _m] H m

H ë`mUH mar \ bm| H m ^moJ, Cgo {_boJm & `hr Amem Am¡a {dídmg JrVm H m _w»` g§Xoe h¡ &

gV², aO Am¡a V_, _mZdr` H _© H s VrZ àd¥{Îm`m± h¢ & gVmoJwUr H _©, ñdmW©a{hV na_mW©

VWm Eogm ì`{º {Z…ñdmW© Am¡a {Z_©b hmoVm h¡ &

aOmoJwUr ì`{º Ho H _© ñdmW©nyU© VWm {H« m M§Mb Am¡a {df` AZwgma hmoVo h¢ &

V_moJwUr à_mXr hmoVm h¡ & dh AnZm H V©ì` nyU© Zht H aVm h¡, Ambgr Am¡a {ZÐm ng§X

hmoVm h¡ & Ho db AW©nyU© H _© hr CÔoí` `m bú` hmoVm h¡ &

Cnamoº VrZm| JwUm| Ho AmYma na ì`{º m| H m {dH mg JrVm _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡, na§Vw BZHo

A[V[aº JwUm| dmbo ì`{º H mo JwUmVrV H hm J`m h¡ &23

Bgr JwUmVrV ì`{º H mo, H Vm©nZ H m ^md Z ahZo go pñWVàk ^r H hm J`m h¡, Am¡a

"^º nwéf' Ho bjUm| go `wº ~Vm`m J`m h¡ &24

pñWVn«k ì`{º - Eogm ì`{º ñdñW, g^r Vah H s n[apñW{V`m| _| emÝV Am¡a Y¡ ©nyd©H

Ed§ ^mdmË_H n[an¹ Vm go hr n[anyU© Zht ahVm, ~pëH dh Vmo g_ag hmoVm hþAm ^r bJmd

go Xya ahH a H _© H aVm h¡ "Ob _| H _bdV²' &25

"O~ ì`{º H m _Z Xw…Im| H s àm{ßV _| CX²doJ go a{hV ahVm h¡ VWm gwIm| H s àm{ßV

_| CgH s ñn¥hm Zht ah OmVr, CgHo amJ, ^` Am¡a H« moYm{X Zï hmo OmVo h¢, Vmo dh pñWVn«k

H hm OmVm h¡ &'26

H ÀN n H s Cn_m go lrH¥ îU Zo CgH s pñWa ~w{Õ H s g_mZVm ~VmB© h¡ &

`Xm g§haVo Mm`§ Hy _m}@Jm±Zr` gd©e… &

BpÝÐ`mUrÝÐ`mW }ä`ñVñ` àkm à{V{ð Vm &27

Bg g~go `h à_m{UV {H m J`m h¡ {H Eogm ì`{º AnZo dmñV{dH ~«÷ ê n H mo nhMmZ

boVm h¡ & "Efm~«m÷r pñW{V… Z¡Zm§ àmß` {d_wø{V &'28 Am¡a V~ dh _moh a{hV hmo OmVm h¡ & BgH m

VmËn`© AmË_m H s A_aVm H mo ñdrH maZm hr h¡ & AmMm`© {dZmo~m Or Zo ^r pñWVn«k H mo

OrdZ_wº , `moJmê ‹T , ^JdX² º , JwUmVrV VWm kmZ{Zï Am{X ì`{º dmZ go A{YH _hËdnyU© _mZm

h¡ &29

{ZîH m_ ^md-AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ H hVm h¡ {H hVmem `m {Zamem hr ì`{º Ho AmJo

g§Kf© H aZo H m _yb _§Ì h¡ & JrVm Zo BgH m g_mYmZ ~Vm`m {H O~ _mZd H s Amdí`H VmAm|



94

H s AWdm AmemAm| H s ny{V© Zht hmoVr, V~ dh hVmem, ^½Zmem H m gm_Zm H aVm h¡ & JrVm

Zo H hm h¡ {H (^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ ^r `hr H hVm h¡) "Amem a{hV Am¡a {ZîH m_ ^md go H _©

H aZo dmbo H mo Bg pñW{V H m gm_Zm Zht H aZm n‹S Vm &' ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ ì`{º Ho

AmÜ`mpË_H ê n H mo _mZVm h¡ Vmo nmíMmË` _Zmo{dkmZ O¡{dH ê n H mo & `hr XmoZm| H m _yb

AÝVa h¡ & ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ BpÝÐ`m| Am¡a _Z H mo de _| H a, amJ, Ûof H s ^mdZm go _wº

hmo H a H _© H aZo H m _mJ© {XImVm h¡ & JrVm H m _Zmo{dkmZ ñdY_© _| {Zð mdmZ ahH a, \ b

H s Amem {H o {~Zm H m`© H aZo na Omoa XoVm h¡, Omo AÜ`mË_ go n[anyU© h¡ & Bgr{bE JrVm

_| "H _©Êòdm{YH mañVo _m\ bofw H XmMZ²' H s ì`dñWm H s J`r {XIm`r XoVr h¡ &

O¡Z Xe©Z d ~m¡Õ _Zmo{dkmZ

"{OZ' go O¡Z H s CËn{Îm _mZr OmVr h¡, {OgH m AW© h¡ "O`r' AWm©V² BpÝÐ`m| H mo OrVZo

dmbm &30 O¡Z Xe©Z BpÝÐ`m| Ho e_Z Am¡a Ë`mJ H s _hÎmm H m AZw_moXZ H aVm h¡ &

O¡Z Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ ì`mdhm[aH A{YH h¡ & Omo ì`{º Ord VWm OJV go gå~Õ

gm_{`H kmZ àmßV H a boVm h¡, CgH m OrdZ gwIr h¡, na§Vw gwIr OrdZ ^m¡{VH AWdm

gm§gm[aH Zht A{nVw Aqhgm, AñVo , XmZ Am¡a Ë`mJ go `wº OrdZ H mo loð Am¡a gwIr H hm

J`m h¡ &

kmZ H m ñdê n …

O¡Z Xe©Z _| _Zmo{dkmZ Ho ~mao _| nm±M àH ma Ho kmZ _mZo Jò h¢ -

(1) _{V kmZ-BpÝÐ`m| VWm _Z Ho Ûmam àmßV hmoVm h¡, {Og_| ñ_¥{V, àË`{^km Am¡a VH©

{bE Jò h¢ &

(2) lw{V kmZ - BgHo AÝVJ©V g§Ho Vm| Am¡a eãXm| Ho Ûmam kmZ àmßV hmoVm h¡ &

(3) Ad{Y kmZ - Ad{Y kmZ _| Am§V[aH ~moY Am¡a XyaÑ{ï Ûmam VrZm| H mb go gå~ÝYr

g_` H m kmZ àmßV hmoVm h¡ &

(4) _Z…n[a`m` - Bgo na{MÎm AWm©V² Xygam| Ho _Z H s ~mV OmZ boZo dmbm ^r H hm J`m

h¡ &

(5) Ho db kmZ - `h kmZ ¹ b ñdV§Ì àmUr H mo hr gwb^ h¡ &

nhbo VrZm| kmZ nm{W©d h¢, Omo H r H r g§Xoh CËnÞ H aVo h¢ Am¡a AYyao à_m{UV hmoVo

h¢ & ApÝV_ XmoZm| kmZ AmpË_H kmZ h¢, {OZ_| g§Xoh `m e§H m H s gå^mdZm Zht hmoVr h¡ &

AmË_m H m ñdê n - AmË_m ^m¡{VH JwUm| go `wº hmoVr h¡, Bg{bE `h gwú_ Zht h¡,



95

eara YmaU H aVr h¡ & O¡Z Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ AmË_m H mo Abm¡{H H Am¡a ^m¡{VH XmoZm| hr

_mZVm h¡ & eara Ho AZwnmV _| hr AmË_m H m g§Hw MZ Am¡a {dH mg hmoVm h¡ & `hr ^m¡{VH JwU

AmË_m Ho g§gma _| OmZo OmVo h¢ & AmË_m gm§gm[aH OrdZ _| "Ord' Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h¡ ,

Bg_| àmU VWm emar[aH , _mZ{gH VWm BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam àmßV e{º m± em{_b ahVr h¢ & "ewÕZX'

Ho {gÕm§V Ho AZwgma Ord _| ewÕ kmZ Am¡a Xe©Z, àË`j kmZ Ûmam àmßV hmoVm h¡ & dmñV{dH

OrdZ _| H _© H s J{V go à^m{dV hmo H a Am¡ne{_H , jm{`H , j`monj{_H , Am¡X{`H Am¡a

n[a_m{UH - BZ nm±M ^mdm| go Ord `wº ahVm h¡ & H mbmÝVa _| `hr ^md XemnÝZ "àmU' Ðì`

ê n _| ~XbH a "nwXJb' ê n _| ì`º hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a V^r Ord g§gmar H hbmVm h¡ &31 gyú_,

Aì`º Am¡a n[aUm_eyÝ` AdñWm hr ^md ñWyb, ì`º Am¡a n[aUm_`wº AdñWm Ðì` h¡ & O¡Z

_V _| BÝht Xmo AdñWmAm| H s MMm© H s JB© h¡ & AmË_m O~ Ðì` H m ê n boVr h¡ V^r Ord

H hbmVr h¡ & _Zmo{dkmZ _| Bgr Ho AmYma na Ord Ho JwUm| H s ì`m»`m H s JB© h¡ & eara H mo

_moj àm{ßV H m gmYZ _mZm J`m h¡ & Bgr{bE O¡Z _V _| Aqhgm, AgË` H m Ë`mJ, AñVo ,

An[aJ«h Am¡a ~«÷M`© H mo nm±M d«V _mZm h¡ , {OZHo nmbZ go hr _mZd H mo _moj H s àm{ßV

hmo gH Vr h¡ &

AmË_m _| "nwX²Jb' H m A§e hmoZo go Cg_| g§Hw MZ Am¡a {dñVma hmoVm h¡ &32 H hm J`m h¡

{H AmË_m hmWr Ho eara _| hmWr Ho n[a_mU Am¡a MtQ r Ho eara _| MtQ r Ho n[a_mU H s hmoVr

h¡ &33 {Og àH ma nmZr Am¡a XyY H mo {_bmZo na dh EH hmo OmVo h¢ Cgr àH ma AmË_m Am¡a

H _© H mo {_bmZo na EH hmo OmVo h¢ & S m°. OJXreMÝÐ O¡Z Zo H hm h¡ {H "H _©~ÝY go AmË_m

EH , Xmo, VrZ, Mma Am¡a nm±M BpÝÐ`m| go OÝ_ boVr h¡ Am¡a H _m] H m AmË`pÝVH j` hmoZo go

_moj {_bVm h¡ {OgHo {bE gå`H² Xe©Z, gå`H kmZ Am¡a gå`H² M[aÌ Amdí`H h¡ &'34

O¡Z Xe©Z _| ñ`mXdmX H mo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àmßV h¡ & Jm¡V_ JUYa Zo EH ~ma ^JdmZ

_hmdra go gdmb nyN m {H Ord emídV h¡ AWdm AemídV? Vmo _hmdra Zo CÎma {X`m {H

- Ðì` H s Anojm OrdZ emídV h¡ Am¡a n[a`m` H s Anojm AemídV h¡ & AJbm àíZ {H m

{H "AmË_m kmZ ñdê n h¡ `m AkmZ ñdê n? _hmdra Zo CÎma {X`m- "AmË_m Ho XmoZm| ñdê n

h¢ &' kmZ ñdê n h¡ Š`m|{H kmZ Ho A^md _| AmË_m H s àd¥{Îm gå^d Zht h¡ & Am¡a Eogr pñW{V

_| Zht hmoZo na dh AkmZ ñdê n YmaU H a boVr h¡ & `hr VÏ` h_ EH Am¡a CXmhaU Ûmam

H h gH Vo h¢ & EH àíZ hþAm {H gmoZm AÀN m h¡ `m OmJZm? Odm~ h¡ XmoZm| hr gË` h¡, O¡go

{H gr nmnr `mXwï H m gmoZm AÀN m h¡ {H ÝVw {H gr _hmË_m `m Y_m©Ë_m H m OmJZm AÀN m h¡ &

AmË_m Ho ê n H mo Am¡a {dñVma go ñnï H aVo àmMrZ O¡Z gyÌm| _| AmË_m H mo ñnï



96

Am¡a EH mÝV ê n go eãX, VH© , ~w{Õ Ho AJmoMa, Z XrK© Z õñd, Z Jmob Z Mm¡H moa, Z H mbm

Z ídoV, Z ór Z nwéf, Cn_m a{hV Am¡a AnX H hm J`m h¡ & AmË_m Ho Bg ê n _| Am¡a

Cn{ZfX _| d{U©V ê n _| g_mZVm {XIVr h¡ &

_Z H m ñdê n …

O¡Z _Zmo{dkmZ Ho _V Ho AZwgma `{X _Z B[ÝÐ` hmoVm Vmo eara _| CgH m ñWmZ

{ZpíMV hmoVm & _Z AVrpÝÐ` h¡ & dh EH MoVZ à{H« m h¡ Omo AmË_m go ào[aV hmoH a kmZ H m

AmYma ~ZVr h¡ {Oggo g§gma H s dñVwAm| H s OmZH mar hmoVr h¡ &

O¡Z _Zmo{dkmZ _| n§M BpÝÐ`m| go g§doXZm Am¡a àË`j kmZ Ho àmßV hmoZo H s H ënZm

H s JB© h¡ & Cn{ZfX Am¡a O¡Z _Zmo{dkmZ _| àñVwV BpÝÐ`m| H m ñdê n EH g_mZ {_bVm h¡ &

Bgr{bE BpÝÐ`m| H m gå~ÝY ^md Am¡a Ðì` go Omo‹S m J`m h¡ {Ogo - ^md BpÝÐ` Am¡a Ðì`

BpÝÐ` H hVo h¢ & `hr gwI-Xw…I H s O‹S h¡ Omo _mZd H mo gwI-Xw…I H m AZw d H amVr h¡ &

O~ ì`{º {H gr dñVw H mo XoIVm h¡ Vmo CgHo a§J Am¡a AmH ma H m kmZ àmßV H aVm h¡ & `h

kmZ gå~wÕ BpÝÐ` Am¡a dñVw Ho ^mdnj _| g{Þ{hV ahVm h¡ &

àË`oH àmUr _| eara Am¡a AmË_m H m g{å_{bV ê n h¡ {Og_| AmË_m g{H« Am¡a eara

{ZpîH« ahVm h¡ & àmUr Bgr ê n H mo AnZo H m`m] d ì`dhmam| _| Xem©Vm h¡ & O~ _mZd AnZo

H _m] _| ImoH a, AnZm Agbr ê n ^yb OmVm h¡, V~ Cggo _wº hmoZo Ho {bE Cgo gmYZm

H aZm Amdí`H h¡ & bJmVma Aä`mg Am¡a gmYZm hr _mZd H mo Xw…I-gwI go Xya bo OmVr

h¡ Am¡a AnZo H _m] Ho n[aUm_ go _wº H amVr h¡ &

~m¡Õ _Zmo{dkmZ …

"gd© Xw…I_²' AWm©V² "g~ Xw…I h¡' `h {gÕm§V ~m¡Õ Y_© H s _mÝ`Vm h¡ & BgH m _yb

AmYma CgH s Xme©{ZH n¥ð y{_ h¡ & ^JdmZ VWmJV Zo Xw…I H m H maU OÝ_ AWdm CËn{Îm

H mo _mZm h¡ & OÝ_ Am¡a _¥Ë`w {ZpíMV h¡ & Bggo _w{º nmZo H m EH _mÌ Cnm` h¡ Xw…I Ho ghr

H maU H mo OmZ H a Cggo Nw Q H mam nmZm & O~ _mZd Bg g§gma H s Bg jU^§JwaVm Am¡a

ZídaVm H m kmZ àmßV H a boJm, V^r g§gma go Xw…I H m A^md g§ d h¡ &

Xw…I H m _yb H maU h¡ AkmZ Am¡a A{dÚm, Omo AÝ` dñVwAm| H m {Z_m©U H aVr h¡ &

A{dÚm Omo ûm¥§Ibm ~ZmVr h¡ Cg_| 12 H {‹S m± hmoVr h¢ & ~m¡Õ Xe©Z _| Bgo {ZXmZ H hVo h¢

{OgH m AW© "H maU' `m "hoVw' _mZm OmVm h¡ &

~m¡Õ Xe©Z H m {gÕm§V "àVrË` g_wËnmX' AWdm "nQ rƒ g_wËnmX' H hm J`m h¡ & BgHo



97

AZwgma H moB© ^r H m`© {~Zm H maU Ho Zht hmoVm h¡ & EH dñVw H s àm{ßV na Xygar dñVw H r

ImoO gå^d h¡ & A{dÚm g§ñH ma H s OZZr h¡ & `h ~mahm| _mZd Ho OrdZ go Ow‹S r h¢ & BZ_|

go àW_ N … dV©_mZ go Am¡a ~mH s N … ^{dî` go Ow‹S r hmoVr h¢ & A{dÚm Am¡a g§ñH ma CgHo

AVrV go Ow‹S o h¢ &

1. A{dÚm go g§ñH ma … A{dÚm "Ah_²' ^md H s XmÌr h¡ & Bgr H maU ì`{º OrdZ Ho

_moh go J«{gV hmoH a Xw…I ^moJVm h¡ & A{dÚm go A{^àm` Mma Am`© gË`m| go h¡ (1)

g§gma Xw…I_` h¡, (2) Xw…Im| H m H maU h¡ (2) Xw…Im| H m Zme hmoVm h¡ (4) Xw…Im|

Ho {dZme Ho {bE Cnm` h¢ &

2. g§ñH ma go {dkmZ … g§ñH mam| H m OÝ_ A{dÚm go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| H m nyd©OÝ_ go

gå~ÝY h¡ & g§ñH ma nyd©OÝ_ H s H _m©dñWm h¡ & AmMm`© ZaoÝÐXod Ho AZwgma ~m¡Õ Y_©

H s gÝV{V nwÊ` VWm AnwÊ`m{X H m H _© H aVr h¡ & `h nwÊ`m{X H _m©dñWm hr g§ñH ma

h¡ &35 S m°. amYmH¥ îUZ² Ho AZwgma "g§ñH ma do H _© h¢, Omo ewÕ Am¡a AewÕ hmo gH Vo

h¢ & gmW hr BZH m n[aUm_ ^r hmoVm h¡ & Bg àH ma g§ñH ma nmn Am¡a nwÊ` Ho àVrH

hmoVo h¢ &'36 g§ñH mam| H mo ñH§ Y ^r H hVo h¢ & `h nm±M ê n _| hmoVo h¢ - nhbm O‹S

nXmW©, Xygam doXZm, Vrgam g§km, Mm¡Wm g§ñH ma Am¡a nm±Mdm {dkmZ, BZH m g§ wº ê n

AmË_m h¡ & ~m¡Õ Y_© Ho hrZ`mZ g_wXm` Ho AZwgma g_ñV OJV Ho VrZ ^md {H o

J`o h¢ (1) ñH§ Y (2) Am`VZ (3) YmVw

"ZmJgoZ {_{bÝX g§dmX' Ho Ûmam AmË_m nm±M ñH§ Ym| go CËnÞ e{º h¡ & `h ñH§ Y

n[adV©Zerb h¡ & AV… AmË_m ^r n[adV©Zerb h¡ & "~wÕY_© Am{U g§K' Zm_H J«§W Ho

AZwgma - (1) n¥Ïdr, Amn, VoO, dm`w BZ Mmam| go CËnÞ nXmWm] H mo ê n ñH§ Y H hm

J`m h¡ & (2) gwIH maH doXZm, Xw…IH maH doXZm, Anojm doXZm H mo doXZm ñH§ Y H hm

J`m h¡ & (3) Ka, no‹S , Jm±d {df`H H ënZm H mo g§km ñH§ Y ~Vm`m h¡ & (4) g§ñH ma

go A{^àm` _mZ{gH g§ñH mam| go h¡ & `h VrZ àH ma Hw eb, AHw eb Am¡a Am¡aå`mH¥ V

H m h¡ & (5) {dkmZ H m AW© OmZZm hmoVm h¡ & `h 6 àH ma H m h¡ - Mjw {dkmZ,

lmoÌ, K«mU, {Oˆm, H m`© VWm _Zmo{dkmZ, `hr g_wXm` {dkmZ ñH§ Y h¡ &

3. {dkmZ go Zm_ê n … {dkmZ H m AW© h¡ ""dh MoVZm Omo nyd©OÝ_ Ho H _m] go CËnÞ

hmoVr h¡ & g§ñH ma go hr {dÛmZ CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ & {dkmZ _mZd Ho AmO go Ow‹S m h¡ & BgHo

{~Zm H m_, Zm_ Am¡a ê n H m kmZ Zht hmoVm & {dkmZ ~rVo hþE H b Am¡a AmO H s

H ‹S r h¡ & {dkmZ Vmo _¥Ë`w Ho ~mX ^r eof ahVm h¡ &''37 OrdZ Am¡a _aU go {Zd¥{Îm



98

{_bZo na hr {dkmZ H m AÝV hmoVm h¡ &

4. Zm_ê n go f‹S m`VZ … Zm_ê n Am¡a {dkmZ _| K{Zï gå~ÝY h¡ & `hr Zm_ê n {dkmZ

jU go boH a fS m`VZ H s CËn{Îm VH H s AdñWm h¡ &38 ~m¡Õ Y_© Ho AZwgma Zm_

H m A{^àm` gyú_ nXmW© Am¡a ê n H m ñWyb dñVwAm| go h¡ &

5. fS m`VZ go ñne© … `h Zm_ê n go Ow‹S m h¡ & Bg_| nm±M kmZopÝÐ`m| H m {ddaU h¡ ZoÌ,

H mZ, ZmH , {Oˆm Am¡a ËdMm & `h g~ {_bH a fS m`Z hmoVo h¢ Am¡a _Z VWm `o nm±Mm|

BpÝÐ`m± AnZm-AnZm H m`© H aVr h¢ & `o kmZopÝÐ`m±, doXZm, g§ñH ma, g§km Am¡a Mma

_hm^yVm| go {dH mg H aVr h¢ Am¡a AnZm H m`© H aVr h¢ &

6. ñne© go doXZm … kmZopÝÐ`m| Ho g§ moJ H mo ñne© H hVo h¢ & O¡go ËdMm Am{X H m ñne© &

AmMm`© ZaoÝÐXod Am¡a gya H m _mZZm h¡ {H O~ VH ~mbH gwI-Xw…I H m AÝVa H aZo

_| gj_ Zht hmoVm V~ VH H s AdñWm ñne© H hbmVr h¡ &

7. doXZm go V¥îUm … ñne© Ho à^md go doXZm H m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a BgH m _Z na Omo

à^md n‹S Vm h¡ Cgo doXZm H hVo h¢ & AJa ñne© Zht Vmo doXZm ^r Zht & gwI-Xw…I

Ho AmYma na doXZm Mma àH ma H s h¡ - Xw…I, gwI, Xw…I-gwI Am¡a Z Xw…I Z gwI &

8. V¥îUm go CnmXmZ … doXZm go V¥îUm Am¡a V¥îUm go {dH mg hmoVm h¡ & V¥îUm _| ^moJ Am¡a

H m_dmgZm H m à^md A{YH hmoVm h¡ & `h VrZ àH ma H s hmoVr h¡… (1) H m_dmgZm_`

V¥îUm, Omo ì`{º _| H m_ H s Amoa bo OmVr h¡, (2) ^md V¥îUm - O~ ì`{º OrdZ

go _moh aIVm h¡ Am¡a (3) {d^md V¥îUm - Omo ì`{º H mo {dZme H s Amoa bo OmVr

h¡ & AWm©V² `h VrZm| hr V¥îUmE± ì`{º Ho OrdZ _| Xw…Im| H s O‹S h¡ & ~m¡ÕY_© ^r `hr

_mZVm h¡ &

9. CnmXmZ go ^d … ~m¡ÕY_© _| AmË_m H mo Šboe _mZm h¡ & Mma àH ma Ho Šboem| Ho AdñWm

H mo CnmXmZ H hVo h¢ … (1) ì`{º H m_dmgZm _| {bßV ahVm h¡ (2) PyR o {gÕmÝVm|

H m nmbZ H aVm h¡ (3) ì`W© Ho H m`m] _| AnZr e{º ImoVm h¡ Am¡a (4) AmË_dmX

Ho à{V AmñWmdmZ ahVm h¡ &

10. ^d go Om{V … "^d' H m AW© Cg H m`© `m H _© go h¡ Omo nwZO©Ý_ H m H maU ~ZVm

h¡ & OrdZ (CnmXmZ) Ho _moh Ho H maU "^d' H m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ & Xmo àH ma Ho ^d h¢ H _© d,

{Oggo ì`{º gm§gm[aH OrdZ ì`VrV H aVm h¡, Am¡a CËn{Îm^d, ì`{º {Og bmoH _| OÝ_

boVm h¡ & ñnï h¡ {H "^d' _Zwî` H mo nwZO©Ý_ H s Amoa A{^ào[aV H aVm h¡ &



99

11. Om{V go Oam _aU … OÝ_ Ho ~mX H s AdñWm "Oam' h¡ & OÝ_ go H mbmÝVa _| _Zwî`

Oam H s Amoa ~‹T Vm h¡ Am¡a `hr g§Vmn H s O‹S h¡ & Bggo _wº hmoZo Ho {bE nwZO©Ý_

go _wº hmoZm Amdí`H h¡ & Š`m|{H OrdZ _moh go OH ‹S o ì`{º H mo _w{º Zht {_bVr &

12. Oam_aU go Xw…I … ^d go Om{V H m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡, Om{V go VmËn`© h¡ {eew H s _m±

H s H moI go OÝ_ boZo Ho ~mX ê n, doXZm, g§ñH ma Am¡a {dkmZ ê n nm±M ñH§ Y H m

CX` &

~m¡Õ Xe©Z _| Am¡a Cn{ZfX _| AmË_m H m ê n AbJ-AbJ _mZm h¡ & `hm± AmË_m nm±M

ñH§ Ym| H m g§J«h ê n _mZm h¡ & (1) ê n ñH§ Y - emar[aH {Z`m_H (2) doXZm ñH§ Y

- ^mdZm Am¡a g§doJ go g§~§{YV (3) g§km ñH§ Y - kmZ H m YamVb (4) n`m©daU

H m AZw d g§km go Am¡a (5) g§ñH ma ñH§ Y go {dMma e{º & `h g^r n[adV©Zr` h¢,

Bgr H maU h_mao ì`{º Ëd Am¡a {dMmam| _o ^r n[adV©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡ &

Am`VZ … dñVwAm| Ho kmZ Ho AmYma H mo Am`VZ H hVo h¢ & _Z g{hV 6 BpÝÐ`m± Am¡a

CZHo 6 {df`m| H mo {_bmH a Hw b 12 Am`VZ hmoVo h¢ & ~m¡ÕY_© AmË_m H mo CgHo

ApñVËd Zht _mZVm Š`m|{H AmË_m go kmZ àmßV Zht hmoVm h¡ &

YmVw … kmZ Ho Ad`dm| H mo YmVw H hVo h¢, `h 18 _mZr JB© h¢ & 6 BpÝÐ`m±, CZHo

6 {df` Am¡a Bggo CËnÞ 6 {dkmZ &

BpÝÐ`m± {df` {dkmZ

Mjw YmVw ê n Mjw {dkmZ

lmoÌ eãX lmoÌ {dkmZ

àmU J§Y K«mU {dkmZ

agZm ag amgZ {dkmZ

H m_ ñn¥ï ì` H m_ {dkmZ

_ZmoYmVw Y_©YmVw _Zmo{dkmZ

~m¡Õ Y_© _| _Z H m ñdê n … YmVw Ho AÝVJ©V _ZmoYmVw Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ H m CëboI {H m

J`m h¡ & ~m¡ÕXe©Z _Z, {MÎm Am¡a {dkmZ H mo A§J«oOr Ho arµOZ (Reason), _mBÝS (Mind)

Am¡a H mÝe|g (Conscience) H mo g_mZ _mZVm h¡ & {MÎm _ZZ ^r H aVm h¡ Am¡a g§M` H aZo

dmbm h¡ &

~m¡Õ _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ _| _Z Am¡a eara H m [aíVm EH O¡gm _mZm



100

h¡ & `h h_mao ì`mdhm[aH OrdZ na A{YH à^md S mbVm h¡ &

g§ñH¥ V gm{hË` d ^maVr` Xe©Zm| _| _Zmo{dkmZ …

_Z H m H m`© ^mdZm h¡, Ahgmg, AZw d H aZm h¡ & {H gr {df` H m g§H ën O~ {H« m

Ho _mÜ`_ go n[a{UV hmoVm h¡ Vmo ^mdZm Ho Ûmam {df` ~Z OmVm h¡ & AmË_m gyú_ h¡ {H ÝVw

^mdZm Ho _mÜ`_ go CgH s Ñ ‹T Vm go ñWyb ê n boVr h¡ & _Z Ho H B© ê n Am¡a Zm_ h¢ & _Z

H mo Bg g§gma ê nr _m`m MH« H s Zm{^, _yb _mZVo h¢ & gm§gm[aH ~ÝYZ g_mO hmo OmVm h¡,

O~ Bgo Ñ ‹T Vm go OH ‹S H a pñWa H a {Xm` OmE &

g§ñH¥ V _| `moJdm{eï EH Xme©{ZH Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH J«ÝW h¡ & d{eð Zo am_ H mo AZoH

ê n _| gå~moZ {H m h¡, `h AË`ÝV àmMrZ J«ÝW _mZm J`m h¡ & _Z H s empÝV na AmZÝX

H m AZw d hmoVm h¡ Am¡a _Z _moj AWdm ~ÝYZ H m H maU ~ZVm h¡ &

_hm^maV _| _mojY_© na ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ H m g§{já n[aM` hmoVm h¡ Omo `w{Y{ð a Am¡a

^r_ Ho ~rM n[ag§dmX _| {XIVm h¡ &

dmpë_H s a{MV "am_m`U' _| XeaW daXmZ Am¡a am_ dZdmg Ho àg§J _|, _Zmod¡km{ZH

{MÌU h¡, Omo gm_mÝ` _mZd-_Z Am¡a CZH s ^mdZmAm| na Aga S mbVm h¡ & à^md S mbVm

h¡ & Bggo `h à_m{UV hmoVm h¡ {H _h{f© H mo _Zmo{dkmZ H s OmZH mar ahr hmoJr, {OgH m à_mU

h_| "_m {ZfmX à{Vð m§' Zm_H nhbm hr íbmoH h¡ & _Zmo{dkmZ H m {d{YdV AÜ``Z gå^dV…

Cg g_` àM{bV Zht ahm hmoJm &39 `moJd{eð J«ÝW _| ì`º {dMma AmYw{ZH Xme©{ZH VWm

_Zmod¡km{ZH {dMmam| go ~h þV {_bVo h¢ &40

_hm^maV Ho H U© Am¡a EH bì` AmË_hrZVm H s ^mdZm go J«ñV hmoH a ^r AnZr loð Vm

{gÕ H aZo dmbo h¢ & _hmH {d H m{bXmg Ho OrdZ-n[aM` go bJVm h¡ {H gm{hË` H s Amoa

CÝh| ItMZo dmbr CZH s `hr J«pÝW ahr hmoJr &

BÝÐr`, eara Am¡a hmd-^md Am{X H s ì`m»`m ^r {dñVma go H s JB© h¡ VWm _Zmo{dH mam|

Am{X H m {MÌU Am¡a ì`m»`m ^r h þB© h¡ & g§ñH¥ V gm{hË` kmZ {dkmZ H s Ñ{ï go EH CÎm_

gm{hË` h¡, {Og_| _mZd H s {Okmgm V¥á H aZo H s g^r gm_J«r em{_b h¡ &

g§ñH¥ V H m b{bV gm{hË`, ZmQ H , _hmH mì`, IÊS H mì` Am¡a H Wm gm{hË` Am{X

AZoH J«ÝW h¢ {OZ_| _Zmo{dkmZ H m {ddaU àmá h¡ & AV… h_ `h Zht H h gH Vo {H _Zmo{dkmZ

na H moB© J«ÝW Zht h¡ &

nmíMmË` _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a ^maVr` _Zmo{dkmZ _| _r_m§gm Ho AÝVJ©V _Z H s H ënZm _|



101

_V^oX h¡ & _Z BÝÐr` h¡ `m Zht, Bg na ~‹S m {ddmX h¡ & {\ a ^r _Z H m {deof H m`© g§H ën

`m àmW{_H kmZ Ho g§~§Y _| {dMma _mZm J`m h¡, {OgH m n[aUm_ {ddoH hmoVm h¡-gm±»`

H m¡_wXr &41

Eogm H hm OmVm h¡ {H _Z ñVa Ho ZrMo kmZ H m Anma g§J«h h¡, bo{H Z _Z BgH m

Cn`moJ Zht H aVm & nmíMmË`m| Ho _V go `o g§{MV kmZ ~mhar {df`m| Ho gånH© go _Z _|

àdoe H aVo h¢, BgH s CnpñW{V _Z _| hr _mZVm h¡ doXmÝV & `h _mZ{gH {H« mAm| Ho H maU

n[a{N Þ ahVo h¢ &42

Am`wd }X Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ H m Jham gå~ÝY ahm h¡ & Am`wd }X eara Am¡a _Z H mo nañna

AZwgaUH Vm© _mZVm h¡ &43

{ÌXmofm| Ho H maU {d{^Þ _mZ{gH {H« mE± hmoVr h¢ `h ~mV Am`wd }X gm\ Vm¡a na _mZVm

h¡ & AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ _| S m°. `w§J Ho _VmZwgma _mZd H s _Zmoê n Jwhm ~h þV Jhar ~VmB© h¡,

O~{H \« m`S Zo {g\© ~mø H s gr_m VH _Z H s JhamB© H mo nhMmZm h¡ &

Am`wd }X Vmo nyd©OÝ_ VH nhþ±MVm h¡ & J^©H maH ^mdm| _| _Z h¡, Eogm Am`wd }X H m _mZZm

h¡ & àmMrZ ^maV _| Am`wd }X Ho joÌ _| MaH Am¡a gwlwV Zo, _mZg~moY Ho AmYma na VoO

H m dU©Z {H m h¡, BgrH mo dr`©dmZ H hm J`m h¡ & MaH Am¡a gwlwVw XmoZm| Ho _Z H mo MoVZm

_mZZm h¡ &

àmMrZ ^maV _| Am`wd }X Ho joÌ _| MaH Am¡a gwlwV Zo _mZg~moY Ho AmYma na VoO

H m dU©Z {H m h¡, BgrH mo dr`©dmZ H hm J`m h¡ & MaH Am¡a gwlwV XmoZm| Zo _Z H mo MoVZm

_mZm h¡ & VmpÝÌH m| Zo MoVZ H mo _pñVîH go gå~ÝY {H m h¡ &

BpÝÐ` kmZ AWdm MoVZm Ho {df` _| ^maVr` Xme©{ZH , nmíMmË` Xme©{ZH m| go _ob Zht

aIVo Š`m|{H ^maVr` Xe©Z H m AmYma Vmo AmÜ`mpË_H Vm h¡ Am¡a npíM_r Xe©Z {dkmZ na ~X

XoVo h¢ &44

^maV _| AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ Ho {df` _| AÀN m H m`© hþAm h¡ & 1915 B©. _| S m°. ~mog

VWm goZJwám Zo H bH Îmm {díd{dÚmb` _| nhbr _Zmod¡km{ZH à`moJembm H s ñWmnZm H s & BgHo

~mX _¡gya, bIZD , Bbmhm~mX, O~bnwa, ~§Jbmoa, nwUo Am{X ñWmZm| na à`moJembmAm| H s

ñWmnZm h þB© &

^maVr` _Zmod¡km{ZH m| Zo _Z Ho _mnZ _Zmo{_{V na ~h þV H m_ {H m h¡ & _Zmo{_{V H m

{ejm _Zmo{dkmZ go Jham g§~§Y h¡ & g_mO _Zmo{dkmZ Ho joÌ _| ^r H m`© hþAm h¡ & Hw b {_bmH a



102

AmO ^r ^maV _| _Zmo{dkmZ Ho joÌ _| H m\ s g§VmofàX H m`© Am¡a ZE-ZE AZwg§YmZ hmo aho

h¢, Am¡a AmJo ^r CgH m ^{dî` {ZíM` hr CÁÁdb {XIVm h¡ &

Bg_| gd©lr EM.Eg. AñWmZm, EZ.EZ. goZJwám, EZ.Ho . ~mog, S m°. {gÝhm, Ho .Or. am_mamd,

Ama. Kmof, CX`e§H a, S m°. Jm±Jwbr, Ho .gr. _wIOu Am{X Zm_ CëboIZr` h¡ &

d¡go àmMrZ ^maV _| _Z H s n[a^mfm H m`© Am¡a ñdê n na {d{YdV d d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z

Zht hþAm Wm, F ½doX CgH m CXmhaU h¡ & nwamUm| BË`m{X _| ^r Hw N hr ñWmZm| na _Zmo{dkmZ

gå~ÝYr {dMmam| H m CëboI {_bVm h¡ & F ½doX _| ZmaX H s gy{º m| _|, g¥{ï H s aMZm Ho nyU©

ñdYm Ho AmYma na hr {díd H m AmYma^yV VËd AnZm ApñVËd ~ZmE hþE Wm & O¡gm{H ,

""AmZrXdmb§ ñdY`m VXoH _²'' _| d{U©V h¡ &

fS² Xe©Zm| _| Cn{ZfXH m{bZ ~m¡{ÕH naånam H s nwZ…ñWmnZm H s JB©, Omo {H ~m¡Õ VWm

O¡Z {gÕm§Vm| Ho àMma Ho H maU bJ^J bwßV hmo J`r Wr & BZ Xe©Zm| _| Ym{_©H {ddoMZ Zht

h¡, Vm{H© H {ddoMZ {H m J`m h¡ & BZ Xe©Zm| _| AmË_m, eara, BpÝÐ`m|, _Z Am{X H m CëboI

{H m J`m h¡ & `h Xe©Z h¢ - Ý`m`, gm±»`, _r_m§gm, d¡eo{fH , `moJ Wm doXmÝV &

1. Z¡ m{`H AWdm Ý`m` _Zmo{dkmZ …

Ý`m` Xe©Z _| VËd kmZ H m nj hr _hËdnyU© h¡ & 25 VËdm| go g¥{ï H s aMZm hþB©

h¡ & VËdkmZ H mo _Zmod¡km{ZH AmYma na g_Pm Om gH Vm h¡ & BgHo {bE 4 à_mU h¢ …

(1) àË`j à_mU … Omo BpÝÐ` Am¡a CgHo AW© `m {df` Ho g{ÝZîH f© AWdm gånH© go CËnÞ

hmo Am¡a {Og_| g§Xoh Z hmo Am¡a Omo ì`m{^Mmar Z hmo, dh àË`j kmZ h¡ &1 àË`j kmZ

H m AmYma _Z Am¡a BpÝÐ`m± _mZr JB© h¢ & dmËgm`Z Ho Ý`m`gyÌ Ho AZwgma "_Z' H mo AÝVa

H s BpÝÐ` H hm J`m h¡ Am¡a Bgr go gwI Am¡a Xw…I H m àË`j kmZ hmoVm h¡ &

O~ AmË_m H m _Z go, _Z H m BpÝÐ` go, BpÝÐ` go {df` H m gånH© hmoVm h¡ V~

àË`j kmZ H m AZw d hmoVm h¡ & Bg àH ma _Z H m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ & Ý`m` Xe©Z

Ho AZwgma àË`j kmZ gå~ÝYr _Z Am¡a BpÝÐ`m± hr _Zmod¡km{ZH _hËd H s h¢ &

(2) à_o … Ý`m` emó _| 12 à_o m| H m dU©Z h¡ -

AmË_m eara BpÝÐ` AW©, ~w{Õ _Zg² &

àd¥{Îm Xmof àoË`^md \ b XwI AndJ© &

(i) AmË_m - AmË_m go VmËn`© OrdmË_m go h¡ & `h g^r eara _| EH O¡gr hmoVr

h¡ & Ho db gwI Am¡a Xw…I H s AZw y{V Ho H maU {^Þ hmoVr h¡ &



103

_¥Ë`w Ho ~mX OrdmË_m g§ñH mam| Ho gmW Xygao eara _| g_m OmVr h¡ & AWm©V²

g§ñH ma AmË_m Ho gmW ahVo h¢ & OrdmË_m Ho g^r g§ñH ma gd©Ì ì`mßV ahVo

h¢ & Ý`m` Xe©Z _| OrdmË_m Am¡a _Z H mo EH hr _mZm h¡ & OrdmË_m H m nwZO©Ý_

hmoVm h¡ & {nN bo OÝ_ Ho g§ñH ma ZdrZ OÝ_ H mo à^m{dV H aVo h¢ &

(ii) eara … Moï m Am¡a BpÝÐ`m| H m H m`© joÌ eara h¡ & Moï m dh {H« m h¡ Omo Ord

{g\© AnZo ñdmW© Ho {bE H aVm h¡ Am¡a BpÝÐ`m| go dh ~mhar OJV H m AZw d

H aVm h¡ & OrdmË_m, Omo AmgmZ hmoVm h¡ Cgo nmZo H m à`mg H aVm h¡ Am¡a Omo

H {R Z hmoVm h¡ Cggo Xya ahZo H s Moï m H aVm h¡ &

(iii) BpÝÐ`m± … n§M _hm^yVm| Ho à{V{Z{Y Ho ê n _| n§M kmZopÝÐ`m± OrdmË_m Am¡a eara

_| CnpñWV ahVr h¢ & n§M _hm^yVm| go ~Zo Bg eara _| BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam OrdmË_m

_| g§ñH ma H m CX` hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZdrZ g§ñH mam| H m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ &

(iv) AW© … Ý`m` Xe©Z _| n§M _hm^yVm| H mo AW© H hm J`m h¡ & kmZopÝÐ`m| Ho Ûmam

hr n§M JwU - ê n, ag, J§Y, ñne© Am¡a eãX H s àm{ßV hmoVr h¡ & Ý`m`emó

_| "AW©' à`moJ "gwI VWm Xw…I Ho H maU' Am¡a "Xw…I VWm gwI Ho H maU'

Ho {bE ^r hþAm h¡ &

(v) ~w{Õ - `h _Z H s e{º h¡ & BgHo Ûmam _Z gmoMVm, g_PVm Am¡a {ZU© H aVm

h¡ & Ý`m` Xe©Z _| ~w{Õ H mo g\ bVm Am¡a kmZ H m n`m© ~Vm`m h¡ &

(vi) _Zg² - _Zg² Am¡a ~w{Õ _| A§Va hmoVm h¡ & _Zg² bm¡{H H Am¡a ì`dhm[aH kmZ

àm{ßV Ho {bE Am¡ ~w{Õ Abm¡{H H Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H kmZ nmZo Ho {bE à`wº

hmoVr h¡ & _Zg² AWm©V² _Z, gwI-Xw…I Am{X JwUm| H m AZw d H amVm h¡ &

(vii) àd¥{Îm - _Z, eara Am¡a dMZ H m {_lU h¡ àd¥{Îm & Bgr Ho H maU ì`{º

_mZ{gH , emar[aH Am¡a ~mobMmb H s {H« mAm| H s Amoa H X_ ~‹T mVm h¡ & `h

ì`{º H mo H _©, H m`© H aZo Ho {bE ào[aV H aVr h¡ & n[aUm_ñdê n ì`{º

gm§gm[aH gwI `m Xw…I ^moJVm h¡ &

(viii) Xmof - Xof Ho H maU àd¥{Îm H m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡ & amJ, Ûof `o Xmof h¢ & Xmof Ho

H maU hr {H« m hmoVr h¡, {OgH m \ b AÀN m `m ~wam hmoVm h¡ & ~w{Õ Ho ^«{_V

hmo OmZo na ì`{º dV©_mZ - ^yV, hH sH V-»dm~ `m ghr-JbV _| AÝVa Zht

H a nmVm h¡, `h Xmof CËnÞ H aVm h¡ &



104

(ix) àoË`^md - _¥Ë`w Ho ~mX H m OrdZ àoË` ^md H hbmVm h¡ & OrdZ Ho gmW

AmË_m, _Z, eara Am¡a BpÝÐ`m| H m g§ moJ Am¡a _¥Ë`w Ho ~mX BZH m {d`moJ hmoVm

h¡ & _¥Ë`w Ho ~mX ì`{º "nabmoH dmgr' H hbmVm h¡ &

(x) \ b - àË`oH H m`© H m Hw N -Z-Hw N "\ b' Oéa hmoVm h¡ & \ b H m AÀN m

`m ~wam hmoZm n[apñW{V`m| na {Z^©a ahVm h¡ & gwI-Xw…Im{X H m AZw d ^r \ b

h¡ &

(xi) Xw…I - Ý`m`Xe©Z Ho AZwgma Xw…I gd©Ì ì`mßV h¡ Am¡a g§gma _| Xw…I H s

AZw y{V g^r H mo hmoVr h¡ & VËdkmZr H V©ì` Ho der^yV hmo, H m`© H aVo h¢ &

(xii) AndJ© - AndJ© AWm©V² _moj & g^r àH ma Ho Xw…Im| Am¡a Xw…I Ho H maUm| Ho

{_Q mZo na hr _moj àmßV hmoVm h¡ & Am¡a Xw…Im| go nyU© _moj, VËd kmZ Ûmam hr

nm gH Vo h¢ &

(3) kmZ H m ñdê n … ì`{º Ho Ûmam àmßV e{º h¡ kmZ & `h nm±Mm| BpÝÐ`m| Am¡a _Z H s

_XX go àmßV hmoVm h¡ & `h Xmo àH ma H m hmoVm h¡ … (i) ñ_aUmË_H kmZ Am¡a (ii)

AZw dmË_H kmZ &

g§ñH mam| Am¡a nyd© AZw dm| H m ñ_aU nhbm kmZ h¡ & BpÝÐ`m| VWm _Z H s ghm`Vm

go Xygam kmZ àmßV hmoVm h¡ &

nhbo kmZ _|, nyd© OÝ_ Ho g§ñH mam| go ì`{º H m dV©_mZ OrdZ à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ &

Š`m|[H BgHo gmW nyd© OÝ_ H s `mX| em{_b hmoVr h¢ &

àË`j kmZ, ~w{Õ {dH mg H m H _ Am¡a _moj àm{ßV H m gmYZ A{YH h¡ {Oggo ì`{º

ñd`§ H mo nhMmZ gH Vm h¡ & Bg_| ^maVr` Xe©Z Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ nañna _XX H aVo h¢ &

`h _V _Zwî` H mo CgHo dmñV{dH ñdê n go d¡km{ZH {d{Y go n[aM` H amVm h¡ &

`hr CgH s {deofVm h¡ &

2. gm±»` Xe©Z Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ …

gm±»` Xe©Z _| 25 VËdm| H m {Zê nU {H m J`m h¡ & BÝht VËdm| go g¥{ï H s aMZm

hþB© h¡ & VH© g§JV Am¡a d¡km{ZH Zr{V Ho Ûmam A{dÚm H mo g_mßV H aZo Ho {bE hr BZ 25

VËdm| H m {Zê nU h¡ & BÝh| Mma dJm] _| ~m±Q m J`m h¡ -

(1) nwéf VËd … gm±»` Xe©Z "nwéf' H mo MoVZ gÎmm _mZVm h¡ & `h gd©Ì àmßV Am¡a dñVwAm|

H s {Z`m_H e{º h¡ Omo g¥{ï H m {Z_m©U H aVm h¡ & Bg kmZ H m AZw d Anma h¡ Omo AZoH



105

`w{º m| go hmoVm h¡ & nwéf VrZ àH ma Ho hmoVo h¢ - "k' nwéf ,~Õ nwéf Am¡a _wº nwéf &

"k' nwéf EH hr hmoVm h¡ {H ÝVw ~Õ nwéf H B© àH ma Ho hmoVo h¢ & ~Õ nwéf eara YmaU

H aVm h¡ Am¡a _¥Ë`w Ho ~mX nwZO©Ý_ boVm h¡ & _wŠVmdñWm _| nwéf g§gma H mo {Zînj Ñ{ï go

XoIVm h¡, `h EH Zht hmoVo bo{H Z ~Õ nwéf H s VwbZm CÀM dJ© H m _mZm h¡ & XoIZo Ho

{H« m gËd JwUr h¡ Bg{bE nwéf H m _w{º _| ^r gËd JwU go B©fV² gå~ÝY ahVm h¡ & Š`m|{H

dh XoI Zht gH Vm Wm &45 {ddoH ~w{Õ H m bmon hmoZo go ì`{º aO Am¡a V_ Ho der^yV hmo

gH Vm h¡ &

(2) àH¥ {V … Aì`º àH¥ {V H m {dH mg nwéf Ho g§gJ© go hmoVm h¡ & gm±»` Ho H m`© H maU

Ho {gÕmÝV Ho AZwgma H maU go H m`© n¡Xm hmoVm h¡, Am¡a H m`© Ho g_mßV hmoZo na

^r H maU g_mßV Zht hmoVm h¡ & EH H maU go H B© H m`© hmoVo h¢ {H ÝVw EH g_` _|

EH hr H m`© hmoVm h¡ &

àH¥ {V _yb H maU h¡, Bg{bE Bgo _yb-àH¥ {V H hVo h¢ & dh {ÌJwU gånÞ h¡ AV… àH¥ {V

go CËnÞ dñVwAm| _| ^r VrZm| JwU {dÚ_mZ ahVo h¢ Omo dñVw Ho g§ñH ma Am¡a ñdê n

na {Z^©a ahVr h¡ &

(3) _hV², Ah§H ma Am¡a nm±M VÝ_mÌmE± - _hV² AWdm _hVËd àH¥ {V go CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ {Ogo

àH¥ {V H m {dH ma H hVo h¢ & Am¡a `h ~w{Õ H m n`m© dmMr h¡ & _hV² `m _yb ~w{Õ Anma

hmoVr h¡, Bg{bE gm±»` _| BgH m ^r CëboI h¡ &

"_hV²' go Ah§H ma H s CËn{Îm hmoVr h¡ & `h EH VËd h¡ & AbJ-AbJ ì`{º m| _| AbJ-

AbJ àH ma H s ~w{Õ hmoVr h¡ d¡go hr Ah§H ma ^r AbJ-AbJ ê n _| hmoVm h¡ & Ah§H ma

go hr ì`{º AnZo AmnH mo Xygam| go AbJ _mZVm h¡ Am¡a "_¢' Ho der yV ahVm h¡ &

(4) nm±M VÝ_mÌmE± - O~ Ah§H ma V_ àYmZ hmoVm h¡ V~ Cgo ^yVm{X H hVo h¢ Omo nm±M

VÝ_mÌmAm| H mo ì`º H aVm h¡ & JwU H s A{YH Vm `m àYmZVm Ho AZwgma Ah§H ma H m

ê n ~XbVm ahVm h¡ & VÝ_mÌ H m AW© h¡, CVZm hr, Ho db dhr & nm±M ^yVm| H s

A{^ì`{º H amZo go `o àH¥ {V ^r H hbmVr h¡ & `o nm±M VÝ_mÌ h¢ - eãX, ñne©, ê n,

ag Am¡a J§Y &

_Zg² `m _Z nm±M kmZopÝÐ`m|, nm±M H _ }pÝÐ`m| Am¡a nm±M _hm^yVm| H m ê n h¡, Omo ñd`§

CËnÞ Zht hmoVo & {díd H mo dñVw ê n _| àñVwV H aZm "_Z' H m hr EH H m`© h¡ & BgHo

Ûmam ~mhar dñVwAm| H m kmZ {_bVm h¡ &



106

BpÝÐ`m| Ho gh`moJ go hr _Zg² AnZo Amg-nmg Ho dmVmdaU go n[a{MV hmoVm h¡ & BZ

BpÝÐ`m| Ho {dH {gV hmoZo Ho gmW-gmW nm±M VÝ_mÌmE± CËnÞ hmoVr h¢ &

nm±M ^yVm| H m {dH mg nm±M VÝ_mÌmAm| go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bggo n¥Ïdr H m {dH mg hmoVm

h¡ & eãX go AmH me H m, ñne© go dm`w H m, ê n go VoOg H m, ag go Ob H m, J§Y

go n¥Ïdr H m Img [aíVm h¡ & {H ÝVw ì`{º O¡go-O¡go AmH me go n¥Ïdr H s Amoa AmVm

h¡, nyd© H s VÝ_mÌmAm| go CgH m gå~§Y Ow‹S OmVm h¡ &

25 VËdm| Ho {ddaU go ñnï hmo OmVm h¡ {H gm±»` _| nwéf Am¡a àH¥ {V Ho g§gJ©

H s Omo H ënZm H s JB© h¡ dh AmYw{ZH Ñ{ï go OrdZ Am¡a àH¥ {V H s EH Vm H s gyMH h¡ &

XmoZm| EH -Xygao na AmYm[aV h¢ & bo{H Z XmoZm| H s {df_Vm go OrdZ H m Zme hmoVm h¡ & OrdZ

Am¡a àH¥ {V H s {demb H ënZm gm±»` Xe©Z H s _hËdnyU© XoZ h¡ {OgH m _Zmod¡km{Z _hËd ^r

A{YH h¡ & BgHo Ûmam _mZd Ho ^m¡{VH , _mZ{gH , X¡{dH ñd^md H m nVm bJVm h¡ & AmYw{ZH

_Zmo{dkmZ _| Ah§H ma Am¡a ~w{Õ H m gyú_ {Zê nU CnbãY Zht h¡, {H ÝVw gm±»` Xe©Z H m

_Zmo{dkmZ Bg {Xem _| {dH mg H s gå^mdZmE± CnpñWV H aVm h¡ &

25 VËdm| H s Vm{bH m

nwéf àH¥ {V

_hV²

Ah§H ma

BpÝÐ`m± _mZg² VÝ_mÌmE±

kmZ H _© eãX ñne© ê n ag J§Y

lmoÌ ËdH² -Mjw agZm K«mU AmH me dm`w VoOg Ob n¥Ïdr

dmH² nm{U nmX dm`w CnñW n§M _hm^yV

àË`j kmZ … gm±»` _| 25 VËdm| H mo à_o Ho g_mZ _mZm J`m h¡ & BZH mo à_m{UV H aZo

Ho {bE à^md A{Zdm`© h¡ Omo {H VrZ àH ma Ho h¢ - àË`j, AZw_mZ Am¡a AmßV dMZ &

_Zmod¡km{ZH Ñ{ï go àË`j à_mU hr _hËdnyU© h¡ &

gm±»` Ho AZwgma àË`oH {df` Ho {ZpíMV kmZ H mo hr àË`j kmZ _mZm J`m h¡ &

Bg kmZ gå~ÝYr _mÜ`_m| H s g§»`m 13 h¡ - 3 A§V…H aU Am¡a 10 ~møH aU & ~w{Õ, _Zg²

Am¡a Ah§H ma A§V…H aU Am¡a nm±M kmZopÝÐ`m± VWm nm±M H _opÝÐ`m± ~møH aU H ho OmVo h¢ &



107

AÝV…H aU go ^yV, ^{dî` Am¡a dV©_mZ Ho {df`m| H m kmZ hmoVm h¡ & ~mømH maU go {g\© dV©_mZ

H m kmZ hmoVm h¡ & ~w{Õ, Ah§H ma, _Z VWm EH ~møH aU BpÝÐ` Ho gh`moJ go hr àË`j kmZ

hmoVm h¡ &

gyú_ eara … gm±»` _| gyú_ eara H m ^r CëboI {_bVm h¡ & BgH m {Z_m©U nm±M

kmZopÝÐ`, nm±M H _ }pÝÐ`, nm±M VÝ_mÌmE± Am¡a ~w{Õ, Ah§H ma Am¡a _Z go {_bH a hmoVm h¡ & gyú_

eara àË`oH ñWyb eara _| hmoVm h¡ & _¥Ë`w _| ñWyb eara Vmo Zï hmo OmVm h¡, gyú_ eara

Zht & gyú_ eara nwZ… Z`o ñWyb eara _| Mbm OmVm h¡ & Bg àH ma gm§»` nwZO©Ý_ H m CëboI

H aVm h¡ &

_r_m§gm Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ …

Bg Xe©Z _| _Zmod¡km{ZH VÏ`m| H s H _r h¡ & Bg H maU _r_m§gm Xe©Z _| Ý`m` Xe©Z

Ho _yb {gÕmÝVm| H m nmbZ {H m J`m h¡ &

à_wI ê n go Bg Xe©Z _| Y_© H m CëboI h þAm h¡ Am¡a Bgr H mo _moj H m gmYZ H hm

J`m h¡ & Y_© H m AW© CÀM H _m] go h¡ & Ho db kmZ go _moj Zht {_bVm, C{MV H _© ^r

Amdí`H h¡ & "Yma`{V g… Y_m©" Ho AZwgma {Og H _© H mo ì`{º J«hU H aVm h¡, dhr CgH m

Y_© h¡ &

BpÝÐ`m± Am¡a _Z …

Bg na _r_m§gm Am¡a d¡eo{fH H m _V EH h¡ &

"Jwé_V' Ho AZwgma eara BpÝÐ`m| H m AmYma h¡ & "^mÅ _V' Ho AZwgma BpÝÐ`m± kmZ

àmßV H aVr h¢, Omo ñd^md go ^m¡{VH h¢ Am¡a Hw b nm±M h¢ & _Z H mo AÝVa[apÝÐ` Am¡a ^m¡{VH

_mZm h¡ & K«mUopÝÐ` nm{W©d, agZopÝÐ` Ob, Ëd{JpÝÐ` dm`w Am¡a lmoÌopÝÐ` {XH² h¡ & ~mhar kmZ

`m ~mø dñVwAm| H m kmZ ~mh[apÝÐ`m| Ho Ûmam _Z Am¡a AmË_m Ho g§ moJ go hmoVm h¡ &46

OrdmË_m Am¡a AmË_m …

_r_m§gm H m _V OrdmË_m H m ApñVËd _mZVm h¡ & "à^mH a' _V _| OrdmË_m ^moº m h¡

Am¡a eara ^moJ`VZ & BpÝÐ`m± ^moJ H m gmYZ h¢, gwI-Xw…I, n¥Ïdr Am{X ^mo½` h¡ &

_r_m§gmH ma AmË_m H s A_aVm H mo _mZVo h¢ & "à^mH a' _V _| AmË_m O‹S h¡, {Og_|

kmZ, gwI-Xw…I Am{X OÝ_ boVo h¢ & AmË_m Ho gå~ÝY _| H B© {dMma ì`º {H E h¢ - O¡go

- AmË_m, eara, BpÝÐ`m| Am¡a ~w{Õgo AbJ h¡ & "à^mH a' _V go AmË_m O‹S h¡ &

"nmW©gma{W{_l' Ho AZwgma AmË_m H m AZw d H aZo H m {df` AmË_m h¡ Am{X &



108

ì`dhma H m à`moOZ …

_r_m§gXe©Z _| ì`mdhm[aH Vm na A{YH Ü`mZ {X`m h¡ & OrdZ go Ow‹S r g_ñ`m, Y_©,

AW© Am¡a H m_ H s g_ñ`mAm| na A{YH Omoa {X`m J`m h¡ & _moj-C{MV Y_©, AW© VWm H m_

go Ow‹S r H m`©Hw ebVm go {_bV OmVm h¡ {H ÝVw O~ VH H moB© àoaUm Am¡a à`moOZ Zht hmo Vmo

H moB© H m`© Zht hmoVm & "à`moOZ_Zw{Ôí` Z _ÝXmo@{n àdÎm©Vo' AWm©V² EH _ÝX~w{Õ ì`{º ^r {~Zm

_Vb~ Ho H moB© H m_ Zht H aVm & AVEd `h ñnîQ h¡ {H ì`{º Ûmam {H o J`o {H gr ^r

H m`© _| gwI àm{ßV Am¡a Xw…I go {Zd¥{Îm H s bmbgm em{_b ahVr h¡ &

d¡eo{fH _Zmo{dkmZ …

Bg Xe©Z Ho àdV©H _h{f© H UmX h¢ & d¡eo{fH Xe©Z H s aMZm gyÌ ê n _| h¡ & {deof

kmZ àmßV hmoZo Ho H maU BgH m Zm_ d¡eo{fH n‹S m & dñVwAm| H m ghr ê n g_PZo _| `h _XX

H aVm h¡ & _mZm J`m h¡ {H ì`{º H mo `WmW© H m dmñV{dH kmZ àmßV hmoVo hr, dh g^r ~ÝYZm|

go _wº hmo OmVm h¡ &

AmË_m - d¡eo{fH _V go AmË_m Ðì` h¡ & AmË_m Ho {~Zm kmZ àmßV Zht hmo gH Vm,

kmZ H m {Zdmg AmË_m _| h¡ & AmË_m Ho Xmo àH ma h¢ - AmË_m Am¡a OrdmË_m & àË`oH eara

_| OrdmË_m ahVm h¡ & kmZ, à`ËZ Am{X H s {H« m go nVm bJm gH Vo h¢ {H Xygao Ho eara

_| AmË_m h¡ `m Zht & _mZg àË`j {df` AmË_m h¡ & BpÝÐ`m± Cgo XoI Zht nmVt &47

d¡eo{fH AmË_m Ho ApñVËd H mo à_m{UV H aZo Ho {bE h_ {ZåZ VH© Xo gH Vo h¢-

(1) BpÝÐ` Am¡a nXmW© Ho {_bZo go Omo kmZ àmßV hmoVm h¡, CgH m AmYma AmË_m h¡ &48

(2) Ah§ "_¢' eãX H m VmËn`© AmË_m h¡, Bg{bE AmË_m àË`j {gÕ h¡ &

_Z `m _Zg² - _Z H mo r Ðì` _mZm J`m h¡, {Oggo gwI Am¡a Xw…I H m AZw d hmoVm

h¡ & BpÝÐ`m| Am¡a AmË_m H mo Omo‹S Zo H m H m © _Z H aVm h¡ & d¡go Vmo AmË_m gd©ì`mnr h¡, dh {H gr

^r dñVw H m kmZ àmßV H a gH Vr h¡, {H ÝVw `h V^r gå^d h¡ O~ CgH m AmYma _Z hmo & _Z

go EH ~ma _| EH hr dñVw H m kmZ hmoVm h¡ & AmË_m gmoM-{dMma Zht H a gH Vr, _Z hr `h

H m © H aVm h¡ & gya Ho eãXm| _| "CYmo! _Z Z ^ o Xg ~rg &' d¡eo{fH _V Ho AZwgma r àË oH

_mZd Ho nmg EH hr _Z hmoVm h¡ & d¡eo{fH Xme©{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ Ho AZwgma AmË_m g^r AZw dm|

H m AmYma h¡ Vmo _Z AZw d àmßV H aZo H m _mJ© h¡ & `hr CgH s _hËdnyU© XoZ h¡ &

`moJ Xe©Z … _Zmo{dkmZ

gm±»` Xe©Z Am¡a `moJ Xe©Z _| VËdm| H s g_mZVm h¡ & gm±»` Ho {gÕmÝVm| H mo `moJ



109

ì`mdhm[aH ê n XoVm h¡ & gm±»` {ddoH ~w{Õ na ~b XoVm h¡ Vmo `moJ go {ddoH ~w{Õ H¡ go àmßV

hmoVr h¡ BgH m kmZ hmoVm h¡ & `moJ go AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m H m A§Va {_Q OmVm h¡ , XmoZm|

EH mH ma hmo gH Vo h¢ &

{MÎm… {MÎm AWm©V² ~w{Õ & {MÎm H s nm±M AdñWmAm| H m dU©Z {H m J`m h¡-

(i) {jn« - aOmoJwU go à^m{dV hmoZo na {MÎm H s AdñWm H mo {jà H hVo h¢ &

(ii) _y‹T - V_moJwU go à^m{dV hmoZo na {MÎm H s AdñWm _y‹T h¡ &

(iii) {d{jßVmdñWm - O~ gVmoJwU go {MÎm à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ V~ dh AdñWm

{d{jßVmdñWm hmoVr h¡ &

(vi) EH mJ«mdñWm _| {MÎm EH g_` _| EH hr H m`© _| bJm ahVm h¡ &

(v) {H ÝVw O~ g^r d¥{Îm`m± {Z~©b hmo OmVr h¢ `m do H m`© H aZo go ê H OmVr h¢

AWdm {Z`§ÌU _| ahZo bJVr h¢, Eogr AdñWm {ZéÕ H hbmVr h¡ &

Mm¡Wr AdñWm A{YH AZwHy b Am¡a _hËdnyU© _mZr JB© h¡ &

{MÎm Ho ê n …

{MÎm H s VrZ AdñVmE± _mZr JB© h¢ - (1) O~ {MÎm gVmonJwU àYmZ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a

AÝ` Xmo JwU ZJÊ` V~ dh AdñWm à»`m h¡ & (2) {MÎm O~ V_moJwU àYmZ hmoVm h¡ Vmo {MÎm

_| {ddohH sZ VWm n¡em{MH H m`m] H s àd¥{Îm hmoVr h¡ V~ dh {MÎm {djon H hr OmVr h¡ & (3)

O~ {MÎm _| aOmoJwU H s àYmZVm hmoVr h¡, V~ Bg ê n _| aOmoJwU H s àYmZVm hmoVr h¡, V~

Bg ê n _| {MÎm H s pñW{V Y_© Am¡a g§gmg H s Am¡a hmoVr h¡ & `h AdñWm EH mJ« hr hmoVr

h¡ & O~ {MÎm nyU© ê n go gVmonJwU hmoVm h¡ Vmo {ddoH ~w{Õ àmßV H a boVm h¡ &

{MÎm H s d¥{Îm`m± …

{MÎm pñWa hmoVm h¡ Am¡a A{ejm Ho H maU AnZr d¥{Îm`m| H m Amamon nwéf na H aVm

h¡ & "_¢ Xw…Ir hÿ±' Eogm ì`{º A{ejm Ho H maU H hVm h¡ & Š`m|{H dh AnZr nwéf H m`m H mo

^yb OmVm h¡, Ho db AnZo {MÎm go gå~ÝY ahVm h¡ & AWm©V² H h gH Vo h¢ {H {MÎm ^r nwéf

H s Vah H m`© H aZo bJVm h¡ & `hr {MÎm H s d¥{Îm h¡ &

à_mU d¥{Îm …

AZw dm| Ho ê n O~ {H gr d¥{Îm H mo `m ê n H mo `mX {H m OmVm h¡, V~ Bgo ñ_¥{V

d¥{Îm H hVo h¢ & `h {MÎm H s nm±Mdr d¥{Îm h¡ & BÝht d¥{Îm`m| Ho H maU Ord ^Q H Vm ahVm h¡ &

`moJ BZH m {ZamH aU {gIbmVm h¡-



110

"Aä`mgd¡am½`mä`m§V{ÞamoY…" {MÎm H mo `moJ go pñWa aI gH Vo h¢ & `hr Aä`mg h¡ -

"Aä`mgoZderH¥ VoZ _Zgm…' bm¡{H H VWm nmabm¡{H H dñVwAm| H s BÀN m Z H aZm d¡am½` h¡ &

g_m{Y …

{MÎm H s g^r {H« mE± O~ éH OmVr h¢, V~ g_m{Y H s pñW{V AmVr h¡ & `h Xmo àH ma

H s hmoVr h¡ - nhbr O~ EH dñVw na EH mJ« hmoVm h¡, V~ EH mJ« d¥{Îm à~b hmoVr h¡, V^r

àkm H m àmXw m©d hmoVm h¡, Bg AdñWm H mo g§àkmV g_m{Y H hVo h¢ & Bg_| kmZ, kmVm Am¡a

ko H m Ahgmg hmoVm h¡ &

Xygam O~ {MÎm H s g^r d¥{Îm`m| H m d¡am½` Ho _mÜ`_ go {ZamoY {H m OmVm h¡, Am¡a

g§ñH ma hr ~mH s ah OmVo h¢, Bg AdñWm H mo Ag§àkmV g_m{Y H hVo h¢ & Bg_| kmZ, kmVm

Am¡a ko H m AÝVa {_Q OmVm h¡ &

`moJ _Zmo{dkmZ _| g_m{Y H m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡ & AmYw{ZH _Zmo{dkmZ BgH s H moB© OmZH mar

Zht XoVm & npíM_ Ho {dÛmZ Ho db g_m{Y Ho {bE "Q oÝg'1 eãX H m à`moJ H aVo h¢ &

{d¿Z Am¡a Šboe … `moJ Xe©Z _| {MÎm d¥{Îm`m| Ho {ZamoY Ho {bE Aä`mg Am¡a d¡am½` XmoZm|

hr Amdí`H h¢ & O¡go Ambñ`, amoJ Am{X {d¿Zm| Ho H maU {MÎm H m {ZamoY Zht hmo nmVm, Bg{bE

BZH mo Xya H aZm Amdí`H h¡ &

Šboe H s pñW{V «_ Am¡a PyR o kmZ Ho H maU hmoVr h¡ & BZ Šboem| H s g§»`m nm±M h¡-

(1) A{dÚm Šboe go ì`{º AgË` H mo gË`, Xw…I H mog wI _mZZo bJVm h¡ &

(2) A{ñ_Vm Šboe _| "nwéf' Am¡a "~w{Õ' H m A§Va kmZ Zht hmoVm &

(3) amJ Šboe go _Z _| BÀN mE± OmJVr h¢, Omo ì`{º H mo ^moJ H s Amoa qIMVr h¢ &

(4) Ûof Šboe H m OÝ_ h_mao H« moY Am¡a h_mar Z\ aV Ho H maU hmoVm h¡ &

(5) A{^{Zdoe Šboe _| _¥Ë`w H m S a gXm ~Zm ahVm h¡ & BZ g^r Šboem| go _w{º nmZo

Ho {bE `moJ _| {ZåZ AmR A§Jm| H m Aä`mg AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© ~Vm`m J`m h¡ &

(1) _Z Am¡a dMZ go g§ _ aIZm `_ h¡ &

(2) em¡M, g§Vmof, ñdmÜ`m` Am¡a B©ída gmYZm `h {Z`_ _| AmVo h¢ &

(3) ídmg boZm Am¡a N mo‹S Zo H s {H« m àmUm`m_ go hmoVr h¡ &

gy\ s g§àXm` g§dV 200 go boH a g§dV² 1400 H m H mb ^maVdf© Ho B{Vhmg _|

gm_m{OH Am¡a Ym{_©H H« mpÝV H m`wJ Wm & 8dt eVmãXr _| hr ^maVdm{g`m| H m _wgb_mZm| go



111

gånH© hmo Mbm Wm & h µOaV _whå_X Bñbm_ Y_© Ho àdV©H Zo Aa~ dmbm| Ho ôX-^md Xya

H a g^r H mo EH gyÌ _| ~m±YZo H m à`mg {H m Wm & do nyU©V… EHo ídadmX Wo Am¡a B©ída H s

nyU©Vm Am¡a Ý`mèrbVm _| nyU© ê noU AmñWmdmZ Wo & do IwXm H s ImXV H aVo, CZgo XwAm`|

_m±JVo Am¡a IwXm H m gmjmËH ma hmoZo na ^md-{d^moa hmoH a boQ OmVo Am¡a JX²JX² hmoH a CZHo

_wIma{dÝX go AZoH dmŠ` {ZH bo Am¡a CÝht dmŠ`m| H m g§J«h h¡ & Hw amZ ear\ h¡ {Og_| EH

ñWmZ _| {bIm - Y_© H s Ag{b`V `hr h¡ {H B©ída _| Omo AÀN mB© H m amñVm {ZpíMV {H m

h¡ CgH s R rH -R rH AZwgaU {H m OmE & Hw amZ ear\ gyam 3 Am`V 18 Bgbm_ Y_© Ho

AZwgma Hw N gmYZmE± {ZpíMV h¢ O¡go hH sH V (kmZ _mJ©), VarH V (^{º _mJ©) ear`V (H _©

_mJ©) gy\ s bmoJ AnZr gmYZm H mo _ma\ V H hVo h¢ Am¡a Bgo AmpË_H ào_ (spiritual love)

H s g§km Xr JB© h¡ & _m¡bmZm AãXwb H bm_ AmOmX H m H WZ h¡, "Hw amZ ear\ _V-ôXm| H mo

_hËd Zht XoVr &' VO©w_m-Cb Hw eZ (_m¡. AmOmX) g¡ X Ohréb hamZ Ûmam AZy{XV Ym{_©H

_V-ôX ñd`§ Hw amZ ear\ _| {bIm h¡, ""_VôXm| Ho nrN o Z n‹S H a ZoH s H s amhm| _| EH

Xygao go AmJo {ZH bZo H m à`ËZ H aZm Mm{hE &''49

~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m AW© Am¡a n[a^mfm

~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m AW© g_PZo Ho {bE h_| gd©àW_ "_Zmo{dkmZ' H mo g_PZm hmoJm

Š`m|{H "~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ' CgrH s EH emIm Ho ê n _| {dH {gV h þAm h¡ & `w± Vmo _Zmo{dkmZ

H m AW© ^r AbJ-AbJ ê n _| bJm`m J`m h¡ {\ a ^r CgHo B{Vhmg na g§{jßV X¥{ï nmV

H aVo h¢; Omo {ZåZ àH ma h¡ …

A§J«oOr _| _Zmo{dkmZ H mo psychology H hm J`m h¡ & ò Xmo `yZmZr eãX Ho gpå_lU

go ~Zm h¡ - "gmBH mo' VWm "bmoJg' & gmBH mo AWm©V² AmË_m d _Z VWm bmoJg H m AW© h¡

{dkmZ AWdm {ddaU & AV… BgH m AW© h þAm "AmË_m H m {dkmZ ' &

{hÝXr _| `{X h_ _Zmo{dkmZ eãX H m {díbofU H a| Vmo "_Z' Am¡a "{dkmZ' BZ Xmo eãXm|

H m gpå_lU Ñ{ï JmoMa hmoVm h¡ &

"_Z' H m `{X h_ empãXH AW© XoI| Vmo do h¢ - àm{U`m| Ho AZw d, {dMma, BÀN ma,

g§H ën Am¡a {dH ën H m g{ÞYmZ &50

_Z… g§km nw. AÝV…H aU/{MÎm & AÝV…H aU H s Mma d¥{Îm`m| _| go EH {Oggo g§H ën-

{dH ën hmoVm h¡ & {dMma &

{MVw§ Vw MoVmo öX`§ ñdmÝV§ hm°Ý_mZg§ _Z… &&51



112

{dkmZ H m AW© h¡, {H gr {df`-dñVw Ho {gÕmÝVm| H m {deof kmZ &

~mo[aJ Zo _Zmo{dkmZ H mo ì`{º Ho ñd^md H m AÜ``Z _mZm h¡ &52

_¡ŠSw Jb Zo Bgo ì`dhma H m {dkmZ _mZm h¡ &53

(1) gd©àW_ Vmo _Zmo{dkmZ H mo AmË_m Ho {dkmZ Ho ê n _| {b`m J`m Š`m|{H

psychology H m emãXrH AW© h¡ "AmË_m H m {dkmZ' & A§J«oOr H m `h eãX

psychology b¡{Q Z ^mfm go {b`m J`m h¡, Omo Xmo eãXm| H mo Omo‹S H a ~Zm h¡ -

psycho + logas - go ~Zm h¡ & psycho H m AW© h¡ - AmË_m Am¡a logas H m

AW© h¡ - {dkmZ & AWm©V² "AmË_m H m {dkmZ' & AW© Vmo R rH h¡, {H ÝVw `hm± ^r EH

A‹S MZ (Xw{dYm) g_j Am I‹S r hþB© Š`m|{H AmË_m H mo ñnï ê noU n[a^m{fV H a nmZm

Agå^d Wm, AV… Bg n[a^mfm H mo ZH ma {X`m J`m &

(2) {\ a _Zmo{dkÌmZ H mo _Z Ho {dkmZ Ho ê n _| àñVwV {H m {H ÝVw "_Z Š`m h¡?' Bgr

àíZ H m CÎma XwîH a Wm Vmo _Z Ho {dkmZ H mo {H g àH ma _mÝ`Vm { _bVr?

(3) BgHo CnamÝV g§aMZmdm{X`m| (structuralists) Zo _Zmo{dkmZ H mo MoVZm Ho ê n _|

n[a^m{fV {H m & Bg_| {Q MZa, dwÝQ VWm Ooåg Ho Zm_ _ehÿa h¢ & Am¡a MoVZm H mo

BÝhm|Zo BÀN m, g§doJ Ed§ ^mdZm Ho `moJ Ho ê n _| g_Pm`m &54

_Zmo{díbofUdm{X`m| (psychologists) Zo g§aMZmdm{X`m| H s Bg n[a^mfm H mo ñdrH maVo

hþE H hm {H _Zmo{dkmZ AMoVZ (Unconscious) H m {dkmZ h¡, Bg_| \« m`S (Frued) H m

Zm_ gdm}n[a h¡ & CZH m H hZm h¡ {H _Zwî` H s Omo ^r AV¥ßV BÀN mE±, `m X~r hþB© BÀN m`|

Ohm± ahVr h¢ dhr AMoVZ h¡ & naÝVw `h ^r ñnï rH aU h¡ {H _Zmo{dkmZ _mÌ AMoVZ H m hr

{dkmZ Zht h¡ &55

ì`dhmadm{X`m| Zo _Zmo{dkmZ H mo "ì`dhma Ho {dkmZ' Ho ê n _| àñVwV {H m &56

ì`dhmadm{X`m| _| dwS dW© (Woodworth) H m Zm_ _w»` ê n go AmVm h¡ & BÝhm|Zo _Zmo{dkmZ

H mo {dYm`H {dkmZ (Positive Science) H hm & {dYm`H {dkmZ dh h¡ Omo "Š`m h¡?' Bgr

H m AÜ``Z H aVm h¡ & dwS dW© H s `h n[a^mfm A{YH m§e _Zmod¡km{ZH m| Zo ñdrH mar & AÝVV…

{ZîH f© ê noU `h _mÝ` h þAm {H "_Zmo{dkmZ dh {dYm`H {dkmZ h¡, Omo ì`dhma H m AÜ``Z

H aVm h¡ &'

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m AW© :

~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m AW© g_PZo Ho {bE, h_ "_Zmo{dkmZ' H mo Vmo g_P hr MwHo h¢ &



113

A~ "~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ' H mo g_P| Omo A~ EH ñdVÝÌ àM{bV {df` ~Z MwH m h¡ & "~mb' AWm©V²

~mbH &

* dmQ gZ Zo AnZr nwñVH 'Psychology of the child' _| ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ Ho ~mao

_| `h {dMma ì`º {H m {H ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m Am{d^m©d ~mbH Ho d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z

go hþAm h¡ & (Child psychology came into being from the scientific study

of the child.)

* H« mo Ed§ H« mo (Crow & Crow) Ho _VmZwgma "~mb _Zmo{dkmZ ^«yU AdñWm go boH a

{H emoamdñWm Ho {dH mg H s àmapå^H AdñWmAm| VH ì`{º H m d¡Ym{ZH AÜ``Z

h¡ &''57 (Child psychology is the scientific study of the individual fromhis pre-natal beginings through the early stages of his adolescent

development.)

Hw b {_bmH a h_ ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H mo Bg àH ma n[a^m{fV H a gH Vo h¢…

""~mb _Zmo{dkmZ dh {dYm`H {dkmZ h¡ Omo ~mbH Ho ì`dhma H m AÜ``Z H a CgH s

^«yUmdñWm go nyd© {H emoamdñWm VH H aVm h¡ &''

Bg g§X^© _| Hw N AÝ` _Zmod¡km{ZH m| H s n[a^mfm`| ^r Ñï ì` h¢, `Wm-

(1) Ooåg S oda (1968) - ""~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ, _Zmo{dkmZ H s dh emIm h¡ {Og_| OÝ_

go n[anŠdmdñWm VH {dH {gV hmo aho _mZd H m AÜ``Z {H m OmVm h¡ &''58

(2) AmBOZoH (1972) - ""~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m gå~ÝY ~mbH _| _Zmod¡km{ZH à{H« mAm|

Ho {dH mg go h¡ & J^©H mbrZ {H emoamdñWm Am¡a n[anŠdmdñWm VH Ho ~mbH H s

_Zmod¡km{ZH {dH mg-à{H« mAm| H m AÜ``Z {H m OmVm h¡ &''59

(3) habmoH (1974) - AmO ~mb-{dH mg _| _w»`V… ~mbH Ho ê n ì`dhma, é{M`m| Am¡a

bú`m| _| hmoZo dmbo CZ {d{eï n[adV©Zm| H s ImoO na ~b {X`m OmVm h¡, Omo CgHo

EH {dH mgmË_H AdñWm go Xwgar {dH mgmË_H AdñWm _| nXmn©U H aVo g_` hmoVo h¢ &

~mb-{dH mg _| gmW hr gmW `h ImoO H aZo H m ^r à`mg {H m OmVm h¡ {H h

n[adV©Z H ~ hmoVo h¢, BgHo H maU Š`m h¢ Am¡a `h d¡ {º H h¢ `m gmd© m¡{_H &''60

(4) _yg¡Z Am¡a CZHo gmWr (1974) - BZH o _VmZwgma ""AmO ^r ~mb-{dH mg Ho AZoH

AÜ``Zm| H m gå~ÝY Am`w-àd¥{Îm (Age-Trend) H s Amoa h¡ & `h Am`w-àd¥{Îm gå~ÝYr

AÜ``Z {deof ê n go {MÝVZ, g_ñ`m g_mYmZ, g¥OZmË_H Vm, Z¡{VH VH© VWm



114

ì`dhma, A{^d¥{Îm`m± Am¡a _V Am{X joÌm| _| {H o OmVo h¢ & ~mb-{dH mg _| gdm©{YH

emoY {dH mg-n{adV©Zm| _| AÝV{Z©{hV à{H« mAm| na _oH¡ {ZµµÁ_ na hmo aho h¢ AWm©V² `h

OmZZo H m à`mg {H m Om ahm h¡ {H {dH mg n[adV©Z {H g àH ma Am¡a {H Z H maUm|

go hmo aho h¢ &''61

10. ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m {dH mg

{dH mg EH gmd© m¡{_H à{H« m h¡ Omo g§gma Ho àËòH Ord _| {dÚ_mZ h¡ & `h {dH mg

H s à{H« m J^©YmaU go boH a _¥Ë`w VH MbVr ahVr h¡ & BgH s J{V H r Vrd« Am¡a H r

_ÝX hmoVr h¡ & _mZd {dH mg H m AÜ``Z àmH¥ {VH {dkmZm| go ^r hmoVm h¡ Am¡a _Zmo{dkmZ _|

^r hmoVm h¡ & _mZd {dH mg H m AÜ``Z _Zmo{dkmZ H s {Og emIm go {H m OmVm h¡, Cgo

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ (child psychology) H hm OmVm Wm, {H ÝVw A~ ~mb-{dH mg (child

development) H hm OmVm h¡, _Zmo{dkmZ H s `h emIm AnojmH¥ V drZ h¡, BgH m {dH mg

{nN bo nMmg dfm] _| gdm©{YH h þAm h¡ & AmYw{ZH `wJ _| "~mb-{dH mg' Ho H B© AÜ``Z

_Zmod¡km{ZH m| Zo {H o h¢ BZ AÜ``Zm| go h_ ~mbH m| Ho OrdZ H mo gwIr-g_¥Õembr d àe§gZr`

~ZmZo _| g_W© hþE h¢ & _Zmo{dkmZ H s Bg emIm H m AÜ``Z OZ-gmYmaU Ho {bE ^r Cn`moJr

d é{MH a h¡ Š`m|{H àËòH ì`{º AnZo ~ÀMm| H m H ë`mU MmhVm h¡ & àËòH ì`{º `h MmhVm

h¡ {H CgH s g§VmZ H m¡ebm| (skills), {d{^Þ `mo½`VmAm|, ì`{ŠÎmd Am¡a gm_m{OH {deofVmAm|

H m AO©Z H ao & AmO _Zmo{dkmZ H s `h emIm _mÌ _Zmod¡km{ZH m| Ho {bE hr Zht A{nVw

OZgmYmaU Ho {bE ^r Cn`moJr h¡ & `hr H maU h¡ {H Bg {df` H s bmoH {à`Vm {XZ-XwZr

amV-Mm¡JwZr ~‹T Vr Om ahr h¡ & _mZd OrdZ _| ~më`mdñWm H m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡ & ~mbH Ho

àmapå^H nm±M df© CgHo ì`{º Ëd H s ~w{Z`mX aIVo h¢ & `hr h¡ dh gdm}Îm_ H mb O~ ~mbH

H m emar[aH d _mZ{gH {dH mg ~‹S r hr Vrd«Vm go hmoVm h¡ & ~mbH AnZo Amg-nmg Ho

dmVmdaU H mo g_PVm h¡, bmoJm| H mo g_mO H mo XoIZo, naIZo d g_PZ bJVm h¡ Am¡a BÝht

~ZVo-{~J‹S Vo g§doJm| go n‹S Vr h¡ CgHo ^m{d OrdZ H s AmYmaerbm & \ bV… ~më`mdñWm Ho

_hËd H mo g_PVo hþE ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m OÝ_ Am¡a {dH mg h þAm &

g§{jßV B{Vhmg

~mb {dH mg Ho B{Vhmg H m AVrV A{YH bå~m Zht h¡ & gÌhdr§ eVmãXr VH H m

_Zmo{dkmZ H m B{Vhmg XoIZo na kmV hmoVm h¡ {H Cg g_` Ho {dÛmZ ~mbH m| Ho OrdZMH«

(life cycle) H mo {deof _hËd Zht XoVo Wo, {H ÝVw `{X àmMrZ g_` Ho Xme©{ZH m| Ho `moJXmZ

na Ñ{ï nmV H a| Vmo Bg {Xem _| CZH s é{M ñnï Ñ{ï Jmoa h¡ & J«rH H mb Ho Xme©{ZH m| Ho



115

AZwgma `o Wm {H ~më`mdñWm H s KQ ZmE± ~mbH Ho ~mX Ho OrdZ na Jham à^md S mbVr

h¢ & ßboQ mo (Plato 427-347 B.C.) Zo AnZr nwñVH "[anãbrH ' _| Bg ~mV H mo ñdrH mam

{H ~më`mdñWm Ho à{ejU H m à^md ~mbH Ho ^{dî` H s ì`mdgm{`H XjVmAm| (Vocational

aptitudes) na Am¡a g_m`moOZ na n‹S Vm h¡ &

gÌhdt eVmãXr _| H m°_o[Z`g (John Amas Comenius, 1628) Zo school of

infancy H s ñWmnZm H s, BÝhm|Zo 1657 _| ~mbH m| Ho {bo Xmo nwñVH| {bIr Wt & AÇ mahdt

eVmãXr _| Xme©{ZH m| (John Locke 1632-1704; Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679; J.J.

Rousseau) Zo ~mbH m| Ho AÜ``Z na {deof ~b {X`m h¡ & bmH Zo ~mbH m| H s é{M`m|,

BÀN mAm| Am¡a j_VmAm| na Omoa {X`m h¡ Am¡a ~Vm`m {H ì`{º Ëd-{Z_m©U _| Amg-nmg Ho

dmVmdaU H m _w»` `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ & AR mahdt eVmãXr _| noñVmbm°Or (Pestalozzi 1774)

Zo AnZo hr gm‹T o VrZ dfu` nwÌ na AÜ``Z H aHo gd©àW_ d¡km{ZH {ddaU {XE & `h ddaU

"~o~r ~m`moJ«m\ s' Ho AmYma na Yo & {\ a O_©Zr Ho ^r EH {M{H ËgH {OZH m Zm_ h¡ Q mBS _¡Z

(TIEDMAN, 1787) Zo ^r "~o~r J«m\ ' na AmYm[aV AnZo ~ÀMm| Ho _mZ{gH d emar[aH

{dH mg-à{H« m H m {ddaU àñVwV {H m &

_mZd OrdZ _| ~më`mdñWm H m `moJXmZ gdm}nar h¡ & ~mbH Ho àmapå^H nm±M df© CgHo

ì`{º Ëd H s AmYmaerbm aI XoVo h¢ & `hr dh gdm}Îm_ H mb h¡ O~ {eew H m emar[aH d

_mZ{gH {dH mg ~‹S r hr Vrd«Vm go hmoVm h¡ & ~mbH AnZo Amg-nmg Ho g_mO d dmVdaU

Ho XoIZo, naIZo d g_PZo bJVm h¡ & Bgr g_P, naI d ~ZVo-{~J‹S Vo g§doJm| H m Aga n‹S Vm

h¡ ~mbH Ho AmJm_r OrdZ na & AV… ~më`mdñWm Ho _hËd H mo g_PVo hþE ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ

H m OÝ_ Am¡a {dH mg hþAm &

A~`{X h_ ~mb_Zmo{dkmZ Ho {dH mg Ho B{Vhmg na Ñ{ï nmV H a| Vmo BgH m {dH mg

17dt eVmãXr _| hþAm `h kmV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a V~go `h {ZaÝVa {dH mg-nW na AJ«ga h¡ &

h_ Bg {dH mg-à{H« m H mo Mma MaUm| _| {d^m{OV H a gH Vo h¢; `Wm-

(H ) àW_ MaU … Bg g§X^© _| gd©àW_ "{eew H m {dÚmb`' (School of

infancy) Zm_H nwñVH OmZ E_mog H m°_o{Z`g (John Amos Comenius) Ûmam {bIr JB© &

CÝhm|Zo {bIm Wm {H ~hþV N moQ o ~ÀMo, Omo 2 `m 3 df© Ho hm|, CÝh| {dÚmb` _| {ejm-AO©Z

hoVw ^oOZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H -

1) CZHo JwUm| H mo {dH {gV H aZo _| Ho db _mVm-{nVm hr n`m©ßV (gj_) Zht h¢ &



116

2) CZHo {dH mg H m C{MV g_` `hr h¡ &

3) {dÚmb`, {Ogo EH n[adma ^r H hm Om gH Vm h¡, dhm± na ~ÀMm| H mo ghr

_mJ©Xe©Z Ho {bE à{e{jV bmoJ hmoVo h¢ &

{H ÝVw `h nwñVH gr{_V bmoJm| VH hr nh þ±M nmB© Am¡a _mÌ CÝht Ho ~ÀMm| Ho {bE

ghm`H {gÕ hþB© &

Hw N dfm}namÝV 1657 _| H m°_o{Z`g Zo {\ a EH ZB© nwñVH {bIr "H ma{dg{nŠQ g…

g§gma {MÌm| _|' (Corbispictoss : world in pictures) Bg_| g_J« {df` dñVw H mo {MÌm|

Ho _mÜ`_ go g_PmZo H m à`mg {H m J`m Wm & Bg nwñVH go Xmo amoMH d _hËdnyU© VÏ`

gm_Zo Am`o, `Wm-

1) ~ÀMo {MÌm| go Iob hr Iob _| AZoH MrOm| H s àoaUm nmVo `m grI boVo h¢ &

2) ~ÀMm| H mo nhbo _yV© kmZ XoZm Mm{hE & VËníMmV² A_yV© Š`m|{H do _yV© VÏ` H mo

AmYmaê n aIH a A_yV© {MÝVZ H a gH Vm h¡ AWm©V² gab d ghO go H {R Z H s Amoa &

(I) {ÛVr` MaU … AR mahdt eVmãXr go `h MaU Amaå^ hþAm & O~ égmo (Rouseau),

h~m©Q , noñVmbm°Or, \« mo~ob, bm°H BË`m{X Zo ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m ~mH m`Xm Xme©{ZH ê n go

{ddoMZ H aHo ~mbH m| Ho {bE nyU©V`m ZdrZ {ejm àUmbr H m àmaå^ {H m & ê gmo Zo "~mbH

H mo g_Pmo' (understand the child) Zmam ~wbÝX {H m Am¡a àH¥ {V H mo hr C{MV {ejm

H m _mJ© ~Vm`m & noñVmbm°Or Zo AnZo hr gm‹T o VrZ df© Ho nwÌ na AÜ``Z H aHo Cgo {ZarjU

{d{Y go {e{jV H aZo H m à`mg {H m & Bgr AmYma na CgZo ~mbH m| Ho {bE {ZarjU Ûmam

{ejm XoZo H s {d{Y {gÕ H s & bm°H Zo "Q o~wbm am°gm' (Tabula Rosa) eãX H m à`moJ {H m,

{OgH m AW© hmoVm h¡ - "Imbr ßboQ ' & bm°H Ho _VmZwgma ~mbH H m {X_mJ {~bHw b EH Imbr

ßboQ Ho g_mZ h¡, Cg_| Omo Mmho ^a gH Vo hmo & \« mo~ob Zo à{gÕ {H ÝS aJmQ ©Z nÕ{V hr àM{bV

H adm Xr &

(J) V¥Vr` MaU … CÝZrgdt gXr _| Bg {Xem _| Am¡a àJ{V hþB© & CZH s {deofVmE± h¢…

1) ~mb AÜ``Z d {dH mg hoVw g§ñWmAm| H s ñWmnZm h þB© & (a) Child crueltyprevention society (b) child settlement house-1887 (c) children's

psychological clinics-1891.

2) BZ g§ñWmAm| H s nÌ-n{ÌH mE± àH m{eV h þBª ~mbH m| na &

3) amï r` d AÝVaamï r` gå_obZm| H m Am`moOZ {H m J`m & gZ² 1894 _| {eH mJmo



117

_| AÝVam©ï r` gå_obZ _| ñQ oZbr hmb Ho à`mgm| Ho \ bñdê n ~mb-AÜ``Z

H m JR Z hþAm & VËníMmV² A_o[aH m, O_©Zr, B§½b¢S , \« m§g, nm°boÊS BË`m{X Xoem|

_| ^r Bgr Vah H s g{_{V`m| H m JR Z h þAm Am¡a ~mb AÜ``Z na CëboIZr`

H m_ hþE &

(L) MVwW© MaU … ~rgdt gXr H m `h MaU h¡ {Og_| ~ÀMo dmñVd _| ~hþV hr _hËdnyU© hmo

J`o, Am¡a CZHo gdmªJrU {dH mg H s Amoa OmJéH Vm H m g§Mma h þAm &

- ~mbH m| _| ~‹T Vr AnamYd¥{Îm Ho X_Z na amoH -Wm_ hoVw gZ² 1900 _| AnamYr

~mbH m| Ho {bE Ý`m`mb` ñWm{nV h þE &

- gZ² 1906 _| ~mb AÜ``Z H m _hËd OZ-OZ VH nhþ±MmZo H m àe§gZr` H m`©

{H m "AÝVam©ï r` ~mb AÜ``Z g§ñWm' Zo, {OgH m {Z_m©U Bgr hoVw go h þAm

Wm &

- {ejm Ho "~mb-Ho pÝÐV' {H m J`m &

- ~mbH m| H s `mo½`VmAm| Ho {dH mg Am¡a _mnZ hoVw d¡km{ZH CnH aUm| H m ^r

{dH mg hþAm &

- ~mbH m| H s {d{^Þ g_ñ`mAm| na ~‹S o-~‹S o AZwg§YmZ hþE &

- ~mbH m| _| d§emZwH« _ gå~pÝYV njm| na AÜ``Z {H E J`o &

- dmVmdaU H m _hËdnyU© Aga ~mbH m| na n‹S Vm h¡ & AV… dmVmdaU, Amg-n‹S mog,

Ka-{dÚmb` g^r H mo Ü`mZ _| aIH a ~ÀMo na CgHo Aga H m ^r AÜ``Z

{H m J`m &

AWm©V² Hw b {_bmH a `h {H ~mbH Ho gdmªJrU {dH mg hoVw ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ H m {dH mg

h þAm &

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m ~XbVm ñdê n

AmYw{ZH _Zmod¡km{ZH Zo "~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ' eãX H mo Á`mXm Cn`wº g_Pm Am¡a Cgr

H m à`moJ ^r H aZo bJo &

_mZd H m OÝ_ hr CgHo OrdZ H m àmaå^ Zht h¡ A{nVw CgH m àmaå^ Vmo _m± Ho

J^© _|, J^©YmaU Ho jU go hr hmo OmVm h¡ & _mZd OÝ_ Vmo Cg {dH mg-MH« H m EH ÚmoVH

h¡, EH n[adV©Z h¡ {Og_| Ord AnZo AmÝV[aH dmVmdaU H mo Ë`mJH a ~mø dmVmdaU _| nXmn©U

H aVm h¡ & ~mø dmVmdaU _| _mZd Ho ahZo H s Ad{Y bå~r hmoVr h¡, naÝVw CgH m VmËn`©



118

`h H Xm{MV Zht h¡ {H AmÝV[aH dmVmdaU _hËdhrZ h¡ & XmoZm| hr dmVmdaU H m AnZm-AnZm

_hËdnyU© d Amdí`H ñWmZ h¡ & XmoZm| hr dmVmdaU AnZr-AnZr A{_Q N mn N mo‹S Vo h¢ &

_mZd-{dH mg H mo h_ Bg àH ma n[a^m{fV H a gH Vo h¢ - _mZd _| hmoZo dmbo n[adV©Zm|

H m H« _ AWm©V² _mZd {dH mg & _mZd H s emar[aH d _mZ{gH `mo½`VmAm| VWm {deofVmAm| _|

J^©YmaU go boH a n[anŠdmdñWm VH AZoH mZoH ~Xbmd hmoVo h¢ & _mZd Ho Hw N ~Xbmd Vrd«

Vmo Hw N _ÝX hmoVo h¢ & naÝVw do g~r ~Xbmd CgH s {dd¥{Õ (Growth) go gå~ÝY aIVo

h¢ Bg{bE BZ n[adV©Zm| H mo aMZmË_H n[adV©Z (constructive developments) H hm OmVm

h¡ & `o aMZmË_H n[adV©Z hr _mZd _| n[anŠdVm (maturity) bmVo h¢ & {\ a R rH Bgr àH ma

_mZd OrdZ H s d¥ÕmdñWm _| AZoH Eogo n[adV©Z hmoVo h¢ {OZH s àH¥ {V õmg (Decline) go

nyar hmoVr h¡ & Omo _Zwî` H mo d¥ÕmdñWm (senscence) H s Amoa CÝ_wI H aVo h¢ & ~mb {dH mg

_| BZ g^r n[adV©Zm| Ed§ CZHo H maUm| na AÜ``Z {H m OmVm h¡ & ~mb-{dH mg _| CZ g^r

~Xbmd/n[adV©Zm| na Jm¡a {H m OmVm h¡ O~ _Zwî` EH {dH mg AdñWm go Xygar {dH mg

AdñWm _| H X_ aIVm h¡ & BZ_| Hw N ~Xbmd d¡ {º H hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Hw N gmd© m¡{_H & A~

Vmo Bg AmYw{ZH aU H s bha Ho gmW Z`o Am`m_ Iwb aho h¢ Am¡a CÝhr _| EH `h h¡ {H

{d{^Þ {dH mgmË_H ~Xbmdm| _| AÝV{Z©{hV _oH¡ {ZµµÁ_g H m ^r A~ AÜ``Z hmoZo bJm h¡ &

AmBOZoH (1972) Zo {dH mg H s Omo n[a^mfm Xr Wr dmo Bg àH ma Wr - The termdevelopment refers to a sequence of changes in organisms (animal or

human), groups of organisms, cultured fields, and dead matter.

"~mb _Zmo{dkmZ' H s Anojm "~mb {dH mg' ~hþV A{YH ì`mnH Am¡a {dñV¥V h¡ & Zm_

H m n[adV©Z Bgr {bE hþAm {H ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ_| Am¡a A{YH AZwg§YmZm| H s Amdí`H Vm Wr &

h_ `hm± na habm°H (E.B. Hurlock, 1978) Ho Bg H WZ go ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a ~mb-

{dH mg Ho AÝVa H m gå~ÝY g_P gH Vo h¢ - `Wm "The name child psychology waschanged to child development to emphasize that the focus was now on the

pattern of the chid development rather than certain aspects of development."

AWm©V² "~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ' H m hr AmYw{ZH Zm_ h¡ ~mb-{dH mg & `h V~ àmaå^ hþAm O~ ~mb-

_Zmo{dkmZ H m joÌ ~më`mdñWm go `wdmdñWm VH hmo J`m &

~rgdt eVmãXr Ho àW_ MVwWmªe VH A{YH m§e _Zmod¡km{ZH m| Ho AÜ``Z ~mb-ì`dhma

Ho Hw N _w»` joÌm| VH hr gr{_V Wo & _w»`V… AÜ``Z g§doJ, Iob, ^mfm, é{M, ~mbH m| H s

{d{^Þ {H« mE±, ZdOmV {eewAm| H s _mZ{gH d emar[aH {deofVmE± Am{X H m hr hmoVm Wm & Bg



119

AÜ``Z àUmbr H s emIm H mo ~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ (Child Psychology) H hVo WE & g_` Ho

gmW BgH s bmoH {à`Vm _| ~‹T moVar hþB©, {OgHo n[aUm_ñdê n _Zmod¡km{ZH m| H s Bg joÌ _| é{M

~‹T r Am¡a Z`o AÜ``Z ^r hþE & A~ _Zmod¡km{ZH m| H mo `h _hgyg h þAm {H do Omo ^r H a

aho h¢ dh An`m©ßV h¡ Š`m|{H Bg àH ma Ho AÜ``Zm| go AnyU© OmZH mar {_b nmVr h¡ & AV…

nyU© kmZ àm{ßV hoVw CÝh§moZo ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ _| Xmo AÜ``Z àUm{b`m| H m àMbZ àmaå^ {H m

Am¡a "~mb-_Zmo{dkmZ' eãX Ho ñWmZ na "~mb-{dH mg' eãX H m Cn`moJ àmaå^ hmo J`m &

~mb-{dH mg _| {dH mg n[adV©Zm| Ho AÜ``Z hoVw Xmo ZdrZ àUm{b`m± h¢ - (1)

XrK©H mbrZ àUmbr (longitudinal approach) Am¡a (2) g_H mbrZ àUmbr (cross-

sectional approach) h_ `{X ~mb {dH mg H s g§{jßV ì`m»`m H aZm Mmh| Vmo H h gH Vo

h¢ {H "The filed of child development is the branch of psychologicalresearch which studies the youth from conception until he becomes ayouth or a personw ho is sexually mature, even though he is not regardedas mature enough to have thr rights, privilege and responsibilities associated

with adulthood." (E.B. Hurlock,1974)

_Zmo{dkmZ _| {d{^Þ àH ma Ho àm{U`m| Ho ì`dhma H m d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z {H m OmVm

h¡, {OgHo H B© nj (aspects) VWm Am`m_ (dimensions) hmoVo h¢ & ~mb-{dH mg _Zmo{dkmZ

H s EH AË`{YH _hËdnyU© emIm h¡ Omo _mZd g_mO VWm {díd Ho {bE H ë`mUH mar emIm

h¡ & Bg_| J^©H mbrZ AdñWm go boH a `wdmdñWm VH Ho {dH mg VWm àË`oH Am`w-ñVam| na

{d{eï AmMaUm| _| hmoZo dmbo H« {_H n[adV©Zm| H m d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z {H m OmVm h¡ &

{d{^Þ AdñWmE± - J^©H mbrZ AdñWm, e¡edmdñWm, ~MnZ, ~më`mdñWm, {H emoamdñWm,

`wdmdñWm &

_Zmo{dkmZ H s Bg emIm _| Ho db _mZd-ì`dhma H m AÜ``Z hmoVm h¡ & _mZd H s O¡{dH

g§aMZm (biological structure) VWm _Zmod¡km{ZH à{H« mAm| (psychological processes)

_| {d{^Þ AdñWmAm| _| H r Vrd« Vmo H r _§X n[adV©Z hmoVo h¢ & `h n[adV©Z {dd¥{Õ (growth)

gyMH VWm õmg (decline) gyMH XmoZm| hr àH ma Ho hmoVo h¢ &

_Zmo{dkmZ _| {d{eï CnmJ_ Ho ê n _| ~mb {dH mg {df` (Child Development

as a special approach in psychology) :

~mb {dH mg {df` _| _mZd ì`dhma Ho AÜ``Z hoVw H B© {dMma-nÕ{V`m| H m Cn`moJ

hmoVm h¡, O¡go-



120

(1) X¡{hH CnmJ_ (Physiological Approach) … àmUr H s g§nyU© emar[aH {H« mAm|

H mo {Z`§{ÌV H aVm h¡ & CgH m Zm‹S r g§ñWmZ (Nervous System), emar[aH {dH mg,

d¥{Õ Am¡a ñdmñÏ` _w»` ê noU J«pÝW`m| VWm hma_moÝg H s {H« merbVm na {Z^©a H aVm

h¡ & Am¡a `o hma_moÝg d J«pÝW`m± g§Mm{bV hmoVr h¢ & Autonomic Nervous System

go & ZdOmV VWm J^©ñW {eewAm| Ho ì`dhma VWm gå~pÝYV g_ñ`mAm| H mo _w»`ê noU

Bg CnmJ_ Ûmam OmZm OmVm h¡ &

(2) à`moJmË_H CnmJ_ (Experimental Approach) : Bg CnmJ_ _| `h AÜ``Z {H m

Om gH Vm h¡ {H EH n[apñW{V {deof _| ì`{º {H g àH ma AmMaU H aoJm AWdm EH

{deof AmMaU dmo {H Z n[apñW{V/n[apñW{V`m| _| H aoJm & Bg CnmJ_ _| H m`© "{H Z'

H maUm| go ào[aV h¡ `h OmZZo H m à`mg hmoVm h¡ & AWm©V² H m`©-H maU gå~ÝY (cause

& effect relation)&

(3) {dH mgmË_H CnmJ_ (Developmental Approach) : Bg CnmJ_ Ho _mÜ`_ go

{dH mg H s J{V d _mÌm H s {deofVmAm| H s OmZH mar àmßV hmoVr h¡ & Bg CnmJ_ H m

_w»` CÔoí` `h h¡ {H O¡go-O¡go {eew ZB© {dH mg AdñWm _| nh þ±MVm h¡ V~ Cg_|

{d{^Þ é{M`m|, A{^d¥{Îm`m|, bjUm| H m {deof g_wƒ` (cluster) ~ZVm h¡ & hmbm±{H

J^©YmaU go `wdmdñWm VH {dH mg Ho H B© n[adV©Zm| H m hmoZm V` h¡ & {\ a ^r BZ

g_wÀM`m| H m {Z_m©U H B© {dH mg AdñWmAm| _| hmoVo XoIm J`m h¡ & Bgr{bE {dH mgmË_H

CnmJ_ H s Cn`mo{JVm h¡ & BgHo Ûmam {dH mg H s J{V, _mÌm d {dH mg H s {d{eï VmAm|

H s OmZH mar gånyU©énoU VWm AbJ-AbJ ^r àmßV hmoVr h¡ &

(4) ì`{º Ëd gå~ÝYr CnmJ_ (Personality Approach) - OÝ_ Ho gmW hr ì`{º Ëd

H m {Z_m©U ewé hmo OmVm h¡ & AbJ-AbJ ì`{º Ëdm| H m ì`dhma ^r AbJ hmoVm h¡ &

AV… ì`{º Ëd Ho erbJwUm| H mo AmYma^yV boH a ì`{º Ho ~mao _| ^{dî`dmUr Am{X H s

Om gH Vr h¡ &

~mb {dH mg EH {d{eï AÜ``Z àUmbr Ho ê n _| (Child development as a

special study approach) … ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m {dH {gV ê n h¡ ~mb {dH mg, {OgH s

AÜ``Z àUmbr H m EH {d{eï ê n h¡ & ~mb {dH mg _| {dH mgmË_H àH¥ {V H s g_ñ`mAm|

Ho AÜ``Z hoVw D namoº d{U©V àUm{b`m± h¢ (1) g_H mbrZ AÜ``Z àUmbr (2) XrK©H mbrZ

AÜ``Z àUmbr &



121

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H s Cn`mo{JVm VWm _hËd

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ H m {dH mg gÌhdt gXr go Amaå^ hþAm, Ed_² EH AË`ÝV _hËdnyU©

d¡km{ZH {df` h¡ & `h ~mbH H m d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z _Zmo{dkmZ Ho {gÕm§Vm| Ho AmYma na H aVr

h¡ &

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ EH {dYm`H {dkmZ h¡ {OgHo Xmo àH ma h¢ - (1) {Z`m_H (2)

{dYm`H

{Z`m_H {dkmZ Ho AÝVJ©V `h AÜ``Z {H m OmVm h¡ {H Š`m hmoZm Mm{hE VWm

{dYm`H {dkmZ Š`m h¡? na AÜ``Z H aVm h¡ &

~mbH Š`m h¡? Am¡a H¡ gm hmoZm Mm{hE, _mVm-{nVm H mo CgoH {bE Š`m H aZm Mm{hE

BË`m{X ~mVm| H mo ì`W© _hËd Z XoH a ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ _| `h XoIm OmVm h¡ {H ~mbH Š`m

h¡? Bgo H¡ go XoIm OmVm h¡ ? {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| _| O¡go d§emZwH« _, {ejm, dmVmdaU BË`m{X &

2. ~mb AÜ``Z … Bg_| _mÌ ~mbH H m hr AÜ``Z hmoVm h¡ & Bg_| _w»`V… {ZåZm§{H V ~mVm|

na AÜ``Z hmoVm h¡ &

(1) {dH mg … _mZ{gH , emar[aH , gm_m{OH , g§doJmË_H , Jm_, ~m¡{ÕH , Z¡{VH , Ym{_©H

BË`m{X &

(2) {dH mg na à^md S mbZo dmbo VËd … d§emZwH« _ Am¡a dmVmdaU

(3) A{YJ_ - {gÕmÝV, {Z`_, à^md S mbZo dmbo VËd

(4) àoaUm

(5) ñ_¥{V, {dñ_¥{V

(6) _yb àd¥{Îm`m±

(7) gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm`m± - gwPmd, AZwH aU,ghmZw y{V

(8) WH mZ

(9) Iob àd¥{Îm

(10) AmXV

(11) [MÝVZ

(12) g_m`moOZ

(13) Ü`mZ d ê {M



122

(14) _mZ{gH ñdmñÏ`

~mbH D namoº _Zmod¡km{ZH KQ H m| go {Kam ahVm h¡ & AV… ~mb _Zmo{dkmZ _| ~mbH

H m _Zmod¡km{ZH AÜ``Z H aVo h¢ &

(3) d¡km{ZH AÜ``Z - BgH s Xmo à_wI {d{Y`m± h¢ (1) {ZarjU (2) narjU

{ZarjU {d{Y {d{^ÝZ n[apñW{V`m| _| ì`dhma H s AÜ``Z àUmbr h¡ & Bg_| ì`dhma

H m AdbmoH Z {H m OmVm h¡ Am¡a narjU {d{Y _| à`moJ H a ì`dhma Ho gå~ÝY _| {ZîH f©

{H mbVo h¢ & `o XmoZm| hr {d{Y`m± H maU Am¡a n[aUm_ _| gå~ÝY Omo‹S Vr h¢ & AV… nyU©V… d¡km{ZH

h¡ & BZHo Abmdm gm§p»`H s {d{Y ^r h¡ {Og_| Am±H ‹S m| H m {díbofU {H m OmVm h¡ &

(4) J^m©dñWm go nyd© {H emoamdñWm Ho ~mbH H m AÜ``Z …

`h gd©{d{XV h¡ {H ~mbH H m {dH mg J^m©dñWm go hr àmaå^ hmo OmVm h¡ Bg{bE

~mb _Zmo{dkmZ _| Bg H mb H m AÜ``Z A{Zdm`© _mZm h¡ & My±{H ~mbH H m _mZ{gH d

emar[aH T m±Mm Bgr H mb _| nZnZo bJVmh¡ VWm H B© ~r_m[a`m± ^r hmoZo H s gå^mdZmE± hmoVr

h¢ & ~mbH Š`m|{H J^©ñW hmoVm h¡, _m± Ho ImZ-nmZ H m Aga ~mbH nan‹S Vm hr h¡ & `{X

_m± nm¡pîQ H Amhma Zht boVr Vmo ~mbH H m g_w{MV {dH mg AdéÕ hmo OmVm h¡ & e¡edmdñWm,

~më`mdñWm VWm nyd© {H emoamdñWm ^r AË`{YH _hËdnyU© h¡ & Š`m|{H BÝh| hr (formative

period) {Z_m©U H mb H hm OmVm h¡ & Bg H mb Ho {dH mg go hr AmYma{ebm ~ZVr h¡ &

~mbH Omo ^r {H« mE± d à{V{H« mE± H aVm h¡ dh _pñVîH AWdm dmVmdaU go hr Ow‹S r

hmoVr h¢ & O¡gm H s dmQ gZ Ûmam H hm J`m h¡ {H ì`dhma ì`{º Ûmam CÎmoOZmAm| H mo Xr J`r

à{V{H« mAm| H m `moJ h¡ & Bgr{bE BZH m AÜ``Z Amdí`H h¡ &



123

1. d¡{XH g§ñH¥ {V H m {dH mg, n¥. 602. _Zmo{dkmZ H s Eo{Vhm{gH ê naoIm, S m °. ga`wàgmX Mm¡~o, {dZmoX nwñVH _§{Xa, AmJam n¥. 143. F ½doX 10.58 10.904. ñdßZ, Xe©Z, n¥. 4-5, íbmoH 4…3…115. `Xm g§haVo Mm` H² _¡ÀJm±Zm±d gd©e … BpÝÐ`mYo}å`ñVñ` àkm à{V{ð Vm && 2…58 JrVm6. N ÝXmo½`mon{ZfX² 6…5…47. H R 1…2…18, JrVm 2 / 208. H R 1…3…39. Vwbgr ~mb - 11710. V¥Vr` _w§S H , {ÛVr` I§S , íbmoH 311. lr _hmXod XogmB© - JrVm Jm§Yr Ho AZwgma (A§J«oOr) n¥. 1112. lr _hmXod XogmB© - JrVm Jm§Yr Ho AZwgma (A§J«oOr) n¥. 1213. lr _hmXod XogmB© - JrVm Jm§Yr Ho AZwgma (A§J«oOr) n¥. 1214. JrVm, A. 7…515 JrVm, A. 7…416. JrVm, A. 14…3 VWm 417. JrVm, A. 1…118. JrVm, A. 1…1419. JrVm, A. 2…2020. JrVm A. 2…1321. JrVm A. 2…2222. JrVm A. 2…2223. JrVm A. 14…2524. JrVm AÜ`m` 2 íbmoH 55 go 6225. JrVm AÜ`m` 12 íbmoH 13 go 2026. ^maVr` Xe©Z gm{hË` B{Vhmg, n¥. 13027. JrVm AÜ`m` 2 íbmoH 5828. JrVm AÜ`m` 2, íbmoH 59 go 70 VH VËdmW© gyÌ 5-1629. pñWVàk Xe©Z - AmMm`© {dZmo~m, n¥. 1730. ^maVr` Xe©Zemó H m B{Vhmg, n¥. 13031. ^maVr` VËd {MÝVZ, n¥ 1532. ~m¡Õ Xe©Z n¥. 22533. amYmH¥ îUZ² ^mJ - 1 n¥. 413-41434. ^raVr` VËd {MÝVZ, n¥. 9535. ~m¡ÕY_© Xe©Z, n¥. 22536. amYm H¥ îUZ, ^mJ 1 n¥. 413-41437. ~m¡ÕY_© Xe©Z, n¥. 22538. ~m¡ÕY_© Xe©Z, n¥. 22539. dmë_rH s Am¡a Vwbgr, S m °. am_àH me AJ«dmb, n¥.40. `moJd{eð EÊS _mS ©Z WmQ² g, S m °. ~r Eb AmÌo

g§X^© gyMr



124

41. doXm§Vr` _Zmo{dkmZ Ho Hw N nhby, S m °. OmdS oH a, n¥. 7742. Vñ` gwIXw…Io BÀN mÛofm¡ à`ËZ… àmUmnmZm¡ CÝ_of {Z_ofm¡ ~w{Õ…

_Z… g§H ënm¡ {dMmaUm ñ_¥{V… {dkmZ§ AÜ`dmgm`… {df`monpãYíM JwUm…- gwlwV g§{hVm, em. ñWmZ A. 1…17.

43. eara§ {h gËd_Zw{dYr`Vo gËd§ M eara-MaH g§{hVm em. ñWmZ 8…36{gŠg doO Am °\ ZmoB§J - S m °. S r.E_. XÎm`moJ dm{eï _hmam_m`U, ^mJ 1,2B©ída H¥ îU a{MV gm±»` H m[aH m 23 go 35 VH gËd_wÀ`Vo_Z… VÀN arañ`VÝÌH§ AmË_Zo `moJmV² MaH g§{hVm {d. ñWmZ 8…119dmQ² gZ H m Moï mdmX - {~ho{d`[aÁ_

44. {X nmoOr{Q d gmB§g Am °\ E§erEÝQ {hÝXyO - S m °. ~r.EZ. grb45. ^maVr` Xe©Z n¥. 31346. ^maVr` Xe©Z n¥. 24947. `moJd{eï EÊS _moS ©Z WmoQ² g, S m °. ~r.Eb. AmÌo , n¥. ....48. dmpë_H s Am¡a Vwbgr, S m °. am_ àH me AJ«dmb, n¥....49. doXmÝVr` _Zmo{dkmZ Ho Hw N nhby, S m °. OmdS oH a, n¥. 7750. Hw amZ ear\ gwam 5 Am`V 48151. {hÝXr amï mfm H moe … n¥. 114652. A_aH mof… 1…4…3153. \ mCÊS oeZ Am ° gmBH mbm °Or-E\ .Or. ~mo[aJ54. EZ BÝQ moS ŠeZ Qy gmoeb gmBH mbmOr-_¡H Sw Jb55. _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a OrdZ … bmbOram_ ewŠb, ZÝX{H emoa EÊS ~«Xg©, dmamUgr, 194756. Yr nmo{OQ rd gm`Ýg Am °\ E§er`ÝQ {hÝXw, S m °. grb, n¥. 5957. Child Development - 1974, Pg. 17858. A {S ŠgZar Am °\ gm`H mobm °Or, 196859. EZgmBŠbmonr{S m Am ° gm`H mobm °Or - 197260. Child Development - 197460. Child Development & Personality - 197461. _Zmod¡km{ZH gåàXm`, S m °. am_H be nmÊS o, n¥. 84



d¡{xh `wjrz zmo{dkmz h m g§{jßv b{vhmg -...

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