•

E. ll. MA M E ill 11 H

HAW rOPOLl

3aMeTKH apXHTeKTOpa

XABAPOBCKOE KHl1)1(HOE 113.llA T.EJibCTBO

1958

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Xa6apoBCK RBJ!Retcsi Oll.HHM H3 cpaeHHTeJibHO 'MOOO.!lblX H B TO >Ke epeM!I 3H8'1HTeJibHblX ropO.!lOB CoeetcKoro Coio3a. Ero no.!lnHHHb'A pacueet ua· 'lanc11 ronbKO ii ro.luil CoeeTCKoA enactH. 3a 3TO epeMR H3 ManeHbKont saxonycrttoro ropoll.Ka 6ble­weA PoccHACKOH HMnepHH OH npeepatHJICR B Kpyn­HeHWHA HHl.lYCTPlllaJibHblA, KYJibtypttblil H uay'IHblA lleHTP Ha BOCTOKe ctp3Hbl COUH8JIH3Ma.

Bpowiop:f cHaw ropo.!l> HanHcaua apxH· -reKTOpOM E . .n. MaMeWHHblM, ll.J!Htenhuoe epeMR pa6otaIOUlHM e Xa6apoecKe, H no npoeKTaM KOTO· poro nocrpoeu pRJl 34auttA. Aerop >KHBO H HHtepec­Ho p3CCK83l>IB3eT 0 TOM, K8K CTpoHJICR, poc; xopo­wen H npeo6pa:1Kanc11 Xa6apoecK H KaKHM eme 6o· .Jlee npeKpaGllblM OH CTaHeT B ue4aneKOM 6yJl)'llteM •

•

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803HHHHOBEHHE H PA38HTHE XA6APOBCHA

H CTOPl15I Xa6aposcKa c MOMeHTa em ocHoBaHHH OXB8Th1Baer scero JJHUib OJlHO CTOJJeTHe. 19 MaH 1858 roAa1 Ha npaBoM 6epery AMypa, HH:>Ke

BnaJJ.eHHH B Hero peKH YccypH (Ha Mecre HaHaA:cKoro croit-6Blll.a EypH) 6blJJO ocHoBaHo soeHuoe noce.neHHe 13.-ro Bo­croqeo-CH6HpcKoro JJHHeAuoro 6araJJbOHa - Xa6apo8Ka.

BhlCOKHH 6eper noJJHOBOAHOH peKH, noKphlTblH necaMH, caMOH npHpOJlOH KaK lihl lihlJJ npe.nuaaHa'leH He TOJlbKO AJIH crpoHTeJJbCTBa soeuuoro nocra, HO H ropoAa.

«Xai6apoBKa, nocrasJJeHHaH Ha npeBOCXOAHOM, BOOBhl­llleHHOM 6epery AMypa H YccypH, npH oKoHlfaTeJibHOM HX CJJHHHHH, - IlHCaJJ 8 CBOHX BOCilOMHHaHHHX H38eCTHblH ·reo-

nepBbUl iJOM nepeceMHijeB 8 OK.peCTHOCTllX Xa6apOBCIUJ ( KpacHa11 PeicK.a).

1 .Ito 14 lj>eepan11 1918 roAa .ll3Thl .ll3JOTCll no· CTapoMy CTKJJJO.

:2 Haw rop0.11 3

rpacp M. 11: BeHJOKOB,. noceTHBllIHH CTaHHUY scKope noCJie ee OCHOBaHHH, - npe.ncTaBJJHJJa yTellIHTe.llbHbIA BHJI.. 3.itecb pa60Tbl {[OJI. }'[llpaBJJeHHeM TOfO :lKe (KalIHtaHa. - E. M.) .UbHtteHKo, KorophlA B npollIJJOM roAy cTponJI cTaHHUY Ky­MapcKyJO, llIJIH OtJeHb ycnenrno, BOOHHK8JIH He TOJlbKO .ll.OMa, HO H JiaBKH c TOaa_paMH ... >1•

1-lepea nHTb JieT noCJie OCHOBaHHH nocra B HeM H8C'IH­ThlB8JI0Cb, }')Ke 167 pa3JIHtIHhlX CTpOeHHA, paCKHHYBllIHXCH BJJ;OJib 6epera AMYJ>a. Ha -cesepo-3ana;:i;HoM cKJioHe CpeA­Heii rophl,. s ycrbe pe'IIKH Bapu (HbIHe 1..JepJJ.hIMOBKa) pas­Meruanecb ;:i;oMa soeHa'llaJihHHKa, KasapMhl, inponnaHTOKHe CKJia.ll.bl H npo'l!He crpoeHHH BOeHHOfO 6aT8JlbOlHI.; Ha IOfO­BOCTO'IJHOM cKJioHe 3roii ropbl, B paiioHe ycTbH pe'IIKH Xa6a­posKe (renepb 0JllOCHHHKa) - :lKHJihle )J;OMa H TOpf:OBble JI3BKH «CJIY:lKHJIOI'O> JllO.ll.a.

«Dpu cpaBHHTeJibHO M8JIOM 'IJHCJie CTpoeHHH, - OTMe­qaJI B .ll.Opo:lKHhlX 3anncKax «CToes.n.Ka Ha AMyp> HSBeCTHblii ny6JIHUHCT C. MaKCHMOB, - Xa6aposKa Ka:lKeTCH npu Bhi- . es.ll.e c AMypa 60JibllIHM, JIJO.ll.HhlM u xopolllo o6crpoeHHblM ceJieHeeM. .UoMa AMypcKOA KOMIIlaHHH, 3acrpoeHHble no­O.ll.aJib 3a ooparnM Ha OTJleJibHOH npHKPYTOCTH ('110 Hanpa­BJieHHIO K Yccypu); B o6rueM BH.ll.e Xa6apoBcKoro ceneJfHst urpalOT He nOCJie)l.HIOIO ·pOJib H B CBOIO oqepe.ll.b 3Ha'IJHTeJib­HO .ztonoJIHHJOT csoeo6pa3HOCTb 3TOfO JiaH.n.macpra>. HeTpo­HYTbIH npn6pe:lKHhIH ca.zt npoH3BO.ll.HT npeKpacHoe sne'l!aT­neHue. cC O.ll.HOro nyHKTa 3Toro ca.zr.a, c o.zr.Hoii nnorua.ll.K ero, - npo.n.on:lKaeT asrop, - BHJl.Ha BCH saTeiinnsasr H xuTpoo<5p,yMaHHasr nocrpoAKa Xa6aposKH... Xa6apoBKY .zr.on­:>KHhl Mbl OTHeCTH K 'IJHCJIY Jly'l!llIHX, Kpac1rneHllIHX MeCT no eceMy JJ.JIHHHoMy Te'lleHHJO AMypa u roroBhl, no:lKa.nyft, npu-3HaTh sa HeJO see BhlfO.ll.bI H · npenMyruecrsa JJ.JIH Toro, 'lfr0-6hl CeJieHHIO 3TOMY ~ speMeHeM npespaTHTbCSI B !f0POJ1>2 -

BJIH30CTb rpaHHU. KHTaH, Bhlro.n.Hocrb pacnono:lKeHHSt Ha BaJKHeA:wex ;:i;nH roro speMeHH BOJl.HhIX aprepusrx - pex.ax AMyp e Y<:<:ypu - cnoco6cTBoeanu 61:icrp0My poCTy Xa6a­posKH He TOJlbKO KaK BOeHHOfO nocra, HO H KaK 3Ha'IJHTenb­HOro roprOBOl'O UeHrpa CTpwe.MypbH. 3.zr.ecb, Ha TaK Ha3bl­B8eMOM MaHb'IIJKypcKoM pbIHKe, wna 6oiiKaH ( 6ecnom11ui1-Hasr) TOPfOB-!ISI co6omnrn e npo'l!HMH u.eHHOCTHMH no npuu-

1 M . H. BeHIOKOB. ~1yTewecTaH11 no DpuaMypbK>, K.uTaK> H Sloo­HHB, J{anbl'll3, 1952, C1'p. 97.

t c. MaKCHMOB, Ha BocroKe. noes.nKa Ha AMyp (B 1860 -1861 rr.), Cn6, 1864, CTp. 238-239.

4

llepsbla nAaH eopooa (asTop - 3eM.1t~ep M. Jbo6eHcKua).

UHny: «ECJIH Ha py6Jib HeJlb3H 3apa6or8Tb B ro.n. TpH, TO He CTOHT 6paTb .n.eHbfH B pyKH» (H. Ilp:>KeBaJibCKHA).

He TOJibKO crpaTern11ecKHe coo6pa)l{eHHH H pa3BHTHe TOproBJIH ol5ycJIOBHJIH pOCT nocTa, HO H npoHBHBlllHHCH B rnecrn.n.ecHThIX ro.n.ax npowJioro cToJieTHH HHTepec pyccKo­ro rocy.n.apcTBa K 3ace.neHHJO )laJibHero BocToKa.

Oc.HoaaHHbIH B xo.n.e pernemrn <<AMypcKoro Bonpoca» Xa.6apooc1rnii BoeHHhIH noc1 HBJIHJIC.st ..n;aJieKo He nepBbIM no­ceJieHHeM B paifoHe Cpe.n.Hero AMypa. 0.n.Ha'Ko cTpOHTeJih­cTBY 3Toro nocra, KaK crpa:>Ky Ha AMype, 3aKpbIBa~uneMy nyTb OT rpaHHUbI B rJiylib pyCCKHX 3eMe.Jib, npH,U.aBaJIOCb , Ba:>KHOe 3HatieHHe.

B 1864 ro.n.y o6JiaCTHOH 3eMJieMep M. Jl106eHCKHH npo­H3BeJI Ton'orpa<t>a11ecKy10 C'beMKY H COCTaBH.11 «TIJiaH npoeK­THpyeMoro .ropo.u.a H3 cym.ecrsy10mero no p. AMypy IIOCTa Xa6apoBCKoro TipHMopCKou b6JiaCTH BocT011HoH: Cu6HpH» " (CTp. 5). 4epTe:>K 3TOro [JJJaHa .n.aeT ,lJ.OBOJlbHO OTqe-TJJHBOe .

npe.n.cTasJieHHe Q 3aMhICJie C03.UaBaeMoro ropo,u.a. IlpHpOJIHbie yCJIOBHSI - 6eper AMyp.a, TJIYOoKHe oBparn

H 1fl3.ll.H peqeK - HBHJIHCb 3,Uecb ompaBHbIMH apxHTeKTYPHO­nJJaHHpoBOlJ.HhIMH <t>aKTOpa.MH B opraHH33UHH ropo,u.CKOH TeppHropHli. TI0.u11HHHS1Cb 3THM yCJios1ts1M, aBrop npoeKTa pa3MecTHJI ~acTpOHKY Ha Tpex ropax c HpKO Bbipa)l{eHHbIMH Hx KOMII03HUHOHHhIMH ueHTpaMH. CpeJI.HHH ropa - 3To ro­poncKoii ~eHTp; YccypHHCKaH H BoeHHaH rophI - ero oK­paHHbl.

_3THM nepBbtM npoeKTOM H 6blJia HaMeqeHa nepcneKTHBa npeBparn;eHHH nocTa B ropo.u. H onpe.u.e.netta CHCTeMa ero yJIHtIHOH ceTH. Ha TeppHTopH~ 190_ ,u.ecHTHH - OT AMypa .u.o yJIHUbl 8-A (HhlHe BOJ1011ae'.BcK08) H OT MaHbtJ:>Kypcxoro plllHKa (Hhrne YJJHU.bI 3aropo.n.Holi) .no ymu.1.hl HHKOJ.IaeB­CKOH {HbIHe CoseTcKoii) --;- 6bIJia HaJIO)l{eHa 6eaJIHKaH ceT­Ka nJiaHa yca.ne6HoA aacTpoHKH.

Cpe.nH 3TOH ceTKH peJibe<t>Ho BbtpHCOBhtBaJiaCb 3aCTpoH:".' Ka npH6pe:m.rJioe noJJOChI AMypa H OCHOBHhIX YJIHU ropo.na.: Xa6apoBcxofl .{ttbiue · Kap.7Ia ~apKca), YccypHHCKon (Hhl­He JleHHHa) H AMypcKO·ii (flhIHe. Cepblrne-aa). 3.necb pa3Me­maJIHCb rJJaBHble 3JJeMeHTht rrpoewrapyeMoro .ropo,u.a: .ro­poJ(CKas paTyrna, rocTHHbIH ,Il.BOp, BOeHHblH fOCilMT3Jib, uep­KBH, n-0.nHUeikKHe yqaCTKH, Ka3apMhl, npHCYfCTBeHHble Me­CTa H see Ka3eHHhie 3,n.aHHSI, a TaK:>Ke yqacnrn ,n.JIH cTpoH~ T€'JibCTB8 .lJ.OMOB rpa,u.oHa1laJibHHK3 H UepKOBHOCJIY}IUt:TeJieft. Bcff :>Ke ocTaJibHaH ceTKa KBap1aJioB, c Hx cephIMH .nepe-·

· 6

BSIHHhIMH, CTpoeHHHMH, 6blJia cnp.HTaHa 38 «KOpH,nopaMH:. rJiaBHblX YJIHU, KOTOpble H ,nomKHbl 6hlJIH onpe.AeJIHTh «na­pa,nuoe> JIHUo 6y,ny~ro ropo.Aa.

Me*AY Te-M B03MOJKHOCTH Xa6apoBKH .AaJieci<o He OTBe-11aJIH 3TOMY napa..nHoMy pellleHHIO nJiaHa, paBHO KaK H -rpe-6oBaHHSIM 3aCTpoiiKH 3an poeKTH:pQBaHl:lhlX M arncTpaJieA.

HecMoTpH Ha Bee 3TH «rpa..nocTp Mh~hle» cTapa1uu1, Xa6aposKa JI.oJiroe speMH ocTaBaJI&Ch Ha rioJio)l{eHHH BoeH­Horo noce.TieHHH, pa·3BHTHe ·KOTOporo lllJIO MeJI.JieHHO, a )l{H3Hh TeKJia OJI.Hoo6pastto H cKy11uo.

28 anpeJIH 1.880 ro,na XaoapoBCKHH nocT 6hlJI ao3ae_ueH B cTeneHb iropo.n;a, H cro.a.a 6hIJIH 111epeBe.AeHhl H3 HHKoJiaea­cKa-Ha-AMype ace 'o6JI8CTHhle BOeHHble H rpaJK.AaHCKHe yq­peJK.n;eHHH TipHMopcKoii o6Jiacni. C 3Toro MOMeHTa Xaoa· pOBKa Hat{HHaeT nocTeneHHO 3aC1'p3HB3TbCH .H pacnrnpHTb· cs1. Bo3HHKaIOT 3HaqHTe.JibHhie no TeM BpeMeHaM nocTpOHKH o6JiaCTHOro rpaJK,naMCKoro ynpaBJieHHSI, K33Ha'tleHCTB3, qa­CTHhle .LlOMa . H Mara3HHhl. Ha Cpe.AHe:H rope crpoHTCH ro­poJI.cKaSI ynpaaa, no11Ta H TeJierpacp. Xa6apoaKa cTaHOBHT­cH He TOJibKO ooeHHblM, HO H rpa:>K.Ll3HCKHM. H8CeJieHHblM nyHKTOM c «ropoJI.CKHM noJioJKeHHeM», c pyKoBOJl.HIUHM crpOHTeJfbHblM opraHOM - KOMHreTOM (003)1,Hee 3aMeHeH KOMHCCHefi) no yctpoH:cray Xa6apoBKH.

B 1880 .roJI.y 6hlJI cocr.aaJieH HOBblH nJiaH 3actpoiiKH Xa­oapoBKH ( a1BTOp .npoeKTa - o6JI3CTHOH 3e'MJieMep· TionOB), KOTOpbIA B caoefl OCHOBe HBJIHJICH JIOrHtJeclKHM npo:­Jt.OJI)l{eHHeM nepB'OHallaJibHOfO llIJiaHa, 'B H3BOCTHOH Mepe OTKOppeKTHpOB3HHOfO. Tio 3TOMY DJiaHy npoeKTHpyeM8SI 3a­CtpOHKa pacnrnpHJiacb ;llo HhlHelllHeii yJIHUhl MocKOBCKQH, a ropoJI.cKoe KJia.A6nme, Haxo,nHameecSI Ha Mecre TenepemHefl IlJIO~a)l.H .HMeH·H JleHHHa, 'BbIHOCHJIOCb 3a rnpo.ztCKYIO qepTy.

B 1888 ro,ny y11peJK,naercSI ,n:.oJIJKHOCTh ropo,nc:Koro apxu-· TeKTOpa, o6.H33HHOCTH KOToporo HCnOJIHHJI BOeHHbIH HHJKe­Hep n. Ba3.HJieBCKHH. Ha 3TH opraHbl npHKa30M BOeHHoro .ry6epnatopa B03JlaraJiacb o6H3aHHOCTb ctporo CJJe)l.HTb 3a . TeM, 11T06bl BCe HOBhle H nepecTpa1rnaeMhle CTpoeHHH BeJIHCb no nJiaHy H JI.OMa cTpoHJIHCb Ohl no YJIHUaM «JIHaeH:HO», TO ecTb no KpacHhlM JIHHHHM. BMecTe c 3THM 3anpem.aJioc& qa­CTHhlM JIHUaM CTpOHTb .LlOMa «Ha aceM npoctpaHCTBe ?de>K­JI.Y ca,noM, Xa6aposcKoll yJiuueA H pe11Koli Xa6apoBKOH (DJIIQCHHHKOH:).., B pa:HoHe TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH flmocHHHCKOH Ila.AH, TaK KaK 3TO npocTpaHCTBO npe,nHa3HatJaeTCH IlO)J. no­CTpOHKY .LlO~OB ry6epHaTOpa H ueHTpaJibHbIX yqpe>KAeHHJl

7

rpa>K,ll,aHcKoro H BOeHHoro Be.llOMCTB ... Bee npoHaae)leHHble H npoH3Bo.zunuHeCH aonpeKH nnaHy H 6ea oco6oro pacn·o­pH>KeHHH ry6epHaTOpa Ha yKa3aHHOM npocrpaHCTBe qacT­Hbie IlOCTpOHKH 6y .llYT CHeceH~, KaK TOJibKO nOCJie.zr.yeT pac­nop.H>KeHHe K B03Be)leHHIO Ka3eHHblX nocTpoeK"> (flpHKa3 .N2 2986 OT 4 HOH6ps 1880 to)la).

O~HaKo 3TOT npHKaa npHBHBancH nnoxo H BCKope 6blJI 3a61n. Ha yKa38HHOM cnpocTpaHCTBe» ropo.ncKHM TysaM npe)locTa&ijHJIHCb yqacTKH «Ha npaae Bequoro Bna.neHHH Ha OTBOAHMYJO seMnlO, KaK ero co6crneHHy10:. ,ll.Jl.ff CTpoHTeJib­CTBa ~.llH03T3>KHbIX pa3HOKanH6epHbIX :>KHJiblX ,ll.OMOB ..

5 HIOJl.H 1884 ro,ll.a .ropo)l Xa6apoBKa o61»IBJIHeTCH pe-3H.U.eHUHeli BHOBb o6pa30BaHHOI'O flpHaMypCKoto reHepan­ry6epHaropCTBa, Bhl.lleJieHHoro H3 cocTaBa . BocToqHoH CH-6HpH1 •.

flo nepenHCH 1884 TO,lla B Xa6apOBKe HaCqHTblBanOCb 4 807 qe.rroBeK H 855 >KHJibIX cTpoeHHit Ha CTa pHHHoii rpa - . BIOpe (.cTp. 9) H3oopa::>KeHa Xa6aposKa Tex JieT.

· Bospocmee ·.a.zi;MHHHCTJ>aTHBHoe H aoeHHo-noJIHTuqecKoe 3HaqeHHe ropo.na )leJiaeT ero npuMaHKOH .U.JIH Kyn·uoa, qff­HOBHHKOB H pa3Horo po)la TeMHbIX )leJibUOB H asaHTIOpH­CTOB, HCK3BIIIHX JierKOH Ha>KHBbl. Ha sapa6oTKH H Ha no­CTOHHHOe ::>KHTeJibCTBO CIO)la THHYJJHCb H CJiy::>KamHe ropro­'BbIX npe.llllPH.HTHH, peMecJieHHHKH H KpeCTb.HHe.

27 OKT.H6pH 1893 ro)la .MH J1yt1IIIero coasyt1HH Xa6apos­Ka 6hlna nepeHMeHosaHa B ropo.n Xa6apoBCK, a ero rnaa­HaH yJIHUa BoJihIIIaH - a MypasheB-AMypcKyro (HbIHe y.rtuua Kapna MapKca).

B )leBHHOCTblX ro.nax npoIIInoro cTOneTHH uapCKHMH BJiaCT.SIMH 6blJI cpqHHeH H BblCOlJaHIIIe yTBep:>K,lleH rep6 )I.JI.SI rnpo.na Xa6aposcKa. Ha HeM 6hln nao6pa>KeH seHoK H3 KOJIOCbeB, OKaHMneHHblH neHTOH H yaeHq3HHhlfl BblJIO»<:eH­HOH H3 KaMHeu uapcKoii KopoHoit B BeHKe 6bln noMem,eH ill.HT c H306pa::>KeHHeM Tpex «OrHeii a-eqHOCTH'>' CJIHHHHH pen: AMypa H Y ccypJ.f H pb16bi.rop6yurn. Bee 3TO, BH.U.HMO, 03Ha­tiaJio, qTQ Xa6apm3cKy, pacnOJio>KeHHoMy B .naneKoM Yccy­PHHCKOM Kpae, npe)lonpe.neJIHeTcH aechMa cKpOMHaH ponh, H rto.n11epKHBano ero ooeHHoe aHaqeHHe. YI .neikTBHTenbHO, Xa6aposcK .nonroe apeMH ocTaaancH 3axonycTHhlM ropo-

i B. cocTae TipHaMypcKoro reHepan-ry6epHaTopc'I'Ba BOWJlH AMyp­cKaH, TipHMO~KaH, 3a6aAKaJibCKaH H no3.Zl·He~ o6pa3oeaHHble KaM­lJ3TCKBR H CaxaJJHHCKaH otSnacrH.

8

1-1

Xa6apos1Ca c AMypa (80-e eoQw npotuAoeo c1011,eruR). C epasfOpbl E. Eopa1C0Bc1Cow.

,llOM, KOTOpbI:H MO)KHO 6blJIO Haihu He Ha Ka>K,l{OH Kapre Pocc~AcKoA HMiiepuu.

Hu npupoAHhle AaHHhle, HH rpoMKasi peKJiaMa H KaH­ueJisipcKue UHPKYJIHphl HaMecTHHKa Kpasi o nJiaHosoli aacT­ponKe He CilOCOOCTBOB3JIH yJiyqweHHIO 'BHewHero o6JIHK3 ropo.na. Xa6apoBCK no-npe)l{HeMy coxpaHHJI llepn>1 OOJib­wou ne6JiaroycTpoeHHOi AepeBHH. Ero wupoKHe, IlbIJibHble JieTOM H rpnaHhle oceHbIO YJIHUhl 6blJIH ne Mom.eHbI H 6ea 'I'poTyapou. no f Jl3·BHOH YJIHUe B .l{O>KAJIHBYIO noro.zi;y c Tpy~ )\OM npoe3>K3JIH JIOIIIa.l{H c nyCTbIMH Te.neraMH, 06.n.asaH rpsiabIO npoxo>KHX. Mocros s ropoAe He 6blJIO, H coo6me­HHe Me:>KAY «UeHTpOM» H «OKpaHH3MH» npoHCXOAHJIO s6poA qepea pe1!KH IlJIIOCHHHKY H 4epAhIMOB~y. 3HMOH yJIHUhI 3a­CbmaJio cHeroM, H HHKTO ero He y6HpaJI. ' C HacrynJieH·HeM cyMepeK ropo,ll norpy>KaJicsi BO MpaK. 3aTO cpeAH 3TOH rpsi-3H H TbMbI Ha BblCOKOM rpaHHTHOM IlOCTaMeHTe ropAeJIH'BO aoashiwa.tJacb 6poH30sasi q>Hrypa renepaJI..1ry6epHaropa Bo­croqHoH CHt5HpH Mypasbesa-AMypcKoro. He 6bIJI ocTaBJieH 6ea no11ecTH H uecapeBH1I HHKOJiafi ll, 6yAymHli «HMnepaTOp scesi PycH>, npHCYTCTBOBaswHA 29 MaH 1891 ro.l{a npu OT­KpbITHH naMSITHHKa rpaQ>y Mypashesy-AMypcKoMy. B ero 1JeCTb 6bIJia coopy:>KeHa TJ>HYM<f>aJibH8SI apKa, CHMBOJIH3Hpo­BaBW3H KopoHy uapcKoro caMOAep>Kash:si.

A Me:>KAY TeM ropoA no11TH cnJIOWb cocTOHJI ua nocepes­wnx OAH03Ta>KHbIX noC'rpoeK. TeppHropm1, 3aHHTaH rrio,a: 3a­cTpoAKoH, H3C1IHTbIBaJia JIHIIIb 170 JI.eCSITHH, a Kan'HT3Jib­HbJX crpoeHHH 6blJIO Bcero 792. TOJibKO KOe-.r,l{e OAHHOKO CTOSIJIH KHpnH1IHhle 3A3HHH: YcneHCKHH co6op, AOM reHe­paJI-ry6epnaTOpa, rapHH30HHoe co6paHHe, rraynTBaxTa H He­CKOJibKO 11acTHhlX JI.OMOB. TaKosa 6hlJia Q>H3HOHOMHH Xa6a­poBcKa B Ha1JaJie ,neBHHOCTbIX fO.l{OB.

B 1893 .ro11.y 6blJI cocTaBJieH Tpe1'HH «IlJiaH cym.ecTBy-10m.ero ropo.na Xa6aposcKa c noKa3aHHeM npe.l{noJiaraeMo-ro nepeyC'rpoikTBa H pacnpocTpaHe1tHH>. 0.n.HaKo nJiaH 3TOT HHKaKoro «nepeycrpoAcma> He npeAnoJiaraJI, a JIHlllh yJJ.­JIHHSIJI CJIO>KHBWYIOCH OOTKY YJIHU. OH He coAep>KaJI KaKHX­JIHOo HOBblX rpa.n.ocrpoHTeJihHhIX H.l{eH, 1f.rHOpHpOB3JI 6Jia- ' • royCT~CTBO H He npe.zi;ycMaTJJHBaJI <t>a6puqH0-33BO.l{CKoro CTPQH.TeJibCTBa. Ero peryJIHpy10m.ee 3Ha11eHHe 6biho Heae.nn-Ko, H B H81IaJie xx CTOJieTHH "l OH npespaTHJICSI B npOCTOH JIHCT 6yM8.fH. .

Bonpochl aacTpoAKH pernaJIHCb TaK, KaK 1'pe6osaJIH yc­TaHoBHBwHecH B ropOACKOH ynpase o6bI113H H Tpa,ll.HUHH,

10 1 N»,

06Uiuu sua zopoaa Xa6aposc1ea (1R9J e.).

ro ecTb CTpOHTeJibCTBo lllJIO 6ecn·J1aH0Bo, CTHXHHHo. · TaK, sonpeKH nJiaHy H HHTepecaM 3acTpoiiKH ropo.Aa, y>Ke c 169~ ~o~~ B. !f~!VIX petJe.K TIJI.JOCHHHKH H l..Jep,nbIMOBKH c.na­BaJJ;IIC~ ·~ · .apeH,ll,HOe IlOJlb30B'BHHe M€CTa IlOA CTpOHTeJibCTBO KyaiiHiJ. H. M:acTephHx. B 1899 roily noJ.J.o6Hoe cTpouTMbcT.:. BO 6bl4.9 3~npetiJ,eHo, HO B3SITOtIHHlJeCTBO H HHW.eHCKHil ro- . po.ll,CKO~ 610.ivKeT 'BCKOpe no6y,nHJIH MeCTHblX 3anpaBHJI K c,naqe 3THX yqacTKOB IlOA «BpeMeHHoe> cTpOHTe.TibCTBO.

JieeMoTp~ iia HeKotopbIH: 31mHoMHtJecKHii H TeppHTopH­aJll?.HblH_ poci, Xa~apoBCK ·Bee etµ.e ocTaBaJicH o,nHHM H3 HaH-6oJiee saxcJiycTHbI~ H 3a6btT.hIX yroJIKOB u.apcKofl PoccHH~ .Ilpo.Mblm.Tieffflo~Tb -B ropo.ne OTC)'TCTBOBaJI?, a- ·em- 3acTpo­eHHaSI TeppHTOpHH 6bIJia He3H3lJHT€JlbHa. fopo.n COCT051JI

:- ~cero JIHlllb H3 120 pe,nKO 38CTpoeHHblX KBapTaJIOB - Ha 'J'~PPHTOpHH OT AMypa .no y;niu.bl rorom1 H OT YccypH -­A<> HhlHellIHeH:. yJIHU.hI CoBeTCKOH.

, 0TopsaHl1'.hli1: 6ea,nopmKbeM OT o6w.ecmeHHOH )l{H3HH ~rpa1ni.- Xa6apoacK npo3SI6aJI. Ero cTpo1ne.TibCTBO lllJIO ~e,llJleHHO, H K:a3aJIOCb, ttTo TeppHTopHH, onpe.neJieHHOH rIJia­HOM 1893 ro.na, ,xBaTHT Ha MHOro ,necHTKOB JieT. 0,nHaKO s. Y•'

~QH1"e .AeBSIHOCThlX ro)l.OB B pa3BHTHH ropo.u;a npo:H30llleJI B~}l{HeHllIHH nepeJIOM. 3~0T nepeJIOM 6hlJI Bb13B3H BO.eHHO..: cnpaTefHlJecK}JMH H 3KOHOMHtteCKHMH coo6pa)KeHHSIMH u.a­Pll3Ma, Ha J(aJibHeM BocToKe H CBH3aHHhlM c HHM cTpou­Te.TibCTBOM )l{eJie3HhIX . .Aopor. Tiocne.nHee o6CTO.ffTeJibCTBO He MOtJio He oTpa3HT~SI ~a cy.Ab6e Xa6aposcKa, 3aHHMaB­f!lerd u.eHTpaJihHoe noJio>KeHHe B ~pae. ' . B 1897 ro.ny 6bIJIO OTKpblTO ,nBH>KeHHe no . Ycc.ypuik~ofr ~eJieaao:H .Aopore Me>K,ny BJia,nHBOCTOKOM H Xa6apoacKoM (ToprosaR npHCTaHb), a B 1903 .ro.ny - no KuTaHcKo-Bo-croqHOH )f(eJie3HOH .AOpore (KB)l(l:(), npoJIO)l{eHHoA Poccu­eii ttepe3 MaHM)l{ypHIO, oT l.JHTbI JJ.O BJia,nHaocToKa. TaKHM o6paaoM, JllfHHH pMbCOBhlX nyreA coeAHHHJIH Xa6apoBClC· c TipHMOp&eM, a TaK)l{e c ropo.A3Mij ;3a6aHK3JlbH H ~H6HpH.

Pa3BHTHIO ropo.Aa cnoco6crnosaJia H 06ocTpHBIUa.s1cH B<>eHHaH o6cTaHOBKa Ha .JlaJibHeM BocToKe B HatJaJie XX CTOJieTHH.

~~-6apOBCK npe~paw.aeTC.ff B a,AMHHHCTpaTHBHblH H BO­eHHblH u.eHTP ,l:;I.a.iibHero BocToKa 1• Bee 3TO, ecTecTBeHHO,. Bbl3B3JIO Heo6xo,n.HMOCTb C03JI.3HHSI MeCTHOH npOMblIIIJieH­HOCTH. B ropo.ne IlOHBHJIHCb nepBble npe.AnpHHTHSI: «Apce-

1 C 1903 no 1906 roJI. Xa6aposcK .RBJIHJICH yesJI.HblM ropoJI.oM 11

.BXOJI.HJI B COCTaB IlpHMopclmA o6nacTH.

12

,•

MypaBbeB-AMypc1wR (HblHe

HaJI>. MexaHHlleCKHe MacTepcKHe OcHnOBCKoro aaTOH~ (AMypCKOH c)>JIOTHJIHH)' napoBaff MeJlbJIHUa, nanHp~HaH cpa6pHK8, BHHOKypeHHbIH, nHBOBapeHHbIH H KHpnHllHblH aa­BO.llhl, a TaK>Ke JIOCOnHJIKH H n'pollHe MeJIKHe npe.n.npHHTHSI, npOJJ.YKUHff KOTOpbIX B He3HallHTeJibHOM KOJIHlJ:eCTBe Hanpa­BJHIJiaCb B rny6b KpaH.

1( 9TOMY epeMeHH pacurnp.HeTCH cy.llOXQ.lI.CTBO Ha AMy_­pe H YccypH, H Xa6apoBcK npeBpam.aercH B ToproBblfl u.eHTP H nepeeaJIOllHYJO 6aay ToBapos, H.llym1:1x no AMypy H >Ke-Jie3Ho:H Jlopore. · . ·

OrKpbITHe ,ll,BH:>KeHHSI no Yccypm'kKoH: >KeJie3HoH: .u.opo­re, p~3BHTHe pe1rnoro noprn :H B03HHKHOBeHHe npoMhlllIJieH­HhIX npe.llnpHHTHH - see 3TO Bbl.3BaJio ycHJieHHbIH pocT ro­po,[J.a n ero HaceJieHHH. ECJIH B 1897 r~JlY B Xa6apoecKe npo>KHBaJIO eooro JIHlllb 14 933 >KHTeJIH, TO B. 1915 I'OJJ.Y B ·HeM HaClJHTblBaJIOCb y}Ke 52 120 qeJIOBeK.

Toproeo-npoMbl'.IIIJieHH.bIH no.n.'heM, a c.ne.n.oeaTeJibHO, H pocr ropo.llcKoro aaceJieHHH conpoBmK.llaeTcH 3aMeTHhIM pocTOM cTpoHTeJibCTBa B ropo,lle. Ha nycTbip.s1x u.eHTpaJib­HhIX yJIHU B03HHKaJPT oco6HHKH, Mara3HHbl, rocrHHHUbl H 3Jl3HHSI npHCYTCTBeHHbIX MeCT. Or HblHellJHeH YJIHUhl roro­Jlff B CTOpOHY BOK3aJia Bhlpy6aJICH Jlec H HapeaaJIHCb HOBble KB~pTaJibl, 'B OCHOBHOM JI.Jiff 1.J:HHOBHH'KOB. B TO . >Ke ;speMH B6JIH3}f npOH3BOJlCTBeHHblX npeJUJpHHTHH, a ·T3K>Ke Ha 3eM­JlffX ropOJlCKHX «B~rOHOB» B03HHKaJIH HeopraHH30BaHHble CJIOOOJJ.KH - ,llaJibHe3aropoJlH3ff ( 1892 fOJl)' ,MypaBbeB­AMypcKaff (1897 ro.n), A;pceHaJibOKa ff (1901 ro.n.), KHTaH­CK3H (1902 ro.n) H PHJJ. JJ.PYrHX.

ropO.ll. aaCTpaHB3JICff 6bICTpO, HO X30THlleCKH. [ opO,lI.CK3ff ynpaea CJieno cMorpeJia aa sty «CTHXHJO» H He xoreJia- ce-6H y1py>K..n.aTb ·sonpocaMH npaBHJibHOH 3ac1poiiKH ropoJJ.a, 1.J:TO CKOpo np~BeJIO K 6ecCHCTeMHOH ap~HTeKTYPHO-nJiaHHpo­BOllHOH opraHH33UH.H ero TeppHTOpHH.

Bb1XOJl K AMypy· JlJIH nrnpoKHx Mace Hace.rreHHff 6hIJI · IlOlJTH nosceMecTHO 3a1<pb1T npOMblllIJreHHblMH H JX13JIH1.J:Hbl­MH TOprOBhlMH "· CKJl3JlCKHMH coopy>KeHHHMH.

«nporyJIHellihCH no. yJIHI:laM H 3aJJ.yM_aelllbCH, - n1:1caJ1 ne1ep6yprc1rnfi >1<ypHaJIHCT, noceTH~IIIHH Xa6apoBCK e 1903 ro.n.y. - fOP.O.lI. Oe3 'JlJiaHCi, 6e3 pHCY:HKa, BCffKHH. Jie­IlHJI. CBofl JlOM, r):{e XOTeJI::..

Xapax1epuayH >KHTeJieii ropo.n.a, TOT >Ke )KYPHaJIHcT yTBep>K)laJI, 1.J:TO JIHlllb B 6y.ll)'m.eM, eepoHTHO, IlOHBHTCH 3JJ.eCb JIIOJlH, «KOTOphle 6y.ztyT · ro:BopHTb: «y Hae Ha AMy-

14

·pe>, «Y Hae B Xa6apoBcKe>, Korophle 6y,D.yT mo6ur& Xaoa­poacK, ero ropbl, ero ,D.eBCTBeHHYIO .Taiiry, KaK po,D.uHy ..• · Xa6apoacK noKa - ato npoxo,nHmHe Ka3apMhl, irocTHHH-ua, KOTopy10 He ~peryT H He JII06HT>. .

B 1907 ro.ny ropo,ncKaH .ll.yMa o.no6puJia HOBblH nJiaH aactpoHKH ropo)J.a c BKJIJOqeHHeM JlaJI&Heaaropo,nHoii H My­paB&eB-AMypcKoff CJIOOO,lJ.OK. 0,nH3KO 3TH MeponpHSITHSI 6bl­JIH npose,D.eHbl He CTOJlbKO H3 rpa,ll.OCTpOHTeJibHhlX coo6p3-)KeHHH, CKOJlbKO HS KdMMep11eCKHX BblfOJl - Topro8JIH y113-CTK3MH H c6op apeH.D.HOA: IlJl3TbI 33 HX IlOJib30B3HHe COCTaB­JUIJIH B3JKHYIO .CT3Tbl0 ,ll.OXO,lJ.3 .ropO.LJ.CKOfO 610,D.JKeTa.

B 1908 ro,D.y oKoHqaTeJI&Ho onpe,neJIHJIHCb 'fi>acca so­cro11Hoit: 113CTH AMypcKoA: .noporn H MecTo ctpoareJibCTB3 MOCT3 qepea· peKy AMyp, BMHsu· .nepeBHH OeanoaKa-Kopeii­cKoA. B CJieJtyiow.eM ro,ny Ha11anoc& cTpoHTeJibCTBO noCJie.n­uero y9acrKa BocTot1Ho-Ca6apcKoro nyTH B p3if0He 6epe­roa AMypa a p3C11HCTKa nec3 JVJH nocTpoiiKH :>Ke.neaHo.no­pmKHoii CT3HU.HH AMyp. 3ta nocTpoAKa Bhl3Bana H.HTeH­cHBHhlH npHTOK pa6ot1eA CHJibl H npo6yJI.HJia .K >KH3HH HO­Bhle CJI060,nKH, B03HHKI11He OKOJIO MOCT3 H CT3HU.HH.

CorJI3CHO CH6HpcKoMy roproBO-npoMblWJieHHoMy cnpa­BOqHHKY 33 l ~13 ro.n, « ... nJlOW.3,lJ.b aacTpoeHHOH q3.CTH ropo­.ll.8 ,lJ.OCTHraeT 110 .n.ecHTHH, 3aKJ11011a10~eii e ce6e 9 ynH11-HblX IlJIO~a,ll.eH ( OKOJIO 55 ,lJ.ecHTHH) H CBhlllle 70 sepcr nponnKeHHH .YJIHU. H OKOJIO 15 ,lJ.ecHTHH o6~ecTBeHHhJX H qa­CTHblX ca.nos .... )l(HJibIX CTpoeHHA, He cqHT3H 3,lJ.3HHH BOeH­ttoro Be,llOMCTBa, OKOJ.10 2 000, H3 HHX He 6oJiee 75 KaMeH­HblX... 3aperHCTpHpOBaHO B DOCTpOHK~ 373 JJ.OMa .nepe­BHHHblX, 27 KaMeHHhlX H 32 CMelll3HHOH nocTpoAKH, BCero 432 ,ll.OMa>. YcneHCKHH co6op, ropo.ncKaH ,D.YM3, >KeHcKaH

· rHMH33HH, K3,D.eTCKHH Kopnyc, peaJI&Hoe yt1HJIH~e, oqmuep­cKoe co6pattue, ropo,ll.CKOH Myaeif - cocTaBJIHJIH Torna «rop,ll.OCTb> ropOJJ.8. Ilepaoe H3 3THX coopy)KeHHA B TpH.n­U3TblX ro.nax CHeceHO, ~CTaJibHble >Ke coxp3HHJIHCb H i:io ceA ,ll.eHb, HO B CHJibHO B3MeHeHHOM BH,ll.e.

IloCJie BBOA3 B 3KCilJIY3T8UHIO B 1916 ro.ny MOCTa 11epe3 · A yp1 H Ha"laJI3 peryJIHpHoro ,lJ.BH}l{eHHH no BeJIHKoMy CH-

6HpcKoMy nyTH Ha BCeM ffO npoTH}l{eHHH OTKpblJIHCb 60Jib­lllHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,ll.JIH pc>cra ropOJJ.3, HO X36apoecK ocT3JI­CH TOJlbKO roproso-TpaHcnopTHblM ueHTpoM KpaH.

I Anrop JKeneso6eToHHOA 9CT3K3,llY HHlK: r. nepe,11epHA, MeTaJJ­JIHlleCKHX nponeTHYX CTpOeHHA - HHlK, n. npocKypRKOB.

15

IlpOMblIIIJieHHOCTb pa3BHBaJiaCb Me.n.ileHHO H HOCHJia MeJIKOKycrapHblH xapaKTep. }fa -rpH.n.UaTH JJ.BYX npeJJ.npm1-THii a , 1913 ·r o .ny eJJ.HHcraeHHhIM npe.n.npmITHeM aaaoJJ.cKoro nma 6hIJI «ApceHaJI». Opeo6Jia.naJI·H 'laCTHhie IMeJibHH'UbI, BHlIOKypeHHble H ITIIBOBapeHHble 33BOAhl H npe.nnplUITH.SI no npoH3BO,ZlCTBY crpOHTeJlbHblX MaTepHaJIOB, o6c.ny>KH'B3BWHe rnaaHbIM o6pa30M aoeHHoe C'PpOJITeJibCTBO. CHa6>KeHHe ro­poJJ.CKoro HaceJieHH.SI 111JIO 3a C'leT ripHB03HbIX TOBapoB H3 aana;::r.HhIX paHOHOB Poccm1 H MaHhtntcypHH. 3KoHOMHKa ro­POJJ.a onpeJJ.eJI.SIJia H COUH8JlbHbIH COCT8B HaceJieHH.SI, . OCHOB­HYJO Macey KOTOporo npe.n.craBJI.SIJIH !<YDUbt, lIHHOBHHKH ' H cJiy)KaIIJ,H~ TOp-roBhIX npe.nnpH~THH. <l>a6pH.tIH0 -3a~JJ.CKOH npoJierapHaT COCTilBoll.SIJI JIHlllb 1,2 npolI,eHTa lrOpOJJ.CKOTO Hace.rremi.H. ·

BHJJ. .nopeaoJIJOUHOHHoro Xa6apoacKa, JIHilleHHoro 3JJe­MeH·Taplloro 6JiaroycTpOHCTBa, 6bIJI MpatieH, HenpHr JI.SIJJ.eH. fopoJJ.CKoe X03.SIHCTBO CTO.SIJIO Ha trpe3Bbl'laHHO HH3KOM ypoBHe·. TioqpQeHHbie B 1907 iJ'OJJ.Y CeTH BO,ZlOIIpOBO)J.a, Ka­H8JIH3al~HH H 3JieK'rpOCHa6)1{eHH51 dOCJIY)K·HBaJIH TOJlbKO ,OT­.n.eJibHble 3JJ.aHH.SI neHrpaJibHhlX KBapraJIOB, aaceJieHHhle roproauaMH H KyrruaMH, npOMbll11JleHHHK8MH H 'lHHOBHHKa­MH. ,Uopm1rno-Mocroaoe xo35IHCTBO 6blJio aanyllI.eHo. E.nHH­crseHHbIM BHJJ.OM ropOJJ.CKOfO TpaHcn'opra 6bIJIH qacTH~e H3B03'lHKH.

"('. . . ,.

Eapa1ioBc1eaR yAu14a (Hwte yAu14a JJeHuHa).

16

. .. .• : ...... :.'. ··-

I ...

BHenrnee 6naroycTpo:Hcrao CBOJ.J.HJIOcb JIHlllb K 3aMmue­HHIO MypaBbeB-AMypcxofl ynuuhl, ycTpoft:cTBy .n.omaTbIX TpoTyapoe H icoe-r.l(e - KepocHHOBhlX cpoHapeit tfro Ka­caeTcsr OKpaHH, TO TaM TPYJ.J.OBO~ JIIO,ll, TOHyJI B rpSI3H H 6hIJI JUIIIIeH caMbIX 3JieMeHTapHbIX yJJ.o6cm.

Eme ooJiee 6e3paJJ.OCTHy10 KapTHHY ·npeJJ.cTaBJIHJIH :>Kll-• JIH~a 6eJJ.HOThl, IOTHBWeffcsr B oepa.rax pe11eK CTJIIOCHHHKH H

l.J:epJJ.bIMOBKH,· npeepameHHbIX TySaMH Topo,1.I,a B CTOqHble KaHaBbl cpeKaJibHblX OT6pocoB. HacKOJibKo am MecTa 6bIJIH «npuro,l(HbI> .zurn 33CTJ>OHKH, BH,1.J,HO H3 Oc}>HUHaJibHoro ,1.J,OKy­MeHTa - «KOHTpaKTa>, yraep)J{J(eHHOfO ropoJI.CKOti ~YMOH, il',1.I,e yKa3hlBaJIOCb, . lITO «3a Morymue 6hITb HecqacTHble CJIY-

. 11au H y6hITKH OT paaJIHBa pe11eK roponcKasr ynpa~a He ot­BeTcTByeT, T8K KaK npH 3aKJIIO'lleHHH cero KOHTpaKTa xo­powo H3BecTHO 6hIJIO pacnoJio:HCeHHe aasr:roro e apeHJ.J.Y yqacTKa>~ ·

CaHHTapHoe coctosrHHe ropoJ.J.a 6hIJIO yJ.J.pytra1omuM: no11-aa H HCTO'IHHKH B0,1.J,OCHa6:HCeHHSI 3arpH3HeHhl; no nceii T~ppHTOpHH pa36pocaHo orpoMHOe KOJIJiqecrno cpeKaJibHhIX HM. «ropoJJ. B caMOM ,D,eJie, -- nacaJia ra3eTa «TipuaMyp­cKasr Be,1.J,OMOCTb», - B ornpaTHTeJibHOM COCTOSIHHH: ).J,eH­TeJihHOCTH C8HH_TapHOH He BH,1.J,HO, rp113b IlOBCIOJ.J.Y HeB03-MO:HCHaSJ... Ha11aelUHHCH ycTpoikTBOM B 1902 roJJ.y, J.J.JIH y~pameHnsr ropoJ.J.a, 6yJih'Bap BJ.J.OJib Mypasbee-AMypcKoH: yJIHU.hl, y>Ke JJ.OBet,(eHHhIH no11Tn J.J.O KOHUa, a 3aTeM no o npe,ll.eJieHHIO OTU.OB ropoJJ.a npH3HaHHbIH He OTBe'lalOUJ.BM ceoeMy Ha3Ha11eHH10 H no,1.J,Jie:HCallI.HM yHH'ITO>KeHHJO, CJIY­JKHT TOJibKO MecTOM JJ.JISI nporyJIOK CKOTa, a OCTaeIIIaHCSI KOJllO'llaH npoBOJIO'IHaH H3rop0,1.I,b JIOBHT IlJiaTbe npoxoµ.sr-14ux:.1. ·

f opo,D, HMeJI tJeTKOe ,1.J,eTJ:eHHe Ha ueHTP H pa6011He OKpa­HHbl. HarJIHJ.J.Hoe npeJI.cTaaJieHHe o KJiaccoBoli cTpyKType ropo,1.I,a ,D,alOT JJ.OBOJibHO Bbipa3HT~bHble 6bIBIUHe H33BaHHSI YJIHU. C OJ.J.HOH cTopoHhl YJIHIJ.bl, Ha3BaHHhle a· 'llecTb My­paB&eB-AMypcKoro, THXMeHeBa, Bapa6aweea u J.J.pyrux aHaTHbIX u «notJeTHhlX» rpa>KJ.J.aH ropo.ZI.a, c JI.pyro:H - Bo­Jiornasr, OepaJK<HaSI, Henpoe3:>Kasr H T. n·.•3acTpoiixa ueHT­paJibHbIX ynuu. TaKJKe 6b1Jia 11pesBbI'IaiiH9 pa3HoxapaKTep­irn H H8fJIH,lJ,HO OTpa:>KaJia pa3Jluque B HMYJAOCTBeHHOM noJio:>KeHHH HaceJiemrn .. PHJI.OM c npuqy.D.JIHBhlM oco6HHKOM 1<ynua, coqeTaJO~ijM a ce6e 3JieMeHTbl KJiaccn~H3Ma H «Mo-

l «ITpHaMypCKaB se.noMOCTb> 01' 12 OKTR6pH 1905 r., .N'~ 854 .

17

.n.~pHa>, Mor CTOHTb .ll3'lJHOro rnna JI.OMHK o6bl·BaTe.n.H-Mew.a­HHHa c M~30HHHOM H 6arneH:J<aiMH, JI.3Jlbllle - «H36ywKa Ha KYPbHX liO>KKax» 6e,ZI.Horo JIIOJJ.a H, HaKoHeu, - Ka3eHHoe 3.ll,3Jme ropo.U.CKOH Jl.YMbI B nceBJJ.opyccKoM CTHJie c CHJib­HblM HaJieTOM «MOJl.epHa>.

ECJIH Jl.OpeBOJIJOUHOHH.blii Xa6apoacx MO:>KHO 6blJIO Ha3-aaTb ropo,ll,OM Ha OCHOB3HHH o<l>HUH3JlbHbIX ,ll,OKyMeHTOB, TO . HH B KOeM CJiyqae OH He 3aCJiy:>KMB3JI :noro H33BaHHH no CB<>eH apxHTeKTYPHO-DJlaHHpoBO'lJHOH opraHH3aUHH.

Pa3BHBaHc& BAaJIH OT KYJibTypttb1x ueHTpoe H ux BJIHSI­HHH,. Xa6apOBCK He HMeJI HH MOHyMeHT3JlbHblX 3)laHHH, HH

~ ycTaHOBH'~IIIHXCH apxHTeKTYPHblX Tpa,ll,HUHH. Ero apXHTeK­Typa pa3BHBaJiaCb CTHXHHHO, coo6pa3HO co BKycaMH H >Ke­JI 8HHHMH .QCHOBHblX 33CTpOflllJ,HKOB - pa36oraTeBlllHX Kyn­

. uoB. Bee 6oJiee HJIH MeHee 3HatJHT~bHhle coopy>KeHHH no CBOeH apXHTeKType 6blJIH KpaHHe 6ecxapaKTepHb1 H HeCJlH ·netJaTb ~KJieKT°HKH H «MO,ll,epHa>.

B Xa6apoBCKe ew,e coxpaHHJIOCb HeCKOJlbKO npHMepoB 3TOH nopbl · pa36po.na e apxnTeKTy.pe. TaK, 3,ll,aHHe rapHH-30HHoro co6palfHH (tthrne .lloopeu· Tpy.zta), peKOHCTPY1fP-O.~ eaHHoe B 1914-·1916 ro,ll,ax no npoeKTY HH>K. A. HH1KoJ1ae­Ba-TpyxaHnHa, xopowee no <t>opMaM, H•BJIHeTcH B TO :me spe­MH HpKHM o6pa3UOM neperpY*eflHOCTH <t>ac~,ll,a pa3HO­CTHJibHblMH H31MeJibt.IeHHblMH .u.eTaJIHMH. K no.u.o6HoMy «KJJaccy> apxHTeKTYPbl OTHOCHTCH H pecTOpaH ' «1.JawKa tiaH'> (Tenepb B H3MeHeHHOM BH.U.e - YHuaepM~r).

B tJY>KJl.OM pyccKHM Tpa.ztHUHHM CTH.Tle «MO,ll,eptt> OblJIO nocTpoeHo HecKOJibKO 3Jl.3HHH, cpeJl..H KOTOPhlJ.C · oco6eHHO xapaKTepeH JI.OM Ha ynry HhlHelllHHX yJIHll KoMCOMOJI&eKoit H MnJIHU.eiIDKoii - e npornJJoM 3JJ.eCb pa3Mew,aJiacb KOH­Topa Kynua nepeoii rHJibJl.HH, «notJeTHoro rpa>K,ll,aHHHa> Xa6apoBcKa IlJIJOCHHHa.

HapHJl.Y c 3THMH coopy:>KeHHHMH e :ropo,ll,e HMeJIHCb .neyx-Tpex:na:>K·Hble 3Jl.3HHH, B~IlOJIHeHHhle H13 KupnH"tta no.n paClllHBKY c npHMeHeHHeM qrnrypHoto (JieKaJibHOfO) KHpnuqa He3aTeiinusoro pucyHKa. ..

«3a6ara> Mec]HhlX Macreif o npoceem.eHHH H 3,ll,paBo­oxpaHeHHH xapaKTepu3yeresr cJie,ZI.yIOIUHMH .u.aHHblMH. · CeMb 6oJ11>HHU Ha 326 n.11a'I'HblX KOeK H tJeTblpe aM6yJiaropuu, Ka­,ll,eTCKHA KOpnyc, TeXHHliecKoe :>KeJle3HO)(OpmKHOe yttHJIHW,e, ,ll,Be xa3eHHble cpe,ll,HHe H TPHHa,ZI.uaT& qacTHbIX ttattaJibHblX IIJKOJI Ha 3 462 yqam,HXCH, HHW.eHCKaH 6H6JIHOTeKa H MaJieHb­KaR ttHTan&HH -- BOT see, tieM pacnoJJarano ropo,ll,cKoe Ha~

18

I

ceJieHHe. Ho aaTo a ropoJle 6~JI TIOpeMHblK aaMoK, TpHHaJJ.­uaTb uepKOBHO-MOJIHTBCHHblX )J.OMOB H MHOfO TpaKTHpOB, IlH18HblX H BHHHblX Jl8BOK.

Taxoe a oomHx lleprax o6JIHK .uopeooJ110unouu·oro Xa-6apoecxa.

B03POJHAEHHbll TOPOA

B EJIHl(A51 Oxn16pbCKaH couHaJIHCTHllecKaH pesomo­llHH OTKpblJia 6oraTeHWHe B03~0>KHOCTH ll,JJH <PopMH­

poeaHHSI Xa6apoecxa, KaK aHat1HTeJ1bHoro ropo.n.a He TonhKO ,Uanhuero Bocroxa, Ho H eceii crpaHbl.

6 JJ.eKa6pH 1917 ro.ua a Xa6apoecxe 6hlJia ycraHOBJieHa CoeercxaH BJiaCTb, a qepea lllecTh JJ.HeA - 12 .n.eKa6pH ·­oHa 6hlJia npoeo·arJiaweHa Ha -eceii reppHropun )laJibHero BocroKa. C 3roro MoMeHTa e Xa6apoecxe opTaHHSYJOTCH coeeTcKue yt1pe>1<.ueHHH, qmpMHPYJOTCH OTPH.ll.hl Kpacuoii reap)lHH H pa6ot1e.-KpecTbff'HCK8SI MHJIHUHH, COSAalOTCSl KO- . MHCCHH pafioqero KOHTpOJISl Ha.ll o6mecTBeH .. HblM n'poH3BOJl­CTBOM H pacnpeJleJieHHeM. ropo)l npeepam~eTCSI B pyKOBO­.lJiSlll.1-HH ueHTP IlOJIHTHllecKoA >KH3HH KpaH; H3 Hero ocym.ecr­BJISleTCSI pyKOBO.llCTBO '6opb6oii c KOHTppeBOJIIOII.HeA, aa yn~ pot1eHHe CoeeTCxoA enaCTH Ha MecTax. B nepHO.ll rpalK..!laH­cKoft eoiiHhl H HHOC'JiP8H'HOA eoeuuoA HHrepeeHUHH Ha )laJib-

. HeM BocroKe (1918-1922 roAht) Xa6apoecK cran ueHT­poM peBOJIIOU'HOHHOA 6opb6b1 B IlpHaMyphe.

14 <1>eepam1 1922 ro,lla B pe3yJibT8Te CTpeMHTeJibHOfO HacrynJieHHH Hapo,AHo-peeoJIJOUHOHHoA apMHH )lBP H nap­TH38H Xa6apoecK Haecer.ua 6bIJI Bhlpeau Ha 'PYK 6e.n:o­rsap.zteib~ea H uurepeeHTOB. A 25 OKTSI6pH 1922 ro.ua pe­BOJIIOUHOHHble aoH:cxa BC'fynHJIH Bo BJiaAHBOCTOK H TeM ca­MblM aaaepWHJIH paarpoM HHTepeeHToe H 6e..norBap.n.eiiuee

' Ha ,UaJibHeM BocroKe. C 3roro apeMeHH a iKH3HJ-! Xa6apoBCKa Hacrynuna uo­

aaH 3pa . - 3pa aosp0>KJJ.eHHS1 u pacueeTa. fopO)l, HecMOTJlSI Ha HHmery H pasopem1e, Bbl3BaHHbie

rpa>KJ{aHCKOA BOHHOH H HHOCTJ>aHHOit HHTepaeuuueii, HallaJI O>KHB3Tb - CH8ll8Jl8 MeJJ)leHHO, a 38TeM Bee 6blCTJ>ee H 6hl­c-rpee. 3HMOH 1924/25 ro,lla 6bIJI8 . BOCCT8HOBJieHa paapy­IIIeHH8SI qacTb AMypcKoro MOCTa, a K 1926 ro.zty Xa6apoecK ycnernuo aasepwHJI aoccTaHOBHTeiihHhlH nepHOJl. Te cpae­HHTeJibHo HeOOJibIIIHe npe~npHHTHH, KOTOpble ,llOCTMHCb co-

4 Haw ropoJJ. 19

eercKHM JUO.llffM or craporo KyneqecKoro Xa6 poBCKa, 6bl­JJH He TOJlbKO BOCCT3HOBJJeHbl, HO H qacruqHo nepeo6opy­.noeaHbl.

B KopHe H3MeHHJIOCb Ha3HaqeHHe MHorHx coopy)KeHHii ropo.zta: oco6HS1KH 6oraqeu npesparHJIHCb a )KHJIHW.a pa6o­qHx, Jiyqwue 3,ll3HHSI 6blJIH OT,ll3Hbl IlO,ll WKOJibl, 60JlbHHUbl, pa6oqee KJiy6hl, 6H~HOTeKH; 8 6blBWeH ry<5epHCKOH pe3H­.z:i.eHI.J;HH H n'pHcyTCTBeHHblX Mecrax pa3MecTHJIHCb coeer­CKHe yqpe)K,lleHHSI. 4 RHB3pS1 1926 ro.na IlOCT3HOBJieHHeM

· Ilrpe3HJJ.HyMa BUHK PC<l>CP JlaJI&HesocroquaR o6Jiacr& 6blJI3 npeo6paSOBaHa 8 JlaJJbHeBOCTOqHblA KpaA c ueHTpOM e Xa6apoBcKe. Xa6aposcx craJI ueHTpOM Bcero JlaJihHero BocToKa.

c 3TOfO MOMeHTa'. HaqaJIOCb, npaB)J.3, IlOKa ew.e He3H3-tfHTeJibHOe, H3MeHeHHe o6iuero apxurexTypHoro OMHKa ro­po..na. IlepBble lllail'H COBeTCKHX CTJ>OHTeJleH 6blJIH Hanpa­B.1eHbl Ha pacqucrKy KBapraJIOi, peMOHT H BOCCTaHOBJieHHe )KHJIOTO <l><>H.ll8, CHJlbHO DOCTpa.naswero ·B :fOJJ.bl rp3>K.ll8'H­ci<oA BOAHbl. IlepBHe cpa'BHHTeJibHO Kpynm>1e K3MeHHbie 3A3HHSI nostBH~HCb Ha nycTblpstx ueHTpaJibHblX yJIHU s 1926-1928 ro)J.ax - 3TO BOK3aJI cTaHUHH Xa6apoecK-1 (HH>K. Py6aHoBCKHA), 11epecenet1qecKoe yinpaMeHHe Ha Op·

JIOBOM noJie (HH)K. 3BeJIHK), rocTHHHU8 «JlaJibHHH BocTOK>, TpecT r JiaaomtpT> Ha yrny YJIHU Ka.pJia Mapxca H ror9JIH (HH>K. nepesaJIOB)' foc6aHK (apx. BapOBHK) H PSl.llOM c HHM IlHTH3Ta:>t<HblH )KHJIOA ,llOM KpBftHcrtOJIKOM8 (HH>K. Ile­pe88JIOB).

B JJ.HH npa3JJ.HOBaHHSI BOCbMOH J"OJI.OBW.HHbl CosereKof1 BJI8~TH Ha ueHTp3JJbHOA TIJIOIU8JlH 6blJI OTKpblT naMSITHHK Be­JIHKOMY opraHH3aropy KoMMYHHCTeqecKoA napTHH H Co­BeTCKoro . rocyJJ.apcTBa B. 11. JleHHHy, coopy*eHHblA: no npoeKTy HaponHoro xy Ao>KHHKa PC<l>CP cxyJI&nropa M. r. MaHWaepa 1•

B 3TH roJJ.bl uaqaJiaCb 3aKJia.LI.Ka :rOpoJI,cKoro BOJJ.onpooo­.na, C03)J.3BaJJHCb nepeble CTpOHTeJlbHble opraHH38UHH, pas­pa6aTblB8JIHCb npoeKTbI nepaooqepe)J.HblX CTpoeK. ropo)J. rO• TOBHRCSI K peKOHCTPYKUHH Ha HOBblX COUH3JIHCTHqecKHX HaqaJJax.

1 3aKJla~K3· naMSITHHKa npoH3Be]leH8 22 JIHBapR 1925 rDAa. B 1950 rO,Q,y B CBH3H c peKOHCTPYKUHeA nJIOlllBJJ.H CB06oAbl ( HY He nJIC'.llll8Ab HMeHH JleHHU8) n8MHTHHK nepeneceH Ha Tenepewttee MeCTO u pexoHCTpyHpoeaH no npoeKTY apx, E. MaMeWHHa.

20

COqNAANCTH¥ECHAR PEHOHCTPYHqNR rOPOAA

n OBOPOTHOPI eexoA e >KH3HH )laJibHeBOC'f011ffOro Kp&H HBHJIHCb peweHHSI XVI Bceco10aao:A: napTBAHoA

KOH<l>epeHllHH, yreepJUIBWeA B 1929 f'OJJ.Y nepBblA llffTHJieT­HH:A Iinaa pa3BHTHH aapo.l\.Horo xoaSIACTBa CCCP. 3.r:tec&, K&K H no BCeH CTpaHe, aaqaJICSI HeBHJJ.8HHblA 8 HCTOpHH 111epHOA COQHBnHCTHqecKOH HHAYCTpH8JIH38JUIH H KOJIJICKTHBHS81.\HH ceJI&cKoro xo3Hiicrea. BMecTe c pocTOM KpaH, c. yxpenne­HHeM H pa3BHTHeM ero KyJI&Typhl poc H o6HOBJIHJICH Xa6a­poecK - 8,ltMHHHCTpaTHBHblA neetp )laJibHef'O BocTOKa.

B HHeape 1930 ro.zta B ropoJJ.CJCYIO 11epTy 6blJIH BKJ11oqe-1Hbl TeppHropHst HblHeuIHero Kpaceoct>norexoro paftOHa, ce.,1eHHS1 AMyp, OcH'llOBKa H xyrop Te.11enrna c aaceneeHeM e 2 946 qeJioBeK. 3.r:tecb, Ha ce.eepe H iore, l.laJiexo' 4pyr OT ,npyra H cpaay 80 MHOrHX MecTax nO)lHHM8JIHCb Jieca HO­BOC'J)p<>eK. Ha rpaea eropoA nstTHJieTKH noqTH OAHoepe­MeHHo 6hlJIH 38JIO>KeHbl HOBble 3880,llhl: HMCHH 0pJVKOHH­KHJt3e, c3eeproMaw> H pR.ll JJ.pyirax npeJJ10pHHTHA Kpaeeo .. ro H pecny6JI 8HCKaro 3HaqeHHff. C-rpoRJJaCb MeXaHH3H­pOB8HH8SI, copTHpoeoqeast ropKa CT&-Hil.HH Xa6aposcx-I I, e KOpHe nepeo6opy.llOB3JICSI «Jlani;.cen&M3W>. Bcrynast 0.lJ.HH aa .npyrn'.\f B cTpoA, 3rn npeAOpHHTHR npaJJ.aBaJIH Xa6a­poBCKy cH.'IY3T HHJlYC'J1>HBJibHoro nea-rpa ea ,Uan&HeM Bo .. CTOKe.

Ha 1 HHeapH 1940 ro.na qHCJio .zteiicTBYJOIJ.UfX npeJJ.npun­T-Hii B ropo,lle npeBblCHJIO CeMb,lleCRT. Ilo Cp3BHeHHIO C ,ltO­peBOJllOilHOHHhlM Bp~MeHeM HX KOJIHtJecTBO ·BblpocJIO 6onee tJeM B ceMb pa3, a qHCJIO 38HSITblX Ha npe,llnpHSITHSIX paoo­tfHX - B 27. flpH· 3TOM H3,ll0 HMeTb B BHJlY H KOpeHHoe pa3JfHqHe B TeXHHlJecKoii BoopylKeHHOCTH crapblX no.nyicy­CTapHblX npe.nnpHH1'HA H coepeMeHHhlX npOMblllUleHHblX npeJtll'lpHHTHH Xa6apoBCKa.

EnaronpHHTHoA npeJJ.nOChlJIKOA JlJJH B~COKHX TeMnos cTpoHTeJibCTBa Xa6apoecKa HBHJIOCb B03HHKHOBeHHe H pa3-BHTHe npoMblWJieHHOCTH CTpoAMaTepH8JIOB. TpH KHpnaqHhlX, JieconHJibHblH H H3BeCTKOBblH 38BO,llbl, KOM6HH3T CT3H,llapT­HOro ,llOMOCTpoeHHH H K8pbepb1 rp8HHT3 o6ecneqHB8JIH He­OOXO,llHMblM MarepaanoM HOBOCTpoAKH ropo,lla:

c pa3BHTHeM npOMhlWJieHHOCTH pe3KO B03pOCJio H KOJIH­qeCTBO :>KHTeJieH. QqeHb TIOK333TeJibHbl UHcppbl pocT8 Hace­JieHH SI - OHH CBH,lleTeJibCTBYIOT 0 c-rpeMHTeJlbHOM pa3BH­THH ropoJJ.a nOCJie BenHK<?A 0Krn6p&eKoA couaaJIHCTHtJe-

,. 21

cxoli peBOJIIOUHH. ECJIH ·B 1.923 roJJ.y 3JJ.ec& npo>KHBaJio 34 300 'ieJIOBeK, TO B 1926 fOJJ.Y Hacen:eHHe )J.OCTHf JlO 52 000, B 1939 ro,ay - 199,4 ThlCffqH H B 1956 roJJ.y -- OKOJIO 300 TblCH'i lleJIOBeK.

TaxHM o6paaoM, aa nepshle 65 JieT cyw.ecTeosaHHR Xa 4

6apoacxa -HaceJieHne ropoJJ.a yaeJIH"IHJIOCb Ha 34,3 TtreH1.fH qeJiosex, a 3a 35 110CJ1eJJ.ylow,Hx JieT ~ 6on~ tfeM Ha 265 TblCHll.

Ytie,u.ure,n&HhlM Bhlpa>KeHHeM pocTa ropoAa HBHJIHCh JJ.e­TKH HOBblX :>KHJlblX )J.OMOB - MHOf03T3>KHbIX H M3JI03Ta>K­IX, KaMeHHblX H )lep~BSJHHblX, MHOfOKBapTHpHbtX H HHJJ,H­JJ.ya.nbHbIX, MHO:>Kec1'BO 3)J.MHHHCTp3THBHo-00w.ecmeHHblX aHHH, ,lleCHTKH lllKOJI H JJ.eTCKHX yqpe}KJJ.eHHH, KHH0Te8T­

pb1, KJiy6bl, cpe)J.HHe H BblClllHe yqe6Hble ·3aBe,ll,eHHH, CTOJIO­Bble H 60JibHHUhl. B 3TH ro.zt:hl cTpOHTe.ilbCTBo rnJio no JIHHHH peKOHCTPYKUHH cyw,ecTByrow.ux 3JJ.aHuii. Tax, HanpHMep, Ha MOCTe 6bl~J..QeH pe3HJJ.eHUHH reHepaJI-cy6epHaTopa (c qa­cTHqHhIM HCDOJlb3083HHeM Kopo6KH 3..ll8HHH) BhlpOC )lOM oqmuepos Cosereiwil ApMHH. Psi.n JJ.BYX·9Ta>KHhlX CTapblx , JJ.OMOB 6blJI Ha,zr.cTpoeH Tj)eTbHMH, JJ.3>Ke lJeTBepT~MH 9Ta:>Ka­MH (yHH·sepMar, Me)J.HHCTHTyT, 3-H ·rop60JibHHUa H JJ.pyrne). OiCoJio 3aBOJJ.OB · Bhlpoc;IH Kpynnhle pa6oqHe nooeJIKH. Pe­KOHCTPYHPOBaHhI H pacurnpeHhl CeTH BOJJ.Onp6lloJJ.a, KauaJIH-3all.HH, wi:eKTpOCH36)KeHHH, paJJ.HOTe.JieQ>OHHOH CBH3H. flocT­poeu cTa,zr.HOH «JlnnaMo>, oTI~pbIT ropOJJ.CKOH napx KYJih'.l'Y· phi H ()IJ')J.bIXa, :>Ke1le3HOJJ.Op0)KHl:dH napx H napK 33BO)J.a «,llaJibCeJihM alll». ·

B oxpecTHOCTSJX ropo.na 6bIJI 3aJio>KeH TIHTOMHHK fop-3'eJ!eHCTpOH, HblHe Bblp3I.UHB310IUHH ,llJIH ropOJJ.CKHX nocaJJ,OK COTHH TblCffq ca}KeuueB; 3HalJHTeJlbHO paClllHpHJICJI. )leH,u.pa­pHA ,UaJibHeBOCTOquoro H8yt!HO-HcCJle.D.01'3TeJibC.'KOfO HHCTH-TyTa JieCHOf'O X03SIHCTBa. .

PeKOHCTJ>YKUHH Xa6apoocxa ue m.ry:a caMorexoM. Ew.e a 1932 .ro~y JieHHHrpa,ll,CKHM OT)J.eJieHHeM «fHnporopa• 6~n COCTaBJJeHt npaB)J.a, aeCbMa opHeHTHpOBOllHbIH," nJiaH 33CT­poAKH ropoJJ.a. MecTnasi npoexrnaH, opraHH33UHH «,UaJih-1nporop> 3ToT 3C'KH3'HblH i'JJiaH ,ZlOBeJia JJ.O CTa,Z:UiH reHepaJib­.ffOH CXeMbJ ( 3BTOp - apx. n. l>o.rr.Zlblpea) H B 1936 ro­JJ.Y npe.ncTasHJia s Hl\KX PC<l>CP Ha pa"ccMoTpeHn·e. fipoeICr HMM pHJl rpaJJ.ocTpOllre}JbHhIX HeJJ.OCTaTKOB H 6b1Jl BJ:IOBb nepe.nat1 «fH111J)a.ropy» Ha nepepll~TKy.

B 1938 ro.ny no.n pyKOBOJJ.CTBOM apxwrexrop-0s A. BaA­Kosa H M. Bapattosa 6bIJia pa3pa'6oTaHa reHepaJibHaH cxe-

22

Ma , nJiaHHpOBKH ropoJla. Xa6apoBCK nonyttHJI B03MO>KH0CTb ~a3BHB8TbCff KaK u.eJIOCTHbIH opraHH3M. Ha cfloHe HH.n.yc:-pn· ~JibHOH naHopaMhl, B UeHTpaJibHOH 118CTH rnpo.n.a ,c He6bl­BaJloH 6blcTporoA ahlpecoahIBaJIHCh KOHTYPhl 6y,n.yIIJ;HX MHo­ro31a>KHbIX a,naHHH. HaH6oJiee 3Ha11HTeJibHhIMli H3 9THX no­crpoex HBJIHJIHCb: ytie6HbJH KOpnyc HHC1Jny1a HH>KeHe.pos ~j{eJle:JHO)J.opoiKHoro T'paHcnopta (apx. r. BOJI.)lllHHOB ·H

· .M. nmrn6) H psl,l;(.OM C HHM 0611.J;e>KMTHe CTy,U.eff.TOB (apx. M. roTJlH6 H 11.. PeBeKHH)' YnpaBJieHHe naJibHeBOCT011HOH )KeJie3HOH .nopori.1 ( apx. B. Co6<)JleBcKHA), JloM ne11arH ( apx. B. J(aMrmoHH), KJiy6 aaao.na «3Hepro¥am:. H pH.u.

.n.pyirHx a~MHHHCTpaTHBHO->KHJihlX H KYJihTy•pHo-6biTOBHX a.naHHH .

. 3aaepmenHJo 9THX pa6or noMemaJio seponoMHoe Hana· .nenHe Ha uamy CTpany cflailIHCTCKOH f ep~aHHH 22 HIOHH 1941 ro.na. Bosse.nenHe a.naHHH 6blJIO npuocrnnoBJieHo, H ropo~ n epe1UI1011HJicH r JiaBH~M o6pa30M Ha o6opoHHoe CTpOHTeJl~BO.

rOPOA B RECAX HOBOCTPOEH

n OCJIE no6e,l{OHOCHOfO aaaepmeHHH BeJIHKOH 01e11e­CTBeHHOR .· BOHHbl B Xa6apoBCKe c HOBOH CHJIOH H B

60JibllIMX Macm1a6ax HallaJIOCb )f{HJIHll.I,HOe, rpa>K,U.aHCKOe ··H npoM blllIJieHHoe CTpOHTeJibCTBo:

Cpaay )Ke nOCJie BOHHhI HCKJIIOtIHTeJihHO OOJJbIUHe pa3-MephI npHHHJIO HHJl.HBH.nyaJibHOe CTpOHTeJlbCT-BO, a DCJie.n 38 3THM H CTpoHTe.1IbCTBO MaJI09Ta)f{HbJX )f{HJiblX JJ.OMOB no. TH-IlOBbIM npoeKTaM. - . . .

HatIHltaH c 1946 ro.na, aoao6HOBJIHeTcSI 6onee 1:1.enecoo6-pasnaH c rpa.nOC'l'pOHTeJibHOH TOtIKH apeHHH MH0f09Ta)KH8H aac~poH:xa ropoAa. 3aKJia)lhIBa_JOTCH Tpex ... nHrna'i'a>KH.ble )KH­Jihfe .noMa, coopy)KalOTCH s.naHHH ·KyJibTypH0-6blTOBaro Ha3-HatieHHH, 3aKaH11HB810TcH 06-beKTbl, CTPOHTeJibCTBO KOTOphIX

, 6~Jio npHoc1aHol3JI~Ho B Hatia~e BOHHhI. QqeHh CKopo paMKH ropOJJ.CKOA TeppHTOpHH OKa33JIHCb

TecHbIMH. ,Zl1rn pa3MeIUeHHH HOBbIX npoMblllIJleHHbIX npe,ll­npHHTHA c HX .. no~pea)lHbIMH Il}'THMH H )f{HJlblMH Ma~CHB(,l­MH HYJKHbl ohlJIH cso6o.ntthle H y.no6Hhle .nnH pacce.n:eHHH reppa1opHH a HecKOJihKO TbICH11 reKTapoB. TaKHe TeppHT~­pHH H 6hIJIH OTBe,lleHbI ~ IQ)f{HOM .H BOCTOllHOM. p aiiouax ro­po.n.a. 3..necb Ha orpOMH()M n'pocTp8HCTBe OT MeJibKOM6HHaTa .n;o Kpacuo:A PetIKH H paaMeCTMJIHCh HOBble 3aBOJlhl H HO·

23

able pa6o~He noceJIKH. PaaMax cTpOHTeJibCTBa cTaJI HeOOhl· qaftuo B~JIHK. Heo6xo.u.HMo 6b1JIO npoeKTHpoBaT& y)f{e H~ OT.lleJlhHhle coopy>KeHHH, a u.eJihle yJIHllhl, KBapTaJihl - CJJo­BOM, Beeb ·ropo.u. B IJ,e.TIOM, c ero CJIO:>KHblM H MHoroo6pa3-HhlM X03HHCTBOM. .

B .1951 roJJ.y TBOp'lecKHH KOJIJieKTHB · JieHHHrpa,a;,cxoro­or.u.eneHHH «rHnporop> so rJiaee ~ aeTopoM npoeKTa ---­apx. JI.. IlHJIJiepOM npHCTYilHJI K COCTaBJieHHIO npoeKT8 UJia- • HHpOBKH H -aacrpoifKH Xa6apoBcKa. B sro .:>Ke BpeMH MecT­HblMH H n.eHTp3JibHblMH npoeKTHblMH opraHH33IJ,HHMH B KpaTQ3HWHe cpOKH 6hlJIH pa3pa6oTaHbl .u.eTaJibHble npoeKTbl IlJ18HHpOBKH H 33CTpoA:KH OT,ZJ.eJibHhlX KOMilJieKCOB HOBOCTpo-eK, oow.He qepThl ·KOTOphlx· npHo6peJIH Tenepb oTtleTJIHBblH H peaJI&HblH xapaKTep. ·

B uaqaJie nHTH.u.ecHTblx ro.u.oB XaoapoBcK CJIHJICH c pa-6o'IHM noceJIKOM KpacHaH Pet.1Ka, KOTOpbI:H YKa30M TipeaH­.LI.HyMa BepxoeHoro CoBera pCct>CP OT 28 ceHTH6pH 1956 ro,ZJ.a BKJIIO'leH B t1ep1y ropoJJ.a. B peayJihTaTe OOlllHH paa- · Mep ropO.llCKOH TeppHTOpHH B03pOC c 27 841 reKTapa, KaK 6blJIO npe.llyCMOTpeHO l'eHepaJibHbIM nJiaHOM ropoJJ.a, .u.o 34 448 reKT3pOB.

B n'pou.ecce OCBoeHHH HOBhlX TeppHTOpHA: o6'beM H TeM­Ilbl CTpOHTeJibCTBa HeH3MepHMO B03p<>CJIH. 3a .u.eeH8.lJ.IJ.3Tb nocJieeoeHHhlX JieT e Xa6apoecKe (6ea Kpacuofl Pe'IKH) rocyJJ.apcTBeHHOH apXHTeKTYPHO-CTpOHTeJibHOA KOMHCCHefi npHHHTO e .sKcnJiyaT&UHJO 7 029 3)l8HHH c :>KHJIOH nnow.a­Jl.blO 490 851 KB. MeTp1•

ToJibKO aa 1956-1957 rnJJ.hl B ropoJJ.e 6hIJIO coopy>Keuo 2 173 JJ.OMa c >KHJIOH UJIOW.3.llblO l52 544 KB. MeTpa, B TOM 'lHCJie 1 966 HH.LI.MBH,ztyan&HbtX JJ.OMOB c :>KHJIOA nJIOI..1~3.llblO 51 717 KB. MeTpOB.

TIOCJie eoiiHhI soillnu B cTpoii aaeoJJ.bl: «AMypxa6enb>, }l{eJle300eTOHHblX H3.LI.eJI~ii, py6epoA.ZI.HhlH, KHpnH·QHhlA, ac­ij>3Jlb'f06eToH:HblH M «ABrt>peMJiec>, ia TaK>Ke M3CJIO­)l(HpKOMOHH3T, KOH.LI.HTepcKaH ct>a6pHKa H JJ.pyrHe npetr.npHH­THH. Ilpo,nomKaeTCH CTpOHTeJlbCTBO pe'lHorO nopra, 3380,Zl.3 ~TOilHTeJibHOfO o6opy.LI.OB3HHSI, m&eiiHOfl: $a6pHKH H ew.e pH,Zl.a _npe,lUlpH1I_THH. .

ITpH cyw.ecTeoeaelllHX H BHOBh C03JJ.3HHhIX npoMbl~JieH­HblX npeJJ.npHHTHHX BblpOCJIH COUH3JlHCTHtJecKHe ropOJJ.KH c

- 1 B ·.)TB noKa3aTeJIH He BKntO'leHY .llOMa, eseneHHYe e 3KcnnyaTa-UHIO 6e3 npHeMKH

0

rocyita}l<:TBeHHOA apxHTeKT)'pHO-CTpoHrenbHO:A: 'IClt>· MHCCHe:A:, .,

24

, Y'le6Hbtu 1eopnyc uHcruryra uHJ1CeHepos 01CeA.e3Ho.dop<XNCH.oeo rpaHcnopra (apx. r. BoA.OUlUHOB u M. Fouiu6).

. KanH:a.i1b~bIMH 3)J.8HHSIMH H 6JiaroycrpoetttifilM.ff KBapTHpa­MH mrn · paooqHx H HH>Kenepno-Texmlt1ecKorQ. tiepcdliaJia. 3 )\e<:p, npcrpoeHbI J!.eTCK~e _ca~bl, SICJIH, WKOJihl, OOJibHQU.hit KJIY6bl H pH.lJ. .llpyrHx s'AaHHH KY~bTypno"Maccoaoro, 6b1TO­aoro H ·oow.ecTBetrnoro na3naqeHH-S1. 3acTpPHKa H 6JiaroycT­poikTBO 3THX pa:HOHOB pe3KO H3MeHHJIH BHeWHHH BHJI. r<'.ipo­~a H ero caHHTapH·o-TeXHHlleCKQe COCTOSIHHe.

HoBhlH apxHTeKTypHhl~ o6nttK · u.eHTpaJihHhIM yJIHU.-aM npH.rtaJIH MHOI'03Ta}l(Hble 3,llaHHSI, TaKHe, KaK BbicwaSI nap­THHHaH llIKOJia, yqe6HblH kopnyc HHCTHTyra Jrn~eHepos )KeJie3no.nopO>KHOfO TpaHcnopTa, _- OKPY>KHOif' cnoptHBHhIH KJiy6, 3,llaHHe ynpasJieHHH COBHapxo3a,~ fOCTHHHU.a «Cea~p» H pH.ll. ~pyrnx a.nMHHHCTpaTHBHO->KH.iibIX H i<yJihTypno-6iJTo­BbIX 3.lla.HHH.

31a noCJieBoeHHhle ma.hi MHoro cpe.ncra 6hiJio Bhl~eJieHo Ha 6Jiaroyc;rpoji<;rso ropo.lla. ToJihKO 3a 1951-1955 ro.nh1 Ha 'TH · IJ,e.riH U3pacxo.no)latto 133;5 MHJIJIHOHa py6Jieii. rtpo­TSI>KeHnocrb ,KaHaJIH3aU.HOH_HOH ceTH c 7,4 .KHJIOMerpa B 1913 ro.ny .nose.netta K Haqany 1958 ro.lla .no 80 KHJIOJdeT­po:e; noBasi KaHaJIH3aU.HOHHasr ceTh nocrpoeli.a a nepayJO ottepeAh B 6blBllIHX pafioqHx oKpaHHax H 1B nqahlx KBapTa -

1

.nax ropo.na. B 1957 ro.ny HaqaTbl pa60TbI no CTpOHTe.TUH CTBY :>Kene306eroHHhtx JIHBHeBbtX KOJIJieKropoa no petiKaM 0JIJOCHHHKe u· t.fepJI.bIMOBKe.

TaKaH >Ke KapTHHa HenpepbIBHoro poCT(! Ha6JI10AaeTcfl no BO.llOCHa6>KeHHIO H 3JleK'rpocHa6>KeHHIO, pa.nuoQ>HKaU.HH H CBH3H. B rnpo,n.e coop)')KeH JI106HTeJibCKHH TeJieBH3HOHHbIH IJ,eHTp, ae~eTCSI raJHQ>HKaU.HH KBapTHp TPY .llHW.H~csr. .

EoJihlI.IHe H3MeHeHHH npoH30llIJIH B pa6ore ropo.s;cKoro . · Tpa~crropTa. Ha yJIHu.ax noSIBH.i:IHC.P KOMQx>pTaueJihHhle aB·

T06ychl H taKcH, .K0Top:&1e cero.nHsi KypcHpy10T no 22 pery­JlSipHhIM aBTOJIHHHSIM. 5 HOH6psr 1956 ro.na OTKpbIJIOCb TpaM­BaHHOe J.J.BH:>KeHHe ~o MapwpyTy BOK3aJI -- Xa6aposcK-II (ml<oJia. N2 56), a B 1957 ·roii.y oHo npo.nomKeHo Ha Kpac .. HYJO Pe11Ky H py6epoH.llHhIH 3aBO.ll. B .nettb 106HJieH ropo.na HalJHeT KypcHpOB3Tb TpaMB3H Ha Tpacce BOK3aRbHaH IlAO~ IIJ.3.llb - Kpacnoq>JioTCKHH pa:HoH.

Pa3BHTHe yJIHllHoro .llBH>KeHHH H ropo.llcKoro Tpanc­n·opTa noTpe6oaano 3Ha1lHTeJibHoro pacwH·peHHH 1paHcnopT~ .HOA teix. B coorneTtTBHH c 3THM rrporn>KeHHOCTh .nopor c T•Bep.llbIM IIOKpbITHeM c 8,25 KHJI-OMeTpa B 1918 ro.lly B03-poc.na K HatiaJiy 1958 ro.lla .no 187,5 KHJIOM~Tpa, qro co­CTaBJIHeT 44,6 rrpoueHTa o6ru.efl JJ.JIHHbI yJIHqHoH ceTH.

26

)/(,uAau oaM Ha yAu~e KapAa JrfapKca u lllepaHQ!Ja (apx. E. JrfaMewuH). .

Ac<j>aJibTo6eToHHhle noKpblTHH attatrnr yJiyqurnmr: H o6~HH apxHTeKTYPHblH o6JIHK rnpo)la," BbITOJI.HO no,n.qep­KHBaH qHCTOTOH H ·rJiaJI.blO CBOeH cpaKTYPhl CTpOHHble JIHHHI{' YJIHU H attcaM6JIH nJio~aJI.e'H.

BeepoM OT ueirrpa pacKHHYJIH.cb mocce:Httble .n.oporn,.. acQ>aJibTOBble JieHTbl KOTOpbIX, KaK 6bl paCTeKaHCb ace­JI.aJibI,IIe H )J,aJiblll,e, 3axBaTb1Ba10T OKpaHHbl - MecTa HOBO-·· CTpDeK. .

OcHOBHhie MarHcrpaJIH .ropo,ua - y;rnubl KapJia MapK­ca, JleHHHa, Cepo1111eBa, DylllKHHa, Ty{:1reaeaa, Kamrnuua, Jlbaa ToJicToro, lllepouoBa, KHM 10-qe'ffa, 3an_apuua, Jle­m1_urpa)J.cKaH, KoMCOMOJibCK&H H JI.pynre (HeK opble f!3 uux· paHbllle He 6blJIH noKpblTbl 6yJ1hDKHHKOM H He HMeJIH ,o.a­:>Ke. )lepeBHHHblX rporyapoB) - peK?HCTpyHpOBaHhl H 3aac­<t> aJib TH po Ba H bl.

PeKOHCTpyHpoaaHw H e aHaqureJihHOH cTeneHH 3aHOBe> IlOCTpoeHbl MOCTbl qepe3 peqKH HmOCHHHKy, 4ep)lbIMOBKY,.. Kypqy-Mypqy H npoque oapa:>KHhie MeCTa.

'l7

B ropoJJ.e C03JJ.aHhl HOBhle nJiow.a.AH, HanpuMep, e no­ceJIKe HMeHH r OpbKOJ"O H Xa6apOBCKe-II; peKOHCTpyHpoBa­:l{bl nJioma.ll.H HMeHH JleHHHa, KoMCOMOJibCK&H, BoK3aJib­HaH H ApyrHe.

0.ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO c pa3BHTHeM H COBepllleHCTBOBaHHeM .JJ.OpO>KHO-MOCTOBoro X03HHCTBa MHOfO BHHMaHHH Y.AeJISlnOCb .o.naroycTpo:H<;TBY H o3eJieHeHHJO yJIHU H o6mecrseHHblX MecT ropoJJ.a. A>KypH H peweTKaMH 6hlJIH oxpy>KeHbI 3eJieHble ·11aca>K,ZJ;eHHSI, TIOCTJ>oeHbI KpaCHBble KHOCKH, naBHJibOHhl, Ka­-<)>e H npo11He M3Jible <l><>PMbl apXHTeKTyphl, C03,ll3Hbl HOBble _lf peKOHCTpyHpoBBHbl cymecTBylOUJ.He napKH, T8KHe, KaK TOJ>O.!\CKOH napK KYJihTYPhl " OT ,llhlxa, .UOCA, .neTCKHii, >Ke­Jie3HO,ztopo>KHblH H .ZJ;pyrne. 3,llech 6hlJIH nocrpoeHbl xanu­·TaJihHhle BXO,llhl H orpa>K,lleHHSI, 03eJieHeHbl H 3aacct>aJib~-poeaHbl aJIJieH, a TaK>Ke nocrpoeHbJ 3aTeHJIHBhle aTTpax: UHOHbl.

B 1957 .. ro.ZJ;y Ha nJiow.atlH s 13 reKT~poe B,llOJib Kpac- . ·ttope11eHCKOfO wocce MeTO,llOM HapOJJ.HOA CTpoHKH 33JIO>KeH -paiioHHhlH napx. B TOM >Ke rotly Ha'llaT1>1 paooTbl no ycr­poHCTBY 6yJibBapoB B na,llH pe'llKH nmocHHHKH H B APYrJIX Mec1ax.

L.:raiJuoH U.MeHu B. H. JleHUHa.

28

06mas1 nJIOUJ.3.llh aeJJeHblX HacaJKJJ.enuH: Xa6aposcKa, cocraeJIHemaH e 1913 ro.lly oKQJIO 15 reKrnpoa, 3a romJ1 Coee'fcKoA BJiacrH .llOCTHrna 420 reKTapoe, To eCTh yse.riH­quJiaCh e 28 pa3. HapH.llY c 3eJieHbIMH Haca>K)leHHHMH 06-mecTBeHHoro TIOJlb3083HHfl C03)l3Hbl HOBble cppyKTOBble, IlJIO){OBO-H'fO)lHhie C8)lbI H DHTOMHHKH; pa3p3CT3IOU.l,HHCH CTIJIOll.IHOH 3eJJeHblH •QHC co apeMeHeM 33lll,HTHT ropo.n c ce­eepa OT CBHpenhlX nopbIBOB HOp,lla.

Cepbe3noe 1BHHMaHHe 6b1J10 y.lleJieHo TaK)Ke eonpocaM uaeToaoro oQ>opMJieHHH ropo.lla. CymecTsoeaelliaH panee cepaH pacuaerKa 3Jr.3HHH npH.llaBaJia i'vtpa1rn if BHJr. yJIHUaM. IlpOH3Be)leHHaH noKpacKa B CBeTJible TOHa )laJia 3HaqH­TeJibHbIH 3cpcpeKT - Xa6apoBCK npuo6pe.n MB*OPHhlH BH,n;

Y TPY.llHW.HXCH Xa6apoecKa ycTaHoBHJiaCh 3aMeqaTe.nh­HaH 1"p3.llHUHff - secnoA H JieTOM OHH BblXOJl.HT Ha BOC­KpecHHKH no o3eJieHeHHIO ropo,ZJ.a. Ha yJIHuax, .llBOpax, e ca)laX H CKBepax )KHTeJIH noca,ZJ.H~H TblCffqH MHOrOJieTHHX .nepeebeB, KycrnpHHKOB H MHO)KecTBO UBeTHHKOB. a-ro pe3KO H3MeHHJIO 06my10 KapTHHY ropo,lla H B 3HaqureJibHOH CTe­neHH nOBJIHHJIO Ha ero MHKpOKJIHMaT.

(Apx.. M. Copo1eUH).

29

EoJihillOH ·8KJia.A xa6'aposqaHe BHecJIH B cTpOHTeJihCT80 TpaMBaSI H o6m.ee 6JiaroycTpOHCT80 ropo,Aa. JloCTaTOllHO CKa3aTb, llTO TOJibK0 .. 3a noCJie,AHHe IlSITb JieT OHH orpa6ora­JIH 250 TblCSiq qeJI08eK0-)1.HeH H 8b1Il0JIHHJIH pa60Tbl Ha 12 MH.,'IJIHOH08 py6JieH.

Pa.AOCTHhIM co6blrueM B )J{H3HH xa6apo9qaH H8HJIOCb 01'Kpb1THe 1 ceHrn6pSI 1957 lI'O,ll.a .1-fi qepe,ll.H CTaJJ:HOHa HMeHH B. 11. JleHHHa (asTOp npoeKra - ~px • .M. CopoKHH).

06 orpOMHOM o6oeM:e pa6oT, BbIIlOJIHeHHblX crpoHTeJIH­MH npu aKTHBHOM yqaCTHH MOJIO,Ae)J{H Kpaesoro ueHrpa 3a )1.Ba c IlOJI08HHOH ro,Aa, y6e.AHTeJlbHO CBH,ll.eTeJibCTBYIOT CJ1e­.n.y10w_ue umpphl. B nepHO.A umKeHepHoii no)l.rornsKH H 6Jia­roycTpoH:cT8a TeppuropHH HaMhIT? 3eMcHapH,naMH H 3aBe3e­Ho aBT-OTpaHcnoproM 6oJiee .ABYX MHJI~HOHOB Ky6oMerpoB rpyHT8. npoJio>i<eHO 35,5 KHJIOMeTpa CeTeii 80,AOilpOBO)l.a, KaHaJIH3aUHH, TeilJIOCHa6)KeHHH, 3JieKTpOCHa6»<eHHSI, pa,ll.HO H CBH3H. Ha 34,2 reKrapa BhICa)J{etto 4,5 ThICSitIH 1'rnoro­JieTHHX )l.epeBbeB pa3JIHllHhIX nopo,ll H HeCKOJibKO .AeCSITKOB TblCSilJ -KyCTapHHKOB. HocrpOeHO 16,5 ThICH1IH KBa,ApaTHbIX MeTp08 )l.o.por. H TporyapoB H 60JibllIOe KOJIHlleCTBO pa3JIH1I­HblX cnoprHBHhIX nJiom_a,AoK. 113 rpyHra H c6opHoro )l{eJie3o-6eroHa coopy)l{eHa 6oJihillaH cnopru_sHaH apeHa c aMqrnre­arpoM, sMema10I.I.J.HM 25 ThICSill 3puren:eit B np~.AeJiax crn­.nnoHa peqKa l.Jep,ll.blMOBKa 83HTa B »<eJie306eTOHHhIH KOJI­JieKrop, a 6epe1r AMypa - B 6eroHHblH KaMeHb.

. 3To ~ ,AaJieKo He TIOJIHblH nepe11eHb 1pe3yJihTaTOB TPY: )I.a xa6apo8llaH. CrpoHreJibC'flBO crn.nuoHa npo.llOJDKaeTcH. 11 He)l.aJieKO TO 8peMSI, 1KOf ,ll.a 18 ero KOMIJ1JieKC 80li:)l.)'T ,llBa OTKpblTbIX nJiaBaTe!JbHhlX 6acceHHa c . rpu6yHaMH Ha 2,5 Tbl­CH1IH 3pHTe.ne:H, Jlsopeu cnopra c Tpu6yHaMH Ha rnecrh TbICSlll 3pl.fTeJiei, JIOJJ,OllHaSI rasaHb Ha 200 1MeJIKHX cy,ll.OB, n aaHJibOH Jie!I'Koar Jieroa, rup H ,ll.pyrne onop1'HBHb1e coopy­:>KeHHH.

l.Jepe3 HeCKOJihKO JleT, K-Or,Aa pa3paCTyTCSI )l.epeBbSI H 6naroycrpostTCH no;um.Ahl, CTa.AHOH HMeHH B. H. JleHHHa CTaHeT O,ll.HHM H3 lCpaCHBeHillHX MecT B ropo,Ae. '

CospeMeHIJhIH Xa6aposcK pa3AeJieH Ha TIHTh aii.MHHH-· crpaTHBHblX paHOH08 c llHCJIOM )J{HTeJieH OT 45 .AC> 75 Tbl­CSill B KaJK,llOM. no KOJIH1IeCT8Y HaceneHHSI Xa6apoBCK 3a~ Hl~Maer nepeoe Mecro Ha ,il.aJibHeM BocroKe, wecroe ·- a ·cH6HpH u .ABa.Auan~ srop~ - a PC<l>CP. 0cH08HOH · KoH­THHreHr Hace.nemrn ropo,Aa COCTaBJISIIOT npoMbIWJieHHbie pa-6011ue H Hapo,llHaSI HHTeJIJIHfeHUHSI ..

30