e-pos e-mail kostegids | cost guide 2016/17 -...
TRANSCRIPT
VIN
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082
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083
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All
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021
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078
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1329
funz
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vinp
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And
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van
Zyl
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280
8703
and
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vinp
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o.za
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KOSTEGIDS | COST GUIDE
2016/17
B • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 1
’n Spesiale woord van dank aan ons borge wat die druk van hierdie Kostegids, asook die gratis verspreiding daarvan aan alle VinPro-lede en
rolspelers in die wynbedryf moontlik maak.
A special word of thanks to our sponsors without whom this Cost Guide could not have been published or distributed for free to all VinPro
members and role-players in the wine industry.
Orchard Suppliers • Netafim • Boshoff Visser • Santam Hauptfleisch Grondverskuiwing • InteliGro / Villa Crop
Samestelling / CompositionAndries van Zyl & Funzani Sundani
VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste / VinPro Agricultural Economic Services
Kantoor: 021 276 0429Sel: 073 280 8703 / 078 084 1329
[email protected] / [email protected]
Tel: +27 (0)23 347 [email protected]
Visit www.agrimek.co.za to �nd your nearest Orchard Agrimek dealer.Visit www.agrimek.co.za to �nd your nearest Orchard Agrimek dealer.
Agricultural Mechanisationistsmore machines make light work
The all new Oxbo 6120 now available with PremiumSort, an onboard destemming and sorting system, as an optional extra.The all new Oxbo 6120 now available with PremiumSort, an onboard destemming and sorting system, as an optional extra.
A HARVESTERFOR EVERYVINEYARD
A HARVESTERFOR EVERYVINEYARD
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VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 3
INHOUD / CONTENTS
Voorwoord / Foreword ................................................................................................................ 5
Doel / Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 5
Wynbedryfoorsig / Wine Industry Overview .................................................................................................. 7
Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2015-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2015 harvest) .................................................... 14
Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top achievers ..................................................................................... 26
Teikeninkomste (2015-oes) / Target income (2015 harvest) ......................................................................................... 31
Oesversekering / Harvest Insurance ........................................................................................................... 34
Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines ........................................................................................................... 37
Vestigingskoste / Establishment cost ......................................................................................................... 40
Koste van meganisasie / Cost of mechanisation ................................................................................................... 54
Kelders / Cellars ............................................................................................................................. 62
VinPro kontakbesonderhede / VinPro contact details ............................. Agterblad / Back page
Die samestellers van die VinPro Kostegids het deurgaans te goeder trou opgetree. Enige besluit voortspruitend, of aksie gebaseer op die inligting soos vervat in die gids, word op eie risiko gedoen. Nie die samestellers of VinPro kan verantwoordelik gehou word vir enige finansiële verlies weens so ’n besluit of aksie nie, terwyl enige finansiële wins slegs tot die voordeel van die gebruiker daarvan is.
The VinPro Cost Guide was compiled in good faith. Any decision taken as a result of, or actions based on information contained in the guide is solely at the user’s own risk. Neither the compilers nor VinPro are accountable for any financial loss due to such decisions or actions, while any financial gain derived from it is solely to the benefit of the users thereof.
Vrywaring / Indemnity
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 5
VOORWOORD / FOREWORDIn die strewe na ’n volhoubare en deelnemende wynprodusentegemeenskap bly die VinPro Land-bou-ekonomiese Diens verbind tot effek tiewe en waardetoegevoegde ekonomiese diens lewering aan VinPro se lede en ander rolspelers in die bedryf.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse wyndruifprodusent is die afgelope paar jaar blootgestel aan stygende insetkostes en dalende winsmarges, wat daar-toe lei dat die produsent se winsgewendheid onder geweldige druk verkeer. Met hierdie in ag geneem, openbaar die VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste jaarliks kritiese finansiële aanwysers wat regdeur die wynbedryf erken en gebruik word as ’n betroubare maatstaf. ’n Uit-vloeisel daarvan is die samestelling van hierdie meer gedetailleerde Kostegids – wat jaarliks in Mei opgedateer en beskikbaar gestel word – ter verdere ondersteuning van die produsent.
VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste• Lewensvatbaarheidstudies, koste- en wins -
gewendheidsanalises, asook skade bepalings.
• Koördinering van finansiële studiegroepe/Produksieplan – finansiële geheelplaas- en bedryfstak-analises op plaasvlak.
• Ekonomiese en bedryfsverwante artikels en aanbiedings.
• Versameling en verspreiding van verteen-woordigende landbou-ekonomiese bedryfs-inligting.
In the quest towards a sustainable and par-ticipating wine producer community, VinPro Agricultural Economic Services are committed to providing effective and value-added economic services to all members of VinPro, as well as other role players in the industry.
The South African wine producer’s profitability has been under enormous pressure over the past few years due to rising input costs, as well as low and decreasing profit margins. With this in mind, VinPro Agricultural Economic Services annually reveal financial indicators that are ac-cepted and used throughout the wine industry as a trusted benchmark. As an extension of its support to producers, VinPro compiled this more detailed Cost Guide, which is updated annually and available in May.
VinPro Agricultural Economic Services• Feasibility studies, cost- and profitability
analyses, as well as damage assessments.
• Coordinating financial study groups/Produc-tion Plan – financial analyses of total farm or operational enterprise.
• Economic and industry-related articles and presentations.
• Collecting and distributing relevant financial industry information.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie Kostegids is om sekere noodsaaklike ekonomiese aspekte in ’n eenvoudige formaat te verpak wat as hulp-middel kan dien vir die opstel van begrotings deur wyndruifprodusente. Weens dramatiese prysskommelinge is dit baie moeilik om sin-vol en akkuraat te begroot en kan hierdie gids as riglyn daarvoor aangewend word.
The main purpose of this guide is to provide wine grape producers with specific finan-cial indicators to assist them in compiling a budget. Due to the fact that prices vary dramatically, it is difficult to compile a budget that is both meaningful and accurate. This guide is a useful aid in compiling a more accurate budget.
Doel / Purpose
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 7Santam is an authorised financial services provider (licence number 3416).
A modern farmer faces many challenges and takes on different roles to overcome them. You’re responsible for your farm, your workers, your assets, your home and your family. At Santam we understand just
how much a farmer does. That’s why we take an in-depth, scientific approach to protecting your crops and assets on and off the farm. Because we believe you deserve one-of-a-kind insurance.
For more information, call your broker or visit www.santam.co.za/products/agriculture.Santam. Insurance good and proper.
TODAY’S FARMERS KNOW MORE THAN JUST FARMING.
KIN
GJA
MES
346
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36522_Agri Citrus Farmer Print Ad_210x148.indd 1 2016/05/05 10:25 AM
WYNBEDRYFOORSIG
WINE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
8 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 9
VINPRO OORSIG / VINPRO OVERVIEWVinPro is die diensorganisasie vir nagenoeg 3 500 Suid-Afrikaanse wynprodusente en kelders en verteenwoordig hulle in gesprekke
met die regering en op relevante wynbedryf forums.
VinPro is the service organisation for close to 3 500 South African wine producers and cellars and represents them in discussions with
Government and on relevant wine industry forums.
Grondkunde & GISSoil science & GIS
Vititec (Edms) BpkPlantmateriaal / Plant material
Wingerdkunde Viticulture
Transformasie & OntwikkelingTransformation & Development
Wynkelders Wine Cellars
KOSTEGIDS | COST GUIDE
2015/16VR G
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VIN
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Viti
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021
276
0432
082
455
5192
hann
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npro
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Rob
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Viti
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Kle
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023
626
3017
082
922
9547
mel
letj@
vinp
ro.c
o.za
Con
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Sch
utte
Win
gerd
kund
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Viti
cultu
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Ste
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021
276
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082
804
0422
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Ger
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Win
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Viti
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Olif
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021
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072
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Hei
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Gro
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All
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021
276
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073
280
8703
andr
ies@
vinp
ro.c
o.za
Landbou-ekonomie Agricultural economics
RSA
R40
,00
INCL
VAT
INCORPORATING WINETECH TEGNIES INGELYF 1931 - 2016 | 85 YEARS MAY 2016
TECH- NOLOGY
T H E
I S S U E
DANIE DE WET OOR SUID-AFRIKA SE BEELD
SWAYING THE SWEDES
’N GEMEGANISEERDE ERA
THE MILLENNIAL EFFECT ON WINE MARKETING
9 7 7 0 0 4 3 9 6 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 4
PRUNINGPELLENC
PRUNINGTHE FUTURE OF
Kommunikasie/WineLand Communication/WineLand
FarmMS (Edms) BpkBestuurstelsels / Management Systems
Tegnologie-oordrag Technology transfer
Verteenwoordiging Representation
VinPro StigtingSosiale ontwikkeling befondsing
VinPro Foundation Social development funding
VinPro CapitalFinansiering van transformasie
Financing transformation
BEDRYFORGANOGRAM / INDUSTRY ORGANOGRAMDie wyn- en brandewynbedryf word deur twee hoof organisasies verteenwoordig:
The wine and brandy industry is represented by two main organisations:
Versamel, en versprei wynbedryf-statistieke en bestuur die Wyn van Oorsprong Skema. Statistics and Wine of Origin Scheme.
Koördineer navorsing & tegnologie-oordrag in die wynbedryf. Research & technology transfer.
Uitvoere-promotor. Bou generiese besigheidskapasiteit. Export promotor, builds generic business capacity.
VinPro en Salba word op die rade van drie wynbedryf besigheidseenhede verteenwoordig:
These organisations are also represented on three business units:
Hierdie organisasies dien saam met ander belangegroepe op: These organisations serve with other interest groups on the:
TRANSFORMASIE KOMITEE / TRANSFORMATION COMMITTEEKoördineer die aanwending van statutêre heffings vir transformasieprojekte.
Co-ordinates application of statutory levies for transformation.
3 500 lede / 3 500 members
Wyndruifprodusente, wynprodusente, landgoedere, produsentekelders.
Wine grape producers, wine producers, estates, producer cellars.
22 lede / 22 members
Vervaardigers/verspreiders & handels-merkeienaars, insluitend Distell & KWV.
Manufacturers/distributors & trade mark owners, including Distell & KWV.
10 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 11
Wingerdoppervlak in SA verbou (uitgesluit Tafeldruiwe)Area under vines (excluding table grape)
106 017 ha
Wyndruif-kultivarsWine Grape varieties
98 597
Primêre wyndruiweprodusentePrimary wine grape producers
3 314
Produserende keldersProducing cellars
559
Werkgeleenthede in die wynbedryfEmployment opportunities in the wine industry
289 151
Indiensneming op wynplase en in keldersEmployment on wine farms and in cellars
61 435
Stokkies onder verbouing (vinifera variëteite)Vines under cultivation (Vinifera varieties)
292.1
Ton geoesTons harvested
1 477 048
Liters geoesLiters harvested
1 154m
Gebruik word vir die produksie van wynUsed for production of wine
84%
Liter wyn verbruik in die binnelandse markLiters of wine consumed in domestic market
424.7m
Liters uitgevoerLiters exported
420.1m
% totale SA wyn word uitgevoer% of SA wine exported
43%
SA as % van die wêreld se wingerdeSA as % of world vineyards
2%
Posisie in die wêreld (oppervlakte onder wingerd)Size ranking in the world (area under vines)
14th
Posisie in die wêreld (aantal Liter)Ranking in the world (volume of wine produced)
8th
SA-gedeelte van die wêreld se wynproduksieSA contribution to the world’s wine production
4%
SA as % van die wêreld se uitvoerwynSA contribution to world wine exports (%)
4%
SA per capita wynverbruikSA per capita wine consumption
7.3L
Jaarlikse impak van die SA-wynbedryf op BBPAnnual impact of the SA wine industry on GDP = 1.2%
R 36.1 b
Primêre wynprodusente se inkomstePrimary wine producers income
R4.73 b
Staatsinkomste van BTW en aksyns op wynbedryfprodukteState income from VAT and excise on wine industry products
R5.27 b
SA Wynbedryf Statistieke / SA Wine Industry Statistics
Met vergunning van Sawis / Courtesy of Sawis.
PARTNERS IN WISE: VinPro, Salba, Winetech, Wosa, SawisCONTACT: [email protected]
WINE INDUSTRY STRATEGIC EXERCISE
The South African wine and brandy industry developed the need for a comprehensive, industry-wide strategic exercise that will help it to reach a desirable future state by 2025. WISE entails a robust and adaptable approach to drive profitability, global competitiveness and sustainability.
THEMES
Six main themes, or work streams were identified, which cover key aspects for development.
Economic empowerment & development
Market development & promotion
Knowledge & information development
Technology innovation & transfer
Social development & upliftment
Human resources development & training
PROJECTS
10 projects were identified to address the 6 work streams. These projects were repackaged into four toolbox items six game changers.
• Single SA wine information portal & search engine
• Price point analysis of supply chain packaged & bulk
• Implementation plan for learning & development in the wine value chain
• Realignment of research & development structure
Toolbox: creating an enabling
environment for business as usual
• Data analysis & market consumer research
• Wine tourism baseline study & strategy development
• Brand SA local marketing strategy
• Land reform & transformation plan
• Technology transfer & innovation strategy for the wine value chain
• Wine social compact
Game changers: changing
the industry landscape
game changers
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 1312 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
SAWIS StatistiekstrekeMap compiled by: Heinrich Schloms
SAWIS statistiekPhone: 083 480 2686 / 021 276 0432
www.vinpro.co.za
14 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 15
VinPro Agricultural Economic Services con-ducted comprehensive analyses in all nine wine districts in 2015, with the support of Winetech, the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, FNB, Nedbank and Capital Harvest. The primary objective is still to determine the production structure, cost structure and profitability per district so as to determine the financial wellbeing of the producers.
Altogether 226 farming units from nine wine districts participated in the 2015 Production Plan survey. In 2015 the sample consisted of 22 545 ha (22% of the total South African area planted to grapevines in 2014), which produce 380 998 tons (26% of the total South African crop in 2015). The sample comprised 62% white and 38% red wine grapes and 59% of the tons were harvested mechanically.
The analysis applies to overall grapevine production (bearing and non-bearing hectares) and the cost analysis makes no distinction between cultivars and specific blocks. The greater majority of participants are diversified and differ with regard to farm size. The report represents industry average figures, calculated by determining the weighted average of all the participants. The Malmesbury district is always evaluated separately and does not form part of the industry average figures because this study group cultivates a large percentage of dryland vineyards which require an alternative production, cost and capital structure.
VinPro Landbou-Ekonomiese Dienste het in 2015 met die ondersteuning van Winetech, die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad (NLBR), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, ENB, Nedbank en Capital Harvest diepte-ontledings in al nege wyndistrikte uitgevoer. Die primêre doel is om die produksie- en kostestruktuur en winsgewendheid per distrik te bepaal en sodoende die finansiële welstand van die produsente vas te stel.
Altesaam 226 boerdery-eenhede uit nege wyndistrikte het aan die 2015 Produksieplan-opname deelgeneem. Die steekproef het in 2015 uit 22 545 ha (22% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdstand in 2014) bestaan, wat 380 998 ton lewer (26% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse oes in 2015). Hiervan was 62% wit- en 38% rooiwyndruiwe en 59% van die tonne is meganies gepars.
Die ontleding hanteer die wingerdvertakking in geheel (draende en nie-draende hektare) en daar word nie onderskeid tussen kultivars en sekere blokke tydens die kosteontleding getref nie. Die groter meerderheid van die deelnemers is gediversifiseerd en verskil ten opsigte van plaasgrootte. Die verslag verteenwoordig bedryfsgemiddelde syfers, wat bereken word deur die geweegde gemiddelde van al die deelnemers te bepaal. Die Malmesbury-distrik word deurgaans afsonderlik geëvalueer en maak nie deel van die bedryfsgemiddelde syfers uit nie aangesien dié studiegroep ’n groot komponent droëlandwingerd verbou wat ’n alternatiewe produksie-, koste- en kapitaalstruktuur vereis.
KOSTE VAN WYNDRUIFPRODUKSIE (2015-OES) / COST OF WINE GRAPE PRODUCTION (2015 HARVEST)
Die 2015 rekord-oes en die impak op primêre wyndruifprodusente
se finansiële volhoubaarheid
Inleiding / Introduction
KOSTE VAN WYNDRUIFPRODUKSIE
COST OF WINE GRAPE PRODUCTION
16 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 17
Die jaarlikse koste wat aangegaan is om die 2015-oes voor te berei het uit kontantuitgawes en voorsiening vir vervanging bestaan, terwyl belasting, renteverpligtinge en ondernemersloon uitgesluit is. Die bedryfsgemiddelde totale produksiekoste (Malmesbury uitgesluit) het sedert 2014 met 8% na R41 635/ha in 2015 toegeneem.
The annual cost incurred to prepare the 2015 crop comprised cash expenditure and provision for replacement, and excluded tax, interest and entrepreneurial remuneration. The industry average total production cost (excluding Malmesbury) has increased by 8% since 2014 to R41 635/ha in 2015.
Die koste van wyndruifproduksie / The cost of wine grape production
Cash expenditure is specified as direct cost, labour, mechanisation, fixed improvements and general expenses. Total cash expenditure indi-cates a 9% increase since 2014 to R31 944/ha in the 2015 production year.
This increase is driven mainly by labour which is exceedingly higher than the other cost elements. This contributed to the increased component of wine grapes which were harvested mechanically, as well as increasing mechanisation of practices such as pruning. High production for the fourth consecutive year also contributed to the increase due to the need for increased inputs, so that wine grapes could be produced profitably for a specific wine style objective. Depending on the amount of mechanisation, the cost composition differs in certain areas, but the total production cost does not differ notably from one area to the next. Stringent cost management, with a balance between wine style objective and input requirement for each block, remains critical in cycles of sub-inflationary increases in income. Agricultural cost inflation was nevertheless clearly higher than the average South African inflation.
Kontantuitgawes word as direkte koste, arbeid, meganisasie, vaste verbeteringe en algemene uitgawes gespesifiseer. Totale kontantuitgawes toon ’n 9% styging sedert 2014 tot R31 944/ha in die 2015-oesjaar.
Hierdie verhoging word hoofsaaklik deur arbeid veroorsaak wat steeds vinniger as van die ander koste-elemente gegroei het. Dit het bygedra tot die verhoogde komponent wyndruiwe wat mega nies gepars word, asook al hoe meer praktyke, byvoorbeeld snoei, wat meganies han teer word. Groot produksie vir die vierde agter eenvolgende jaar dra ook tot die verhoging by weens verhoogde insette wat verlang word, sodat wyndruiwe winsgewend vir ’n spesifieke wyndoelwit geproduseer kan word. Afhangend van die mate van meganisering, verskil die kostesamestelling tussen sekere gebiede, maar die totale produksiekoste tussen die gebiede verskil nie noemenswaardig nie. Noukeurige kostebestuur, met die balans tussen wyndoelwit en insetbehoefte per blok, bly krities in siklusse van minder as inflasie-inkomstestygings. Maar landbou-inflasie was duidelik hoër as die gemid-delde Suid-Afrikaanse inflasie.
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure
Totale kontantuitgawes / Total cash expenditure Totale voorsiening vir vervanging / Total provision for renewal
Totale produksiekoste / Total production cost
Totale produksiekoste / Total production cost
R9 691
R5 733 R6 108 R6 876R7 541
R7 937R8 139
R8 605
R9 080R9 439
R45 000
R40 000
R35 000
R30 000
R25 000
R20 000
R15 000
R10 000
R5 000
R02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R/h
a
2015
R15
599
R16
017
R16
702
R19
039
R20
648
R22
442
R23
812
R26
659
R29
235
R31
944
R21 332 R22 125R23 578
R26 580R28 585
R30 581R32 417
R35 739
R38 674
R41 635
R9 644 R10 187 R9 971R9 541 R8 444
R9 239
R11 502R9 448
R9 691
R7 367
R32 079 R30 865 R29 592 R26 227 R27 339 R39 011 R32 145 R36 254 R31 944 R22 068
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal
Totale produksiekoste per distrik 2015 / Total production cost per district 2015
R60 000
R50 000
R40 000
R30 000
R20 000
R10 000
0
R/h
a
Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Bedryf / Industry
R15 599 R16 017R16 702
R19 039R20 648
R22 442R23 812
R26 659
R29 235
R31 944R35 000
R30 000
R25 000
R20 000
R15 000
R10 000
R5 000
0
R/h
a
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
18 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 19
R9 000
R8 000
R7 000
R6 000
R5 000
R4 000
R3 000
R2 000
R1 000
02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Arbeid / LabourBedryf / Industry
Permanente arbeid / Permanent labour Seisoensarbeid & kontrakteurs / Seasonal labour & contractors
R/h
a
R6 076
R6 828
R2 755R3 134
R2 325R2 246R2 132R2 137R1 719R1 589R1 547
R5 616R5 272
R4 920
R4 459R4 097R4 219R4 185
R7 860
R3 342
R3 500
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
R02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R/h
a
2015
Meganisasie / MechanisationBedryf / Industry
Herstel, onderdele & reparasies (los bates) / Repair, parts & maintenance (moveable assets) Brandstof / Fuel
R1 468 R1 517 R1 586
R1 842R1 983
R2 243R2 136
R2 352R2 613
R1 106R1 252
R1 464R1 639
R1 533
R1 726
R2 040
R2 358
R2 594
R2 949
R2 646
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R/h
a
2015
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
R0
Elektrisiteit / Electricity Waterbelasting / Water tax Administrasie / Administration
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditureBedryf / Industry
R2 287
R2 063
R1 768
R1 339
R2 302
R1 421
R1 254R1 176
R1 119R1 043
R1 427
R647 R655 R652 R681 R720R846
R931 R971 R926
R2 498
R1 541
R1 034
R1 072
R803
R1 019
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
R/h
a
2015
R1 176 R1 144R1 257
R1 506
R1 758 R1 655 R1 639
R1 839
R2 230
R2 428
R756R875
R1 012
R1 172R1 327 R1 382
R1 570
R1 831R1 981
R2 061
R344 R370 R424R549 R544 R592 R548 R589
R788
R929
Direkte koste / Direct cost Bedryf / Industry
Onkruid / HerbicidePlaag- en siektebeheer / Pesticide controlKunsmis / Fertiliser
20 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 21
Met die berekening voorsiening vir vervanging word items oor verskillende termyne teen die vervangingswaarde as volg afgeskryf:
Geboue 60 jaar
Wingerde 20 jaar
Los bates / produksiemiddele 7 - 15 jaar
When calculating provision for renewal, items are written off at renewal value over different periods:
Buildings 60 years
Grapevines 20 years
Moveable assets / means of production 7 - 15 years
Totale voorsiening vir vervanging het in die 2015-oesjaar R9 691/ha beloop – ’n styging van 3% sedert 2014.
Total provision for renewal in the 2015 harvest year amounted to R9 691/ha – an increase of 3% since 2014.
Die impak van verhoogde produksie is wesen-lik op die gelykbreekprys van die totale pro-duksiekoste in rand per ton. Die totale produksie-koste per hektaar, wat sedert 2014 met 8% gestyg het, het daartoe gelei dat die gelykbreek in terme van rand per ton van R2 186/ton tot R2 382/ton in 2015 toegeneem het. Anders gestel: Die eerste R2 382 wat die produsent gedurende die 2015-oes vir ’n ton druiwe ont-vang het, behoort vir totale produksiekoste aan-gewend te word. Geen ondernemersloon, rente of belasting is in berekening gebring nie.
The impact of increased production is significant on the break-even price of the total production cost in rand per ton. The total production cost per hectare, which has increased by 8% since 2014, caused the break-even in terms of rand per ton to increase from R2 186/ton to R2 382/ton in 2015. In other words: The first R2 382 for a ton of grapes received by the producer during the 2015 harvest, should be applied for total pro-duction cost. No entrepreneurial remuneration, interest or tax has been taken into account yet.
Gelykbreek / Break-even
Vervangingswaarde van kapitaalstruktuur / Replacement value of capital structureBedryf / Industry
2006 - 2015250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
0
Wingerde / Vineyards Vaste verbeterings (geboue) / Fixed improvements
(buildings)
Losgoed (produksiemiddele) / Moveable assets
(production means)
Totaal (grond uitgesluit) / Total (land excluded)
R56
033
R10
7 14
6
R32
272 R56
116
R23
612
R40
547
R11
1 91
7
R20
3 80
9
R5 733 R6 107R6 876
R7 541 R7 937 R8 139R8 605 R9 080 R9 439 R9 691
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal Bedryf / Industry
R12 000
R10 000
R8 000
R6 000
R4 000
R2 000
0
R/h
a
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Produksiekoste word nie net tot kontantuit-gawes beperk nie, maar kapitale items moet ook oor tyd vervang word om die besigheid in stand te hou en dit verg ’n volhoubare besigheids-model. Trekkers, gereedskap, ander produksie-middele, wingerde en geboue word ouer en moet vervang word, dus moet die aankoop-waarde van die item oor ’n spesifieke leeftyd verhaal word. Deur die beginsel “voorsiening vir vervanging” te gebruik word ’n groter bedrag as in die geval van depresiasie verhaal. Dit spreek die probleem van reglynige waardevermindering tot ’n mate aan.
Production cost is not restricted to cash expen-diture, capital items also have to be replaced in due course so as to maintain the business as a running concern and ensure a sustainable business model. Tractors, tools, other means of production, vineyards and buildings deteriorate and have to be renewed, therefore the purchase value of the item has to be recovered over a specific lifetime. By using the principle “provi-sion for renewal” a larger amount is recovered than in the case of depreciation. To a certain extent this addresses the problem of rectilinear depreciation.
Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditureBedryf / Industry
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
17%
5%
19%
44%
15%
4%
20%
43%
15%
4%
21%
42%
17%
4%
21%
42%
18%
4%
20%
41%
19%
3%
21%
41%
18%
3%
20%
40%
17%
3%
21%
40%
18%
3%
20%
41%
18%
4%
20%
42%
18%
17% 16% 15% 16% 18% 19% 19% 17% 17%
R/h
a
22 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 23
Alhoewel die gemiddelde opbrengste verskil tus-sen die distrikte, asook tussen die verskillende kultivars, is daar nie ’n noemenswaardige varia-sie in produksiekoste nie. Dit gee aanleiding tot groot verskille in die gelykbreekprys ten opsigte van totale produksiekoste in die onderskeie dis-trikte en tussen die verskillende kultivars.
The average yields differ considerably among the districts, as well as among the various cultivars, while the production cost does not differ to the same extent. This gives rise to large differences in break-even price in terms of total production cost in the respective districts and among the various cultivars.
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Koste effektiewe, omvattende gewasbeskerming, nou gerugsteun deur internasionale kundigheid en ondersteuning aan die Suid-Afrikaanse mark.
Voorsiener van gewasoplossings aan die Landbou-industrie
Gewasoplossings en -kundigheid Gespesialiseerde doelgerigte plantvoedingoplossings
Ondersteunende tegnologie Biologiese oplossings
28
23
18
13
8
3
-2
R3 000
R2 500
R2 000
R1 500
R1 000
R500
R02006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Ton/
ha
Ran
d/t
on
2015
Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even Bedryf / Industry
1 3911 420
1 709
1 9412 028
1 9102 042
2 186
2 38215
.34
15.5
8
16.3
1
15.5
5
14.7
3
15.0
8
16.9
8
17.5
0
17.6
9
17.4
8
1 446
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Ton/
ha
R6 000
R5 000
R4 000
R3 000
R2 000
R1 000
0
Ran
d/t
on
Paa
rrl
Wor
cest
er
Rob
erts
on
Kle
in K
aroo
Ste
llenb
osch
Olif
ants
Riv
(i)er
Ora
nge
Riv
(i)er
Bed
ryfs
gem
idd
eld
/ In
dus
try
aver
age
Mal
mes
bur
y
Bre
edek
loof
2 9282 097 1 955 2 1371 835 1 805
1 443
2 382
3 395
5 471
19.9
0
21.0
0
18.5
1
19.4
9
12.2
2
8.82
24.1
8
31.6
8
17.4
8
8.67
Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek per distrik (2015) Influence of production on break-even per district (2015)
Opbrengs / Yield (Ton/ha) Produksiekoste / Production cost (R/ton)
Gemiddelde opbrengs / Average yield Gelykbreek / Break-even (Rand/ton)
VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 25
# Ingesluit: Voorsorgfonds, WVF, medies, beskermde klere, klerasie, bonusse, rantsoene, ongevalle / vergoeding kommisaris, ens.# Included: Provident fund, UIF, medical, protected clothes, clothing, bonus, ration, workman’s compensation comission, etc.
* Ingesluit: Bankkoste, ouditeursgelde, lidmaatskappe, sekuriteit, rekenaaronderhoud, professionele dienste, kursusse / opleiding, posgeld, telefoon, skryfbehoeftes, besproeiingsmonitering en diverse uitgawes.
* Included: Banking costs, bookkeeping fees, membership fees, security, computer maintenance, professional fees, training / courses,postage, telephone, stationary, irrigation monitoring and sundries.
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE - KOSTE AS RAND PER HEKTAAR (2015-OES)PROUDUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES - COST AS RAND PER HECTARE (2015 HARVEST)
DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Olifants Riv(i)er Worcester Orange Riv(i)er Klein Karoo Bedryf/Industry Malmesbury
KOSTE STRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURE Rand / Ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 5 898 4 231 6 903 6 546 5 691 6 241 3 999 5 108 5 744 4 232
SAAD / SEED 242 99 97 134 0 98 23 424 125 172
KUNSMIS / FERTILIZER 958 1 065 2 306 1 737 2 563 1 897 1 983 1 557 1 687 1 338
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 9 75 106 831 350 327 100 319 250 16
PLAAG- EN SIEKTEBEHEER / PESTICIDE CONTROL 3 432 1 942 2 795 2 489 1 792 2 414 995 1 919 2 428 1 864
ONKRUIDBEHEER / HERBICIDE CONTROL 897 847 1 236 1 016 652 1 089 725 369 929 742
HERSTEL- EN BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR AND BINDING MATERIAL 358 203 363 339 334 417 172 519 326 100
ARBEID/ LABOUR # 19 519 12 469 10 294 11 775 10 686 11 364 19 460 9 843 13 282 9 613
TOESIG EN BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 2 755 1 489 2 282 2 393 1 758 1 854 1 812 1 362 2 081 875
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 10 480 7 316 5 814 8 076 6 775 8 578 7 953 7 091 7 860 4 268
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 6 284 3 664 2 199 1 306 2 153 932 9 695 1 391 3 342 4 470
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 6 215 5 472 6 477 6 243 7 726 6 913 7 554 5 845 6 439 5 294
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 2 323 2 497 2 142 2 721 3 106 3 278 3 572 2 426 2 646 2 024
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE 3 259 1 970 3 647 2 846 3 440 2 890 2 360 2 906 2 949 1 714
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 528 435 538 577 1 022 510 982 412 598 447
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 104 570 150 99 159 235 640 101 246 1 108
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 469 889 843 1 723 823 1 333 847 368 1 136 727
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 1 110 690 678 1 463 511 1 092 484 219 878 580
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 358 199 165 260 312 241 363 150 257 146
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURES 5 911 4 278 5 074 4 577 7 218 6 228 4 395 5 061 5 343 2 203
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 2 117 1 822 2 961 2 982 3 265 2 743 1 580 1 775 2 498 819
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 815 635 920 201 2 200 1 742 1 257 2 248 1 034 529
GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 384 226 177 247 326 307 246 160 270 117
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION * 2 595 1 596 1 016 1 147 1 426 1 436 1 312 878 1 541 737
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURES 39 011 27 339 29 592 30 865 32 145 32 079 36 254 26 227 31 944 22 068
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 9 239 8 444 9 971 10 187 11 502 9 644 9 448 9 541 9 691 7 367
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 5 298 5 399 5 309 5 546 5 103 5 517 5 291 5 361 5 357 4 663
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 1 058 657 856 1 032 1 232 1 085 645 689 935 598
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / LOOSE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 2 883 2 388 3 807 3 608 5 167 3 041 3 512 3 491 3 398 2 106
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 48 250 35 783 39 563 41 051 43 647 41 723 45 702 35 767 41 635 29 435
GEMIDDELDE OPP GEPLANT / AREA PLANTED (HA) 109 112 100 117 63 110 19 55 98 165
AREA ONDER BESPROEIING / AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (%) 92% 88% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 34%
OUDERDOMSAMESTELLING / AGE COMPOSITION (%)
3 JAAR & JONGER / 3 YEARS AND YOUNGER 8.72 8.22 14.36 13.63 10.01 14.85 8.42 14.88 13.54 6.56
TUSSEN 4 & 7 JAAR / BETWEEN 4 & 7 YEARS 14.91 13.08 22.08 15.27 11.76 16.95 19.38 15.58 15.95 7.38
TUSSEN 8 & 15 JAAR / BETWEEN 8 & 15 YEARS 39.03 48.29 33.78 36.11 40.22 34.73 38.58 39.07 39.07 60.90
TUSSEN 16 & 20 JAAR / BETWEEN 16 & 20 YEARS 19.53 22.91 18.15 18.76 18.99 17.32 20.10 22.35 19.63 18.62
OUER AS 20 JAAR / OLDER THAN 20 YEARS 17.81 7.50 11.85 16.53 19.01 15.67 14.16 8.13 14.12 6.54
GEMIDDELDE OPBRENGS / AVERAGE YIELD (TON PER HA) 8.82 12.22 18.51 21.00 24.18 19.90 31.68 19.49 17.48 8.67
KONTANTUITGAWES / CASH EXPENDITURES (RAND PER TON) 4,423 2,237 1,599 1,470 1,329 1,612 1,144 1,346 1,828 2,545
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE (RAND PER TON) 5,471 2,928 2,137 1,955 1,805 2,097 1,443 1,835 2,382 3,395
26 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 27
KOSTESTRUKTUUR VAN TOP PRESTEERDERS / COST STRUCTURE OF TOP ACHIEVERS
Topprodusente se jaarlikse kontantuitgawes (R30 870/ha) is minstens 3% laer as dié van die bedryfsgemiddelde (R31 944/ha), terwyl die voorsiening vir vervanging van hierdie groep teen R9 893/ha sowat 2% hoër as die bedryfsgemiddeld van R9 691/ha is. Die totale produksiekoste van die 50 topprodusente beloop R40 763/ha, dus 2% laer as die bedryfs-gemiddelde van R41 635/ha.
Top producers’ annual cash expenditure (R30 870/ha) is at least 3% lower than that of the industry (R31 944/ha), while the provision for replacement of this group at R9 893/ha is about 2% higher than the industry average of R9 691/ha. Total production cost of the top 50 producers amounts to R40 763/ha, 2% lower than the industry average of R41 635/ha.
PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE (R/HA) / PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES (R/HA)
KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURETop 50 2013R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2013R/ha
Top 50 2014R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2014R/ha
Top 50 2015R/ha
Bedryf Industry
2015R/ha
DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST 5 063 4 670 6 080 5 382 6 115 5 744
SAAD / SEED 109 110 133 75 207 125
KUNSMIS / FERTILISER 1 327 1 405 1 577 1 591 1 772 1 687
ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL 569 316 779 315 297 250
PLAAG- & SIEKTEBEHEER / PESTICIDE CONTROL 1 963 1 839 2 310 2 230 2 613 2 428
ONKRUIDBEHEER / HERBICIDE CONTROL 594 589 812 788 830 929
HERSTEL- & BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR & BINDING MATERIAL 501 411 469 383 395 326
ARBEID / LABOUR 8 751 10 639 10 216 12 001 11 982 13 282
TOESIG & BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION 1 648 1 808 1 720 2 039 2 018 2 081
PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR 5 668 6 076 6 590 6 828 7 587 7 860
SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS 1 435 2 755 1 906 3 134 2 377 3 342
MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION 5 369 5 501 5 680 5 952 6 088 6 439
BRANDSTOF / FUEL 2 350 2 358 2 629 2 613 2 525 2 646
HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR PARTS & MAINTENANCE 2 208 2 352 2 334 2 594 2 751 2 949
LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE 522 497 532 523 599 598
VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED 289 294 185 222 212 246
VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 953 913 1 095 985 1 415 1 136
HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE 721 635 875 763 1 173 878
VERSEKERING / INSURANCE 231 278 220 222 242 257
ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE 4 670 4 936 4 263 4 914 5 270 5 343
ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY 2 245 2 287 2 036 2 302 2 453 2 498
WATERKOSTE / WATER COST 963 971 803 926 1 242 1 034
GROND- EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND- PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES 222 257 224 259 296 270
ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION 1 241 1 421 1 201 1 427 1 279 1 541
TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE 24 806 26 659 27 334 29 235 30 870 31 944
VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL 9 509 9 080 9 503 9 439 9 893 9 691
WINGERDE / VINEYARDS 5 509 5 408 5 449 5 388 5 477 5 357
VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS 936 880 888 912 982 935
LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / MOVEABLE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS 3 063 2 792 3 166 3 140 3 435 3 398
TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE 34 315 35 739 36 837 38 674 40 764 41 635
KOSTESTRUKTUUR VAN TOP PRESTEERDERS
COST STRUCTURE OF TOP ACHIEVERS
28 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 29
Die samestelling van toppresteerders se kon-tantuitgawes verskil nie noemenswaardig van dié van die bedryfsgemiddeld nie. Die 50 top-produsente bestee meer op direkte kostes soos kunsmis en plaag- en siektebeheer, en begryp die risiko is te groot om te probeer bespaar aan die direkte insette wat aan die grootte en kwaliteit van die oes gekoppel word. ’n Ander voortdurende tendens is die mate van megani-sering om sodoende arbeid meer produktief aan te wend. Dit is nie net tot die oes van wyndruiwe beperk nie; meganiese snoeipraktyke raak al hoe gewilder. Maar daar is steeds produsente wat hul hulpbronne op konvensionele wingerdpraktyke toespits met uitstekende resultate.
The composition of top achievers’ cash ex-penditure does not differ substantially from the industry average. The top 50 producers spend more on direct costs, namely fertiliser and pest and disease control and realise that the risk is too large to try and save on direct inputs, which are linked to the size and quality of the crop. Another trend that persists is the extent of mechanisation in order to use labour more productively. This is not only limited to mechanical harvesting of wine grapes, because mechanical pruning is increas-ingly popular. Even so, some producers still focus their resources on conventional viticultural practices and achieve excellent levels of success.
Die verskil in die kostestruktuur van die top-produsente is slegs een van die drywers wat wins gewendheid beïnvloed. Die verbetering in wins gewendheid word aan verhoogde produksies met ’n hoër gemiddelde uitbetaling toegeskryf.
Beide die topprodusente en bedryfsgemiddeld beskik oor ’n aanvaarbare ouderdomsamestel-ling van die wingerd. Dit is meestal die toppro-dusente wat kan bekostig om nie-winsgewende wingerde te vervang en indien nodig te diversifi-seer met meer winsgewende vertakkings.
The difference in the cost structure of the top producers is just one of the drivers that impact on profitability; the improvement in profitability is ascribed to increased productions with an even higher average payout.
Both the top producers and the industry average have an acceptable age composition. It is mostly the top producers who can afford to replace non-profitable grapevines, as well as to diversify, if required, into other more profitable enterprises of the agricultural industry.
Wat doen top presteerders anders? / What sets top performers apart?
Die volgende korttermyn tegniese praktyke het oor die afgelope drie tot vyf jaar die winsgewend-heid van individuele wynprodusente ’n hupstoot gegee.
Snoeimetodes
In ’n poging om produksie te verhoog, poog produsente om oogladings tydens snoei te verhoog deur die toepassing van verskillende snoeipraktyke. Die aantal oë word toegeken met inagneming van die groeikrag – geiler stokke kry dus meer of langer draers en ’n hoër ooglading. Verskillende snoeimetodes/-stelsels word ook vir verskillende wyndoelwitte toegepas.
Lowerbestuurspraktyke
Lower word bestuur om vegetatiewe groei te akkommodeer sonder verlies aan vrugbaarheid en met behoud van kwaliteit. Groot fokus word geplaas op lig in die lower en suier-, top- en blaar breek-aksies word uitgevoer om te verhoed dat stokke te dig en onvrugbaar raak. Pro dusente poog ook om op arbeid te bespaar deur sekere praktyke uit te skakel of af te skaal. Só word wingerde onder andere meer toegelaat om oop te lê “sprawl” om voldoende deurlugting en belig-ting te verseker. Voorheen is voorkeur gegee aan vertikale lootposisionering “VSP” waar al die lote tussen die loofdrade ingedruk word en ver digting maklik kan plaasvind indien daar nie gesuier word nie.
Bemesting en besproeiing
Groeikrag het ’n groot impak op produksie en produsente pas hul bemestings- en besproei-ingspraktyke volgens spesifieke wyndoelwitte toe. Premium-blokke het matige groei en drag wat in balans is, terwyl bulkwynblokke sterker groeikrag het wat ’n groter lower en drag kan akkommodeer. Besproeiing en bemesting word hierby aangepas.
Blokke met hoër produksies word dikwels geas-sosieer met:
• Goedgedreineerde grond• Diep grondvoorbereiding• Meer stikstof (N)• Luukse watervoorsiening (nie te veel nie –
risiko van versuiping).
Tekortbesproeiing (“RDI”) word slegs toegepas indien die wynprys dit regverdig.
The following short-term technical practices improved the profitability of individual wine pro-ducers over the past three to five years.
Pruning methods
In an attempt to increase production, producers attempt to increase bud load during pruning by means of various pruning practices. The number of buds allocated depends on vigour – grape-vines that are more vigorous have more spurs or longer bearers – in other words, a higher bud load. Moreover, different pruning methods/systems are used for different wine objectives.
Canopy management practices
Canopies are managed to accommodate veg-etative growth without loss of fertility, while retaining quality. There is considerable focus on sunlight penetration within the canopy, and suckering techniques, topping and leaf removal are performed to prevent grapevine cano-pies from becoming too dense and infertile. Producers also attempt to save on labour by eliminating or downscaling certain practices. By allowing certain grapevines to sprawl in order to ensure sufficient aeration and light penetration, shoots do not need to be tucked into wires as required with vertical shoot positioning sys-tems. The latter practice could be responsible for too dense canopies unless proper suckering takes place.
Fertilisation and irrigation
Vigour has a great impact on yield; therefore producers apply their fertilisation and irrigation practices according to specific wine objectives. The growth and yield in premium blocks are moderate and in balance, whereas bulk wine blocks are more vigorous in order to accom-modate larger canopies and yields. Irrigation and fertilisation are adjusted accordingly.
Blocks with high yield are often associated with:
• Well-drained soil• Deep soil preparation• More nitrogen (N)• Abundant water provision (not too much –
risk of drowning).
Deficit irrigation (“RDI”) is applied only if it is justified by the price of the wine.
21%
38%
22%
3%
17%
19%
41%
20%
4%
16% 20%
20%
36%
21%
3%
18%
41%
21%
3%
18% 20%
21%
36%
21%
3%
17%
40%
20%
3%
19%
20%
35%
22%
4%
19%
18%
40%
21%
3%
19%
22%
37%
21%
4%
16%
18%
41%
20%
3%
17%
20%
40%
20%
5%
17%
18%
42%
20%
4%
17%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%Top 50 2010
Bedryf/ Industry
2010
Bedryf/ Industry
2011
Bedryf/ Industry
2012
Bedryf/ Industry
2013
Bedryf/ Industry
2014
Bedryf/ Industry
2015
Top 50 2011
Top 50 2012
Top 50 2013
Top 50 2014
Top 50 2015
Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditures
Direkte koste / Direct cost Arbeid / Labour
Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements
Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure
30 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 31
Belyn praktyke met die wyndoelwitWingerdbestuur het tot ’n groot mate verskuif vanaf slegs gehalte teen alle koste na wins-gewendheid teen die regte gehalte. Produsente belyn dus hul praktyke met die uiteindelike wyndoelwit en druiweprys. ’n Langtermynprak-tyk wat vorentoe ’n groot rol gaan speel, is die gebruik van nouer plantwydtes, en spesifiek nouer rywydte, wat meer rye per hektaar gee.
Alternatiewe prieelstelselsDie keuse van prieelstelsel het ’n baie groot impak op winsgewendheid, en hoewel nog in die beginfase, gebruik ál meer produsente alter-natiewe prieelstelsels of bestuur hul bestaande stelsel(s) anders.
Alternatiewe prieelstelsels kan:
• Produksie (ton/ha) verhoog deurdat ver-hoogde effektiewe blaaroppervlak ’n groter oes kan rypmaak
• Arbeidskostes verlaag, byvoorbeeld ooplê-stelsels teenoor VSP
• Sonligpenetrasie verbeter• Tot meer gebalanseerde groeikrag lei• Tot beter gehalte teen ’n hoër produksie aan-
leiding gee, vanweë groter effektiewe lowers.
Uitkap van nie-winsgewende blokkeLaer-produserende blokke of dié waarvan die drui we nie meer in aanvraag is nie, word uitgekap.
Doeltreffende arbeidsbestuurAs deel van beter algemene kostebestuur, word arbeid meer doeltreffend bestuur deur onder andere te meganiseer waar moontlik en gebruik te maak van meer opgeleide arbeiders waar hande-arbeid wel benodig word.
Plant nuwe wingerde aanSlegs winsgewende produsente plant tans nuwe wingerde aan, maar doen fyn beplanning vir beter produksies met betrekking tot die grond, kultivar, onderstok, klone, prieel, besproeiing, bemesting, snoei en lowerbestuur.
Tydsberekening van aksiesDie korrekte tydsberekening van verskillende wingerdaksies is baie belangrik – dit kan kostes bespaar en effektiwiteit verbeter. Feitlik alle ak-sies vereis ’n bepaalde tyd; verbeur dit en betaal die gevolge.
Align practices with the wine objectiveViticultural management has shifted to a large extent from quality alone at all costs, to profit-ability combined with the right quality. Producers are therefore aligning their practices with the eventual wine objective and grape price. A long-term practice that is set to play a significant role in the future, is the use of narrower plant widths, and specifically narrower row width, which gives more rows per hectare.
Alternative trellising systemsThe choice of trellis system has an enormous impact on profitability, and although it is early days yet, more and more producers are using alternative trellis systems, or manage their exist-ing system(s) differently.
Alternative trellis systems can:
• Increase yield (ton/ha), as a larger effective leaf surface area is able to ripen a larger crop
• Reduce labour costs, for example sprawling systems versus vertical positioning
• Improve sunlight penetration• Result in more balanced vigour• Result in improved quality and higher yield,
due to bigger effective canopies.
Uprooting of non-profitable blocksBlocks with low yields, or blocks with grapes that are no longer in demand, are uprooted.
Efficient labour managementAs part of improved general cost management, labour is managed more efficiently by means of mechanisation, inter alia, where possible, and where manual labour is required, by making use of more skilled labourers.
Plant new vineyardsOnly producers who make a profit are currently planting new vineyards, following meticulous planning for improved yields with regard to the soil, cultivar, rootstock, clones, trellis, irrigation, fertilisation, pruning and canopy management.
Timing of actionsCorrect timing of various vineyard activities can go a long way to reducing costs and increasing the effectiveness of operations, where late action often comes with extra costs. Just about every activity has it’s time; miss it and it will cost you.
TEIKENINKOMSTE
TARGET INCOME
32 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 33
Dit is van uiterste belang dat produsente en ander rolspelers in die wynbedryf weet wat die teikeninkomste per hektaar moet wees om te verseker dat redelike en aanvaarbare ekono-miese opbrengste gerealiseer word. Om die tei-keninkomste te bepaal word die totale produk-siekoste, ’n aanvaarbare ondernemersloon, asook ’n realistiese opbrengs op kapitaalbeleg-ging in berekening gebring. Sodoende word die teikeninkomste per hektaar bepaal, wat na gelang van verskillende produksies aange-pas moet word om teikenpryse vir spesifieke produkte te bepaal. Hierdie syfers is slegs ’n gemiddelde teikeninkomste per distrik ten opsigte van Produksieplan-deelnemers en die ideaal is dat elke produsent sy eie individuele teikeninkomste bepaal na gelang van sy plaas-grootte, kostestruktuur, ens.
TEIKENINKOMSTE (2015-OES) / TARGET INCOME (2015 HARVEST)
It is important that producers and other role players are informed of what their target income per hectare should be to ensure that reasonable and acceptable economic yields are obtained. Total production cost, entrepreneurial remunera-tion and a realistic return on capital investment are all taken into account to determine the total target income. After the target income per hec-tare has been calculated, it should be divided according to varying levels of production in order to determine target prices for specific prod-ucts. The target income guidelines shown here represent the average for all the participants of the Production Plan per district and producers should ideally calculate their individual target income according to their own cost structure, farm size, etc.
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251
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34 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 35
OESVERSEKERING
HARVEST INSURANCE
OESVERSEKERING / HARVEST INSURANCE
Die afgelope seisoen het die wynbedryf ook deeglik kennis geneem van die klimatologiese impak en risiko gekoppel aan spesifieke gebeur-tenisse soos brande. Vir beplanningsdoeleindes het SANTAM ’n paar riglyne deur gegee en dit vind goeie aansluiting by die ander koste-items in hierdie gids.
Dekking beskikbaar:• Hael – die kliënt kies watter blokke verseker
moet word, bybetaling is per blok, slegs kwantitatiewe skade is gedek en dekking strek vanaf volbot tot oes.
• Brand – alle blokke per plaas moet verseker word. Die bybetaling is 15% van die eis be-drag.
• Alle dekking tree in werking 7 dae na datum van polis.
Versekerde waardes• Hael – kliënt bepaal versekerde waarde per
blok en wel as volg: aantal hektare X ton per hektaar X Rand per ton. Hierdie waardes moet realisties wees en alle eise wat mag ontstaan, word teen die versekerde waarde vergoed.
• Brand – die totale versekerde waarde word as volg saamgestel:
– Oeswaarde soos hierby aangedui.
– Infrastruktuur waarde (besproeiingstelsel, pale, draad, ankers, ens.).
– Hervestigingskostes (verwydering van beska digde materiaal, grondvoorbereiding, arbeid, pale/draad, besproeiingspype, stokkies, ens.).
Brandwaardes moet realisties wees, aangesien eise teen die werklike waarde of die versekerde waarde geskik word, welke die minste. Die oesgedeelte is gedek tot oestyd en die infra-struktuur/hervestiging vir ’n jaar. Polisse word jaarliks hernu.
Over the past season, the wine industry was thoroughly made aware of the climatological impact and risk related to specific events like fires. SANTAM has provided some guidelines for planning purposes, which tie in appropriately with the other cost items in this guide.
Cover available:• Hail – the client chooses which blocks must
be insured, excess payments are per block, only quantitative damage is covered and cover stretches from peak budding to harvest.
• Fire – all blocks per farm have to be insured, excess payment is 15% of the claim amount.
• All coverage comes into effect 7 days after the policy date.
Insured values• Hail – client determines insured value per
block and this is calculated as follows: amount of hectares X tons per hectare X Rand per ton. These values must be realistic and any claims that may occur, is remunerated against the insured value.
• Fire – the total insured value is compiled as follows:
– Harvest value as indicated herewith.
– Infrastructure value (irrigation system, poles, wire, anchors, etc.)
– Re-establishment costs (removal of damaged material, soil preparation, labour, poles/wire, irrigation pipes, grafted vines, etc.)
Fire values must be realistic, as claims are settled against the actual value or the insured value, whichever the lowest. The harvest portion is covered until harvest season and the infrastructure/re-establishment for a year. Policies are renewed annually.
Opsies in die wynbedryf / Options in the wine industry
36 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 37
Insurance costs• Hail – the cost is determined by the excess
payment option, which varies from 10% to 30%, as well as the district where the property is located. Tariffs are normally lower closer to the coast and higher moving further into the interior, as summer rainfall increases.
• Fire – the cost is 0.3% of the insured value, plus VAT, and applies for all districts. SASRIA can be added at an additional 0.0144%.
All premiums are payable 45 days after policy date, thus a single annual premium.
Damage determination• Hail – damage is determined within a week of
occurrence and settled.
• Fire – damage determination can be post-poned, until the total value can be correctly determined, but usually not for longer than ±30 days. Claims are remunerated at 85% of the claim amount, thus a 15% excess payment applies.
The above-mentioned guidelines can be discussed in greater detail with SANTAM and/or your broker.
Koste van versekering• Hael – die koste word bepaal deur die bybe-
talingskeuse, wat wissel vanaf 10% tot 30%, asook die distrik waarin die eiendom geleë is. Tariewe is normaalweg laer nader aan die kus en hoër verder binneland in, soos wat somer-reënval toeneem.
• Brand – die koste is 0.3% van die versekerde waarde, plus BTW, en geld vir alle distrikte. SASRIA kan teen ’n verdere 0.0144% byge-voeg word.
Alle premies is betaalbaar 45 dae na datum van polis, dus ’n eenmalige jaarpremie.
Skadebepalings• Hael – skade word binne ’n week na voorkoms
bepaal en afgehandel.
• Brand – skade bepaling kan uitgestel word, totdat die totale waarde korrek bepaal kan word, maar normaalweg nie langer as ±30 dae nie. Eise word vergoed teen 85% van die eis bedrag, dus ’n 15% bybetaling.
Voorgenoemde riglyne kan verder met SANTAM en/of u makelaar in detail bespreek word.
ARBEIDSRIGLYNE
LABOUR GUIDELINES
38 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 39
Arbeid is verreweg die grootste komponent van die wyndruifprodusent se jaarlikse kostes. Daar-om is die effektiewe bestuur van die arbeidsmag op die plaas baie belangrik. In die volgende tabel is arbeidsnorme vir sekere aksies saamgevat wat die wyndruifprodusent sal help met die beplan-ning, bestuur van, en begroting vir arbeid – beide permanent en seisoenaal – deur die jaar.
ARBEIDSRIGLYNE / LABOUR GUIDELINES
Labour is by far the largest component of wine grape producers’ annual expenditure. Therefore efficient management of the labour corps on the farm is of utmost importance. The following table includes labour norms for specific actions that will assist the wine grape producer to plan, manage and budget for labour – both permanent and seasonal – throughout the year.
Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare
Vir eie gebruik /For own use
Wingerd uittrek / Vineyard uproot
Bosstok / Bush Vines 40 - 55
Opleiwingerd / Trellised Vineyards 1 100 - 1 400
Skoonmaak van grond / Field clearing 23 - 30
Skoonmaak van grond (trekker) / Field clearing (tractor) 25 - 35
Verwyder ou stokke / Uproot old vines 23 - 30
Wegry van stokke / Remove vines from site 25 - 35
Wingerdvestiging (Alle aktiwiteite) / Establishment (All Activities)
Jaar 1 / Year 1 900 - 1300
Jaar 2 / Year 2 1 000 - 2 400
Jaar 3 / Year 3 1 000 - 1 500
Wingerdvestiging (Gespesifiseerde aktiwiteite) / Establishment (Specified Activities)
Pale plant / Plant posts 320 - 380
Draadspan / Strain wires 70 - 90
Besproeiing installeer / Install irrigation 170 - 200
Opleistelsel oprig (medium tot groot) / Erect trellis systems (medium to large) 1 200 - 1 700
Saai van dekgewas / Sow cover crop seed 3 - 5
Plant van stokke / Plant vines 160 - 185
Lê van dekplastiek / Lay plastic covering 24 - 30
Groenlootontwikkeling / Green shoot development 230 - 300
Winterloot op raamwerk / Winter cane on framework 110 - 125
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Ander aktiwiteite / Other activities
Voorsnoei vir oplei / Pre-prune for trellising 30 - 37
Skoonsnoei vir bosstok / Clear pruning for bush vines 86 - 160
Skoonsnoei vir oplei / Clear pruning for trellising 105 - 120
Stompsnoei vir bosstok / Blunt pruning for bush vines 45 - 55
Stompsnoei vir oplei / Blunt pruning for trellising 42 - 62
Gesamentlike snoei (skoon en stomp) / Collective pruning (blunt and clear) 90 - 145
Suier intensief / Intensive offset 45 - 80
Suier ekstensief / Extensive offset 24 - 45
Lote deursteek / Plant shoots 20 - 36
Top van lote / Top shoots 15 - 25
Blare uitbreek / Remove leaves 20 - 30
Oesbeheer / Crop control 65 - 80
Oes van bosstok (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of bush vines (man hours per ton) 11 - 15
Oes van oplei (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of trellis (man hours per ton) 9 - 11
ARBEIDSNORME / LABOUR NORMS
Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare
Vir eie gebruik /For own use
Besproeiing in seisoen / Irrigation in season 20 - 35
Plaagbeheer (trekker) / Pest control (tractor) 60 - 75
Somerloofaksie / Summer foliage action 230 - 320
Skoffel / Hand cultivate 25 - 40
Minimum loon / Minimum wage
The minimum wage from 1 March 2016 until 28 February 2017 is as follows:
Minimumloonkoers vanaf 1 Maart 2016 tot 28 Februarie 2017 is soos volg:
Uurlikse loon / Hourly wage R14,25 per uur / per hour
Daaglikse loon / Daily wage R128,26 per dag / per day
Weeklikse loon / Weekly wage R641,32 per week
Maandelikse loon /Monthly wage R2 778,83 per maand / per month
40 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 41
VESTIGINGSKOSTE
ESTABLISHMENT COST
VESTIGINGSKOSTE / ESTABLISHMENT COST
Dit is wenslik om die volgende prosedures te volg ten einde ’n eenmalige, korrekte voorberei-ding vir die meerjarige wingerd daar te stel.
(In samewerking met Braham Oberholzer, VinPro-grondkundige).
GrondontledingsChemiese regstellings, soos die uitstrooi van die regte hoeveelheid kalk vir die regstel van die grond se pH en fosforstatus, gaan gepaard met grond-voorbereiding. In die meeste gevalle lei grond wat bekalk is tot ’n pH van 6 tot ’n betekenisvolle ver-hoging in wortelmassas van onderstokke.
Grondprofiel-inspeksieDie maak van profielgate vir grondklassifika-sie is nodig sodat beoordeel kan word watter bewerkingsmetode nodig sal wees. Grondver-skuiwingsmaatskappye werk vandag baie nou saam met grondkundiges en dring dikwels aan by produsente dat grondkundiges eers gronde moet besigtig of klassifiseer. Netjiese profielgate wat strek tot 1 500 mm en selfs dieper bied goeie aanwysers vir besluitneming.
Implementkeuse / Implement selectionWieltrekkers is lankal nie meer die oplossing vir diep grondbewerking nie, omdat kontak met die grondoppervlak te min is, genoegsame krag op die grond ontbreek en die wielglip moontlik grondkompaksie bevorder. Kruiptrekkers is die enigste kragbron wat suksesvol gebruik kan word, aangesien dit meer krag na die grond verplaas met minder kompaksie weens groter kontak tussen die rusperbande en die grondop-pervlak.
Die vestiging van wingerd is ’n langtermyn, kapitaal-intensiewe besluit waarmee die pro-dusent vir meer as 20 jaar moet saamleef. Dit is dus krities dat alle aspekte rondom so ’n besluit deeglik besin moet word alvorens dit geneem of uitgevoer word.
The following procedures are recommended to ensure once-off, correct soil preparation for the perennial grapevine.
(In collaboration with Braham Oberholzer, VinPro soil scientist).
Soil analysesChemical adjustments such as the application of the right amount of lime to adjust the soil’s pH and phosphorus status, go hand in hand with soil preparation. In most instances soil that had been limed to a pH of 6 led to a significant increase in the root mass of rootstocks.
Soil profile inspectionIt is necessary to create profile pits for soil clas-sification, in order to determine the required cultivation method. Nowadays there is excellent collaboration between earthmovers and soil scientists, the former often urging producers to have a soil scientist view or classify the soil beforehand. Neat profile pits up to a depth of 1 500 mm and deeper are very good indicators in decision-making.
Implement selectionTractors are no longer suitable for deep soil preparation, as their soil surface contact is in-sufficient, there is not sufficient power available on the soil and if used, slipping wheels could add to soil compaction. Bulldozers are the only source of power that can be used successfully, as they displace more power to the soil with less compaction due to the larger contact area of the caterpillar tyres on the soil’s surface.
The establishment of vineyard is a long-term, capital-intensive decision, which will have an effect on the producer for the next 20 years or more. It is therefore critical that all aspects sur-rounding the matter are thoroughly considered before the decision is made or implemented.
Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation
42 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 43
• Die grondklimaat moet korrek wees – ’n té droë klimaat lei tot groot kluite en ’n té nat klimaat smeer die ondergrond.
Gereelde evaluering van grondvoorbereiding is on-ontbeerlik. Profielgate moet gereeld gemaak word (hou slootgrawer byderhand), sodat vorde ring en kwaliteit deur kundiges beoordeel kan word.
Die koste van grondvoorbereidingDie moontlike kostes van verskillende grond-voorbereidingsaksies word in die volgende tabel opgesom. Let wel dat hierdie slegs riglyne is en dat die kostes sal wissel afhangende van grondtipe, implement-tipe en die spesifieke aksies wat deur die produsent verlang word. Die produsent moet verder self vervoerkostes in berekening bring volgens sy/haar eie situasie.
• The soil climate should be correct – a too dry climate will lead to large clods and a too wet climate will smear the subsoil.
Regular evaluation of soil preparation is es-sential. That means creating regular profile pits (keep trencher handy), so that progress and quality may be judged by the experts.
Cost of soil preparationThe potential costs of certain soil preparation actions are summarised in the following table. Please note that these are only guidelines and that the actual costs will differ depending on soil type, implement type and the specific ac-tions required by the producer. Furthermore, the producer must calculate the transport cost according to his/her own situation.
TIPE BEWERKING TYPE OF ACTION
DROË KOSTE (R / HA)DRY COST (R / HA)
DIESELVERBRUIK DIESEL USAGE
Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155
Caterpillar D9 / Komatsu D275
Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155
Caterpillar D9 / Komatsu D275
Rip maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes) Rip easy soil (wide furrow width) R 6 800 R 8 100 37% 45%
Rip moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes) Rip difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow widths) R 8 900 R 10 600 48% 55%
1 Toon Rip en 1 Toon kruis maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes) 1 Toe Rip and 1 Toe cross easy soil (wide furrow width) R 12 000 R 14 400 44% 48%
Rip en kruis moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes) Rip and cross difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow width) R 16 500 R 19 800 43% 48%
Diep meng- of skuifdol enkel aksie (sonder rip) Deep mix or delve plough (without rip) R 14 500 R 17 400 44% 48%
Rip en kruisdol (nou aanvoorwydte) Rip and cross delve (narrow furrow width) R 19 500 R 23 400 45% 48%
Enkel toon Rip en 3 toon kruis-mengrip Single blade rip and 3 blade cross-mix rip R 10 500 R 12 600 50% 55%
Spitdol vol oppervlakte (25 ton excavator) Spit delve full area (25 ton excavator) R 20 100 35%
Spitdol net op rye en opert (25 ton excavator) Spit delve only on rows and ridging (25 ton excavator) R 10 900 40%
Rye opert met bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) Ridging of rows with bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) R 9 800 26%
Ontbossing (D8 Cat) Deforestation (D8 Cat) R 4 200 - 6 300 30%
Wingerd uitrip met vlerk (D8 Cat) Remove vines with wing (D8 Cat) R 3 150 40%
Slootgrawer (CAT 27 ton) - werkstempo afhangend van grondtipe Excavator (Cat 27 ton) - work tempo dependent on soil type R 525 / uur 25L / uur
Tipe vermenging
Tans is die gebruik van slootgrawers, bekend as spitdol, ’n gemaklike opsie om te oorweeg. Daar is egter min gronde wat uitstekend gepas is tot die gebruik van die spitdol; daarom word groot masjiene eerder aanbeveel. Indien lae voorkom, weens onder andere drastiese tekstuurverskille (dupleksgronde), moet versigtig omgegaan word met ’n slootgrawer wat lae vermeng, en sal ’n skuifmengdol wat lae in posisie hou, beter gepas wees.
’n Skeurploeg en skuifmengdol se aanvoorwydte – die wydte tussen die implement se skare – moet ook voor die tyd bepaal word, hoofsaak-lik weens koste-implikasies en die nodigheid daarvan. Indien groot lense onversteurde grond tussen die aanvoorwydtes vermy wil word, sal hierdie keuse oordeelkundig gemaak moet word. Die lense kan gewoonlik met ’n kruisaksie ver-klein word. Indien daar tot dieptes van 900 mm bewerk word, moet die aanvoor twee-derdes opneem – dus 600 mm.
Tydperk van grondvoorbereiding
Die tydperk van grondvoorbereiding is baie belangrik. In té droë grond sal groot kluite, veral op die oppervlakte, breek wat ’n ongewenste situasie skep wanneer ingewerk word met dol-aksies. Die grondklimaat is byvoorbeeld geskik vir bewerking wanneer ’n balletjie grond gerol kan word en met geringe druk uitmekaar kan val. Klimaat en kalkbehoefte sal dan bepaal of die grond gekruisdol moet word of anders net ’n enkele aksie sal benodig. Die vorming van groot kluite kan beperk word deur benatting van die grond vir vier ure met sprinkelbesproeiing in die orde van ± 25 mm water en ’n toelating van 48 – 72 uur daarna vir uitdroging.
Opsomming
Die volgende moet in gedagte gehou word:
• Oormatige bewerking kan lei tot struktuurver-nietiging en die grond, wanneer droog, sal tot poeierstof bewerk wees.
• Té wye aanvoorwydtes lei tot swak vermen-ging met groot onaangeraakte grondbanke/-lense.
• Die bewerkingsrigting moet korrek gekies word met die oog op ondergrondse dreinering.
Type of mix
Currently the use of digger loaders, known as “spit” delve, is a good option to consider. How-ever, there are not many soils that are totally suited to the use of the “spit” delve; therefore large machines are preferred. If layers occur due to, inter alia, drastic differences in texture (du-plex soils), a digger loader should be used with caution, since it mixes layers, and one would prefer a finger mix delve plough, which keeps layers in position.
The furrow width – the width between the plough-shares – of a ripper and finger mix delve plough needs to be determined well in advance, mainly due to cost implications and the neces-sity thereof. If you want to avoid large lenses of undisturbed soil between the furrow widths, this will have to be a carefully considered decision. Lenses can usually be reduced with a cross action. If vines are planted up to a depth of 900 mm, the furrow should be take up two-thirds – in other words 600 mm.
Period of soil preparation
The period of soil preparation is of utmost im-portance. In excessively dry soils, large clods will break, especially on the surface, which creates an undesirable situation when the soil is trenched. The soil climate is, for example, most optimal for cultivation when a ball of soil can be rolled and falls apart with the slightest of pressure. Climate and lime requirements will determine whether the soil should be cross-delved or alternatively require a single action. The formation of large clods can be limited if the soil is wetted for four hours with sprinkler irrigation at ± 25 mm water, followed by a drying period of 48 - 72 hours.
Summary
The following should be kept in mind at all times:
• Excessive tillage can result in destruction of the structure and the soil, when dry, will have been tilled to a powdery matter.
• Excessively wide furrow widths result in poor mixing with large untouched soil banks/lenses.
• Cultivation row should be selected correctly with a view to drain the subsoil.
44 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 45
VE
RT
IKA
LE P
RIE
ELS
TE
LSE
LS /
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23
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22
428
21
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20
514
19
568
19
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18
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17
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16
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224
15
762
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Per
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1.8m
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84
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(100
- 1
25)
– –
– –
–
–
56
408
55
009
52
283
49
558
48
159
46
760
45
434
44
034
42
635
41
309
Die koste van prieelstelsels word bereken deur die nuutste pryse (BTW uitgesluit) vanaf verskeie verskaffers van pale, draad en ander materiaal te verkry. Die gemiddelde pryse word in ’n teo retiese model ingevoeg om die koste van verskillende prieelstelsels met verskillende paallengtes, paal-spasiërings, ens te bepaal. Dit bly dus teo retiese bedrae en kan van werklike kostes verskil. Vir ’n meer akkurate kosteberekening van prieel-stelselkoste, kontak die samestellers.
Vir vertikale prieelstelsels is die pale in 6 m-vakke geplant en vir die alternatiewe stelsels is die vakke 7.5 m. Kontak die samestellers gerus om u unieke prieelstelselkoste te bepaal met verskillende vaklengtes, paallengtes en -diktes.
The cost of a trellis system is calculated by ob-taining the latest prices (VAT excluded) for the poles, wire and other materials from a number of suppliers. These prices are entered into a theoretical model to calculate the cost of various trellis systems with different pole lengths, pole spacings, etc. These are therefore theoretical costs and may differ from actual costs. For a more accurate cost calculation of different trellis systems, please contact the compilers.
For the vertical trellis systems a pole spacing of 6 m is used and 7.5 m for alternative trellis systems. Feel free to contact the compilers to calculate your unique trellis system cost with different pole types and spacing.
Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems
Daar mag soms verwarring voorkom tussen die benamings en konstruksies van verskillende vertikale prieelstelsels. Ten einde enige verwar-ring uit te skakel word ’n skematiese voorstelling van die stelsels voorsien met die voorgestelde benamings en afkortings.
There may be some confusion regarding the names and constructions of different vertical trellis systems. To eliminate any confusion, a schematic representation of the systems is provided, with their names and abbreviations.
ALTERNATIEWE PRIEELSTELSELS / ALTERNATIVE TRELLIS SYSTEMS
Tipe stelselType of system
PaalPole
Ry-spasiering / Row -spacing
2.1 2.5 2.75 3 3.3
Skuinskap 1.5m KappaalSlanting trellis - 1.5 m slanting pole 2.4m (50 - 75) – – 54 454 48 601 44 194
Skuinskap 1.8m KappaalSlanting trellis - 1.8 m slanting pole 2.4m (50 - 75) – – 58 440 53 581 48 721
Gewelstelsel 2.1m PaalGable system 2.1m Pole 2.1m (75 - 100) – – 86 417 79 512 72 169
Fabrieksdak 2.1m PaalFactory roof 2.1m Pole 2.1m (75 - 100) – – 71 524 64 744 60 142
U-stelselU-system 2.1m (75 - 100) – – – 94 131 83 622
DraadgewelWire gable 2.1m (50 - 75) – – 65 225 – –
LierstelselLyre system 2.4m (100 - 125) – – – 112 836 –
Scott Henry 2.7m (75 - 100) 71 265 60 695 54 634 50 092 45 550
Grobbelaar 2.1m (75 - 100) – 81 501 75 418 69 334 66 376
T - KapT - System 2.4m (75 - 100) – 77 957 72 138 66 319 63 490
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
PEROLD
P
SP / MP 4VP / 4LP OVP / ILP 5VP / 5LP
SKUIFBARE PEROLDMOVEABLE PEROLD
VIERDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFOUR-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
OMGEKEERDE VERLENGDE PEROLDINVERTED LENGTHENED PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDFIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
S5VP / M5LP 6VP /6LP 5DVP / 5DLP 6DVP / 6DLP
SKUIFBARE VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD
MOVABLE FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLDSIX-STRAND LENGTHENED
PEROLD
VYFDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD
SIX-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTH-ENED PEROLD
7DVP / 7DLP
SEWEDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLDSEVEN-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD
BOSSTOK (GOBLET)BUSH VINE
STOK-BY-PAALTJIEPOSTED VINE
EENDRAAD HEININGONE-STRAND HEDGE
TWEEDRAAD HEININGTWO-STRAND HEDGE
DRIEDRAAD HEININGTHREE-STRAND HEDGE
VIERDRAAD HEININGFOUR-STRAND HEDGE
VYFDRAAD HEININGFIVE-STRAND HEDGE
1H 2H 3H
4H 5H
SBP / PVBOS / BV
EENDRAAD HEINING (MEGANIES SNOEI)ONE-STRAND HEDGE (MECHANICAL PRUNING) “HIGH WIRE”
1HM
TWEEDRAAD HEINING (MEGANIES SNOEI)TWO-STRAND HEDGE (MECHANICAL PRUNING)
2HM
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
Saamgestel in samewerking met
48 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 49
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
RUAKURA DUBBEL VLAK PRIEELRUAKURA TWO TIER TRELLIS
RUAKURA DUBBEL VLAK PRIEELRUAKURA TWO TIER TRELLIS
LIER-STELSELLYRE TRELLIS
2K2T
2K2T
LYR
DP / DP 5VDP / 5LDP
DUBBEL PEROLDDOUBLE PEROLD
VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
6VDP / 6LDP 7VDP / 7LDP
SESDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
SEWEDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
SEVEN-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DUBBEL VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD
DOUBLE LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD
DVDP / DLDP
SCOTT-HENRYSCOTT-HENRY
SH
SMART-DYSONSMART-DYSON
SD
BALLETROKBALLERINA
BAL
SH
Saamgestel in samewerking met
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
50 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 51
PRIEELSTELSELS / TRELLIS SYSTEMS
GRO / GAL
TIROOL PRIEELTRENTINA TRELLIS
TIR / TT
FABRIEKSDAK PRIEELFACTORY ROOF TRELLIS
FAB / FT
SKUINSKAP PRIEELSLANTING TRELLIS
SK / ST
GEWELSTELSEL (DUBBEL SKUINSPRIEEL) - ENKEL / DUBBEL KORDONGABLE TRELLIS (DOUBLE SLANTING TRELLIS) - SINGLE CORDON / DOUBLE CORDON
GEW / GT
HUTPRIEELHUT TRELLIS
HUT
Saamgestel in samewerking met
Saamgestel in samewerking met
GROBBELAAR OF GALGGROBBELAAR OR GALLOW
GENEVA DUBBELGORDYNGENEVA DOUBLE CURTAIN
GDC
T-KAPT-TRELLIS
TS
Loofdraad/ Canopy wire
Kordondraad/ Cordon wire
52 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 53
Besproeiing / Irrigation
Ongeveer 62% van die totale wyndruif wingerd-stand van Suid-Afrika word tans deur middel van drupbesproeiing besproei. Ander vorme van besproeiing (droëland ingesluit) het drasties afgeneem sedert 2005.
Die koste van verskillende besproeiingstelsels word saamgevat in die meegaande tabel. Hier-die algemene riglyne sluit slegs die bogrondse materiaal en sublyne – wat sal wissel na gelang van verskillende blokuitlegte – in die blok in.
Approximately 62% of the total area under wine grape vineyards in South Africa currently receives drip irrigation. Other forms of irrigation (dryland included) have decreased drastically since 2005.
The cost of various irrigation systems are seen in the accompanying table. These general guide-lines only include the material installed above the soil, as well as sub-pipelines – which will differ according to various block layouts – in the block.
Ryspasiëring (m)Row spacing (m)
Aantal rye/haRows/ha
1.80 55
1.90 52
2.00 50
2.10 47
2.40 41
2.50 40
2.75 36
2.80 35
3.00 33
3.30 30
Ander nuttige inligting / Other useful information
Besproeiingstipes / Irrigation types(2005 - 2014)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
KOSTE VAN BESPROEIINGSTELSELS / COST OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Stelsel System
Ry spasiering (m) / Row spacing (m)
1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.30
Drup 0.6m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.6m Compensated 45 281 42 811 41 164 38 694 37 048 35 401 33 755 32 931 31 285 29 638 27 168 24 698
Drup 0.6m Nie - Gekompenseerd Drip 0.6m Non - Compensated 32 632 30 852 29 665 27 886 26 699 25 512 24 326 23 732 22 546 21 359 19 579 17 799
Drup 0.75m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.75m Compensated 40 757 38 534 37 052 34 829 33 347 31 865 30 382 29 641 28 159 26 677 24 454 22 231
Drup 0.75m Nie - Gekompenseerd Drip 0.75m Non - Compensated 30 314 28 660 27 558 25 904 24 802 23 700 22 598 22 046 20 944 19 842 18 188 16 535
Drup 1.0m Gekompenseerd Drip 1.0m Compensated 36 233 34 257 32 939 30 963 29 645 28 328 27 010 26 352 25 034 23 716 21 740 19 764
Drup 1.0m Nie - Gekompenseerd Drip 1.0m Non - Compensated 29 155 27 564 26 504 24 914 23 854 22 794 21 733 21 203 20 143 19 083 17 493 15 903
Mikro (straalspuit) Direk op polypyp Micro (jet spray) Direct on polypipe 44 432 42 009 40 393 37 969 36 354 34 738 33 122 32 314 30 699 29 083 26 659 24 236
Mikro (Roteerder) op pen met sagte pypie Micro (Rotate) on pen with soft pipe
51 838 49 010 47 125 44 298 42 413 40 528 38 643 37 700 35 815 33 930 31 103 28 275
Permanente sprinkel (12m x 12.5m) Permanent sprinklers (12m x 12.5m) 23 272 23 273 23 274 23 275 23 276 23 277 23 278 23 279 23 280 23 281 23 282 23 283
AANTAL STOKKE PER HEKTAAR / VINES PER HECTARE
Plantafstand in die ry (m) Plantdistance in row (m)
Ry Spasiering (m) / Row Spacing (m)
1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.75 2.80 3.00 3.30
1.00 5 556 5 263 5 000 4 762 4 167 4 000 3 636 3 571 3 333 3 030
1.20 4 630 4 386 4 167 3 968 3 472 3 333 3 030 2 976 2 778 2 525
1.50 3 704 3 509 3 333 3 175 2 778 2 667 2 424 2 381 2 222 2 020
1.80 3 086 2 924 2 778 2 646 2 315 2 222 2 020 1 984 1 852 1 684
2.00 2 778 2 632 2 500 2 381 2 083 2 000 1 818 1 786 1 667 1 515
STOKKIEPRYSE (SLEGS RIGLYNE) / VINE PRICES (ONLY GUIDELINES)
(Per Stokkie / Per Vine)
Standaard Wit en Rooi op P1103, R110, R99 Standard White and Red on P1103, R110, R99 R12.67
Standaard Wit en Rooi op 101-14, SO4, Rug140 Standard White and Red on 101-14, S04, Rug140 R12.71
Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, Sa Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muskadel op Ramsey, 101/14
Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, Sa Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muskadel on Ramsey, 101/14
R14.72
Standaard Wit en Rooi op Ramsey, 143B Standard White and Red on Ramsey, 143B R14.68
Standaard Wit en Rooi op US8-7 Standard White and Red on US8-7 R14.72
Sultana op Ramsey Sultana on Ramsey R20.37
Makstok Rooted Scion R9.85
62%
5%
54 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 55
KOSTE VAN MEGANISASIE
COST OF MECHANISATION
Metodiek / Methodology
Dit is onmoontlik om die loopkoste 100% akku-raat te bepaal, maar die volgende metodiek word redelik algemeen gebruik. Dit sluit sekere aannames in wat in samewerking met hande-laars aangepas is en die loopkoste meer toepas-lik maak tot die wynbedryf.
Operateurs word nie in berekening gebring nie en produsente moet self daardie komponent bybring. Alle kostes is uitgedruk in rand per uur (uitgesluit bakkies en vragmotors). Indien die koste per hektaar benodig word, kan die volgende formule gebruik word:
rand per hektaar = (koste in rand per uur) ÷
(hoeveelheid hektaar per uur bewerk)
It is not possible to calculate the running cost of implements 100% accurately; however the following methodology is commonly used. It includes certain assumptions which have been modified, in collaboration with dealerships, to be more suited to the wine industry.
Operators are not included in the running cost and should be included by producers. All costs are in rand per hour (except trucks and pick-ups). If the cost per hectare is required, the following equation can be used:
rand per hectare = (cost in rand per hour) ÷
(hectares per hour cultivated)
Waardevermindering: Depreciation:
(Aankoopwaarde - Skrootwaarde) ÷ Leeftyd (Purchase value - Salvage value) ÷ Lifetime
Versekering & Lisensie: Licence & Insurance:
1 % van gemiddelde belegging ÷ Ure per jaar 1 % of average investment ÷ Hours per annum
Rentekoste: Interest cost:
8 % van gemiddelde belegging 8 % of average investment
Herstel en onderhoud: Repair and maintenance:
Spesifieke % van Aankoopprys ÷ Leeftyd Specific % of Purchase value ÷ Leeftyd
Brandstof: Fuel:
Bereken met dieselprys van R11 Calculated with diesel price of R11
KOSTE VAN MEGANISASIE / COST OF MECHANISATIONHierdie kosteriglyne help produsente om die loopkostes van sekere wingerdmasjinerie te bepaal. Dit kan ook gebruik word om te bepaal of sekere implemente vervang moet word al dan nie.
Die besit en gebruik van enige implement gaan gepaard met ’n koste. Hierdie koste bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik veranderlike koste en vaste koste. Die vaste koste bly onveranderd, of die masjien gebruik word al dan nie. Vaste koste sluit rente (geleentheidskoste), waardever-mindering, versekering en lisensiëring in.
Die veranderlike koste word bepaal deur die aantal ure wat die masjien/implement gebruik word deur die jaar. Dit sluit brandstof, herstel-werk, onderhoud en bande in.
These guidelines assist producers in determining the running costs of specific vineyard machinery. It can also be used to determine whether imple-ments need to be replaced.
The ownership and use of any implement or machine involves a cost to the producer. This cost consists of two components, namely fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost relates to ownership of the machine, whether it is used or not. This includes depreciation, licensing and insurance, as well as an interest component (opportunity cost).
The variable cost is mainly determined by the total number of hours the implement is used throughout the year. This includes fuel, repair, maintenance and tyres.
56 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 57
4 X
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58 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 59
SLEEP PARSMASJIEN / TRAILED HARVESTER
Aankoopprys / Purchase value: R2 000 000
TonnegeparsTons
harvest
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
Versekering& lisensieLicence &insurance
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Veranderlikekoste
Variablecost
TotalekosteTotalcost
Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
500 71 360 158 1 656 2 173 140 140 2 313
750 107 360 105 1 104 1 569 140 140 1 709
1 000 143 360 79 828 1 267 140 140 1 407
1 250 179 360 63 662 1 085 140 140 1 225
1 500 214 360 53 552 964 140 140 1 104
1 750 250 360 45 473 878 140 140 1 018
2 000 286 360 39 414 813 140 140 953
2 200 314 360 36 376 772 140 140 912
2 400 343 360 33 345 738 140 140 878
3 000 429 360 26 276 662 140 140 802
SPUITPOMPE / SPRAYPUMPS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminde-
ringDepreciation
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Totale kostesonder rente
Total costexcl interest
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
Bankiespuit / Berm sprayer 46 448 280 28 10 37 11 39 48
Onkruidspuit / Weed sprayer 38 500 280 23 8 31 9 32 40
Blower 1 ry /row (Hoë volume / High volume) 129 388 280 78 27 104 30 108 135
Nozzle 1 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 197 000 280 118 41 159 46 164 205
Nozzle 2 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 328 333 280 197 68 265 77 274 341
Nozzle 3 ry / row (Lae volume / Low volume) 393 000 280 236 81 317 92 328 409
SELFAANGEDREWE PARSMASJIEN / SELF-PROPELLED HARVESTER
Aankoopprys / Purchase price: R4 200 000
TonnegeparsTons
harvest
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
Versekering& lisensieLicence &insurance
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Totale fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
BrandstofFuel
Veranderlikekoste
Variablecost
TotalekosteTotalcost
Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
1 000 91 756 254 2 668 3 678 294 143 437 4 115
1 250 114 756 203 2 134 3 094 294 143 437 3 531
1 500 136 756 169 1 779 2 704 294 143 437 3 141
1 750 159 756 145 1 525 2 426 294 143 437 2 863
2 000 182 756 127 1 334 2 217 294 143 437 2 654
2 250 205 756 113 1 186 2 055 294 143 437 2 492
2 500 227 756 102 1 067 1 925 294 143 437 2 362
2 750 250 756 92 970 1 819 294 143 437 2 256
3 500 318 756 73 762 1 591 294 143 437 2 028
4 000 364 756 64 667 1 487 294 143 437 1 924
SLEEPWAENS / TRAILERS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
RenteInterest
Verseke-ring &
lisensieLicence &insurance
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &mainte-nance
BandeTyres
Verander-like
kosteVariable
cost
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 3 ton 53 725 500 4.84 6.21 3.31 14.35 2.15 0.46 2.60 16.95
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 4 ton 45 925 500 4.13 5.30 3.15 12.59 1.84 0.73 2.57 15.15
2 - wiel / 2 - wheel 6 ton 89 250 500 8.03 10.31 4.02 22.36 3.57 0.73 4.30 26.66
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 6 ton 101 200 500 9.11 11.69 4.26 25.05 4.05 1.46 5.51 30.56
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 8 ton 123 475 500 11.11 14.26 4.70 30.08 4.94 1.46 6.40 36.47
4 - wiel / 4 wheel 10 ton 145 407 500 13.09 16.79 5.14 35.02 5.82 3.47 9.28 44.30
Lugremme / Air brakes 10 ton 195 800 500 17.62 22.61 6.15 46.39 7.83 4.69 12.52 58.91
Lugremme / Air brakes 15 ton 239 350 500 21.54 27.64 7.02 56.20 9.57 4.69 14.26 70.40
IMPLEMENTE / IMPLEMENTS
Model
Aankoop-prys
Purchase value
JaarliksegebruikAnnual usage
Waarde-verminderingDepreciation
RenteInterest
Totale vastekoste
Total fixedcost
Herstel &onderhoudRepair &
maintenance
Totale kostesonder rente
Total costexcl
interest
TotalekosteTotalcost
R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h
Top masjien (1 ry) / Trimmer ( 1 row) 193 712 200 116 56 172 45 161 217
Ontblaarder / Leaf remover 220 333 200 132 64 196 51 184 247
Mulching 87 000 200 52 25 77 20 73 98
Bankieskoffel / Mechanical weeders 201 846 200 121 58 179 47 168 226
Krag eg / Power plow 115 000 200 104 33 137 40 144 177
Bossieslaner / Slasher 38 000 200 34 11 45 13 48 58
Snoei masjien (1 ry) / Pruner (1 row) 242 500 200 218 70 288 85 303 373
Snoei masjien (halwe ry) / Pruner (half row) 233 200 200 210 67 277 82 292 359
60 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 61
BA
KK
IES
/ P
ICK
-UP
S
Mod
el
Aan
koop
pry
sB
TW u
itges
luit
Pur
chas
e p
rice
VAT
excl
uded
Jaar
likse
geb
ruik
Ann
ual
usag
e
Leef
tyd
Life
time
Waa
rde-
verm
ind
erin
gD
epre
ciat
ion
Vers
eker
ing
& li
sens
ieLi
cenc
e &
in
sura
nce
Ren
teIn
tere
st
Tota
leva
ste
kost
eTo
tal
fixed
cos
t
Her
stel
&on
der
houd
Rep
air
&m
aint
enan
ce
Tota
le k
oste
(bra
ndst
of u
itges
luit)
Tota
l cos
t(fu
el e
xclu
ded
)
R
kmkm
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
Isuz
u
KB
250
Fle
etsi
de
222
568
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
0.9
5 0
.24
0.4
3 1
.63
0.9
0 2
.53
KB
250
D-T
EQ
Fle
etsi
de
245
616
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.0
5 0
.27
0.4
7 1
.80
0.9
9 2
.79
KB
250
D-T
EQ
LE
4X
4 3
29 2
94
30
000
210
000
1
.41
0.3
6 0
.63
2.4
1 1
.33
3.7
4
KB
300
D-T
EQ
LX
327
746
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.4
0 0
.36
0.6
3 2
.40
1.3
3 3
.72
KB
300
D-T
EQ
Ext
end
ed c
ab L
X 3
56 0
40
30
000
210
000
1
.53
0.3
9 0
.69
2.6
0 1
.44
4.0
4
Toyo
ta
2.4
GD
5M
T A
/C 2
29 9
64
30
000
210
000
0
.99
0.2
5 0
.44
1.6
8 0
.93
2.6
1
2.4
GD
-6 R
B S
RX
6 M
T 2
75 1
14
30
000
210
000
1
.18
0.3
0 0
.53
2.0
1 1
.11
3.1
2
2.4
GD
-6 4
X4
SR
X 6
MT
342
194
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.4
7 0
.38
0.6
6 2
.50
1.3
9 3
.89
2.8
GD
-6 R
B R
aid
er 6
MT
324
994
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.3
9 0
.36
0.6
3 2
.38
1.3
2 3
.69
2.8
GD
-6 R
B X
tra
Cab
Rai
der
6M
T 3
53 3
74
30
000
210
000
1
.51
0.3
9 0
.68
2.5
8 1
.43
4.0
1
Land
Cru
iser
4.2
D B
akki
e 4
55 1
12
30
000
210
000
1
.95
0.5
0 0
.88
3.3
3 1
.73
5.0
5
Ford
Ran
ger
2.2
Hig
h R
ider
XL
245
014
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.0
5 0
.27
0.4
7 1
.79
0.9
9 2
.78
Ran
ger
2.2
4X4
XL
294
034
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.2
6 0
.32
0.5
7 2
.15
1.1
9 3
.34
Ran
ger
2.2
Hig
h R
ider
XLS
294
894
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.2
6 0
.32
0.5
7 2
.16
1.1
9 3
.35
Ran
ger
2.2
4X4
XLS
343
914
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.4
7 0
.38
0.6
6 2
.51
1.3
9 3
.91
Ran
ger
3.2
Sup
erC
ab H
i-R
aid
er X
LS 3
43 9
14
30
000
210
000
1
.47
0.3
8 0
.66
2.5
1 1
.39
3.9
1
Nis
san
NP
300
2.5
Td
i 1
76 2
14
30
000
210
000
0
.76
0.1
9 0
.34
1.2
9 0
.71
2.0
0
NP
300
2.5
TD
i 4X
4 2
70 8
14
30
000
210
000
1
.16
0.3
0 0
.52
1.9
8 1
.10
3.0
8
NP
300
Hi-
Rid
er 2
.5TD
i 2
40 7
14
30
000
210
000
1
.03
0.2
6 0
.46
1.7
6 0
.97
2.7
3
Nav
ara
2.5d
Ci K
ingC
ab X
E 3
24 1
34
30
000
210
000
1
.39
0.3
6 0
.62
2.3
7 1
.31
3.6
8
Pat
rol 3
.0D
Ti B
akki
e 4
55 7
14
30
000
210
000
1
.95
0.5
0 0
.88
3.3
3 1
.84
5.1
8
BA
KK
IES
/ P
ICK
-UP
S
Mod
el
Aan
koop
pry
sB
TW u
itges
luit
Pur
chas
e p
rice
VAT
excl
uded
Jaar
likse
geb
ruik
Ann
ual
usag
e
Leef
tyd
Life
time
Waa
rde-
verm
ind
erin
gD
epre
ciat
ion
Vers
eker
ing
& li
sens
ieLi
cenc
e &
in
sura
nce
Ren
teIn
tere
st
Tota
leva
ste
kost
eTo
tal
fixed
cos
t
Her
stel
&on
der
houd
Rep
air
&m
aint
enan
ce
Tota
le k
oste
(bra
ndst
of u
itges
luit)
Tota
l cos
t(fu
el e
xclu
ded
)
R
kmkm
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
Maz
da
BT-
50 2
.2 S
LX 2
51 2
92
30
000
210
000
1
.08
0.2
8 0
.48
1.8
4 1
.02
2.8
5
BT-
50 2
.2 F
reeS
tyle
Cab
SLX
269
266
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.1
5 0
.30
0.5
2 1
.97
1.0
9 3
.06
BT-
50 3
.2 F
reeS
tyle
Cab
SLE
301
344
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.2
9 0
.33
0.5
8 2
.20
1.2
2 3
.42
Volk
swag
en
Am
arok
2.0
TDI
244
584
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.0
5 0
.27
0.4
7 1
.79
0.9
9 2
.78
Am
arok
2.0
TDI 4
-Mot
ion
291
024
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.2
5 0
.32
0.5
6 2
.13
1.1
8 3
.31
Am
arok
2.0
BiT
DI T
rend
line
317
000
3
0 00
0 2
10 0
00
1.3
6 0
.35
0.6
1 2
.32
1.2
8 3
.60
VR
AG
MO
TO
RS
/ T
RU
CK
S
Mod
el
Aan
koop
pry
sP
urch
ase
pric
e
Jaar
likse
geb
ruik
Ann
ual
usag
e
Leef
tyd
Life
time
Waa
rde-
verm
ind
erin
gD
epre
ciat
ion
Vers
eker
ing
& li
sens
ieLi
cenc
e &
in
sura
nce
Ren
teIn
tere
st
Tota
leva
ste
kost
eTo
tal
fixed
cos
t
Bra
ndst
of /
Fue
lH
erst
el &
ond
erho
udR
epai
r &
mai
nten
ance
Vera
nder
like
kost
eVa
riab
le
cost
Tota
leko
ste
Tota
lco
stVe
rbui
k C
onsu
mp
tion
Kos
te
Cos
t
R
kmkm
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
km/L
R/k
mR
/km
R/k
mR
/km
Enk
el D
ryf
as /
S
ing
le D
iffer
enti
al
3.0
Ton
329
560
3
5 00
0 3
00 0
00
0.9
9 0
.31
0.5
4 1
.84
6.6
7 1
.65
0.9
3 2
.58
4.4
3
4.0
Ton
361
125
3
5 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.0
8 0
.34
0.6
0 2
.02
6.6
7 1
.65
1.0
2 2
.67
4.6
9
6.0
Ton
484
175
4
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.4
5 0
.40
0.7
0 2
.55
4.0
0 2
.75
1.3
7 4
.12
6.6
7
7.0
Ton
570
845
6
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.7
1 0
.31
0.5
5 2
.58
3.5
7 3
.08
1.6
2 4
.70
7.2
7
8.0
Ton
641
465
6
0 00
0 3
00 0
00
1.9
2 0
.35
0.6
2 2
.89
3.3
3 3
.30
1.8
2 5
.12
8.0
2
Dub
bel
dry
f-as
/
Do
uble
diff
eren
tial
14 T
on
1 0
48 6
00
70
000
300
000
3
.15
0.4
9 0
.87
4.5
1 2
.50
4.4
0 2
.97
7.3
7 1
1.88
Dub
bel
dry
f-p
erd
/
Do
uble
diff
eren
tial
ho
rse
25 T
on 1
224
080
7
0 00
0 7
00 0
00
1.5
7 0
.58
1.0
1 3
.16
2.0
8 5
.29
1.4
9 6
.77
9.9
4
62 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE • 63
KELDERKOSTES
CELLAR COSTS
KELDER KOSTES / CELLAR COST
2014
GrootmaatBulk Wine
VerpakPackaged
R/Ton R/L % R/Ton R/L %
Arbeid permanenteLabour permanent R215.0 R0.28 18% R800.80 R1.04 7%
Arbeid tydelikeLabour temporary R29.2 R0.04 2% R23.10 R0.03 0%
VersekeringInsurance R18.7 R0.02 2% R30.80 R0.04 0%
Bemaring en verkope uitgawesMarketing and sales expenses R41.1 R0.05 3% R2 340.80 R3.04 21%
Botteleering en verpakkingBottling and packaging R21.7 R0.03 2% R5 898.20 R7.66 52%
Chemikalieë, skoonmaak en filter materiaalChemicals, cleaning and filtration materials R229.0 R0.30 19% R123.20 R0.16 1%
VerspreidingDistribution R61.1 R0.08 5% R723.80 R0.94 6%
Diverse administratiewe uitgawesSundry administrative expenses R84.4 R0.11 7% R569.80 R0.74 5%
Diverse kelder uitgawesSundry cellar expenses R90.0 R0.12 7% R369.60 R0.48 3%
Elektrisiteit en waterElectricity and water R82.7 R0.11 7% R84.70 R0.11 1%
FinansieringskosteFinance charges R95.1 R0.12 8% R92.40 R0.12 1%
Huur betaalRent paid R22.8 R0.03 2% R38.50 R0.05 0%
Herstelwerk,instandhouding en kelder verbruikarikelsRepairs,maintenance and cellar consumables R106.5 R0.14 9% R115.50 R0.15 1%
Telefoon en posgeldTelephone and postage R3.5 R0.00 0% R15.40 R0.02 0%
WaardeverminderingDepreciation R123.5 R0.16 10% R130.90 R0.17 1%
TotaalTotal R1 224.3 R1.59 100% R11 357.50 R14.75 100%
Verhaling per tonRecovery per ton 770 770
KELDERKOSTES / CELLAR COSTSPwC voer sedert 2003 jaarliks ’n opname in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf uit. Hierdie hoofstuk sluit ’n uittreksel uit die ontleding van kostes verbonde aan grootmaat- en verpakte wyn in.
Die bevindinge is op die uitslae van ’n wesenlike aantal Suid-Afrikaanse produsentekelders geskoei, en word as ’n nasionale gemiddeld uitgedruk.
PwC has conducted an annual survey in the South African wine industry since 2003. This section includes an extract of the analysis of expenses attributable to bulk and packaged wine.
The findings are based on the results of a significant number of South African producer cellars and are presented on a national average basis.
64 • VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE
Grootste uitgawes per ton gepars / Major expenses per ton pressed
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
R/t
on
Arbeid/labour Chemikalieë/Chemicals Finansieringskoste/Finance Charges Elektrisiteit en water/Electricity and Water
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
164.12176.5
199.21 202.23
229.03
244.18
230.98
216.63225.24221.86
107.2296.62
88.5876.42
95.06
82.6872.9971.9
63.3354.25
Met vergunning van PwC / Courtesy of PwC.
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funz
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And
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eke
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KOSTEGIDS | COST GUIDE
2016/17