e:524 - khizar hayat tiwana and punjab politics€¦ · khizr hayat tiwana remained premier of...

491YD7491Y 2 §]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„ å* �ÛbÉ’ð eZË

Abstract

Khizr Hayat Tiwana remained premier of Punjab from 1942 to

March 1947. This period is very crucial in history of Punjab. The

ruling forces of Punjab that was premier Khizar Hayat Tiwana,

governor Sir Bertrand James Glancy (Governor Punjab) (April-1941

- April 1946) and later E.M. Jenkins (1946-1947)1 wanted Punjab to

be aloof from the general politics going on in India then. The general

atmosphere in India was that people whether Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs

and other minorities wanted independence from British. The Muslims

were carrying the double harness; they wanted freedom from British

as well independence from Hindu dominance. They desired for a

homeland where they were in majority.

Khizr was not in mood to feel the pulse of time. He visited

Britain, there he was told by the then conservative government led by

Churchill that they will never leave India. In the end of 1945 Clement

Richard Attlee (1945-1951) leader of the Labour Party took over rule

in England and he announced transfer of power in India in the near

future. Attlee's announcement made Khizr realize that things are on

march for change. He thought it would be better that he should not

stand in the way of Muslims. His relative Firoz Khan Noon had

‘g^aSÔ¸òZŠZg{',Zñ+B©3þGG

GL@*gõzpÄÔ‡Z+ZW-Eg;ÔZsxW!*ŠX *

earlier asked him not to stand in the way of Muslims and Pakistan. He

resigned on 2nd March 1947. It was late, but atleast he made a right

decision not to hamper the ride of Muslims to achieve their

home-land.

%œ/~ìw491YÐá™ 2 Sk£!»Ñå§]IZ:Å(„»Y,{¢8ìÔ�

7491YJ-Yg~g„Xtæ]”Á0*ÎyÅ].z4~¹„Zë¶X‡Z+ZWº[Ã0*Îy»ãCŠ~2y)ß(ŒÛZgŠ}gì¸ZzgQk§sº[~-"54iï EGEH0*gKÅÓ#Ö¶�º[Ã$Óë N�(„ÐZµêŠ9eS¶Zzg‡Z+ZWÅº[Æç5]~æZì**I™C¶X

º[~å§]IZ:»ZW,zgÎcZzg›>Ã—Š3äÅÃÒ»x[Âg„1Qk»›âVÃ±ø LŠgvyƒZt¨gÔ!*]ìX”VZzg¸ñV6,Z(š/Zz‰ÜW@*ìZ#ZyÆa�{õf¯¢8**¦/k,ƒY@*ìX

›âVÅ@*gõZk!*]Å÷á@ìāz{z‰ÜZzgqÑ]Å4,Z•»ZŠgZu7gnpXZKfZCI**IÆŠJg}~Ô−YD÷XZL‚BÑÅVzZhßÍVÅi0+ÏZÞy™Šï÷XZk£!»Ñ(„Æ¤ÙWiâîVÆÍl¦/Zgt!*]™ãìāZ#z{(„ÆyZy~ŠxgOÛzãŠ*Å(„Zzg$+sqÑ]zzZu]~ZLoZzg¸xÅ‚ÄZzg³]ÃlxgOZzgfZ»]Å(„Ðå6,Ì™,ÔZÏ~ZyÅZzg¸xÅ>ðìX

èoå§]IZ:)0091YD5791Y(2 oå§]IZ:uzŠÔ!*êÔÁÔpl]kZzgg3'×Z`(„ŠZy¸X

W\IuÍŠJÆƒÐ(,}IZ:gZ‡]',ZŠg~ÆgÁo/§]{yIZ:)Æ¾w(Æ�Ûi0+¸XZ2Í»ÒZzgÍg»ÒÑƒgÐ½

Dâga6102Y C@*gõzp¢ïEGL0*ÎyÔZÆ',5102Y ____________________________________ 65

qÝÅÔ8191Y~¯`~zqÝHZzgÆJ-ÆÇ}6,ãX7391YÆß!*ðZN!*]~p÷á[ÆIZN[Ð&Õä EL£¨º[ZÔÆMÉƒñX4491Y~Z#·Z»bäº[Æç5]~æZì™**e„Âå§]»QyÐZ%sƒZXSkÆˆ72Z6,s4491YÃZ7›>Ð

V)Zq-iŒZgZzgŠzu~-"54iïEGEH ïwŠc*ŠHX6491YÆZN!*]~åŠzB

0*gK(Ð»x[ƒñXpZyÅ0*gK-"54iïEGEH0*gK›>Ð“3ˆX

W\ä»ôöZzgZ»àšw)³VÅ0*gK(ÐZ�Š™ÆziZg]¯ðXW\ÅziZg]ÆÜsº[~›>äÎw**�ÛâãÅ’q-ÑzqÅÂW\ä2

3 âga7491YÃzik,ZZÆÇ}ÐZ±Š}Šc*Zzgi(„Ðgð],ƒ‰X

IZ:»{0+Zã:©÷á{7gÃÚyÆŠZ*´‘~IZ:W!*Š÷ZzgZrVäº[Å@*gõ~úc*V™ŠZgZŠZHÔ�¡ZyÅ®ZŠŠÙƒñÂÃW@*ìXZ7JZggZ‡]Zzg(wzµzZáñg_ZdÅ±Ð„ŒÛZgŠc*Y@*ìÔ(ßVÆ‚B„WñZzgGGgð,œ~ÆZ!xÐ¬Šgc*ñ�|6,˜$Æ£x6,W!*ŠƒñpZ�x»g÷á{7gì~ZLñ�Š{#Ã−‰˜V‹

IZ:~ZC%œ/~NyHXIZ:4Š!*yÔ4»“»gFÔ3„aZ™äzZá¢oWŠñVÅ±

4 ÷X@*ëÔZyÆZz™sZ\k**uîg6,×ZßZëŠÐŠZrŠZg÷XIZâVÅ±Z×VZÒz9‚‘ZwÔâ,{Zzgp÷á[ÆuŠZgzVÐƒC

gS‰X6181Y~'gZzgÏIäIZâVÆÜsÑŠ-ZyPÅu™ŠÏ~Zq-¤!g¯`gzZ:ÅXuŠZgo{y·IZ:ä“3ðZzg!- î HIZ:Zzgâg7gìÆ´º8181Y~czsõuŠZgCÙ~I!{Ã�gY�«G

75 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

‰ZzgZkÅzÃ]Æˆ{y·IZ:ägÏIÅZ¤®)Jw™àX1281Y~ñyZ™äIZâVÃ‚B5™âZ[â,{6,mJð™Š~ZzgZkÆ‚g}´º6,ï™1XZkî~ZkäIZâVÅm&6V»Z‹Zs™DƒñZyÆ51ÎZgzV»Zq-Š3ZL‚BÑƒgáYä»¬Šc*XZkŠ5

5 äˆZiZVMyÅî~Zë™ŠZgZŠZHX2281Y~{y·IZ:ÃÄzgc*VÔYqÔ¦g×yZzgQ{»´‘�g

Y�Š�‰XZkÆ7Dì{yIZ:äÌ¹**xaZHZzgÑƒgŠg!*gÅ(„~u¤/òÐz1XgÏIÅzÃ]ÆˆZkÆ#5äZÐã~eZwŠc*åX@*ëZôm,gj+i+.$ùÔCÙ',^Zi+zgeÅ\gl6,ZÐg;ðBXZkŠyÐIZâVZzgZôm,zV~Šz*:©]»W¸iƒZXì{yäMyÅŒz]~ÌZôm,zVÐzÃŠZg~SðZzgˆZiZV´V~Zôm,Æ

6 ¢ŠZ]Å{§±@*ƒZâgZŠHXoå§]IZ:÷á{7gÆ!-.ð NGMwyZäÐmgnp¸XIZ:{0+ZyÅ

ZqÐi~wt¶āZyÆŒVhzVÅ±É»÷{ZOxåZzgZq-i}»Zq-(,ZgKhzVÅŠN¸wÆaz�åXth}:ÜskBÆaZEwƒDÉŠzu}˜´ÐÌßvZyÃyh+äÆaWDXZk{0+ZyäZôm,zV»‚Bå(,}ïmZzg�ZV%Š~Ð‚BŠc*X7391YÆZN[~å§]p÷á[Ð»x[QyzZgŒÛZgŠb‰Xz{Z\g§]Å»ŸÆzik,ÉƒñXW\À˜¬)Zzg£òpŠUgÓ#ÖÆzik,¸XW\ä¾e$ÆÂxÃ¸W,¯c*@*ā´ºÆ),gvZL´ºÆ)bpŠi™ÃX

Z#62Šc2491YÃº[Æzik,ZdZ\g§]Ze7-gÔ�Ûâ‰ÂSyÅ(å§]IZ:zik,Zdªº[Æzik,ZW¶XQkiâä~zik,


7 ZdÔzik,ZWZq-„Ç}ÆŠz**x¸¯ñ‰X‡Z+ZWZzgå§]ÆZ\gD»bç@{6,˜]¸TÃZk£!~,Ðik,cÑc*ŠHìX

o/§]{yäŠz÷áŠc*VXX(,~HÐQyÆŒVZq-„ZzÑŠƒðXQyÆ™r#iZŠ}oå§]¯Y}.â]Æe~zZ−Æ

îŠx6,−XZy}.â]Æ´z{Z7igZ®)ZzgZkÐ0xÁÆ‚B÷~zZÕ¶Zzgz{ZKZ5u„ÆZOx~zsgìZkaāo/§]{yÃÍV**ÍVz5]Æ!*)Z5uÆZOx6,ic*Š{ÂzŠ¶»ñµ7MåZzgZ#z{Z&+c*Ã±ÆgÁ0™zÑe$−‰ÂZ5u»7gZ

8 Äz°oå§]„ÃeÜ7,ZX7391Y~ß!*ðpŠZ(g~»ÂxYg~ƒZÂoå§]{y«x

ziZg]º[~ßÀ_5ÒýGÍgÆzik,0‰XŠc2491Y~Z\g§]{yzik,ZWÅzÃ]6,oå§]{yÃ',açLZMZg0*gK»!*Ñ·t7g`

9 1ŠHZzgz{zik,ZW0‰X

Z’Zði0+Ïo/§]Æ_.å§]7Z~0091YÃaZƒñXZyÅaZö

gT¸X›yIZ:ŒV½ã‚]œ-V àå¬ nà¡W!*Š~ƒð˜VZy10 ¬V‰¸Xt÷á{7gÆ´º6,‡*¸X

{ÂyåXz{Ry7,|‰pº!i!*y(,~ ì å§]ÅzZ−{»**xgzZãÐ1r‰XåZKzZ−{Æ¹ŒÛd$ÔYèZyÆzZ−ic*Š{F,Š‹

{Ây»°{~ ì Zzgßy~Ší~)Óä(ç5]ÆŸ~gT¸Xç~Æ‚B^™DgTX g�Zzg/ZKŠzu~

95 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

ì{ÂyäZL!*\oì{yÐ¹ÏYGZŠzgZV$~0*ðYèZy»ÜsZq-¸ðåXZkzzÐz{âàîg6,pŠUg‰XZ¤/pYGZŠ»ZOxì{ÂyÆÂVÆ;B~åÔQÌZÒz{pŠi�V6,Y3ZzgZL'×ZgúVÐç5]ð™'Xå§]ä0291YÅŠ;ðÆŠzgZy»°ZÅi�V~)©àŠp¢8Ñzq™Š~XZ4ŠzgzVÆŠzgZyZ7ZLZq-'×ZgqÅç~IWˆZzgZkÐ÷áŠ~™àXì{ÂyZzgåä»°²á

11 J-/§]ÐZk÷áŠ~ÃgZi~g3X{ÂyZq-(Zzg0*u!*i{Ây‰XZ7ß°ZixÐÎîåX¸ ì

zz¶āz{Í±{ÑpÆc¦$Z÷á{Å%h+ƒNXz{ZL{0+ZyÅ«,‰�Zk§sâbƒNXZLcÐo]Å{§CÙ‚w&c*eg

%ûÍ±{ÑpY'X^»Wy~zz{@*fÆfg)ð™'Ô�øÐ{Ây53D6391Y~åZzgZL7D âgŠÅNh-VÆŠZðJ-åXZ#ì

2+g§]Æ_Z{HIÂZy»ZÜZg¸åā&+g=gZzf~Yc*Yñ@*āz{Í±{ÑpÅic*g]™ÃXˆ~z{Z#Í±{ÑpIÂZrVäc™r#ÐŠgpZ„ÅāWÒ{ZN!*]~åÅ»x!ÆaŠ¬�ÛâNXA$c™r#

21 ä&4jè FGIEÍðÅāå:ÜsZN!*]~»x[ƒÇÉz{zik,Ì¶ÇX

Z2Í)Zjw(»ÒZôm,zVÅ(0*ŒäÌ£òiŒZgzV~Ó#ÖÆazÃŠZg~ÆKÃaZ™äZzgQÐ'×h+¢™ä~Zë™ŠZgZŠZHXZ2Í)Zjw(»ÒÅãCŠ6881Y~g¿ˆ@*ā(,}iŒZgzVÆdW½qÝ™,XZkZŠZg}ÆCYwÆZfZzg0*gÊ-)42.ç GEHG+“WÅZ’ZðF,šM»ÒÃ±Ws

Ã~!*‡°ÏÆ‚BÑq-ƒ™qÝ™D¸XÃ±WsÃ¹Ð


½k,™äÆ®~¤t™Šî¶XOçZ2Í»Ò Z^s ° ¤9VÃÐÃgrZ−CYÅ(,~®ZŠˆ~(„ÆZ¬6,gz×*gzVÅ§b@ÔX~ƒÐczså§]{yIZ:¸�»Ò~úc*V¤D

31 ¸X

½Z2ÍÐÃgrƒäÆˆå§]äeø)ÆZJy~«7icqÝÅX6191Y~Íg»ÒÑƒg~ŠZ4ƒñZzg‚wŠzxÆ¤D¸ā«kBx~gŸ»gzVÅ½CÆa½ghŠ~XpŠÌ¯`~½CƒñZzg8191Y~zY°~ZzgQGgð,ÑëiÐzZhgìXŠ~ZCZi++ZjykB~½7gz1X¯`ÐzZ:ƒñÂZKY�»ZOxeÑX9191Y~º[ÆuñVZzg0291Y~°x¬zy’q-ÆŠzgZyZðzZâyÅßg]qwÃ‡1~gppÆaZôm,Ó#ÖÐ½7g¬zyHX2291YÆˆßZzg÷á{7gÆZHq~Z³Zi~gnz¹WWgìX0391YZzg1391YÆŠzgZyŠz!*g{¯Y}.â]Z�xŠ,XÑwf!uu~´º~ØglÃŠ!*ä~Ó#ÖÅ|V~½7gz1X÷á{7ge7–1geÆzZõç}gìXMp1geÔº[Æzik,½ÔgZbZ&++T~»Ò

41 ek,{ŠzyÅpwÆMgìX

Zôm,zVÅ$!**Vf!º[Å›ZÑZBÃZôm,u»gäZÅxÆîg6,×gxZzgig¦

i}ÅZÑ¹Æ´z{Zzg§hVÐÌâZiZXu»gä5èÆ‚BZ³Zi~h]ZzgÇ}Ì!*ŒXZÏK~å§]ÆzZ−/§]{yIZ:ÃkBÆŠzgZy÷á0+Zg}.â]uZ�xŠ¶Æún**V$ÆgûÐu�ÛZiHŠHX

16 _____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

zÃŠZg~Æ$+á~Zk§bÆæ!*]qÝKYäÃZ,çÑ}~³]Z‚ÛZð»4+fg=¦gHY@*åÔT~�ÛŠZzg{0+ZyÅ³]zz‡gÃ

51 "uZÌŠ~YCƒX

Zôm,xZâVÆaIZ:{0+ZyÅ}.â]481Y~Zôm,zVÅ 9 4D 8 å§]Æ6,ŠZŠZoìè{yä:Üs

³VÆ‚BWy~±Zð~My~egÎ{ÎZgzVÆ‚BZi+zgeÑg÷ÅæŠÅ¶ÉZkä7581Y~¼gÆŠzgZyƒÐ¬º[Æ1geWsZi+îcÆç}YyÑg÷ÃZæZŠÌŠ~Xz{Zq-@*i{Šx{ÎZgzVÅZq-g¼»g™ÆZôm,zVÅCÙc*:¯gkÅæŠÃVŠHåXoìèZzgZkÆ

Hä·gÔXwZzg)w7g~(,~·Šg~Æ‚BZôm,¯�VÅZ¬-$Å¶Zzg!*2V»¹�HåXZ#Š‹~!*2VäÏgeZwŠ�ÂIZâVÆHÃ™9ÞZ®Å¯`Æ‚BÝ™Šc*åXZkHäR,âwÅ±Zð~Zh»g¦/Zg~»bCÙ{HÔTÅzzÐ!*2VÃåîg6,“ƒðZzgZ7

å§]IZ:Æ{0+ZãqÑ]Zzg:©Zka 61 ¸g~YãvyZV**7,ZXÒyG‰ā’k,™Š{,ÃK~W‚ãƒā{0+Zy»gkgeÌ¸ñVZzg�ÛŠzZuÅi0+Ï~HZW,eZmìX

»bZzgå¿X’q-0*ÎyÆÚø~º[Æ¹Ð(Ï‡Z++ä›>~Zkz‰ÜËqZ(gÅ

Z#ZyÃ¢ƒŠHāZ[yz*yÅ(„~Zq-È™wWäzZÑìX(Ï¤ÙWiâ¬xîg6,ƒZÆgc6,„^™D÷Zzgz‰ÜzqÑ]~ZLÃZ+{»ÎŠZð™D÷X

å§]äSkñµ6,»bÆ‚t�Ö¡Zka73¸ā


zZ·Zñz-wä�Ûzg~4491YÅ½k,~',RÅ„Ã{g`ZiZkyŒÛZgŠc*åXZkÆ´z{ZÐÍg3,¯Ò54gö GEÅi',Š„1C„qÝ¶TäØ•§]

Å**»ò»Z´yƒZåX Z™Z] {yÃÐZkŠy',§sHåāZ#»båèå§]Å½!*ÇzZŠÏ¶XZ7¢åāZ#J-ZyÃÑ^™r#Å

71 u6,4qÝgìÏZkz‰ÜJ-ÃðZyÃZMZgÅ™ÏÐ7UnÇX»bät»ggzZðZkaÅ¶āƒÃ¥xåākB»ƒäzZà

ìZzgZkÆ{ØÆˆ¬xß!*ðZN!*]ƒVÐ�¦/¸Šz‚wÐcZpZY~7,}ƒñ¸Xº[ÆZyáµZN!*]~›>»-"54iï

EGEH0*gKÐZµ)®)ÅwÐz¢8¢zg~åÔ@*ātU*"$HYnā›>zZª›âVÅzZuúÒ{)®)ìZzgZkÐYK%yz*yÆ

18 Wñ�wÆ!*g}~Ãðê7HYYX

º[›>-"54iï EGEHÆZ3h}~12Šc4491YÃ›>ÅZÔ0*gKÆÇh+ZgzV»ZN[ƒZÔT~

{yZŒg@{yWs@z^Ã7gÉHŠHXuŠZgØ•§]{yÃe÷7gÔxVZ!c*gŠzm:Ãrz=ØÔxVâgZvÔóR,~ZzggZ**¾ZvÃZkz=Ø¯c*ŠHXŸiŠzm:Ã0*gK~ÃðÇ{:5X5ŠcÃ›CYäß!*ðZÔÆ‚t-"54iï EGEH0*gKÆÜsZzg›>Æh~bCÙ{HXZ¤/pbCÙ+Ã7:ä¯gUx™Šc*1Zk»³t�āåziZg]Æ›Zg»yÅzÃŠZg~â²wƒˆZzgúZxZÜk~t@*W,aZƒZāº[~›>

19 Å].z4»gcŠgZÝ',¤â~‚%Z`Æ^gŠY�ŠZgzVÆÜsìX

º[~›>äù(¯ð?Z#†g~5491Y~zZ·Zñz-wä›ÆÍg3,Åz‚¦Ðt

36 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

ÃÒÅā%œ/~ZÔ~»ôk0*gKÆ7gÈÑ¸ðe(ðZzg›>ZÔ0*gKÆe÷7gâZ[iZŠ{1‰ÜZ{yÆŠgxy%œ/~Ó#ÖÅúÆ

e~�õMƒZìZk6,¿ƒYñZzg»bäZk?m,ÃtÈ™šŠ™Šc*ā=ZkõD»ÃðD7Âº[Æ›Šgxä6~›>»z‡gZzgÌ—ƒŠHZzgZ7tZˆkƒZāZy»7g:Üs»ôÏ7gzVZzgzZ·ZñÐuZV™!*]™YìÉz{ZyÅˆzm,Ã0*ñ›g]Ð’ZÌYìXº!›âVÅÃ~‡Z+ZWZzgÌ(,}‡Z+0‰XZ[

20 ›ygCgCZLŠk,ÜZˆk²~Ð!*CÙògì¸X@*ë›>Zzg_c0*ÎyÆÜsCÙâqZzgCÙg8-Æ:ò�Ûzl

4D6491YÆ¬xZN!*]~›>Ã"Vw 5 $Õä NOîVÅ�{»gÆ!*z�Š»x!qÝƒðXŠc5491YÆ%œ/~ZÔÆZN!*]~>äÓx›

Å@*gõ~gkge N!*] Z ÒÛABXZkÅtÎ‚»x!yz*yÆÅwgBb¶Zzg6491YÆZzZbÆß!*ðZN!*]~>äº[ÆÀ

21 68›òV~Ð57òV~»x!qÝÅXß!*ðzik,ZWouå§]{yZzg-"54iï

EGEH0*gK»(Ï»i{òŠHXZkÆ»x[›yZg»yÅ®ZŠŠkŠHg{Ðic*Š{7¶X)®)ZsòÔ>

ZwZgÔ‹Z!ñyÔWwZ&+c*Û»Ð÷Zzg¹Ï)oVÆƒlzjZkËƒ‰Xz{’q-ÜÄÆˆZkß.~2gì¸āè<Ø›gZñ

™@*ìZzgLLfñŠ+óóZ7]Ðñ™T§se÷á ³ ¬)»¥cYMh÷Xz{çÑCZg»YÆZk‡âyÐ**WÙ¸XāCÙè<ØzIÆúZxZL„z¿»çZLçÑCzçÙ»çVÆ�™D÷XúZxZÜk»è<Ø¢ŠIèI§ZîVÆè<ØÐZƒ@*ìXúZxZÜkZL

22 è<ØÅyZKçÑC¢zgÂVÆ_.™D÷X


IZ:ZzglV~Zôm,zVÐzÃŠZg~Ô7581Å¶]ÔZjyØglÔ«ZzgŠzu~85ë EE

YLx

uÍŠJÆ(,}Y�ŠZgIZäÔâyZzgŒÛ7¸XX~IZäZzgââVä9481YÔ7581ÔZzgQ«kBx~Zôm,zV»½7g‚BŠc*XZy(,}{0+ZâVÆ´z{ŒVZôm,ÆzÃŠZgzV~C7ÙÔ™ÏdÔZ³Zi~fuZgÔ�ŠZgÔezn,9Zzgß!*ðRÆŠg!*g~Ôæ[c*CZ�ÛZŠÔ{y·ŠgÔgZñ·ŠgÔ

ZzgZÅxpgz){Ìñ�Š¸XfuZgzVZzgZÅxpgzVÆçz£Y] "OIB"

32 Zôgz9Ð&œgz9J-¸X«kBx»W¸i4191Y~ƒZXZôm,~Ó#Öic*Š{Ðic*Š{yz*EV

3„½CG 000Ô532 Ã¯`~½C™ÆkB6,'eS¶X6191YJ-Z�ÛZŠº!¸Xpt®ZŠ**»°ƒäÅ¯6,7191Y 000Ô011 Y`¸XX~

~½CÆnZq-%œ/~1ge‡ìHŠHXTäZŒ‚]â{ÆŠzgZy3„½CGZzgZkÑÆaCÙeŸŠZzgƒÐ»x1 000Ô59 º[Ð

ŠHXÓ#ÖÅZyic*ŠZVÅ¯6,IuÍŠJ~�}ZzgYŠZ]',0*ƒñXÄzgc*VÆŒÛd$ñä´~ƒ~½CÆÜsZî`ƒZT6,7:äÃ],8-™Æ¼ŠZ�ÛZŠÃhu™Šc*XZÏ§bOZwÆñäLLÂØ»óó~

aZgÃZkz‰ÜO™Šc*ŠHZ#z{�Zy½C™äÆaZkÇîVàXZkxÅ0*ŠZl~�ŠZgÔfuZgÃMŠ~ˆ²0*õZ�ÛZŠÃ/{ÅwZƒðX´º

1X ÆZ%ZYZzgY�ŠZgzVäÓ#ÖÅZkƒ~ÑxÈ~~(,|m|™zZrVäZLZL´VÆâ�Zy½C™ZäÆ´z{ŠZóÔŠgóÔ

ŠóÔîÓ#ÖÅæŠÅTÆúnZ7÷7ZgZèZÅxŠ~ˆXZq-g7g^Æ_.uÍŠJÆY�ŠZgzVZzg(,}iŒZgzVäù¦îg6,48%,

Z�(ZgZèqÝÅXZÐZŠ~îg6,Zq-%,ÐGg{%,ZgZèJ-Zy B 00121 )

56 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

42 ;�ÛzØVÃZôm,u»gÅ§sÐZÅxÆîg6,«ÅˆXâg7gìZzgp÷á[Æ†[~IZ:™8ïELwiŒZg÷XZrVä

ZL£tpŠqÝG÷XZyÅZúZâVÐJ±Z×Vg÷XˆZiZVtßvgÏIÆâ�ƒ‰XpZôm,zVZzg³VÅlV~Zôm,zV»‚BŠc*X

ÌZ4 (Revott) Q7581YÅkBWiZŠ~Zzg–wZôm,zVÆ¼g)Zôm,zV(»‚BŠc*ZzgZk»,qÝHXZy~ZÒ¯Y÷ZzgZrVä4191YÅ«¬@kB~½CÆaic*Š{Ðic*Š{3„�ÛZëKX^÷á{

Z�ZgZèìX®ZŠ~ÁƒäÆ 000Ô03 7g~ZyÆ21ÇîVZzg½â]!*z�ŠZyßÍVä¹ÐZ³ZiZ]qÝKX!- î HIZ:ÔAZàZzgê»ZyÆ

�gÇîV÷X¹Y@*ìāz{JZggZ‡]¸¸„Ggƒ,œ~{~~52 º[W™W!*ŠƒñZzgZsxJwHX

Éƒ** Ôzik,ZW kBZzgåX»zik,Zd¯Ò54gö GE)Íg3,º[(äå§]IZ:ÃZkazik,ZdÉHāå

LLâg¸xóó»�ÛŠåZzgZkÆ{0+ZyÅZôm,zVÐzÃŠZg~Å@*gõ7581YÐ¬Å¶XOçåZkÇ}Æaoƒ¿åX

13Šc2491YÅðåä',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEÆ‚B**¸HÔpZkñµ6,ƒäzZàW~(„ÅOñ7ßÔh}ZzgDgñçqcgìXZ#å

Ã!*Ññ¤tgnp (Protocol) gÁƒg;åÂ¯Ò54gö GECÙ§bÆu»g~WŠZ[ƒñåÆú[ZzgZkÆ+ñ6,;Bgnpƒñ1áLL»w~ZL!*g}~ic*Š{¤{gztZ(g™**ƒÇXóó

62 åZkÅ/ÜsÒ:',k¶X ik,ZZ åº[»ƒÐÁ/z


Zôm,xZâVÆaIZ:{0+ZyÅ}.â]oå§]{yÆŠZŠZ{y·Šgo™r#{yä8481Y~Zq-

õuŠZg¸ð'gZÌ»¬Ü™ÆZÐZzgZkÆ‚¹VÃñ™Zôm,zVÆjZá™Šc*Xz{‚‘ZwÆ6{yÆ‚Bîs)Äð™ÆßàåZzg¸ð'gZÌ6,ú~Ñq-åXZk±Zð~™r#{ypŠÌ±ZåXZkä'gZÌÆFcz»gzVÃhuHåXˆZiZV™r#{yZLWŠñVÃMyáŠHåZzgz{ZkàÆõÜ}ÅZ’ZY~z;Vñ�ŠåXz;VÐZkäZôm,zVÅ@Ze$Æ_.elZVÆ£x6,³V6,ú™ÆZ7“Š~ZzgZyÆ¹Ð3‘VÃO™Šc*X#7581Y~Z#¼g»W¸iƒZÂ™r#{yä003{ÎZgzV6,ŒZq-H»gHTÅæŠÐZkä¬yZzgQZm!~!*2VÆÜsZôm,zVÅZæZŠÅXŒV™r#{yÅ?m,™Š{D+ZÛÆ_.¿HŠHZzgŠzÎ!*2VÃÍà`ñ%ñ1ŠHXt»ggzZðåƒðÂZkHÃ»zg5ŠHÔ˜VZkäèÆgZ5Å»x!Ð˜ãÅXZkäQÆ£x6,Zy'×ŠzgzVÅ™«Å�Â\{:·™äÆ»x~zs¸ZzgQZk6,zVyz*yÆ¾w

27 »‚BŠc*ZzgtCÙ±Zð~WÐƒ@*åX (Napier)"542.çEGFJG

oå§]{yÆzZ−o/§]{yä«kBx~Š~Æ (Lepel) ZjykB~Zzg9191YÆ�îV~�}.â]Z�xŠ,z{uÉ45ÿGF

ÒyÆ_.Zâic*Š{ZzgZâ¤/ZVŠg÷āZ7ZÖp~Òy7HYYXz{ß!*ðÃ±»ªgÁåTäkBÆaZK}.â]7XXOçZÐyz*ã¯`Æ‚B�ÛZ÷5ŠHÔ˜Vz{9zi7g',B~÷áïåÔ�ZÆ',4191YÅ«îðÆñ§6,Ã],8-Ñí~ƒÐWÐåXZ7›7#-)é HG)²Zt(~

82 YÎÏZzg²ZtZzg�ÛZ÷~}.â]ÆZ‹Zs~LLuóó»æ[Šc*ŠHåX

76 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

Z#tSyõfzVÐzZ:WñÂ6gôzIVÅ½C~¹æŠÅXZkäZKY�Æ¹ÐßvÌ¯`~½C™zZñXtƒ¼ZkäZLyp6,HåZzg7g~kB~ZkäÓ#ÖÐÃðâàZæZŠ7à¶X@*ë

29 Šc*ŠHåX (Engro Seeds ZzgZôzÕ@) ^ ZÐâD~gZ#9191Y~º[~�}ƒñZzgZjjîyÆ‚BZôm,zVÅŠ~

kBƒðÂ/§]{yäøD‚.Zôm,zVÅZæZŠ~ÃðŸ:QVg¿XZ#ÛZ»CVäØglÅ¶ÂZrVä051{ÎZgzVÆ‚BÎwZOðÅ

ÆLLeZÃîVóóÆ h{»y)‚«gf( Z¬-$Å¶XZkÆZkHÆZq-{ÃScÜsÌZEwHŠHåX®ZZ#tZ&++Ã±»gÁ¯åÂZÐ7gZ™9¯Šc*ŠHZzg÷{¦»Z}e~HHgHŠHåXZkÆdWoå§]{yäÌ8191Y~‡&ÿELŠgm}.â]uZ�xŠ~‰ÔOçZk»Íg;îkÑƒg~ce-KÆaZN[ƒZåXZkäŠ~ZjykB~ÌÑƒgezn,yÆ¾wWW¾&+8-ÆZ}e~ÏÅwÐZÚZY»xHåāZÐZjy

30 zwgppÆaÎwZOðÅZæZŠ~ÃðŠ6�Ûz*Z“7HåXå(ÏÒpÐ×Š/»g¿¸Xz{ZLºm�Y:©Åzz

Ðº[~Yg~m»zØVÃ9èo6,Yg~gppZzg-&4iï EGHZ�ŠÃ',ŒÛZggppÆañizVF,+,¸XIZä&+Z]pŠ§Z:gzZc*]Æqï®ZŠ~gôz^�ÛZë™Dgì¸XgÏIÆÇ~IZ:{ÎZg¯`»ZëF,+z¦gKYD¸XIZâVäZôm,zVÅ³VÆÜslVÆŠzgZyZKzÃŠZg~Ãps™1ZzgZôm,zVÆzÃŠZg‚¶0‰X‚ākBWiZŠ~

ÆŠzgZyÌIZâVäU*"$ŠòÐZôm,zV»‚BŠc*XåÌZLZ].ZŠÅ31 gzZc*]ÆZ}†X

OçZrVäÍg»ÒÑƒg~ZK7,JðJ-F,u™Æ«kB


xÆŠzgZy¯`Å5i#ÖZ(g™àXZk§båä8191Y~Q/',k32 ÅÁ/~~¯`~ËqZ(gÅX

IZâVÅº[ÆŠzu}iŒZgDb~"u³]zÂ−¶XYèz{pŠI÷á{7gÆ¹(,}iŒZg¸XåÆzZ−u/§]{yIZ:ZL\Å‹IZ:÷ácÆu',Z{¸X»°ZÅY�˜V6,åÅÓxF,Y�ŠZgZ:H,uzZðxÆ‚B6,zglƒðÔgZzf~ezn,yÅ4+ig¦ZgZè¦gÅ

33 YC¶X´z{Zi,ß"»ƒÐ(,ZhzV»Ãgx»°Z»SàZqÐiåX

Zôm,zVÐzÃŠZg~å§]{yZÒë¸āZrVäº[Å!*vezgZkz‰Üeà

Z#o¹„**iuŠzgÐ¦/gg;åXt2491Y»²āåXŠzu~kBxYg~Zzg‚g~¶XZôm,Z&+c*Ææ¹˜´ÐÎŠWiâYåXY0*ãyz*yÅ

Åuu,ˆg™D (Malaya) §s7Šò»µ/¯gì¸Xz{5ñN ƒñê7g~ŠZ4ƒ`¸X–wl^ê7g~Zôm,¯`»Ïg

Šb¹„ÑqÏ»!*)åX¹Ð',¤â~ÔW7w~Zzgyz*ã¯YY0*EVÅ{~−‰X

œlPg1k�1z»#³åÔZkäZk{Æ�Y0*EVäyz*ã¯Y{K¸ŠzgZykBe:DÙZg¯Y�º!¯`Æ-.$Æ¸ZyÐZq-Z&++D¯`úŠ~Xt¯`ÍāZôm,zVÆaÃðç{Å´#Ö:¶YèZk~Z,¯Y¸�Zôm,zVÆzÃŠZg¸ZzgZy»mº[ÆZkWiñŠ{{0+ZâVÐåÔMVä7581ÅkBÆˆZôm,zVÃ

43 §]âŒ¶ZzgZrVäâ,)09(‚w'×h+yz*y6,Ó#ÖÅXZ\gä2491YJ-Zôm,zVÅ½7g@*GÅZ#ā›>Íwñw

96 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

z°}zÏ~zsg„XZ\gäº[»Šzg{HZzg6gôz^¯`~½C53 Å¢Š;ã™ZðZzgæŠÌÅX e$ KX\gäZôm,Ó#ÖÅ½7g×

¸qw\gÆˆå§]»g;XZrVäÌZôm,xZâVÅ}.#ÖOÑðXZ\gZ#J-i0+{gìÔZrVä‡Z+ZWÆ‚BJgztZ(gg3ZzgZyÃº[Æç5]ÐŠzggppÅ½7gÃÒÅXZyÃ™sZÖp~

ÈŠc*ā!*CÙzZáºçVÅZ0+gzãç5]~Š4:Š,ZzgºçVÃZð36 Ðg�Šc*YñX

å§]zik,Zdº[Šc2491~u\g§]{yÆZÙwÆˆå§]{yIZ:ÅÓ#ÖµÂß/Æ(ÏqÑ]~{àp~W_¶XZ[›>Æ_c0*ÎyÅw¡�Û‘6,*:èI_cÅ7g„¶ÉZkÅw

37 ›¸èÆ_cpŠZ(g~Åƒˆ¶X

º[Æ›Y�ŠZgzVÆZëŠP}Åå§]IZ:ÆÜsŒz]Z¤/på§]IZ:ä',uZMZgWäÆ¯gUˆŠ‹Y™‡Z+ZW·Z

»bÐZkZ%Å¢Š;ã™Zà¶āß/~ZÆ',7391YÆ\g»b@*ëZk ÷6,¿ƒ@*gìÇXª-"54iï EGEH0*gKÅ‘oÓ#ÖYg~gìÏX

ÆWU*gÃWäÑ¸X› X6,-"54iïEGEH0*gKÆ›Zg»y~Y^

Y�ŠZgzVÆZq-ŠP}Æaå§]ÅªŠ]‡&ÿELJw7¶XZy»�gß!*ðzik,ZdZN[-"54iï EGEHZÔ0*gKc*›>ZÔ0*gKä7HåÉgI

83 gZxÆZ´yÆˆÍg3,u',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEäZ7ziZg]‚i~ÅŠú]Š}Š~¶X›>ÆTŠP}Ãå§]{yÅZk§b**'×ŠÏàg7¶Ô

Zk~u÷á{âZi%jx»gCâZ[ZŒg@{yWs@z^ÔZ£c*gŠzm:%jx»


gCŸiŠzm:Zzgu\g§]{y%jx»gCØ•§]ic*Š{u¤/x¸XZ#u\g»ZÙwƒZåZkz‰ÜØ•§]¯`~5ixåpZÐZLzZ−Å¤/ZVŠg}.â]ÆZÅxÆîg6,¯`ÐÃgr™Æß!*ðziZg]»gÁ¯Šc*ŠHåX›Y�ŠZgzVÆZkŠP}ÅY+$Ðå§]{yÅ#¿ÅZq-zzÂY�ŠZgzVÅŠP}È~Å(„~ā¶ZzgŠzu~tzz¶āZkŠP}ÃtCkƒäÎåāTge™:ÆŠzg{yz*yÆˆº[Zzg',RÆŠzu}´V~(ÏƒZ»¥c(,~!~Ð-"54iï EGEH0*gKÆ

Å**»òÆˆœg›> CÙ{ b Üsƒg;ìX2491Y~»ôkÆ6,ŸŠ·Z»b»(Ïz‡g¹—ƒŠHåX((›âVäpŠ„›>Å÷áñ‡ì™à‰ZzgegzV§sÐ‡Z+ZWi0+{!*ŠZzgLLá™g÷Ð0*ÎyóóÆÈ}‹ðŠï¸X

3âga3491YÃ�|ZÔäƒÐ¬ZqÐiqÝHÔZ#ZkäZq-ŒÛZgŠZŠÆfg)Zkñ�»ZÖgHā›yZq-Zµ¸x÷Ô®ZZyÆaZq-Zµ�ƒãecXZkÆˆZ#3491Y~„gZ7½ð E

Y0*wZegtäZL

Ãgñá~›ZÒe$Æ´VÅ&+g=gZñÑg~eÏÆZßwÃt™1Â»bZzgÇ0+SÆŠgxyâzÂ"$»ŸÌÑzqƒ[åZzgZk§bt|

iîg6,tÅY_¶ā‡Z+ZW·Z»bZzgZyÅ›>Åàg~Æ93 %yz*yÆWñ�Zzg(Ïw»Xi7ƒYX

»bXå5‡'‡Z+ZW·Z»bZÏZˆkÆ‚BZ6,s4491Y~ÑƒgWñXÑt

åāº[ZÔÆ›Zg»y~¦/¸Zq-‚wÐƒäzZàŠP}È~»ÃðYHYñX»bäZke~zik,Zdå§]{yÐF5‡'

17 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

XZzgZyÅziZg]Æ)›Zg»yÐÌ!*]’AÅZzg!*syZrVäêHāWÒ{º[~›>0*gK»z�Š¢zg~ìXu\gäZL0*õ‚!ÇZMZg~t0*gK7“WŠ~¶XYèZziZkÅ-&4iï EGH0*gKÆ)

›Zg»yZk6,Z‹ZnZq-ZÐZŠ~wÐ™D¸ZzgŠzìZÐpŠÌ›>Æ(ÏÃ�Ð´îg6,Z·t7åXpz‰ÜWŠHåāZÔ~ZkŠz37icÃ»HYñXOç»bäå§]{yÃ¬Šc*ā›>0*gKÆMWÒ{ÆaÜs›>»(ÏfZ(g™,Zzg)›MzVÆ‚BZKÃøÃLL›>ÃøziZg]óó»**xŠc*YñX1å§]:âäZzgz{ZÆ',7391YÆ\g÷Å0*È~6,^gìZzgZrVä62Z6,sÃØ•§]{yÃZKziZg]Ð',§s™Šc*X»bäZyÐZk¬°zàÅ’k,~�Z[éÅÔT»ZrVäÃð�Z[:Šc*XOçZ772#4491YÃ›>Ð{g`™Šc*ŠHXWwZ&+c*›>Å>¿ÅZk»ggzZðÆˆåziZg]Zzgß°†Z?ZLÇzVÐpƒ‰Zzgß!*ðZÔ~32›Ÿ9

40 Zg»yÅZq-x[Z%s)®)ÅúƒðX»bÅY+$Ðº[Æzik,ZdÆÜsZk@*ŠR»ggzZðÐß/

Æ›½c*CŠgx:¡~‡Z+ZWÆ(ÏD+',ZzgP]ÅŠJuÖˆXtz„»b¸Î6391YÆZzZb~ua@ä>0*gúã1ge¯äÅZYi]7Š~¶ZzgZ7¹åāLLº[Ã;B#ÖÎîóóZzgtz„»b¸XÃu\g§]{yäZK11âga1491YÅ½k,~!*ßZôîg6,GH

)º!ÅæZìÃ',ŠZ“7HYñÇZzg Ë åāº[Æç5]~Z[4491Y~tz„»b¸MVäº[Æzik,Zdå§]IZ:ÃTÅ1C„Íg3,¯Ò54gö GEZzgZÔÆ)›Zg»y»Zq-¤!g¤/z{™g;åÔZK)®)Ð{g`™ÆZÐ(ÏcāWgZðÆa½HåX»bät


»ggzZðZkaÅ¶āƒÃ¥xåākB»ƒäzZàìZzgZkÆ¯gUˆ¬xß!*ðZN!*]ƒVÐ�¦/¸Šz‚wÐcnZpZ~7,}ƒñ¸Xº[ÆZyáµZN!*]~›>»-&4iï EGH0*gKÐZµ)®)Åw

Ðz¢8¢zg~å@*ātU*"$HYnā›>zZª›âVÅzZuúÒ{)®)ìZzgZkÐYG%yz*yÆWñ�z(ÏwÆ

41 !*g}~Ãðê7ƒYX§Zi÷ā\gÅ ~g¶ (Jinnah: The Sole Spokesman) ¬È°w

zÃ]Æˆ»bäº[~úc*VZÌqÝ™à¶X‡Z+ZWÃZk!*]»ZˆkåāZ[º[~Z7Zq-$zgwpÐ£¨™**ìXSkaZrV

24 ä›»WgZxŠ{ygh™ÑƒgWä»ZzgŒVg;öZ(g™ä»ZgZŠ{HX

Zôm,xZyÅâzÂ"$Zzg(„ŠZâV6,Zy»‹tâ–X Cgõ51âga3491YÑƒgÐ u',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEäâgYkWs

Å5Í-£½ðEGY

Ã7¶ZkÅ 5] ç Zkâ~Qkäg7g^Š~āº[~Ãð{m

ZkÐ«zZàg7gÆÔ'Ç0+SÅÈuEÙ@*wÐðh}¹ßÍV~�l_./Q½ZX

›> zik,Zd)å§]{yIZ:( ZrVä–āW\Y…÷āÆZ°k~Ñ•™äŠ‹‰ƒñ÷Ôz;VZy6,{āÂz‰ÜWc*ƒZìX»beT÷āº[~›>»ZW,zgÎcƒZzgt!*]zZã™Š~ìā-"54iï

EGEHÜsi!*ã¯òZyÆ‚BìXiîg6,z{-"54iïEGEH›>»

Ën»‚B7Š}gìXzik,Zdº[‡Z+ZWÅªŠ]Ãt™D÷Xz{»b\gç@{�51ZÆ',7391Y~ð0*c*åQk»jZ!ÌŠï÷TÆ�LL-"54iï

EGEHóó›>Å',F,~WwZ&+c*ÅR6,t™CìX

37 ___________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

Zzg-"54iï EGEHÁZiÁº[ÅR6,ZCZq-$©�î EGLÃgÇåäZk!*]»Z¬Š{Hā°ZÒwz{Zkç@{6,»gÈìXz;VZq-ŒÛZgŠZŠàgƒðT~Zk!*]Åz»ªÅˆāº[~›>ZL¸W,™ŠZgÐ°ZÒwú?ØYñX

zik,ZZ°Zß‰ÜZyÃgz1~»x[ƒ‰÷X1WÐZyÆgZ5~¹Ð)b÷X»bä¹„™sZÖp~º[ÆÍg3,',R,&+

¯Ò54gö GEÅÌ°ðÅāZkä‡ây(ËÅXzik,Zdº[Å**'×ŠÏÆçn~Zkä›>ÐÃðtg{7HZkjZáÐz{¹ªZyƒñÔZ#

43 ZyÅÂzÍg3,Æ@Ze$**)6,™ZðˆXu',R,&+¯Ò54gö GE)º[»Íg3,(âgYkWsÉ

45Í-£½ð GEGYÃCgõ51âga3491Y˜÷:

u',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEāº[~(Ïîg6,jyìXZkÃegÜs»bÐìXØ•§]ä¯Ò54gö GEÆÍl¦/ZgHåāŠ‹~

É45Í-£½ð GEGYäZyÐ5‡]

ÅXZzgT§bW\äØ•Åj,Z‚ÛZðÅz{Zk»‡gìX»bÆ£¨~Ø•§]Æ‚B»°ŠZzgZk6,qz~ÔZy»ÇVuŠ!*îåX»bäØ•Ð¹āz{¯`~zZ:YñZzgÈwYñ›>Æ]Ãº[ZÔÆat]z{Üsp÷áæZzgik,i}»ggzZðÐÛAY

44ìX»bä¹Ø•Å**'×ŠÏzik,ÆaÔ/ge$Æa"³C»

!*)ìXZrVäZq-Ð!*]½āÍg3,(,}"u÷āz{t¥â]›>J-àNÔ1åZzgZyÆ‚¹VäZk6,Z‹ZnHXtƒZkaHŠHāØ•×~Wñ1Ø•ä¯Ò54gö GEÃCc*āZrVäŠg¦/gÐ»x1XØ•»bÅZk5#ÖÅ1YhÐpl:¸X

ZrVäêHāz{Z$~ZL´‘ZS-ÐzBÐXZS-~âZ[¡{yÅÜ{àƒð¶Yèz{ß!*ðêuzkzÆÇ{6,

Dâga6102Y C@*gõzp¢ïEGL0*ÎyÔZÆ',5102Y ___________________________________ 47

45 Hgƒ‰¸X

»b÷ D\g»bç@}Å D Ø•äÜÆaŠgpZ„Š~ZzgZkä\g

<VÆ�Z(HX›>]6,Ø•§]ZL´‘ZS-Ð9}ƒñX¯Ò54gö GEqìā=4ìāZy»tê=q~6,FF7ìXYVā²Ÿ-

¡çHHFØ•§]Æ#³ì1t¹µZzg)DçnìX

¯Ò54gö GEqìZ[tŠ9ìā›>Å>¿Hê™CìXHz{ZkÃz{]ŠîìTÅZkä�ÛâöÅìX¬xìw¸ìā»b>¿Æ

64 êÆÜsÃð!*]7™,ÐXZ%»bÆ0¼7¹YYXå~pŠZOŠ~7ìā»bÐ×Z™}XZk~Ãð—7ā

0*Îy»È{izgñ@*Yg;ìZzg~7g}zNtÐÈYƒVā¹Ð-"54iï EGEHZLfZC¢ŠÅ{§-"54iï EGEHÃÖ@Mh÷XZq-6,.ã�=ÃWg„ìz{Z\gD»bç@{»Qì�āã)zZãZÖp»%µìZzgt÷}4,Šq-**IìX$+¬Ð»bÆaW‚yìāz{Zk"F,KMZÖpÆzŠ{Ðgc$+w™ZK!*]ïwáZzg-"54iï EGEHÆ;B¼:WñXZk~ÃðZ+ZEyzZàÔ7ìTÐ%œ/~›>ÆUg»gÃº[Æ

47 ç5]ÐŠzggÄÃXu\gÆZÙwÆˆZzgZkÆ³~tps»ƒŠHāÃð¢o)®)›âVÆÜsìX›>ÅZî~ß1V~Zzgº[»$zgzik,ZdÔƒ6,ZkÅÁizg~zZã™Š~Zzg0*ÎyÆZq-¢oz6,Zq-

48 ÁizgËzZá¿»ïìXZ¤/ëZkz‰ÜÆeg‚ßV»Ng_·™,ā',¤â~úÒzVä

57 ___________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

›âVÆ‚BHgztZCñg3ÔÂ»bZk³6,ãā',¤6Æ5ix›âVÃ¼Š¶Æa»g:¸z{Üs›âVÅÑÅ!*]™DÔZyÅ}.â]Ã�kBÆŠzgZyZrVäïmÐZŠZÅÔZyÃuZ;ª‚gZyp

49 ZrVäi!*ã¯òg3X%œ/~»ôkZôm,zVÆ‚BÓ#Ö¯ä~¬zy7™g„¶X

Zôm,zVä›âVÃŠú]7Š~āz{%œ/~Ó#Ö¯ñXZôm,™:wÅ**»ò�»ôkÆ¬zy:™äÅzzÐƒZXZrVä›âVÃ7¹āWîëvg}‚Bº÷ZzgÓ#ÖÅ�~vg}¬zyÐ`D÷X

»b¹Ðç5]~{ñlgìÔYèāZyÆ0*kz{¤‰Ü7¶ā!*8-ŠI¼ÈMhÔZ#ZyÃZˆkƒZāZ[qÑ]ZyÆh~÷Â

50 z{›âVÆhÆa#hƒ‰X¯Ò54gö GEä–āå�º[Æ6zik,Zd÷XíÐYWñXz{

º[ÅqªÐt7¸X›y0*ÎyÅ§sâb÷YèZk~è<ØZsx»KeZÑŠHì�ZkŠg½7gìāßvËÅÃð!*]GgÃ»g„7Xå~\g§]Ü!*]:¶Ô:z{Š/åXz{)\g(:÷~ù7å:ËÅZzg»bÆÜsÌÇVu§jÐ9ZƒY@*åXZzg÷Zìwìā\gÅi0+ÏÃð(,~ZEyzZà7¶XZ#Ø•§]ÃZkäZL‚B51åX

åÃ™7Wg;āz{¹VYñYVā0*ÎyÆaº[ÅúZxZq-_.!*CèI·î~ìZzgZkä¯Ò54gö GEÐZiYÅā»bÐ7YYñ

āZkÆ0*Îy»uHƒÇXZkÆ}.z{wÃzZã™äc�',¤6»bÐ7iZzgz{gŠ™Šc*YñX¯Ò54gö GEä)å(6,zZã™Šc*ā°ZÒwZy!*ÂV»ZÌz‰Ü7Wc*X


ZÌøgZ»xZkÕ6,!*]’A»7Xt»xyz*yÆúZxäpŠZK51 %èÐð™**ìZzgtç5]kBÆZ!x6,¨gKYNÐXÃâ–ā (Amery) ìâgÌez.$z-wä6�y4491YÃZ\~

º[ÆqÑ]6,jy÷XåäZq--ÒyŠc*ā›>ÐïáYä6,T~ZrVäZî`Hìā›>\g»bç@}»Z�Zx

7™g„Xz-wqìāåÅ!*]~ziyì1›>Zk!*]6,Ãðä85¿.ç EEEEÃCc* (Gogendra Singh) Âz7Š}ÏXZq-˜W~Ítg{I

āåIZ:ÃegìāZ[¸‘!*i~~ZŸ†ƒÇX›>Å(„~�Û‘zZge$»¹¿Š4ìZzg›zik,Zd~Zâ&¢A7ā�Û‘zZge$ÅZk

äZKgZñ dZ WvÅgzuåx™nXz-wqìā=¥x7āzik,ÐÍg3,ÃiHìc*7Xz-w'×h+qìā~ZyŠzâVª85¿.ç EEEE)Íg3,(

52 (ÐH)ò(~5‡]™zVÇX dZ Zzgåzik,å§]IZ:›>ÐïáYä6,{á:æENE%æENEƒñXZkÅzztÌ

ìā›>Óxyz*yÆ›âVÅúÒ{)®)¶X-"54iïEGEHZ#āÜs

Æˆ-"54iïEGEHÐ›yMZyÅ®ZŠnYg„ 0491Y º[J-özŠ¶XQ

¶Zzgz{›>~ËqZ(g™gì¸Z,~å§]¤‰ÜÆ÷}ª›>Ð].ZðZq-§bÅâ]¶X‡Z+ZW·Z»b-"54iï

EGEHÆ›MZy6,izgŠ}gì¸āz{-"54iï

EGEHÃí!*ŠÈ™7g~§b›>~ËqZ(g™,@*ā›>º[~Zq-dw)®)0™Q½}Xå§]IZ:|¸ā\gX»bç@}Å¥zbÐz{ŠzâV)oVÆM

÷X‡Z+ZWäZk»tiïÑāz{Z7›>Ð!*‡°{îg6,ïwŠ,X35 ZzgZrVäZ(„HX

å§]ÃZk»Z\kåÔYèz{Z[pŠÃ›âVÅZÒe$»úÒ{

77 ___________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

7ÈYåXZ[ZkÅziZg]ÃÌç{åYèº[ZÔ~›yúÒzVÅZÒe$›>~÷áïƒˆ¶XZkz‰ÜÅ(ÏAV»»£

āz{�ƒ™0*ÎyÆa @* Ì¸åā›yZq-PÃgx6,9}ƒV54 ¸i}qÝ™ÃX

ZN!*]7391Y7391YÆZN!*]~åIZ:äp÷á[Ðz1XtZ$7391YÆ

ZzZb~ƒñXSkî~/§]IZ:77¸XZrVäIZ:ZzgâyZ�i}6, 85,000 ',ZŠg~ÐæŠâāXŠzâV',ZŠgc*Vp÷á[^Å½ã

¶XZúZâV»úÒ{W‚ãÐZ$ 20,000 ‡*‰XZ%ZúZy¸xÅW!*Š~ÛAYå1åäZkÆ6,»^Š�ZzgZkÃŠkDÙZggz9ÆúnZ$ÐŠ„',ŠZgƒä»ÎŠZHXz{tgØ]á™ZN!*]Ðe{ƒŠHZzg-V

55 å§]IZ:%£«Æp÷á[Ðº[ZÔÆúÒ{ŒÛZgŠ�‰X

º[Å(„7391YÆZ$Æˆu\gZq-Â~7,‰XZ$ÆˆZrV

äoå§]IZ:ÃZKziZg]~÷áïHXt\g§]Æ#5~Ð¸Zzgu/§]{yIZ:÷á{7gÆ™ñZŠ}Ô�uÍŠJÆ0*kìZzguÍŠJÅ^ìXtî~Å7¿ŠgZÝuÍŠJÆâyZzgIZ:{0+ZyÃ

t™äÆa¶Xua@ÆZÙwÆˆ\g§]ÃuÍŠJÆIZ:Ã‚Bá™»åzg:z{\g§]Æa)]aZ™ŠïX

\g§]äHgwñyÃZq-ZÚz-~Cc*āº[6,(,Zš/Zz‰ÜåX0*gKÃŠgppÆa¢zg~åāƒÃ¼:¼Šc*YñXZkÃt¢zg]

56 Æ�IZ:ZzgâyÃziZg]~Ç}Š�‰X


âZ[”tZ£{y¤/âãä¹āt0*gKÆa.e$Âz‰ÜåXYèt¤/z\pŠ¾nZzgRåXZ¤/0*gKZyÅpZ÷]ÃÃZ0+Zi™CÂtzZzÞîŠïXt0*gKÅ.e$$0*Œ¶Xu\g§]ÅŠc2491Y~ZL”VÅ÷áŠ~ÆŠzgZyËyZ[ƒðXZyÃŠw»Šzg{7,ZZzgZyÅgÔƒˆX(Ïîg6,\g~t‡/¶āz{(„ÅZ3h©hÃB¸ZzgQÓxF,#¿Æ!*z�Š¾§iÐZL™Ã‚Bá™»ìZyÃ(„ÅZk&ÿEM@S»ZŠgZuåXZ#\g»ZÙwƒZÂ0*gKÆZ0+g�ÑzZ<-g;åZq-Šzu}ÆÜs�°Zz]¶z{Á™‚tWðXÍā0*gKÅœZg]å§]IZ:Æ;BWˆZzg-Vz{º[Æzik,Zd0‰�ā\g§]äuÍŠJÆâyZzgIZ:¤/z{Ãpl™äÆaZŠZxZVc*åXZ[Z#IZ:zik,Zdº[ƒ‰Â\gÆZL0¤/z{Ãt!*]¹',~

75 µg„¶Xåä\gÆZk¤/z{Ãpl™äÆa\gÆ™r#iZŠ}Ø•

ÃziZg]~Ç{Š}Šc*ÍāZz6,Zz6,Ð0*gKLLƒZióóÅ¦k,µƒð¶1Z0+g„Z0+gZq-¿»ŠzgŠzg{ÌÚ¤/Šl~g;X

ZyŠâVº[»Íg3,¯Ò54gö GEåXz{›>÷á0+Zg»x!ÐJú0*ƒZÔp/g~ZŠZgÃz{¾§bgz0+YåX!*<mz{ZŠZg�Zôm,äpŠ„³™ÆÈƒVX›>Å÷á0+Zg»x!Æ!*z�Šu',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEä-"54iï

EGEH

0*gKTäÀWJÒqÝÅ‰Æu',Z{uå§]IZ:ÃziZg]¯äÅŠú]Š}Š~XqÑèWñ�îg6,ŒVº[~›>ÅziZg]àC¢zg~Z%åXpÍg3,ä?ØŠOò»bCÙ{™Dƒñ›>ÃziZg]Ðøzxgpp»³xGg3XZkßg]qwÆ7Ã7g}º[~-"54iï EGEH

0*gKZzgå§]IZ:ÆÜsi',Š„ākïá‰à~¬xEÙ@*Bƒä

97 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

'Zzgå§]{y%Š{!*ŠÆÈ}•ÑX³tåā-"54iï EGEH0*gK58 Ó#Ö`ä~**»xg„X

9zi{yây»å§]IZ:Æ0gZñ:˜÷:Ñƒg~u»g~c›âVZzg›>Æ 0Šh+ 9zi{yây

Üs¶X°ZßZµt(,~$+¬¶āÎñZ·tÐZ,qÑ]aZƒ‰XÐ„Æz‰Ü0*ÎyÃ**‚iÇgzZu]»‚o™**7,ZXuZ-Zy745¿.ç EGEEE»½gZ&++Îwuzk~ËqZ(g™äÆˆ745¿.ç EGEEEÅ½g~æ¹º[~ƒðÔ

Æa^gŠ~Æ_.!*] VÇ ˜V)ÇVÅZÒe$ìXOçZy~)gCgC(,_‰XÑgez-wÔzZ·ZñHgƒñÂ745¿.ç EGEEEÃZy»6,ZÇf$óR,~¯c*ŠHXOçZrVäZLW‡Æ_.!*]�oÅ'Z5ðZzg¯Y„Æ#³¸ÃZLZz6,Ì¤g~™aXZ#Z7º[»Íg3,HgHŠHÂZyÆzik,Zduå§]{yIZ:Ì0*ÎyÆ#³¸X9zi{yây'×h+˜÷āZ7ËäCc*āuå§]',¤6‰¸Âz;VZrVä›

l^Zzgzik,yÆ´z{Zd|]÷á{',¤6ÐÌ5‡]ÅZzgZyƒä�ÛŠU�ÛŠU¢ŠÑc*āo„7ƒÇXtZyßÍVÅ$+¬āzÓ#Ö‡ìƒ

59 ˆZzguå§]Zkp~»ZŠgZu:™nX~˜÷ā',¤â~©xäº[-"54iï EGEH0*gKÃ 0Šh+ 9zi{yây

¢ŠÑc*ā',¤6yz*yÃ7gh}ÇXßy~6391Y~yz*yÆ;ð—»£Jw™äÐ¬

9zi{yâyŠk‚wJ-ß/º[ÆÉzik,g{`¸Xßy~ZLu»g~�ÛZøÅ$+zªZ7ÎZÑZòoVÐmaZ™äZzgÎZÑZòZñgÃK»ñµ5åXZ7m1491Y~zZ·ZñÅ»ŸÆaÉHŠH


åXZkz‰ÜZ7ZˆkƒZā%œ/~Ó#Ö~gTƒñz{oÅ4}.â]™Mh÷Zzgß!*ðR6,6ßÍVÃW**ecXZkz‰Üz{Š‹~„gxeT¸X®ZZrVäu',R,&+¯Ò54gö GEÃtg{Šc*āziZg]ZdÆ£Æauå§]IZ:ÃŠú]Š,YèâyÅgZñ~z{ß!*ðZÔ~ZÒî

60 Zg»y»£/¬zyqÝ™BÐZzgZq-Zizik,ZdU*"$ƒVÐXZÏa9zi{yâyäZ#ziZg]ÐZ±Šc*ZzgÑƒgWñÂƒÐ¬uå§]Ð5‡]Æa‰ZzgZ7º[›>~ËqÅŠú]Š~Zzgtg{Šc*āz{0*ÎyÆa].z4™,X9zi{yây˜÷:~äZ7¢ŠÑc*āW\ÃZL£Ðøzò»Z0+67ƒ**ecX~W\»wpàCCÙ¦/ÍZgZ7™zVÇÔÉZkÆ',@W\Å½7g×e$™zVÇXóó

9zi{yây'×h+˜÷:LLt!*]zZãîg6,ÃWg„¶āZôm,yz*yghŠ,ÐZzgZ[Zk»Z®gë›âV6,åāëyz*y»LZg{™Æ0*ÎyZNpP¹(,}',¤â~©xäº[-&4iï EGH0*gKÃ

¸āz{yzîVZzg³V B ¢ŠÑc*åā',¤6yz*y7gh}ÇZzgz{Æ¬zyÐÓ#ÖÅú~»x[ƒYNÐZ¤/pZkÓ#Ö~›âVÅ®ZŠ¹¿ƒÏXZy©xÃ¸„tD:åāßy~Hƒg;ìZzgZ¤/Z7DåÌÂ(„»»Ÿtåā›ëÃZLŠz2VÐWy~xJ-Zk

ôm,Wyyz*yÐ†X ÂµÆ�Öc*Yñā0*Îy7¶ÇXpZgZñ¬)»Z�ZxZyÆP»zìXŠzu}”V~ZyÅÃÒtƒCìāZL=£Y]6,º‡ìgOc*ZLŠz2VÅj,Z‚ÛZð™,ptƒ¼Zk

gZñ¬)ZkÅZYi]ŠîìXgZñ z‰ÜJ-™D÷Z#J-ZyÆoÅ16 ¬)ÜsƒYñÂz{¯gUÏgeZwŠï÷X

18 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

;Zv{y»¸�Zzgå§]IZ:»Z±~˜÷: g$Ú ÷ ;Zv{yZKÂ[

-"54iï EGEH0*gKÆÁÜ~áZF,p~Wg„¶X0*gKgR~’gó›KÁƒg;åZzg)›K(,|g;åÔß"~›>Å¢oƒg„¶Zzg>»áZF,ZW,zgÎc(,kYg;åŒVJ-ā>ä°x¬zyÆfg=-"54iï EGEH0*gKÃÓ#ÖÐ',§s™äÅÃÒÌÅXZkÃÒ~Â>„CÙ»x[:ƒðpgZñ¬)~›>Åzw¹(,|ˆZzgà~òV~Sî>»ZW,CÙ(’ŠHX‡Z+ZWäZkÐIo™r#)ªå§]IZ:�ZLIZx[~o™r#Æ**xÐYäYD¸(6,izgŠbÑzqHåāz{›>~÷áïƒ™Zzg>Ðï™»x™,pz{Z(™ä6,WâŠ{:ƒñXZrVäLL\g»bóó÷ÅWhheÅÃÒÅ

Ãt:HXo™r#»ñ�åā0*Îy»_c ±g p‡Z+ZWäZk%œ/Ð0ìZzgëÎ‚~ZkÅ@*G~÷pß"ÆqÑ]Æ7Ã-"54iï EGEH0*gK�Zq-)�Û‘zZgZ:0*gKìZzgTÅúZOŠ~£œÅ¯6,g¿ˆ¶Ô›£t»l!D™$ËìXZÏ“ÆŠzgZy~',¤â~zik,ZW»02B�Ûzg~7491Y»Z´yƒZTÆgzÐº[Æß"Æ0%œ/~Z(gZ]ß!*ðÓ#ÖÃº!ƒMh¸XZkz‰ÜJ--"54iï EGEH

0*gKÅgR~)›ZgZWÃZÒe$qÝƒ_¶XZ¤/Z[¸0*gK',uZMZggSÂ›>ÆgZ5~Zzgªx0*ÎyÆgZ5~Zq-(,~g»z^

ouå§]{y™r#Ã²áÐY…¸X; Ô ;Zv aZƒYCìXZvZzgZyÆŠgxyŠz*:%ZÌ¸XZ#J-;ZvÓ#ÖyÆgÁgìX

¤/ñVÆñÌ~o™r#Æ‚BH)ò(~5‡]ÆñZµxWDgT¸ÔZ#tÓ#ÖÐe{ƒ™8gwÃg^Æ‚B7gìYè',¤â~zik,ZWZ8ÆZ´yÆ_.Ó#ÖÆZ(gZ]ß!*ðÓáVÃº!ƒMh÷Ô®Zº[~Z(gZ]Ó#Ö»Zq-Z+0*gKÆ;B~ƒ**TÅZÒe$)›ƒ_c0*ÎyÅ$zg~»!*)ƒÇXg¶§Zi;ZvÒy™D÷:


ŠzŠyZzgŠzgZ'ZÏ±g.h½ø

III~¦/Zg,XgZ]ÃWgZxZzgjyÐ:ÎeX=¹ÁZ·tƒZìptgZ'~ä(,~"ì~»›XWyŠ~ð~äo™r#Å}.#Ö~Zq-â–T~ZyÅf)ŠZg~Å§sÂzŠÑDƒñ¦/ZglÅāZ7Zk%µ6,ziZg]ÐZ±Šn›>»gZ3º[~™s™ŠbecZzgZk§bZKf)ŠZg~Ðaç Nyzƒ**ecXZkâÆZg‚w™äÆŠ}Šyå§]ä�Ûâc*āvgZâïŠHìz{tg}ÆaâZ[ZvjÐA�āå§]Æ³m,gŠZg¸âZ[Zvj™r#ä�Ûâc*:tg{ÔZ%t7āZ]4š§õ GE

W“Šc*YñÉtìāZ±Zkz‰ÜŠc*Yñc*7XW`Ðel,|c*Šzâ{ˆZ±Š¶»

ê"ÎŠìXH¥xZkŠgxã²ā~zZu]HƒVZzgH%Zi7WNZzgÁqÑ]»W\Ã‚oƒXQZq-ZzgZ%Ì‡.Þ¨gìZ¤/W\W`tê™,āP0*k™äÆˆZ±Š,ÐZzg0*gKÃtCŠ,Â0*gKZÌxƒYñÏZ¤/Zkz‰Ü0*gKÃ7CNÐZzgZyÅæŠÐP0*k™äÆˆZyÅÜs%èZ±Šh+,ÐÂÍc*W\äZyÐ�Ûd$HāZyÅæŠÐPÂ0*k™1ZzgQZyÅÜs%èZ±Š}Šc*X÷~Â¸gZñìāZkz‰ÜÜstðƒ**ecāZk%µ6,W\Z±

Š,c*:Š,X~ZKgZñC[ƒVāW\ÃZ±ŠbecXWÐ‰W\oƒ−XZkWÆˆâZ[¡Z{y™r#P4I™=pá‰o™r#äZÏ�Pc0*gK»Z°kZLŠzª—}6,Ô�Ûâc*ZzgpŠÍg3,™r#uZ-Zy745¿.ç EGEEEÃY=pá‰XÍg3,Ð¹zik,ZWZ8ÆZýÆ7Ã~ÎaXgÆˆZk§sâbƒVāZk%µ6,Z±Š}Šbecp¢ê™äÐ¬~äW`�P0*gK»Z°kZLy6,ÔHìX

YƒVāW\ Íg3,º[Z-Zy745¿.ç EGEEEäoåì]Ð¹āH~7bäpŠlŠtgZñ‡ìÅìc*Ë§sÐW\ÃÃð’q-ƒðìXZk6,o™r#ä�Ûâc*āêÂ�¼ƒÇ÷ZZC„ƒÇpzik,ZWZ8ÆZýÆË~=;Zv{yäÂzŠÑðìā=Z(™**ecXå§]IZ:ä™s™sÈŠc*ā',¤â~zik,ZWÆZýÆˆZy

38 ___________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

ÆnZzgÃðgZ3î7g;ZzgZCZ±7™Šc*Zzg‚B„Íg3,™r#Ãtg{Šc*āâZ[™r#@z^Ã¨‡Z+›>0*gKÅŠú]Š~Yñāz{5ziZg]ú™,Xo™r#ÆZ±»Z´ygi+-6,ƒŠHX›Ÿ9òV~Zk¸ÐpÙÅZq-ØŠzhˆZzgðƒD„à½~å§]i0+{!*ŠÆÈ}—ƒ‰XgZz„Z™r#ZzguŠZgØ•§]{y™r#Åu™ŠÏ~¹Ð›>Æu™Š{Zô[o™r#Æƒ6,=pÑñZ7Ig·ŠŠ~ÔŒÎc*ZzgYßVÆ;gzñXZkÆ',@)›òV~¹"ì’ˆZzgZyÅ§sÐ#Ö:bCÙ}Ñzqƒ‰Xtgzß"½~’ˆZzg‰£â]6,Z\k**u�Û‘zZgZ:zZgŠZ'ÌƒNXß!*ð›>ªŠ]Å§sÐo™r#6,izgŠc*ŠHāz{›>0*gK~÷áïƒYNXZrVäzŸs#Ð�ÛâŠ~āz{(„ÐZµgxeT÷Yèz{eTāZ7ziZg]c*Ë(ÏZ³Zic*£»pZéq:ŒYñX›>0*gKÆ0ZrVäZK(pZ„»o]-VŠc*āZrVäâZ[¡Z�Û]lÃtg{Šc*ā›>0*gK~÷áïƒYNOçz{÷áïƒ‰Xouå§]™r#»ªñ�Šg„åc*ßÔpZk~Ë—ÅRö7āZk%µ6,Zy»Z±Š}ŠbZq-.e$‡.Þ*ö÷åTÆË~ß/º[~›>»gZ3™sƒŠHZzg0*ÎyÆZPx

26 Åßg]aZƒˆXZ¤/z{Z(:™DÂ¹Ï)]»ZkyåXZ±Æˆå§](„Ðåîg6,gð],ƒ‰ZzgZ,{ñlƒñāËZ6,ÃðÒy:Šc*X0*Îy“WÆˆ',uZMZgZzgÓáVäZ7ÇzVÅ7¿Åpz{:âäZzg@*Šx%vZq-6,z‡g{ñÙZzgeÏ

36 Z(gKg¿X

Z!ðZk£!ÐëZk³6,ã÷āÓ#Ö',¤6ä8èFNE8èFNE™Z,

ßÍVÃZMZgÆ£6,ë]HåXÅzÃŠZg~6,ZyÃ»ï¢åXIZ:{0+ZyäZôm,xZyÅ˜VJ-eƒmæŠÅZzgZk»,Ì7gZ7gZ0*c*X


ëZkc~77,DāHZ7Z(™**ecåā7YèZk´º~›yÔyzÔõƒZk£«~÷áï¸āZôm,zVÐzÃŠZg~»uw

qÝ™ÆZÅxzZ™ZxÐâZi}YNX®ZTÅ�ÌZz‡]¶z{ZkÆ_.}.#ÖOÑäÅK-zŠz~zsåZzg�#¿™@*ZkÃ¼Zg»ÄŠ}™µ$™**ZCZzA�Ûn&X

¤‰ÜzgÐpŠÃ�h**Ô™[™**Zk¸Ågvz9~÷áïìXtZ�ÛZŠCÙŠzg~ZKÓxF,ÂZ**ð¤!g»Zgï“W~Üs™Šï÷ZzgLÌÃÒ7™DāZK&6VZzgŠzªÃZLßÍVZzgZyÅ&6VÃ',zñ»gÑä6,ya™,XZLßÍVÃ

²+öOZzgÁF,U*"$™ä~ÃðŸ7ghDXZk)²:gzbÅzzÐŒVÆZ�ÛZŠF,¹5+k,”VÅ¬R6,

46 ÷Xå§]IZ:ä˜VJ-eƒZZôm,zV»Wy~z‰ÜJ-‚BŠc*Zzg

Z#ZyÃ¢ƒŠHāZ[z{yz*yÃí!*ŠÈ™ògì÷Âz{ziZg]Ðe{ƒ‰Xå»têÕ6,FFåXZ¤/z{tê:™DÂº[Å¼k,)ÇVÆ;B~¬YCZzgòÆ‚B‚Bº[ÆZ»ÌZŸ†ƒY@*XZôm,äÂY**å1yz*yÅÍŠ~YŠZ]ÆZmgghY@*XZkaå§]6ÌåÔZkäZq-9êHZzgº[ÆºçVÃ'×h+',!*Š~ÐXc*X

jZ!Y]1. Dates of Punjab Governor's E.M. Jenkins taken The Top, Vol-XII,

London, HMSO, 1983, p. 824. and Sir Bertrand James Glancy date

from TOP, Vol, VII, London, HMSO, 1977, p. 1108.

ÔÑƒgÔ¸òÃ{:Ô6791YÔm841X z}ßg'ZÞ †Z?xpgæÔ 2D

58 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

™ZcÔQgŠzZOa�|Ô8991YÔ º[ZzgWiZŠ~Å’¹Ô ·ZWaŠO~Ô 3Dm862X

ÔÑƒgÔ6;îkÔ5102YÔ º[ÅfZ' ue«wZ&4jè EHEÔ)F,Àc*u�ZŠ( 4Dm233X

7491YD2002YÔZsxW!*ŠÔ¸òZŠZg{ º[~',ZŠg-VÅ(„Ô ¼gZ£a@g~Ô 5D',Zñï@*gõzpÄÔ3102YÔmm641D141XZsÔm241X 6D

7. Aysha Jalal, (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Pakistan History,

Karachi, OuP, 2012, p. 513.

¾wu/§]{yIZ:ÆÎZö§]ZzgQy»{0+Zã:©Ô ÝxgÎw$Ô D8ÑƒgÔ0*ÎyN*Z6,öÔ5691YÔm954XZsÔÝxgÎw$Ôm064X D9

10. Ian Talbot, Khizar Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the

Partition of India, (Karachi: OuP, 2002) 2013, p. 2.

Ô å§]IZ:º[-"54iï EGEH0*gKZzg„y WíN*b^Ô)F,À:¤CÙ»%Zy( 11DÑƒgÔ6;îkÔ5102YÔm52X

12X D ZsÔWíN*b^Ômm02 21D13. Ian Talbot, Khizar Tiwana: pp. 45-47.

ÔÑƒgÔ÷éXÅÔ9991YÔm734X ZKebc*’q-0*Îy Z‡Ð�Ô 41D002YÔ 6 Ô &] WíN*b^Ô)F,À:¤CÙ»%Zy(@*g+÷ G

ELº[9481YD7491YÔÑƒgÔ 1D 5

7X 5 mÑƒgÔZŠZg{_·@*gõÔ1991YÔm701X ›º[»(ÏZg»YÔ iZ@aŠO~Ô D 61

ZsÔiZ@aŠO~Ôm563X 71DX 463 ZsÔiZ@aŠO~Ôm 81D

ZsÔiZ@aŠO~Ôm473X 91DX 383 ZsÔiZ@aŠO~Ôm 02D

X Zs 12DZsX 22D

3102YÔm º[~',ZŠg-VÅ(„7491YD2002YÔZsxW!*ŠÔ ¼gZ£a@g~Ô 32D


751XZsÔ¼gZ£a@g~Ôm541X 42DZsÔ¼gZ£a@g~Ômm061D161X 2D 5

41X 2 ZsÔ¼gZ£a@g~Ôm 2D 6ZsÔiZ@aŠO~Ôm801X D 72

X Zs D 82X Zs D29X Zs D30

Ôm881X @*gõ0*Îy ¤CÙ»%ZyÔ D31ZsÔm981X D32ZsX D33

m411X å§]IZ:Ô WíN*b^Ô D34m511X å§]IZ:Ô WíN*b^Ô 53Dm911X å§]IZ:Ô WíN*b^Ô D36

Ôm163X ›º[»(ÏZg» aŠO~iZ@Ô D3738. Mary Louise Becker, The All-India Muslim League, 1906-1947, A

Study of Leadership in the Evolution of a Nation, Karachi, OuP,

2013 p. 252.

m263X ›º[»(ÏZg»YÔ iZ@aŠO~Ô D 93ZsÔm363X D40ZsÔm463X D41

42. Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman Jinnah The Muslim League & the

Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,

1985, p. 84

43. Nicholas Mansergh (ed.), The Transfer of Power 1942-47, Vol. III,

London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971, p. 809.

Ôm908X III ¢ Ô R,ZcWs0*zg D 44ZsÔm898X D45ZsX D46

Cgõ71Z6,sÔ Íg3,º[»%ZÏÔâgYkWsÉ45Í-£½ð GEGYZsÔ',R,h¯Ò54gö GEÔ D47

78 ____________________________________ å§]IZ:Zzgº[Å(„2491YD7491Y

3491YÔm998XÔm819X III Ô¢ R,ZcWs0*zg ZsÔ D48

ZsÔm819X D49ZsX D50ZsÔm049X D 15

ìâgzeî.$»%ZÏ¯xZ\~�āZ&+c*»óñ~WsÃ¸X D5253. David Gilmartin, Empire and Islam, Punjab and Making of Pakistan,

London, I.B. Touris and Co, Ltd., 1988, p 187.

54. Mary Louise Becker, The All India Muslim League 1906-1947,

p.253.

Ôm39X åIZ: WíN*b^Ô D 5556. David Glimartin, Empire and Islam, Punjab and the Making of

Pakistan, p. 148.

57. Ibid.

ÔÑƒgÔE,-õ:]Xy)@*gõ0+ZgŠ(Ôm @*gõº[ ¦ZûZ÷á{Q~Ô D 85714X

ÑƒgÔ9ziÜÔ7791YÔm714X 0Šh+Ô 9zi{yâyÔ D59ZsÔmm472D572X D60ZsÔmm742D572X D61

eJāÔeJā"EÉ43ïGEHZÁÏZcÔŠc1791YÔ ÷g$ÚÔ ;Zv{yÔ · D6294D794X 3 ÑƒgÔ�g]6,ÚiÔ1791YÔmm

Z?xpgæÔz}ßg'ZÞÔm051X † D63mmÔ03D13X º[~',ZŠg-VÅ(„Ô ¼gZ£a@g~Ô 6D 4


e:524 - khizar hayat tiwana and punjab politics€¦ · khizr hayat tiwana remained premier of...

Documents