長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person...

93
長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者 臺大醫院金山分院 復健技術組 陳燕慧 1 2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Upload: others

Post on 10-Mar-2020

6 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者

臺大醫院金山分院 復健技術組 陳燕慧

1 2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 2: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

課程大綱 失能

長照社區失能個案之評估

長照社區失能個案之介入

台大金山分院之社區經驗

個案分析討論

2016/7/23 2 PT長照Leval II

Page 3: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

人口結構快速老化

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 3

註:2018年以後之人口數據係推估值。 資料來源: 1.國家發展委員會(2014).中華民國人口推計(103至150年)數據-中推計.取自https://goo.gl/1QoaAA 2.內政部(2016).內政統計月報1.11資料歷年單齡人口數、人口年齡中位數.取自http://goo.gl/05L1A4

Page 4: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

人口老化的多元差異

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 4

Page 5: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

人口老化的多元差異

• (一)區域差異—農業地區老人人口比率高

– 1.老人人口比率最高:嘉義縣(17.28%),其次依序為雲林縣(16.47%)、南投縣(15.21%)、澎湖縣(14.77%)和臺北市(14.76%)。

– 2.各鄉鎮市區老人人口比率最高:新北市平溪區(27.29%)、高雄市田寮區(26.07%)、臺南市左鎮區(25.19%) (中華民國地理資訊圖資系統,統計至2015年6月)。

• (二)性別差異—男女平均餘命不同

– 1.女性平均餘命83.19歲。

– 2.男性平均餘命76.72歲。 • 註:統計範圍為臺閩地區,2005年修正生命表編算方法並追溯修正至1996年。

• 資料來源:內政部統計處(2015)。

• 中華民國地理資訊圖資系統(2015)。6

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 5

Page 6: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

長期照顧需求

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 6

Page 7: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

長期照顧對象

• 長期照顧是提供給需要協助的個人(因身體或心智失能)多元性的、持續性的健康及社會服務;服務可能是在機構裡、護理之家或社區之中提供;且包括由家人或朋友提供的非正式服務,以及由專業人員或機構所提供的正式服務。

• 長期照顧需求通常以下3種功能喪失程度作為評估依據: – 1.日常生活功能活動(如進食、移位、室內走動、穿衣、洗澡、上廁所等

)。

– 2.工具性日常生活活動(如做家事、清洗、烹飪、洗衣、購物、理財、室外行動等項目)。

– 3.心智功能。

資料來源:衛生福利部 長照十年2.0計畫報告 http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/LTC/DM1_P.aspx?f_list_no=976&fod_list_no=0&doc_no=55616

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 7

Page 8: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

長照需求有多少?

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 8

資料來源:衛生福利部 長照十年2.0計畫報告 http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/LTC/DM1_P.aspx?f_list_no=976&fod_list_no=0&doc_no=55616

Page 9: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

台灣長照需要人數趨勢

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 9

註1:65歲以上失能率以12.7%代入。資料來源:行政院主計總處99年人口及住宅普查報告。 註2:65歲以下失能率以0.795%代入。資料來源:行政院主計總處99年人口及住宅普查報告

Page 10: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

DISABILITY

2016/7/23 10 PT長照Leval II

Page 11: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

11

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) 發展進程

ICD (International Classification of Diseases

and Related Health Problem )

ICIDH (International Classification of

Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps )

ICF (International Classification of

Functioning, Disability and Health )

(WHO, 1980)

(WHO, 2001)

Medical Model

國際疾病分類典

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 12: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Nagi Model

• A conceptual explanation of the process and underlying mechanisms by which disease, injury or birth defect impacts a person’s ability to function (perform their expected role in society).

• Nagi experimental hypothesis – Disease Causes Impairment

Impairment Causes Functional limitation

Functional limitation Causes Disability

2016/7/23 12 PT長照Leval II

Page 13: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Nagi Model

Functional Limitations

Disability

Primary Impairment

Primary Pathology

2016/7/23 13 PT長照Leval II

Disease

Page 14: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Primary Pathology

• Pathophysiology due to Disease, Injury, or Congenital Abnormality

2016/7/23 14 PT長照Leval II

Page 15: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Primary Impairment (Signs & Symptoms )

• Result of primary pathology - physiological or psychological consequences (e.g. in stroke: hemiplegia, loss of selective movement control, sensory loss, perceptual problems, aphasia)

• Not usually amenable to intervention by PT

2016/7/23 15 PT長照Leval II

Page 16: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Secondary Impairments

• Due to lack of treatment of primary impairments (e.g. dicubiti, contractures, disuse atrophy)

• Usually what PTs treat

2016/7/23 16 PT長照Leval II

Page 17: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Functional Limitations (Abilities Lost)

• Due to impairments (inability to perform ADLs)

– Basic ADLs (BADLs): self care: dressing, grooming, hygiene, toileting, bed mobility, transfers, locomotion, speech, reading, writing

– Instrumental ADLs (IADLS): higher order skills requiring more psychological processing in addition to motoric functioning (e.g. shopping, paying bills, meal preparation, going to the movies)

2016/7/23 17 PT長照Leval II

Page 18: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Disability (Handicap)

• Social and psychological consequences of functional limitations (inability to fulfill expected social roles, e.g. hold a job) - may be heavily influenced by external factors like: support system or funding

2016/7/23 18 PT長照Leval II

Page 19: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Limitations of Nagi Model

• Nagi is a unidimensional (pathology-based) and unidirectional model of disability only

• Does not account for impairments and functional limitations not due to pathology – Functional limitations due to obesity or due to sedentary

lifestyle

• Dose not consider societal barriers: architectural, attitudinal

2016/7/23 19 PT長照Leval II

Page 20: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

World Health Organization Model (WHO)

Primary Impairment

Disability

Disease

Handicap

2016/7/23 20 PT長照Leval II

Page 21: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

WHO

Primary Impairment

Handicap

Disability

Disease Primary Pathology

Primary Impairment

Functional Limitations

Disability

Nagi Level of Analysis

Cell / Organ

System

Personal

Society

2016/7/23 21 PT長照Leval II

Page 22: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

ACTIVE PATHOLOGY

IMPAIRMENT

FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION

DISABILITY

Interruption or interference with normal processes, and efforts of the organism to regain normal state

Anatomical, physiological, mental, or emotional abnormalities or loss

Limitations in performance at the level of the whole organism or person

Limitations in performance of socially defined roles and tasks within a sociocultural and physical environment

DISEASE IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY HANDICAP

The intrinsic pathology or disorder

Loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function at organ level

Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in normal manner

Disadvantage due to impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of a normal role [depends on age, sex, sociocultural factors] for the person

Nagi Model

WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps, ICIDH)

2016/7/23 22 PT長照Leval II

Page 23: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

23 23

角色功能概念與身心障礙 • 世界衛生組織的原始模型,在改版的過程中,採取美國社會學家Nagi的論

點及概念。 Nagi 1960年接受美國社會安全署委託研究障礙的概念。

Pathology 病理因素 impairment 損傷 Role 角色

Functional limitation

功能限制

Disability (behavior)

障礙(行為)

Nagi模型之特點與重要概念 :

• 認為疾病對個人最大的影響是執行社會角色與功能,他首先提出【功能】的

概念,並納入整個障礙過程的討論與分析。

• 將社會角色功能的概念納入之後,疾病或醫療健康狀態對個體的影響,朝向

外部結構因素的討論。並以社會學的角色理論(role theory)作為概念化障礙經

驗的根據

• 在此模型中,障礙是因障礙者受限於社會角色功能無法完全執行。例如,受

傷後無法繼續工作,失去所得的能力或所得能力下降,以致影響個人的養家

與經濟自立角色,成為障礙者之生活功能限制。

(Altman, 2001)

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 24: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

24

Health Condition

(disorder/disease)

Environmental

Factors

Personal

Factors

Body function

and structure

(Impairment)

Activities

(Limitation)

Participation

(Restriction)

Interaction of Concepts ICF 2001

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 25: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

25

Definitions

Impairment Loss or abnormality in body structure or

function (including mental function)

Activity Limitations Difficulties individual may have in

executing activities in terms of quantity or

quality

Participation

Restrictions

Problems an individual may experience

in involvement in life situations

Facilitators & Barriers Environmental factors may be a

facilitator for one person & barrier

for another 2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 26: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

26

ICF Components

Body functions Physiological functions of body systems

Body Structures Structural or anatomical parts of the

body

Activities Execution of a task or action by an individual

(individual perspective)

Participation Persons involvement in a life situation

(societal perspective)

Environmental Factors

All aspects of the external world that

impact on the person’s functioning

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 27: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

27

ICF Structure

Two parts:

1. Functioning and Disability

a) Body functions and structures

b) Activities and Participation

2. Contextual Factors

a) Environmental factor

b) Personal factors

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 28: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

28

Structure Classification

Parts

Components

Constructs/

qualifiers

Positive Aspect

ICF

Part 1:

Functioning

and Disability

Part 2:

Contextual

Factors

Body Functions

and Structures

Activities and

Participation

Environmental

Factors

Personal

Factors

Change in

Body

Structures

Capacity

Performance

Facilitator/

Barrier

Facilitators

Change in

Body

Functions

Functioning and

Structural integrity

Functioning

Impairment

Restrictions

Disability Negative Aspect

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 29: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

29

Mental functions

Skin and related structures Functions of the skin and

related structures

Structures related to movement Neuromusculoskeletal and

movement-related functions

Structures related to the

genitourinary and reproductive

systems

Genitourinary and

reproductive functions

Structures related to the digestive,

metabolic and endocrine systems

Functions of the digestive, metabolic

and endocrine systems

Structures of the cardiovascular,

immunological and respiratory

systems

Functions of the cardiovascular,

haematological, immunological and

respiratory systems

Structures involved in voice and

speech

Voice and speech functions

The eye, ear and related structures Sensory functions and pain

Structures of the nervous system

Body Functions (b codes) and Structures (s codes)

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 30: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

30

Activities (a or d codes) and Participation (p or d codes)

• Learning & Applying Knowledge

• General Tasks and Demands

• Communication

• Movement

• Self Care

• Domestic Life Areas

• Interpersonal Interactions

• Major Life Areas

• Community, Social & Civic Life

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 31: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

31

Environmental Factors (e codes)

• Products and technology

• Natural environment and human-made changes to the environment

• Support and relationships

• Attitudes

• Services, systems and policies

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II

Page 32: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

失能盛行率 • 2004 National long term care survey

– 12.6%(over 65y/o,1ADLs) • Male4.0%

• Female 16.6%

• 2005 CDC

– 51.8% (over 65y/o, ADLs or IADLs, need Assistive Devices, loss of earning capacity)

– 47.5% (climbing 1 stair, lifting 10 pounds weight)

– 12.5%(1 ADLs)

• 2010衛生署長期照護需要調查

– 2.98%(population) 7.29%(65 -74)

– 20.44%(Over 75) 48.58%(over 85)

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 32

Page 33: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

ASSESSMENT

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 33

Page 34: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

長期照護的需求評估概念

2016/7/23 34 PT長照Leval II

Page 35: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

老年評估各面向間的交互關係

2016/7/23 35 PT長照Leval II

Page 36: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

周全性老年評估

2016/7/23 36 PT長照Leval II

Page 37: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

基本資料

• 個案基本資料:

–性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、案主居住狀況、

–福利身分別、是否為原住民、是否有身心障礙手冊、障礙等級、障礙類別

–經濟來源、常用語言、教育程度、宗教信仰

• 主要聯絡人資料(確認單一聯繫窗口、決策者)

–主要聯絡人與個案關係、聯絡人電話

• 主要照顧者資料(實際提供照顧者)

–性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、與個案關係、電話

2016/7/23 37 PT長照Leval II

Page 38: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

健康狀況評估

• 意識、皮膚、特殊照護(管路)、飲食型態與進食方式

• 營養狀況評估

• 疾病史(藥物使用狀況)

• 了解個案生理、心理狀況,評估是否需進一步的轉介建

議相關診斷與治療

• 溝通-視力、聽力、說話、理解能力

• 使用輔具-可知案主失能時所使用的日常生活輔具

• 肌力與關節活動度-影響個案行動力、 ADL的連結

2016/7/23 38 PT長照Leval II

Page 39: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

意識狀態評估

2016/7/23 39 PT長照Leval II

Page 40: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

• 「清醒者」有適當的心智活動,對外界刺激的反應適當,言談舉止合宜。

• 「嗜睡者」對外界刺激的反應適當但較緩慢,容易被喚醒,喚醒後可維持清醒;但言談反應慢且無法明確、清晰及迅速地思考。

• 「遲鈍者」容易被喚醒,對外界刺激的反應適當,但外界的刺激一旦消失,病患隨又陷入睡眠狀態,無法維持清醒;言談中言語不連貫、用字減少、對時間地點缺乏定向感。

Page 41: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

• 「木僵者」只在強烈或反覆刺激下,其精神與身體活動才可覺醒,對外界刺激的反應只能表現原始反射動作(如退縮反應),有時回應1~2個單字的聲音。

• 「昏迷者」陷入沉睡,任何外界刺激皆無法使之覺醒,也無法表達個人需求,因昏迷程度不同可能出現的反射性活動各異。

Page 42: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

營養評估

• 最有用的項目是體重減輕的程度

• 病人出現食慾不振的情形。

• 身體質量指數body mass index,簡稱 BMI

• 迷你營養評估量表 (MNA)

2016/7/23 42 PT長照Leval II

Page 43: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

營養健康狀況自我檢視表 項 目 是 建議專業服務

1.我因身體不適而改變了所吃的食物種類或份量 2 營養教育、營養補充 2.我每天吃不到兩餐 3 社會服務、營養教育

及諮詢 3.我很少吃水果、蔬菜、牛(羊)奶或奶類製品(起士、優酪乳等)

2 營養教育及諮詢、營養補充

4.我幾乎每天喝至少三罐(約1000c.c.)啤酒或半杯(約130c.c.)烈酒(高梁或紹興),或半瓶(約300c.c.)淡酒(紅酒或米酒)

2 營養教育及諮詢、心理衛生、藥物治療

5.我有牙齒或口腔的問題使我進食困難 2 營養教育及諮詢、營養補充

6.我不是常常都有足夠的金錢購買我需要的食物 4 社會服務 7.我經常獨自一人 1 社會服務、心理衛生 8.我每天服用三種(含)以上醫師所開立的處方藥 1 藥物治療 9.我沒有刻意增減體重,但過去半年來體重減少或增加約4至5公斤

2 營養教育及諮詢、營養補充、藥物治療

10.無能力製備食物且無人協助製備食物 2 營養補充、藥物治療 總 分

2016/7/23 43 PT長照Leval II

Page 44: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

營養評估結果 • 0-2分:很好!

– 六個月後再用此表重新檢視一次,觀察是否有變化

• 3-5分:注意!

– 可能有營養不良傾向,請向營養師協助,看看他們是否可以幫助你改善你的飲食習慣及生活型態,三個月後再重新評估一次。

• 大於6分:當心!

– 你的營養不良狀況已經非常明顯了,請立即向請營養師安排進一步的評估及相關專業人員與你見面。

• 資料來源:Nutrition Screening Initiative: Development and Implementation of the public awareness checklist and screening tools. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1992;92 :163-7.

2016/7/23 44 PT長照Leval II

Page 45: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

2016/7/23 45 PT長照Leval II

Page 46: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

2016/7/23 46 PT長照Leval II

Page 47: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Mini-Nutritional Assessment (短版迷你營養評估MNA-SF)

(http://www.nestle.com.tw/brands/nutritionhealth/know/know01)

• 近三個月進食量減少:嚴重0,明顯1,沒變化2

• 近三個月體重減輕:>3kg:0,不知道:1,1~3kg:2,沒有變化:3

• 活動力:臥床或坐輪椅:0,可站,但無法走:1,可以行走:2

• 壓力或疾病:是:0,否:2

• 精神問題:嚴重失智憂鬱:0,輕微失智:1,無:2

• BMI<19:0。19~21:1。21~23:2。>23:3

• 小於或等於11:請營養師評估

Page 48: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

溝通能力及感官功能評估 • 視力:

– 詢問看電視、閱讀或其他日常生活活動,是否會因為視力不佳而有困難?若有,則進一步測試。一般視力篩檢可使用Snellen視力量表。

• 聽力:老人評估的第一步,要先詢問老人的聽力如何?或以你叫什麼名字來測試。

– 檢查老年人聽力之前,應先排除是否有耳垢阻塞或有中耳炎等情況。

– 簡易的測試可在受檢者後方約15公分處,輕聲說出幾個字,若受檢者不能重覆一半以上的字,表示受檢者可能有聽力問題。

• 語言能力。 2016/7/23 48 PT長照Leval II

Page 49: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

感覺、肌力量測、 平衡能力、步行能力

• Neurological Exam – Romberg

– Tandem Walking

– Compass Test

– Walk on heels

– Walk on toes

• Time up and go

• Gait speed

• Balance test

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 49

Page 50: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Assessment: Neurological Exam

• Romberg – Worse with eyes closed = sensory ataxia

– Poorly with eyes open/closed: motor ataxia (cerebral cortex), vestibular or cerebellar

• Tandem Walking

• Compass Test

• Walk on heels

• Walk on toes

Page 51: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Tandem Walking

• Walk straight line heel to toe (3 meters)

• Exacerbates all gait problems

• Worse with vestibular and cerebellar problems

• Truncal ataxia with vermis and cerebellar disease

Page 52: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Compass Test

• Have patient walk 8 steps forward and 8 steps back

• May have patient walk beside you with eyes closed to remove visual cues

• Vestibular or cerebellar disease: stray from path

Page 53: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Walk on heels

• Cannot be done with motor ataxia, spastic paraplegia or foot drop

Page 54: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Walk on toes

• Cannot be done with parkinson’s, sensory ataxia, cerebellar disease, spastic hemiplegia

Page 55: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Get Up and Go Test

• Time up and Go (TUG)

• Patient stands from chair, walks 3 meters, turns around, walks back and sits down

Normal Abnormal

Page 56: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Timed Up and Go Test

• High reliability

• Clinical Signficance

– Times over 10 seconds highly associated with risk for falls

Page 57: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Chair Rise

• Arms crossed, stand from chair

• If able to do this, can have patient stand from chair 5 times

• Normal: under 13 seconds

• Or 30sec sit to stand

• Normal: over 14 times

Page 58: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)

Page 59: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Tinetti Balance Evaluation 1. Sitting Balance Leans or slides in chair

Steady, Safe

=0

=1

2. Arises Unable

Able with arms

Able without arms

=0

=1

=2

3. Attempts to arise Unable

Able with more than one try

Able with one try

=0

=1

=2

4. Immediate Standing Balance (first 5 sec)

Unsteady

Steady with walker/cane/support

Narrow stance without support

=0

=1

=2

5. Standing Balance Unsteady

Steady with wide stance

Narrow stance without support

=0

=1

=2

6. Nudged Begins to fall =0

Page 60: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Tinetti Gait Evaluation 10. Initiation of gait after told to “go”

Any hesitancy or multiple attempts to start

No hesitancy

=0

=1

11. Step Length and Height

Right swing foot:

Does not pass left stance foot

Passes left stance foot with step

Right foot does not clear floor with step

Right foot completely clears floor

Left swing foot:

Does not pass right stance foot

Passes right stance

=0

=1

=0

=1

=0

=1

=0

=1

Page 61: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

61

12. Step symmetry Right and left foot step length unequal

Right and left foot step appear equal

=0

=1

13. Step continuity Stopping or discontinuity between steps

Steps appear continuous

=0

=1

14. Path Marked deviation

Mild/moderate deviation or uses aid

Straight without walking aid

=0

=1

=2

15. Trunk Marked sway or uses walking aid

No sway but flexion of knees or back or

=0

=1

=2

Page 62: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

POMA

• Patients stand from chair without using arms, step forward, put feet close together, receive mild nudge to sternum, close eyes, turn 360, walk about 25 feet at normal speed, turn around, walk back at faster speed, sit down

• Total score: 0-28

• Reproducible, sensitive, 3 minutes

• Score less than 20: 5 x risk for falling

Page 63: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Berg Balance Scale • Sitting to standing

• Standing unsupported

• Standing to sitting

• Standing unsupported with eyes closed

• Standing unsupported with feet together

• Reaching forward with outstretched arm

• Pick up object from floor

• Turning to look over right and left shoulder

• Turn 360 dg

• Step on step stool (# times in 20 seconds)

• Tandem stance; Standing on one foot

Page 64: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Balance Tests – Berg Balance Scale 14 item scale for possible 56 points total • Decrease in Berg score = increased fall risk

• Score of 56-54, 1 point drop = 3-4% inc. fall risk

• Each point drop from 54-46, = 6-8% increase

• Below 36, fall risk = 100%

• Limitations: does not test reactive balance;

ceiling effect

Page 65: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

Functional reach test

• Standing reaching forward with hand

• Highly predictive of falls among older adults

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 65

Page 66: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

基本日常生活活動能力(ADL) • 基本日常生活活動能力(ADL)-10項

• 失能項數(進食.移位.如廁.洗澡.平地走動.穿脫衣褲鞋襪):

□無□輕度(1~2項) □中度(3~4項)□重度(≧5項)

• 評分原則:

– 1.所需要協助程度或執行時間。

– 2.訪談方式詢問,優先詢問個案,個案無法回答時,才詢問照顧者,須同一人回答,勿交錯詢問。

– 3.以最近一個月之實際表現為依據,非以能力為依據。失能狀況指因健康老衰因素導致,非因心理意願。

– 4.基於安全考量而需他人監督,不能任其獨自執行活動時,仍評為需他人協助。

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 66

Page 67: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

巴氏量表(Barthel Index) 1/2

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 67

Page 68: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

巴氏量表(Barthel Index) 2/2

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 68

Page 69: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

工具性日常生活活動能力 (IADL)

• 上街購物、外出活動、食物烹調、家務維持、洗衣

服等五項中有三項以上需要協助者即為輕度失能.

• 僅IADL失能且獨居之老人,需以此標準看是否符合

失能補助標準.

• 評分原則:

– 1.所需要協助程度或執行時間。

– 2.訪談方式詢問,優先詢問個案,個案無法回答時,才詢

問照顧者,須同一人回答,勿交錯詢問。

– 3.以最近一個月之實際表現為依據,非以能力為依據。 2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 69

Page 70: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 70

Page 71: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 71

Page 72: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

認知功能評估

• SPMSQ

• MMSE

• CDR

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 72

Page 73: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

憂鬱症評估

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 73

Page 74: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

居家環境評估

• 評估內容

– 1.住屋種類、房屋所有權

– 2.居家環境安全

• 一年內跌倒次數

• 跌倒主要發生地點

– 3.居家環境衛生

• 居家環境衛生

• 衛生異常原因

• 居住環境是否有下列狀況

– 1.缺乏安全扶手,

– 2.缺乏防滑設備,

– 3.樓梯狹窄、陡峭或堆積物品

– 4.光線不足或昏暗

– 5.居住二樓以上無電梯

– 6.家中有門檻

– 7.大門進出口有樓梯

– 8.瓦斯安裝於室內

– 9其他

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 74

Page 75: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

居家環境評估重點

• 評估跌倒危險風險、居家環境衛生

–物理環境建構/充分照明/防滑/扶手

• 跌倒發生原因之了解/探討?

• 個案居家動線與家屬照顧能力?

• 居家環境危險因素對個案的影響

• 居家無障礙環境改善需求評估

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 75

Page 76: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

跌倒評估量表

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 76

Page 77: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

家庭功能評估(APGAR)

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 77

Page 78: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

照顧者負荷評估表

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 78

Page 79: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

社會資源評估

• 需求?滿足?

• 資源整合與運用

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 79

Page 80: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

臺大醫院金山分院經驗

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 80

Page 81: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

人員現況

• 編制:

–物理治療師 6名

–物理治療生 1名

–職能治療師 1名

–兼任語言治療師 1名

(總院支援,每週一天)

• 本院服務年資:

– 5年以上:3名

– 1年以下:5名 2015.01.06

2016/7/25 81

Page 82: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

人員現況-cont.

• 學歷:

–碩士 1人

–學士 6人

–副學士 1人

• 進修中:

–台大物理治療博士班 1人

–台大物理治療碩士班 1人

–陽明科技與輔具碩士班 1人

82 2016/7/25

Page 83: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

業務範圍

• 臨床物理治療 (門住診)

– 骨科物理治療

– 神經物理治療

– 小兒物理治療

– 心肺物理治療(部分)

– 物理治療評估

– 輔具評估

– 居家無障礙環境評估

• 臨床職能治療(門住診)

– 成人生理職能治療

– 小兒職能治療

– 副木製作

– 職能治療評估

– 職業與生活功能評估

– 輔具評估

– 居家無障礙環境評估

83 2016/7/25

Page 84: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

社區物理治療

• 社區健康講座

– 103年 31場次

– 104年 42場次

– 105年 12場次

• 社區健康活動

– 失能失智篩檢 • 自102年起每年至少一場次

• 共篩檢583人次

– 社區健走 • 103年 2場次 128人次參加

• 104年 3場次 131人次參加

– 銀髮族體適能班 • 92 人次

– 社區體適能種子志工訓練

– 社區防跌志工訓練

84

失能篩檢 社區健走

銀髮族體適能班 防跌志工培訓 2016/7/25

Page 85: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

居家物理治療

• 居家物理治療

– 個案來源: • 本院居家護理所覺得有需要的case,進行共同訪視。

• 衛生局長照中心派案。

• 居家安全訪視:

– 跌倒高風險個案

• 居家輔具/無障礙評估

– 長照中心派案

85 居家安全評估

無障礙評估 與社區志工共同訪視

居家物理治療 2016/7/25

Page 86: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

物理治療實習/見習/服務

• 每學期提供兩名台大物理治療系大四學生三週物理治療實習

• 不定期提供台大物理治療學生見習機會

• 寒暑假由台大/弘光物理治療系老師帶領學生進行居家物理治療服務與喘息服務

• 其他學校學生跨校交流

86 居家物理治療實習 台大老師居家物理治療服務

泰國Mahido大學研究生參訪

2016/7/25

Page 87: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

門診病患與居家結合

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 87

Page 88: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

影片討論

• OPD病患回歸居家生活的問題

• 主要照顧者?決策者?

• 媽媽年紀大,能照顧多久?

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 88

Page 89: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

鄉愁

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 89

Page 90: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

影片討論

• 家庭狀況

• 經濟來源

• 治療頻率

• PT角色

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 90

Page 91: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

老人照顧老人

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 91

Page 92: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

影片討論

• 照顧者也需要被照顧

• 看護指導

• DNR

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 92

Page 93: 長照社區個案的評估與介入 身體功能障礙者sex, sociocultural factors] for the person Nagi Model WHO Model (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,

2016/7/23 PT長照Leval II 93

Thank You for Your Attention!