《東大志望の諸君へ！》このテキストは、東大英語第１問の特に段落整序系問題と第４問（Ａ）構文把握系問題に対応

する実力を養成するものである。センター試験では、基本的な英語運用能力がマークシート方式

という客観性の高い出題形式で試されているのに対して、東京大学の２次試験では、センター試

験と同じ地平線上にある英語運用能力（論理的思考力や表現力、想像力を含む）を記述式を中心

としたさらに発展的な形で問うている。このような点を踏まえ、このテキストでは、センター試

験レベルの基本的思考の確認・定着からスパイラル的（螺旋階段状）に、東京大学が要求してい

る高度なレベルの論理性（英語のロジック）へと上り詰めていくことを目指している。

後述のコラムに東京大学の先生方が求める英語力とはどのようなものかを掲載してみた。受験

生諸君には、このテキストを通して、東大英語に通用する英語力、ひいては、単なる受験英語と

いう偏狭な考え方ではなく、高校卒業後、どこへ出ても通用するアカデミックな英語力を構築し

て欲しいと切に願っている。

２０１０年９月　編著者

【ＣＯＮＴＥＮＴＳ】第１章　Ｂａｓｉｃ　Ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ　ｆｏｒ　Ｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　Ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ！　―― p.2

第１問（Ｂ）対応・・・センターレベルからから東大レベルへのスパイラル演習！

第２章　Ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ　Ｃｏｒｎｅｒ・・・・第１問類題　厳選２０題！―― p.13

Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ　文法・語法・構文把握系問題　厳選１０題 ――

p.71

1

【Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ　Ｕｐ　Ｆｏｒ　Ｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　Ｔｈｉｎｋｉ

ｎｇ　Ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ】

―――求められるのは素早い解釈力と論理力！

［１］次の（１）～（５）の各文を論理的な文章になるように並べ替えなさい。＜解答時間５分＞

　 （ １ ） But, although they know superstition doesn’t make sense, people still often act superstitiously.

　　（２） For example, they wouldn’t think of getting married on Friday, the thirteenth.　　（３） For this reason, superstition, which results either from ignorance of the laws of nature or

from trust in magic or chance, is slowly disappearing.　　（４） Since people today are better educated, they have a greater ability to see cause and effect

relationship.

　（５） When you come down to it, it will take a long time to get rid of superstition.

　　　　　　　　　　　　（答）　　　　⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 　 ⇒

第１章　Ｂａｓｉｃ　Ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ　ｆｏｒ　Ｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　Ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ！

2

［２］全体の趣旨が１の文で始まり、２の文で終わるように（ａ）～（ｄ）の英文を並べ替えな

さい。

１． Communication and language are very closely related but they are not the same thing. On the one hand, language does not only enable us to communicate with other people. It also has important mental functions and affects how we understand and think about the world around us.

(a) Nor, on the other hand, is language the only means by which we communicate. In a noisy situation, for example, we often rely on gestures to convey simple messages.

(b) Similarly, among people who know each other well, a slight facial expression can be so powerful that it can completely change the meaning of the words it accompanies.

(c) We must not underestimate the importance of this categorizing aspect for foreign‐language learners, whose encounter with new language requires them to cope with new categories of experience and new ways of manipulating them.

(d) For example, our experience of language in social settings leads us to categorize the world in the same ways as people around us and to use these categories in our thinking.

２ ． However, even though language and communication exist separately, they are obviously linked to each other very closely. It is the urge to communicate that stimulates language to grow in children, and for adults, too, the most important function of language is to help people communicate with others.

並べかえた順番（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

3

☆Ｃｏｌｕｍｎ☆・・・・・東大が求める英語力とは？

4

１ 次の問い（問１・問２）では，空欄 1 ・ 2 に入れるべき四つの文が順不同で下の

Ａ～Ｄに示されている。意味の通る文章になるように、Ａ～Ｄを並べ替えなさい。［目標解答時間：５分］

問１To stay healthy, we should maintain a balance between physical and mental play－the play

of the body and of the mind. 1

A. By the time we are adults, we may stop participating in physical play altogether.B. As we get older, however, our games are likely to involve more mental than physical activity.C. When we are very young children, we use our bodies a lot when we play.D. As a result, we may begin to lose our physical health.

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

問２ Green tea has a long history in Japan and strong ties with Japanese culture.

2

A. They are, in fact, the result of different ways of growing the tea and treating it after it is picked.

B. However, all tea, no matter what its color or taste, comes from the same plant.C. Because of this, one might think that green tea comes from a plant unique to Japan.D. Then what causes the differences in taste and color?

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

5

センター試験レベルから東大第１問Ｂを攻め落とす！ロジカルパワー全開、スパイラルエクササイズ！

２ 次の枠内に示された 1 ～ 3 の各文を入れるのに最も適当な箇所を，下の文章中の①～⑥のう

ちからそれぞれ一つずつ選べ。ただし，各段落に一文ずつ入れよ。

［目標解答時間：６分］-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 　 They then turn these ideas into actual objects of beauty. （　　）

2 　For instance, fashions in materials, colors, and styles are always changing.　　 （　　） 3 　Few companies would be willing to make or sell such a knife.　　　　　　　　　 （

）-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　 We do not usually give much thought to how the things that surround us in our everyday lives are created. Everything we use ― from the knives and forks we eat with to the chairs we sit on and the computers we work at ― has been designed. Designing may seem simple, but only those who are creative, practical, and sensitive to people’s needs can be successful designers.　 Designers are artists, first of all. ① They have to be creative enough to come up with original ideas all the time. ② Even when they produce an ordinary object like a knife, they should try to make it attractive. However, that is not enough. Good designing requires much, much more.　 There are practical issues to consider as well. In an age of mass production, designers have to be familiar with manufacturing techniques and the best ways of using materials. ③ For example, it is no use designing an elegant knife which is complicated and expensive to produce in the factory. ④ Therefore, the designer needs to create a knife that can be produced at a reasonable cost.　 Designers also have to respond quickly to changes in what people think of as desirable. ⑤ Designers have to make sure that their creations meet the demands of new lifestyles in the changing world. Their products have to be attractive to ordinary people, not just to themselves. ⑥ In short, designers must be practical artists who are sensitive to people’s tastes.

6

7

３ 次の問い（問１・問２）では，空欄 1 ・ 2 に入れるべき四つの文が順不同で下の

Ａ～Ｄに示されている。意味の通る文章になるように、Ａ～Ｄを並べ替えなさい。［目標解答時間：５分］

問１ Physical gestures may have different meanings in different cultures, and misunderstanding

these signals can sometimes be embarrassing. 1 When I asked him what was the matter, he replied, "In my country, we count people with our eyes. We use our fingers to count pigs."

A. But one of them became quiet and looked puzzled.B. I counted them with the index finger, which is common in Japan.C. I once had an experience which I have never forgotten.D. Some years ago, I took a small group of foreign students to Kyoto.

① C－A－D－B ② C－D－B－A③ D－B－C－A ④ D－C－A－B

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

問２　The ancient Egyptians knew much about the human body. 2 Through this preparatory

treatment of the body, they learned the positions and functions of the main organs.

A. But if the body was kept in good condition, the soul would come back to live in it again.B. Therefore, they prepared the body carefully for the new life.C. They acquired this knowledge owing to their religious beliefs.D. They believed that after death the soul would leave the body and make a long journey.

① B－A－C－D ② B－C－D－A③ C－B－D－A ④ C－D－A－B

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

8

４ 次の枠内に示された 1 ～ 4 の各文を入れるのに最も適当な箇所を，下の文章中の①～⑧のう

ちからそれぞれ一つずつ選べ。　

［目標解答時間：６分］---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　

1 These activities do not teach them how to get along with others.　　 （ ）

2 They need space, especially outdoors, so that they can run, jump and yell.　 （ ）

3 It is very doubtful, however, whether any Japanese children get that much free time.　（ ）

　 4 They also learn social interaction.　　 　　 （ ）

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

When we watch kittens and puppies playing, we realize that through play they are learning how to live. They learn various physical skills, such as how to jump over barriers without getting hurt. ①　For example, if a kitten bites his sister too hard, she will get angry and bite him back. These physical and social skills form part of the training that young animals need in order to grow up.　 ②

③ Just as kittens and puppies learn about how to live through play, so do children. But in present-day Japan, especially in cities, there is not much space for children to play in. Children need to release their energy for their mental and physical health. ④

Another point to consider is how much time children have to play. Some people say that four to five hours a day of playing outdoors with others is necessary, even for twelve-year-olds. ⑤ Concerned about their future in an increasingly competitive society, parents generally tell their children to study more; very few would tell them to go out and play. ⑥

What do these children do at home when they are not studying? They tend to spend time by themselves. They play video games or watch TV, for instance. ⑦ This can only be learned through playing with other children. They need to play without being told what to do by adults in order to learn about leadership and group harmony on their own. ⑧ Outdoor space is particularly suitable for this purpose. Children need a proper outdoor environment where they can freely spend their time playing with friends.

9

５ 次の問い（問１・問２）では，空欄 1 ・ 2 に入れるべき四つの文が順不同で下の

Ａ～Ｄに示されている。意味の通る文章になるように、Ａ～Ｄを並べ替えなさい。［目標解答時間：５分］

問１ Since a telephone call is quicker and easier, it seems that people are beginning to forget the

benefits of letter writing. 1 So naturally there are still many people who prefer letter writing to other means of communication.

A. A letter, however, offers some advantages that a phone call does not.B. In other words, they can say exactly what they want in the way they want.C. The writers can, for example, think carefully about the ideas which have occurred to them.D. They also have the time to pay more attention to the proper expression of their thoughts.

① A－B－D－C ② A－C－D－B ③ C－B－D－A ④ C－D－A－B

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

問２ Earth scientists of the 1960s were not the first to suggest that continents move. 2 Now

Wegener's idea is very widely accepted.

A. His theory aimed to show why the west coasts of Africa and Europe so closely match the east coasts of the Americas.

B. In 1912 Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, constructed a theory that he called "continental drift."

C. This assumption has been shown to be correct by modern scientific research.D. Wegener explained the match by assuming that the continents were once joined and later

drifted apart.

① B－A－D－C ② B－D－C－A③ D－B－A－C ④ D－C－B－A

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

10

６ 次の枠内に示された 1 ～ 4 の各文を入れるのに最も適当な箇所を，下の文章中の①～⑥のう

ちからそれぞれ一つずつ選べ。

［目標解答時間：６分］-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 　 Furthermore, he or she will not have to wait for someone to die to get a new heart.

（　　）

2 　They are afraid that cloning will lead to the production of human beings for body parts.　（　　）

3 　 Not everyone is against human cloning, however.

（　　）

4 　Even if one country bans cloning, there will always be another country that promotes it.　（　　）

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A basic rule of medical science is that no human life should be used for the benefit of another. Some people are against human cloning and related techniques for this reason. In cloning, an egg cell is used to develop ordinary cells. The opponents of cloning insist that this is killing, because it destroys the potential of the egg to develop into a human being.

① 　 Other people oppose cloning because at this stage it is unreliable. ② In animal experiments, for example, success rates are very low. Still others are concerned about the future that cloning might bring about. ③ They also fear that cloning might lead to attempts to create "superior" humans.

④ Some people support cloning if it is for the purpose of medical treatment, although they oppose the cloning of babies. ⑤ The medical benefits of cloning and related techniques, they argue, could be huge. For example, if a heart can be developed from a patient's own cell, the body will not reject it. ⑥Supporters claim that the use of such techniques is not killing. ⑦ Just as ordinary store-bought eggs do not develop into chickens, the eggs used for cloning do not develop into human beings by themselves. They also argue that it is already practically impossible to stop a patient from receiving medical treatment that in some way depends on cloning and related techniques. ⑧ The supporters, therefore, maintain that scientists should have the freedom to experiment and that people should have the freedom to seek lifesaving treatments. ⑨ In other words, they feel that cloning should be continued unless it is clearly shown to be harmful. ⑩ The debate over this issue is likely to go on for some time.　

11

７ 次の問い（問１・問２）では，空欄 1 ・ 2 に入れるべき四つの文が順不同で下のＡ～Ｄ

に示されている。意味の通る文章になるように、Ａ～Ｄを並べ替えなさい。

［目標解答時間：５分］

問１ The national health service of France started just after the war. 1

New staff members are now plentiful, and their motivation is very high.

A. So French hospitals today are on average more modern and efficient than those in other European countries.

B. There were too few doctors and nurses, and the building of new hospitals did not keep pace with urban growth.

C. For a long period it remained very far from adequate. D. But in the past ten or fifteen years, a well-funded new program has radically improved the

situation.

① A－B－D－C ② B－D－A－C③ C－B－D－A ④ D－C－B－A

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

問２ For millions of years of human history, the birth rate in the world was about the same as

the death rate. 2 What happened to cause this explosion? One reason may be that the death rate has changed dramatically, decreasing sharply after 1900; that is, people have learned how to control disease during the twentieth century.

A. This period coincided with the birth and development of the Industrial Revolution.B. Consequently, the population did not grow very much, but remained stable.C. Then suddenly, in the first half of the twentieth century the population exploded.D. From approximately 1600 to 1900 the difference between the birth rate and death rate grew

slightly larger, with the result that the population started to increase more quickly.

① B－A－D－C ② B－D－A－C③ D－A－C－B ④ D－B－C－A

（　　）→（　　）→（　　）→（　　）

12

８ 下の枠内に示された 1 ～ 4 の各文を入れるのに最も適当な箇所を，下の文章中の①～⑥

のうちからそれぞれ一つずつ選べ。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［目標解答時間：６分］

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 　New information is constantly added, past files are re-written, and news reports are broadcast as

they come in.

（　　　）

2 　In many ways an Internet search is like a package tour, on which you generally know where you are

going and see only what the tour organizer has selected.

（　　　）

3 　 This suggests that technological changes in the methods of getting information may limit the

opportunities for learning.

（　　　）

4 　You may accidentally find something interesting in the entry just next to the one you have been

looking for.

（　　　）

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　 What would you do if you wanted to learn about something? A traditional way is to go to your bookshelf, pick up a dictionary or encyclopedia, and start turning pages. ① Now, however, you can turn on your computer, connect it to the Internet and start its search program. You just type in the keyword(s), click "search", and soon you will have what you are looking for. ②　 It seems as if anything you want to know can be found on the Internet. ③ The range of information you can find on the Net varies from gossip, to news, to the most advanced technological findings. Furthermore, the information is always fresh. ④ It seems we do not need to "know" or "remember" anything except how to get information from the Net. Or at least, there is no longer any need for the shelf space to hold those volumes of encyclopedias. 　 What is being lost, though, is the joy of discovery. ⑤ Similarly, what you find in the Internet search is controlled by the site's owner or is the result of a computer program. ⑥ On the other hand, turning the pages of an encyclopedia, as you look up an entry, is more like wandering through a forest. ⑦ This may stir up a new interest, which will eventually lead you into a totally different topic. 　 The word "encyclopedia" originally meant "general or well-rounded education". ⑧ With a traditional encyclopedia, this well-roundedness may be achieved by the discoveries readers make by turning the pages. ⑨ In comparison, heading straight to the target word through a series of clicks on a computer is rather linear. ⑩　

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14

■ 東大英語が求める力＝論理的思考力と柔軟な頭脳

１　次の英文を読んで、後の設問に答えなさい。　　　［目標解答時間：２０分］

A Laser is a device that makes a beam of light so narrow and strong that it can cut like a knife. (LASER

stands for Light Amplification by the Simulated Emission of Radiation.) When it was invented, no one

knew that it would change modern medicine. But now, with this wonderful tool, doctors can safely perform

operations and treatments that were once very dangerous or painful, or simply impossible with regular

surgical instruments.

The first person to imagine something like a laser was Albert Einstein in 1917. He realized that it

might be possible to create a very strong, bright beam of light by changing the way light acted. However, he

never investigated this idea any further and neither he nor anyone else tried to produce a laser beam for

many years.

Finally, in the late 1950’s, scientists began experimenting with light and figured out how to create the

strong beams we now know as laser beams. (a) In these first experiments, they used mirrors and artificial

gem stones to change the light. (b) Other scientists soon were producing the same results by sending light

through special gases. (c) The beams from lasers remain narrow and do not spread out as light normally

does, even over great distance. (d) Furthermore, laser beams can be created entirely of one color, while

normal light, such as that from a light bulb, contains a combination of all the colors.

In the early years after the invention of lasers, scientists called them “a solution looking for a problem”.

(e) It was obvious that lasers were very special, but it took scientists a while to find practical applications for

them. (f) Over time, hundreds of uses have been found for lasers in many areas of science and technology.

(g) They are used in the newest telecommunication systems, in computer printers, and in compact disc

players. They are also used in show business to create special lighting effects. (h)

First, doctors can use lasers as cutting tools. 　 (i) Surgeons prefer lasers to surgical knives for certain

operations because laser beams can be made much narrower than a knife blade. 　 (j) Also, with lasers,

doctors can work more quickly than with metal tools, and so there is less risk of infection. Furthermore, a

laser beam produces heat, which helps close off the skin or *tissue being cut into and reduces bleeding. (k)

They are also used in surgery to remove certain kinds of brain or liver cancers. Doctors are experimenting

with ways to find cancer in various parts of the body through the use of a colored liquid that colors only the

cancerous areas. Then they can use lasers designed for that color to find the cancer and burn it away. (l) This

removes the disease from the body but damages nothing else.

(A)

15

第２章　Ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ　Ｃｏｒｎｅｒ・・・第１問類問　厳選２０題！

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

16

(B)

Another use of lasers in medicine is for the removal of marks on the skin. In the case of cancerous growths,

laser beams can be used with far more precision than knives or other tools. A laser beam with its one color of

light can be directed to find one color within the skin and destroy only the skin of that color.

(C)

(D)

(1) 次の英文ア～ウの各英文を本文中の(a)～(l)のどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。それぞれ記号で

答えなさい。

ア．But where lasers have made the most difference is undoubtedly in the world of medicine, where

they can be used for any tasks that require fine precision.

　　　イ．Thus, lasers have turned out to be extremely useful in the fine surgery required to reconstruct

tubes that carries blood to and from people’s heart.

ウ．The light created by either of these methods was very different from normal light.

(2) 本文中(A)～(D)に入れるのに最も適切な文章を次のア～エからそれぞれ選び、記号で答えなさい。

ア．　Some people are born with large, dark red marks on their face, for example, which can cause

embarrassment and psychological problems. With a dark red laser beam, doctors can remove that

mark. In recent years, doctors have also developed ways to use laser beams to make people look

younger by removing wrinkles around the mouth and eyes. In all of these skin operations, the laser is

able to work on just the top layers of skin, causing much less pain and skin damage and with less risk

of infection than what would be caused by other kinds of tools.

イ． 　 For eye surgery, doctors need to be extremely precise and extremely quick. They use what is

known as a cool laser, which produces beams that can cut out 39 millionths of an inch of tissue in 12

billionths of a second. In other words, this kind of laser is so precise that it could cut into a strand of

hair without cutting all the way through. In vision surgery, these lasers are used on a part of the eye

called the *cornea, which is the transparent covering on the outside. When the cornea is not perfectly

round, we cannot see clearly. To improve vision, the doctor shapes the cornea with a laser until it is

more round.. The process takes only a few minutes and because the laser is cool, there is little pain.

　　　　

17

ウ． It has been fifty years since lasers were first invented and were seen as a solution looking for 　a

problem. Now they are solving many problems in the world around us, in technology and above all, in

medicine. They have become essential tools for scientists and doctors as they perform lifesaving

operations and improve the quality of our lives.

エ．　 Lasers have also dramatically changed the work of eye doctors. Poor vision is one of the most

common medical problems in the world, and until recently the only way to correct it was with

eyeglasses or contact lenses. Now many vision problems can be corrected permanently with laser

surgery. This surgery has made an enormous difference for people who were practically blind without

their glasses or contact lenses. After a lifetime of worrying about breaking or losing their glasses or

lenses, they can see normally without them.

*cornea：角膜　　

(3)　この文章の表題として最も適切なものを次のア～エの中から１つ選び、記号で答えなさい。

　　　ア．The contribution of lasers to modern medicine

　　　イ．The improvement of lasers in medical science

　　　ウ．The importance of applying lasers to eye surgery

　　　エ．The most advanced area of today’s technology

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

２　次の(1)～(2)の設問に答えなさい。　　　　　　　　　［目標解答時間：２５

分］　Terrorism has been defined as “the calculated use of violence to create fear, with the

intention of putting pressure on governments or societies in order to pursue goals that are

18

generally political, religious, or ideological.” This definition distinguishes between terrorism and

other kinds of violence. People employ terrorist violence in the name of many causes; but the

tendency to label as terrorism any violent act of which we disapprove is mistaken. Terrorism is a

specific kind of violence.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(1)　本文中(a)～(d)に適切なパラグラフを次のア～エから選んで並べ替え、論理的な英文を完成させなさい。

ア．　This situation did not always prevail. Before the nineteenth century, terrorists usually spared certain categories of people ― women, children, and the elderly ― from attack. All this changed with the development of modern states, which have a continuity that older, personalized governments did not. The death of a single individual, even a monarch, could no longer produce the policy changes terrorists sought. By the early twentieth century, terrorists therefore began attacking people previously considered innocents to generate political pressure. These indirect attacks create a public atmosphere of anxiety and weaken confidence in government. ①Their unpredictability and apparent randomness make it virtually impossible for governments to protect all potential victims. Public calls for revenge often lead only to a cycle of further attacks. Meanwhile, the public also demands protection that the state cannot give, until finally (if the campaign is successful) the frustrated and fearful people force the government to make concessions to stop the attacks.

イ ． 　 Terrorism is common practice in guerrilla rebellions; but guerrillas are not necessarily terrorists if they follow the laws of war. While the legal distinction between terrorism and warfare is clear, international law usually means little to terrorists, who convince themselves that their actions are justified by a higher law. ②Their single-minded dedication to a goal, however poorly defined this goal may be, renders legal sanctions ineffective. Terrorists recognize no rules. No person, place, or object of value is safe from them. There are no innocents.

　 　 　 　 　 　

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20

ウ．　Those responsible for anti-terrorist preparations must consider one vital point. Acts such as bombing public places and shooting into crowded restaurants ― let alone the more spectacular outrages we saw last year ― heighten public anxiety. This is the terrorists’ immediate objective. For terrorists need to publicize their attack. If no one knows about it, it will not produce fear. ③The need for publicity often drives target selection; the greater the symbolic value of the target, the more publicity the attack brings to the terrorists and the more fear it generates. And it is impossible to protect every possible target all the time. Terrorists will likely shift from more protected targets to less protected ones. Understanding this is the key to defensive measures.

エ．　 This definition says that terrorism is calculated. That is, terrorists generally know

what they are doing. Their selection of a target is planned and rational. They know the effect they seek. Terrorist violence is neither spontaneous nor random. Terrorists look beyond their immediate victims, aiming to spread fear among others. In other words, terrorism is a psychological act conducted for its impact on an audience.

(2)下線部①～③をそれぞれ日本語に直しなさい。

21

３　次の英文の空白部分（１）～（８）のそれぞれを埋めるのに最も適切なものを、ア～ クよ

り １ つ 選 ん で そ の 記 号 を 記 せ 。

［目標解答時間：２０分］

Current problems need to be put in historical context. An important aspect of industrialization in Western Europe and North America was that initial period of industrial growth in the 19 th century could be based on domestic resources. Britain for example, had indigenous supplies of coal, iron ore, copper, lead and tin that were more than adequate throughout most of the century.

（１）

（２）

（３）

（４）

Another major industrial power, Japan, has long been a major oil importers, as has South Korea, but it is the position of the United States and China that is key. Until around 1970, the United States was able to use its major oil fields in Texas, California, Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico to provide for just about all its needs. From the start of the 1970s, the domestic oil fields were no longer able to keep up with demand, and even the development of the North Slope and Prudhoe Bay fields in Alaska made little difference as demand soared. Over the following thirty years the United States saw production fall as demand rose, and the end result was a massive dependence on imported oil by the end of the century.

Competition over oil is not the only resource-related issue that may lead to instability. Concerns over the availability of adequate water supplies are almost as urgent in some parts of the world. It is likely that water scarcity will exacerbate existing tensions and water supply may be used as a 'tool' within interstate conflict that has begun for other reasons. Such trends will be made worse by the impacts of climate change which look likely to substantially reduce available water in many areas of the world where water is scarce.

（５）

（６）

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（７）

（８）

ア．A further example of such tensions is between Israel and Palestine, where both populations rely on access to many of the same water sources, especially from the winter rains that fall over the hills of the West Bank.

イ．While these are significant in the regions concerned, they are not a focus of global conflict, but this is not the case for oil. It is here that the resources shift is at its most remarkable, and it is a combination of increasing dependence of major industrial states on imported oil, with the very limited location of key oil reserves, that is significant.

ウ．This long-term international trend has been termed the ‘resource shift’ and is a key factor in international political economy. On occasions it leads to intense competition and even conflict---- recent examples have included open conflict over cobalt in Zaire in the late 1970s, more recent conflict in the Great Lakes over tantalum supplies used in mobile phones, and protracted conflict over diamonds in West Africa.

エ． 'Water politics' already plays a part in conflict in some regions of the world, particularly the Middle East. Demand for fresh water is well beyond that which can be sustained at current, much less future levels. Population growth will mean greater and greater demands on water resources, and where a number of states rely on the same water, tensions are likely to increase.

オ．Water is a source of security and prosperity, and with water shortages likely to increase, with the potential to severely affect food production in some areas, some of these tensions could develop into full-scale armed conflict unless there is a strict observance of water laws and a multi-lateral approach to developing water management agreements.

カ．By the mid-twentieth century this had changed dramatically and most Western European states had become heavily dependent on imported raw materials, so much so that states in the Global South became locked into the world economy as suppliers of low cost primary products. In the

23

last fifty years, even the United states has become a net importer of many primary products.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

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キ ． Although Norway is still self-sufficient in oil through its North Sea reserves, the United Kingdom is no longer in this position because of the depletion of major fields, and the UK is now therefore joining the rest of Western Europe as a net oil importer. In any case, the North Sea fields are small compared with global reserves---- even at their peak in the early 1990s, they made up barely 3 percent of the world total compared with over 65 percent for the Persian Gulf region.

ク．For example the Nile river complex flows through ten countries, where half the population lives below the poverty line. The population in the Nile basin is expected to double in the next twenty-five years, creating further tensions. Egypt and Sudan have extensive rights over the river's waters and have been reluctant to renegotiate treaties on its management with other river states.

４　次の文を読み，設問に答えなさい。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［目標解

答時間：２０分］ (A) A large number of people depend directly or indirectly on the tobacco business. Small shops receive a

large part of their income from the sale of cigarettes, and may be forced to close if cigarettes are made

illegal. There are also many others who depend on this market. Tobacco is largely grown in warm

countries, with undeveloped economies. A complete ban on cigarettes would force farmers to change the

crops that they grow, and 1)this is not something that can be carried out quickly. Poor farmers may not be

able to feed their families without the income from tobacco.

(B) In conclusion, while I firmly believe that anyone smoking should try to stop for their own health and

the health of their immediate family members and friends, I do not believe that prohibiting smoking would

have enough benefits to outweigh the many problems that it would cause.

(C) In addition, I firmly believe that there may be more social problems in our own society as a result of a

complete ban. It is not easy to give up an addiction like smoking. When the airline companies in my

country introduced a ban on smoking, the number of violent incidents during flights rose dramatically.

2)There may well be a similar increase in violence if people were forced to give up smoking everywhere .

Cigarettes would, undoubtedly, still be traded in society in much the same way that other illegal drugs

such as heroin are still traded, with an inevitable rise in organized crime.

(D) The links between smoking and major illnesses such as lung cancer and respiratory* disease have been

well known for several decades. 3)The laws governing the sale of cigarettes and the places where people

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are allowed to smoke have become stronger in response to people’s growing fears. I believe that these

more gradual changes in the law are preferable to a complete ban.

(E) Finally, many experts are rightly concerned about the effects on personal freedom. Eating junk food, not

taking exercise, air pollution and long working hours all have a bad effect on people, but I would not want

the government to tell me what to eat or how often I can drive my car. 4)By the same token, I do not think

they should tell me that I cannot smoke in my own home or car.

Note: respiratory*: relating to breathing

Based on Stephen Bullon et al (2006) Longman Exams Dictionary WH12 Pearson Education Limited

（１）上のそれぞれの段落(paragraphs)を，論旨の展開を考えてもっともふさわしい順番に並べか

えなさい。

(　 ) — (　 ) — (　 ) — (　 ) — ( 　)

（２） (B)(C)それぞれの段落の内容から判断し，次の各語の意味に最も近い選択肢を選びなさい。

番号で解答欄に記しなさい。

(ⅰ) to outweigh

1 to overcome　2 to be less crucial than　　3 to be more important or valuable than

(ⅱ) an addiction

1 an ordinary practice 2 a common habit 3 drug dependence

（３）下線部 1)を this の指すものがわかるようにして，和訳しなさい。

（４）下線部 2)を和訳しなさい。

（５）下線部 3)を和訳しなさい。

（６）下線部 4)を和訳しなさい。

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

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５　次の英文は、第１、第３、第５、第８、第９段落が抜けている。それぞれの空所を埋める

のに最もふさわしいものを、ア～キから 1つ選んでその記号を記せ。7つの選択肢のうちから

５つ選ぶこと。　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［目標解答時間：１５分］

On October 12, the official number of people on the planet will reach a record 6 billion, Six billion! It is

very difficult to picture such a large number.

As time passed, better medical care and nutrition water helped people live longer. Population growth

began to pick up speed. Before long, the world's population doubled-----and it has kept doubling!

In China a very drastic step was taken to slow population growth: a policy, started in 1979, does not

a1low most parents to have more than one child.

Every new person added to the planet needs food, water, shelter, clothes and fuel. More people mean

more cars, roads, schools, and stores. Those things require additional natural resources, including land and

water.

Although every person uses the planet's resources, some people use a lot more than others. The richest

people------ especially Americans ----- use the most resources. They also produce the most waste.

ア．The trouble is that natural resources don't just appear in the blink of an eye. Earth is a bountiful planet,

but its riches are limited. Take water, for example: although water covers most of the planet, less than l %

of it can be used for drinking and washing. One out of every 13 people around the world does not always

have enough clean water.

イ． Bill Ryan of the United Nations Population Fund says wealthy countries such as the United States

have a responsibility to take better care of the planet and its growing population. He says today's kids have

the greatest opportunity to help: "There are more young people alive now than at any other time in history.

The decisions they make will change the world."

ウ．Today most of the growth is taking place in less-developed countries (nations that are poor and don't

have much industry). But better education, especially for girls, is helping slow the growth at least a little.

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As more girls go to school, they tend to have fewer children.　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

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エ．Food shortages are even more common. Worldwide, 1 of every 7 people does not get enough to eat.

Huge demands for food have forced farmers to overuse their land, When the land is replanted too

frequently, nature does not have time to replace the soil's nutrients. Eventually farmland becomes useless.

オ．The earth's population hasn't always expanded so quickly. In fact, the number of people on the planet

started off growing very slowly. That's because people didn't live as long as they do today.

カ． Chances are you just blinked your eyes. While you did it, three people were added to the world's

population. There you did it again ----- that's another three people! It may seem impossible but that's how

quickly the world's population is growing. It adds up to 184 people every minute 11,040 every hour,

264,960 every day and 97 million every Year!

キ．Of course, having 6 billion people also means that there is more brainpower around to figure out better

ways to use our resources. The trick will be getting people to realize that we can't go on burning through

the planet's treasures forever.　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

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６　次の英文の趣旨を７０～８０字の日本語でまとめよ。句読点も字数に含める。

A recent newspaper story reported that a famous European financier, facing economic ruin, threw himself in front of a train. That kind of story may seem common: losing something in which one has invested all and ending up lonely, depressed, even drug- addicted, homeless, or suicidal. However, a recently completed study found that some 60 percent of people whose spouse had died showed no change in self-reported well‐being. Among people who'd been divorced, more than 70 percent showed no change in mental health. There are even some extreme cases where one finds some release or hidden opportunity in a seemingly devastating loss. An English construction worker who, after breaking his neck and ending up in a wheelchair, became a best- selling author now says the injury was the best thing that ever happened to him.

How can we explain the fact that the vast majority of people can and sometimes do cope with devastating loss without suffering any psychological wounds? Whatever the loss, be it the loss of a spouse or the breakup of a marriage, people are surprisingly strong. They are keenly aware that any recovery requires a refocusing on the simple things in life. They may very well have invested far too much of their time, reputation and identity in a single focus, and they are left shaken by its sudden loss, but at least they have the ability to see beyond the immediate tragedy. They can broaden their focus, which enables them to take notice of the great variety of things in life they've been missing--- the fishing and cooking and friends.

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７　次の英文を読み,以下の問いに答えよ。

The global demand for energy is increasing year by year. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are really important, as they account for 90% of all energy consumption worldwide. Japan is one of the world's biggest energy consumers, along with the U.S., China, Russia and India. Oil accounts for more than 50% of total energy consumption, far higher than coal(20%)and natural gas(14%).

Fossil fuels are essential to our modern way of life, but they come with some serious problems. ア First, consuming fossil fuels is harmful to the global environment. Huge amounts of fossil fuels must be burned to produce energy. イ In recent years, the amount of fossil fuels consumed is rapidly increasing in fast-growing populous countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and China, and this may aggravate global warming. ウ Second, many of the oil-producing countries are in the Middle East, so the price of oil can change due to various factors such as political unrest and regional wars. エ A fall in oil production could trigger a sharp rise in the price of oil and have a serious impact on the world economy. オ

Japan has made remarkable achievements in the research and deve1opment of methane hydrate during the last thirty years. It is now one of the leaders in this field. The Japanese government has already launched a new oceanic policy for developing methane hydrate in the seas near Japan. Several Japanese government- sponsored teams are boring for methane hydrate in foreign countries as well. According to newspaper reports, in 2008 a Japanese research consortium achieved continuous production of methane hydrate in Canada.

Japan is poor in natural resources, so it must import most of its energy resources from other countries. This situation will change if technological development makes it possible to obtain methane from methane hydrate. Japan would be able to produce its own energy, and the energy supply for domestic industries would become more stable at a low cost.

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However, many problems must be solved before we can begin using methane hydrate as a new source of energy. (a) The biggest problem is that it is very difficult to dig through the layers of methane hydrate and extract the methane from there safely. (b) Methane hydrate is stable under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. (c) However, once it dissolves it releases a huge amount of methane into the air or seawater and can aggravate global warming. (d) Methane has a greenhouse effect about 21 times more powerful than that of carbon dioxide, so the consequences of it being released could be a catastrophe to the global environment. (e) So digging and extraction work must be done with the greatest care. At the same time, careful research must be carried out to determine the geological conditions in target areas for digging.

There is still a long way to go before methane hydrate extraction can begin on a commercial scale. However, despite the huge cost of the research and development required, methane hydrate is no doubt the most promising source of energy for Japan. We should conduct further studies into the nature of methane hydrate and the risks of extracting it.

(1)以下の文は、第二段落のア～オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。When they are burned, they send a great amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the

air, and that contributes to global warming.

(2)上の文章で空白になっている第二段落から第六段落には、次のア～オのうちの四つの段落が入る。それらを最も適切な順に並べた場合に、不要となる段落、一番目に来る段落、三番目に来る段落はどれか。その記号を記せ。

ア． Methane hydrate is seen as the most promising source of energy for use in the future. The main reason for this is that methane hydrate exists in abundance on the earth. For example, some research shows that there is a huge amount of methane hydrate in the seas near Japan. It is estimated that the amount is equal to the amount of natural gas consumed in one hundred years. Another reason is that burning methane produces less carbon dioxide than burning oil. If methane hydrate can replace oil as a main source of energy, it will slow down the pace of global warming.

イ． In 1967, a mysterious ice-like substance was found in a natural gas field in Western Siberia. Research showed that this material was a solid made of methane and water molecules. It was named methane hydrate. Methane hydrate has a cage-like molecule structure in which water molecules surround a methane molecule. When methane hydrate is heated, the methane enclosed in it burns and only water remains. For this reason it is often called “ice that burns.” The layers of earth containing methane hydrate exist several hundred meters below the permafrost in Siberia and Alaska. They are also found in icy structures deep under the ocean floor at water depths greater than 500 meters.

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ウ． In order to solve these problems, renewable sources of clean energy, such as sunlight, water and wind, are being tried as alternatives to fossil fuels. These alternative sources can never be exhausted, and they don't do harm to the global environment. The problem is that they are much more costly than fossil fuels. Japan is still dependent on conventional fossil fuels, and alternative sources of energy account for only 3%of the whole energy supply. Considering the difficulty of shifting to alternative sources, shouldn't we look for some other promising source of energy on the Earth?

工． Of all the major sources of energy, electricity plays the most important role. Over the last forty years, consumption of electricity has increased remarkably, not only in the industrial sector but also in households. We depend so heavily on it that when there is a blackout, our whole society is immediately in great trouble.

オ． Another problem related to fossil fuels is a more fundamental one. Their reserves are limited, and once we use them all up, they cannot be reproduced. It is estimated that oil reserves will last only about 40 years and natural gas about 70 years if the current global consumption rate remains the same. Of course, more oil may be discovered in the future, but it is not clear whether there could be enough to meet the increasing global demand for fossil fuels.

(3)第九段落の文(a)～(e)のうち、取り除いてもその段落の展開に最も影響の小さいものを選び,その記号を記せ。

(4)文章全体との関係において,最後の三段落の趣旨として最も適切なものを選び、その記号を記せ。

ア． Revealing where methane hydrate can be buried

イ． Explaining why methane hydrate is called “ice that burns”

ウ． Considering the merits and problems of developing methane hydrate

工． Emphasizing the importance of developing renewable sources of energy

オ． Giving the most recent facts about global energy demand

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34

８　次の英文の趣旨を、４０～５０字の日本語でまとめよ。句読点も字数に含める。

An acquaintance of mine, whose health isn't very good, recently told me that she hadn't spoken to her son in almost three years. “Why not?” I asked. She said that she and her son had had a disagreement about his wife and that she wouldn't speak to him again unless he called first. When I suggested that she be the one to reach out, she resisted initially, saying, “I can't do that. He's the one who should apologize,” She was literally willing to die without speaking again to her only son. After a little gentle encouragement, however, she did decide to be the first one to reach out. To her amazement, her son、was grateful for her willingness to call and offered an apology of his own. As is usually the case when someone takes a chance and reaches out, everyone、wins.

Whenever we hold on to our anger, we turn “small stuff” into really “big stuff” in our minds. We start to believe that our positions are more important than our happiness. They are not. If you want to be a more peaceful person you must understand that being right is almost never more important than allowing yourself to be happy. The way to be happy is to let go, and reach out. Let other people be right. This doesn't mean that you're wrong. Everything will be fine. You'1l experience the peace of letting go, as well as the joy of letting others be right. They will almost always become less defensive and more loving toward you. They might even reach back.

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９　次の英文を読み、以下の問いに答えよ。

The cool valleys of Darjeeling produce some of the best teas in the world, which some call the “champagne of teas.” At Happy Valley tea estate, at 2,100 meters in the Himalayas, workers pluck each tip as if it were worth its weight in gold. As the sun sets, pickers carefully empty their bamboo baskets and take in their loads to be weighed. One man swiftly examines the leaves.

Despite its peaceful appearance, Happy Valley nearly closed four years ago.　ア It faces the same challenges confronting the rest of the Indian tea industry---- intense global competition, changing consumer tastes and labor disputes. イ India produces more tea than any other country in the world except China. ウ Since 1998, when tea from low-cost producers caused prices and profits to drop, Indian growers have struggled to pay the country's l million tea workers. エ This labor and economic strife led to becoming totally uncompetitive. オ Some of them went bankrupt because they were selling at below-cost prices and banks wouldn't lend any more.

But India's tea industry has finally begun fighting back. The central government has promised $1.16 billion over the next 15 years in loans for new, more productive plantings. Copying the clever marketing of foreign tea producers, some Indian tea producers have begun to build their own luxury brands. Others are opening tea bars for the country's wealthy citizens. India's tea producers are looking for a new strategy to survive into the future, and some of them have already made major changes.

Everything that happens in the tea industry, of course, depends on its workers. (a) The Plantation Labor Act of 1951 guarantees not just a minimum wage for workers in tea, coffee and rubber but also housing, education, medical care and drinking water. (b) Those benefits add about 11% to production costs and are the main reason Indian tea costs about $1.62 a kilogram to produce, compared with $1.16 in Kenya and 84c in Malawi. (c) The lack of brand recognition also makes teas from Kenya and Malawi cheaper. (d) For many decades, unions in India's tea-growing regions have fought to preserve those benefits. (e) They've done so because workers must rely on tea

36

companies for basic services, for the estates are so remote. "The only solution is for estates to give workers a stake in the earnings," says one labor expert.

That's exactly what some tea producers are trying to do. Tata Tea's Kanan Devan estate in Kerala, in southern India, gives each worker shares in the company. This new ownership model has the support of many tea producers and trade-union leaders. Ambootia workers raise organic oranges and ginger, which the company markets abroad. "Partnership with workers is my motto, not ownership,” says one farm owner. “You can't run a tea garden merely as a business."

In India, tea has always been more than a business. But things are changing rapidly. Nearly half the population is under 25, and young people are drinking more coffee and cola. Teamakers are trying to win their interest with their products ----- whether instant, iced or canned, black, green or white. Hopefully, this will lead to increased profits and wealth for not only the estate owners themselves but also the thousands of workers who have been promised a share of those profits.

(1) 以下の文は,第二段落のア～ オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

Unpaid employees launched a wave of strikes, while some owners simply abandoned their plantations.

(2) 上の文章で空白になっている第四段落から第七段落には、次のア～オのうちの四つの段落が入る。それらを最も適切な順に並べた場合に、不要となる段落、一番目に来る段落、二番目に来る段落はどれか。その記号を記せ。

ア ． Tea producers are getting some help from the Indian government, too. State research institutes have invested $18 million in developing higher-yielding seeds to suit small growers. An additional $41 million fund gives tea producers incentives to process tea as profitable long leaves.

イ． Tea processing is complex and time-consuming, requiring a lot of experience and skill. Some estates possess automated tea processing machines, operated by microcomputers to increase efficiency. The problem is, however, that these estates often have trouble finding enough skilled workers capable of using these machines.

ウ． Appealing to high-end consumers abroad like this and to the tastes of the booming Indian middle class is a top priority for India's tea producers. They are experimenting with delicate white teas, which are less processed and contain more antioxidants than black teas, and oolongs, which fall midway between green and black teas. Darjeeling is also leading a move toward organic farming, with a third of its estates now certified as chemical-free.

37

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

38

工． All this new investment is an attempt to correct years of neglect. For decades, India was the biggest producer, exporter and consumer of tea in the world. That changed in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, India's largest export market, where demand fell by two-thirds. India's producers had grown reliant on that guaranteed market, failing to maintain their bushes and machinery, and they never really recovered. Sri Lanka and Kenya are now the world's biggest exporters, well ahead of India.

オ．When the Ambootia Tea Group bought Happy Valley tea estate, its tea bushes and machinery were old, and its workers not properly paid. Now, after extensive reforms, productivity is gradually increasing. With innovation, quality and good marketing, they are able to demand extremely high prices for their teas. Darjeeling tea, for instance, can be sold for 10 times the price of other Indian teas, and Ambootia's spring-harvest tea was sold at a high-end boutique in Paris two years ago for $1,750 per ki1ogram.

(3) 第八段落の文(a)～(ё)のうち、取り除いてもその段落の展開に最も影響の小さいものを選び、その記号を記せ。

(4) 上の文章全体との関係において,最後の三段落の趣旨として最も適切なものを選び ,その記号を記せ。

ア Explaining why Indian tea farms are trying to be organic

イ Revealing the potentially dark future of tea in Asian countries

ウ Comparing the benefits enjoyed by workers in various industries

工 Showing how workers are key to the success of India's tea industry

オ Giving reasons why some tea producers in India are losing competitiveness

39

10　以下の文を、６５～７５字の日本語で要約せよ。句読点も字数に含める。

One thing I have learnt as a journalist is that all journalism is defined, to extent, by the institutions within which it is created, and that every type of institution brings strengths and weakness to the mission of journalism. BBC journalism is magnificent in its range, carefulness, and resources, but it does tend towards an establishment view of the world. That is probably inevitable, given its funding structure and governance. Journalism on the New Statesman, by contrast, where our annual editorial budget would not have covered the taxi bills of a tiny division of the BBC, was about finding new ideas and new angles, missed by the mainstream press, in pursuit of a politically committed view of the world. What is obvious to anyone who has worked in journalism is that we need many and competing cultures of ownership if our news media are to be truly diverse and, consequently, as a whole, trusted. Non-diverse journalism cannot, by definition, achieve trust across the whole range of a public which is itself so diverse in terms of economic circumstance, class, ethnicity, gender, region, and in many other ways. Nor can a journalism which lacks diversity and plurality adapt to ceaseless change. If journalism cannot be both trusted and adaptable, it will fail.

40

11　次の英文を読み,以下の問いに答えよ。

After decades of progress in the fight to conquer world hunger, the number of undernourished people is

growing again. Estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations suggest that 963

million people in poor countries are chronically or acutely hungry ----- up 109 million from 2004 estimates.

The underlying causes ----- changes in food and energy prices ----have been exacerbated by the financial

crisis and obsolete development policies.

Policies should shift from prioritizing food aid to providing poor farmers with access to training,

markets and to farm inputs such as fertilizer and improved seed. ア Such investments not just allow farmers

to grow food to feed themselves, to sell the surplus and to diversify into high-value crops, livestock and tree

products. イ They are cheaper, too, as is explained later. ウ Marginal populations, or those affected by

disasters, will still require assistance. エ　 　 However, procuring this food from within developing

countries provides a cheaper alternative than shipping it from abroad. オ

The predominant policies to tackle hunger are a typical example of a “band-aid” approach-----quick

fixes that fail to address the causes of hunger・ (a) In 2006, the United States spent US$l.2 billion in food

aid for Africa, but only $60 million on agricultural development there. (b) The international response has

generally been similar. (c) But according to estimates from 2004, only 10% of those who are hungry in poor

countries are acutely hungry -----those facing famine caused by wars, natural disasters or sheer destitution.

(d) The other 90% are chronically hungry, leading to malnutrition that weakens immune systems and

contributes to the prevalence of diarrhea, malaria and other diseases that result in high child mortality. (e)

Many of those who are acutely hungry live in rural farm areas in Africa and South Asia.

41

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

42

Most importantly, the UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon is leading the development of a coordination

mechanism for large-scale financial support for poor countries seeking to provide farm investment. The

Spanish government has pledged US $1.3 billion over five years for this effort, which should begin this year,

and the European parliament has promised a similar amount. With more programmes aimed at merging food

aid with reliable farming investment, the numbers of those who are chronically hungry should begin to fall.

［注］　 Millennium Villages project 米国ニユーヨーク市のコロンビア大学の

Earth Institute 「地球研究所」が提唱し,国連などの協力を得て実施しているアフリカ援助の

新しい計画。

(1)以下の文は、第二段落のア～オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

This creates a sustainable exit from the poverty trap, thereby decreasing the requirement for aid.

(2)第二段落の文(a)～(e)のうち、段落の論旨と最も関係のうすいものはどれか。その記号を記せ。

(3)上の文章で空白になっている第四段落から第七段落には、次のア～オのうちの四つの段落が入

る。それらを最も適当な順に並べた場合、不要となる段落、一番目に来る段落、二番目に来る

段落はどれか。その記号を記せ。

ア． Although estimates of efficiency of this innovative approach vary, they indicate a major leap for

development assistance. Shifting 50% of the current US food-aid budget to “smart” subsidies could help

millions supply their own food and meet much of the aid demand. Such a move would be budget neutral.

イ． The World Food Programme (WFP) was founded in 1961 and took up its work in 1963. Since that

time, WFP has played a major role in the prevention of great famines, in securing the survival of victims

of armed conflict and natural calamities and in the general worldwide fight against hunger. One of the

prominent characteristics of WFP is its ability to quickly and professionally gather, deliver and distribute

great quantities of food under the most difficult circumstances and conditions. In addition to that, WFP

performs logistics and food aid coordination.

ウ． The fertilizer and improved seed required to produce an additional tonne of maize grain by

Millennium Village farmers cost an average of $135 at Apri1 2008 prices, six times less than through

food aid. Purchasing that same tonne of maize locally---- in an African country or a neighboring one ----

costs approximately $320. If farmers in Africa raise their average cereal yields to 3 tonnes per hectare,

the additiona1 200 million tonnes grown in the 100 million hectares of smallholder crop land will more

than compensate for the total amount of 3.2 million tonnes of food aid.

43

工． Even buying food locally represents an important step away from the inefficient food-aid approach.

Some institutions have already begun to change their methods. In 2007, CARE International, a leading

relief organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, announced that it would stop monetizing food aid

(selling some of the food to fund their operations), essentially, losing $46 million a year. Also in 2007,

the World Food Programme procured 43% of the 2 million tonnes of food required for its Africa relief

operations from farmers in Africa at an average cost of $280 per tonne ----- compared with the average

cost of $436 for purchases elsewhere.

オ． Food aid fails to provide a sustainable solution to chronic hunger and poverty and it is comparatively

expensive. It costs $812 to deliver one tonne of maize as US food aid to a distribution point in Africa. As

part of the Millennium villages project, smallholder farmers (those who farm 0.1‐5 hectares ) in hunger

hot spots across Africa were provided with access to fertilizers, improved seed, technical support and

markets. As a result, maize yields more than doubled------- from l.7 to 4.l tonnes per hectare. And

following a national “smart'' subsidy programme for fertilizer and hybrid seed in Malawi, average maize

yields increased from 0.8 to 2.0 tonnes per hectare in two years.

(4)この文章の表題として、最も適切なものを次のうちから選び、その記号を記せ。

ア A Smarter Way to Combat Hunger

イ How to Help the Sick in the World

ウ Acutely Hungry and Chronically Hungry

工 A New Approach to Save Africa's Poor Children

オ More International Food Aid to the Hungry in Africa

44

12　次の英文を読み,以下の問いに答えよ。

Almost everyone has some idea of what global warming is all about, but no one is quite sure about its

consequences. A warmer climate is likely to mean changes to the weather in all parts of the world. And since

the atmosphere is closely linked to every aspect of the planet on which we live, any changes to climate will

have significant knock-on effects for plants and animals, as well as water and soils. We humans have learned

to use such natural resources to our advantage, to produce food, build great cities and support over six billion

members of the human race. Any changes to these resources have to be taken seriously. We need to know just

how the world will change, and what is causing these changes.

ア There is little doubt that over the last 100 years or so, human action has significantly increased the

atmospheric concentrations of several gases -----the so-called greenhouse gases---- which are closely related

to global temperature. イ 　 However, our poor knowledge and understanding of the global heat balance

make the current and future situations uncertain. ウ What we do know is that atmospheric concentrations of

greenhouse gases have fluctuated in close harmony with global temperatures over the past 4 0,000 years. エ

A lot of research has gone into predicting the conditions that will result from higher global

temperatures. (a) Most of this research uses computers programs known as general circulation models, or

GCMs. (b) They run on powerful supercomputers. (c) Using fundamental laws of physics and chemistry,

these programs analyze the interaction of temperature, pressures, solar radiation and other climatic factors to

predict future climatic conditions. (d) Unfortunately, they are mere simplifications of the real world and have

numerous deficiencies. (e) Their results are only approximate, and they are also very expensive to use. Part

of the problem is that we do not fully understand all the processes of the climatic system.

Despite these research difficulties, most people agree on perhaps the most important aspect of climatic

change from the viewpoint of contemporary human societies: the rate of change will be faster than anything

we have previously experienced. In this case, the approximate predictions produced by GCMs are being used

to gain some insight into the nature and conditions of the world that we will inhabit over the next few

generations.

Currently they suggest that the average annual global surface temperature will increase by between 1 ℃ and 3.5 ℃ by the year 2100; that the average sea level around the world will rise by 15 - 95 cm; and that

changes in patterns of precipitation will occur. Scientists also expect extreme weather conditions, such as

heat waves, floods, and droughts, to become more frequent in some places.

　 　 　 　

45

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

46

But probably the most dramatic and visible effect of global warming in the twenty-first century will be

the rise in sea levels. This will be caused by the thermal expansion of the oceans----warmer water occupies a

greater volume than cold water---- and the added input from melting ice. About half of the world's population

live in coastal zones, and the consequences of rising sea levels are potentially very severe. Increased flooding

and inundation are the most obvious results, with London, New York, and Tokyo being just a few of the

candidates for significant disruption. Huge number of people stand to lose their homes and livelihoods and

this could produce many millions of environmental refugees.

（１）以下の文は、第二段落のア～工のどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

It seems likely that these increased concentrations are already affecting global climate.

（２）第三段落の文(a)～ (e)のうち,段落の論旨と最も関係のうすいものはどれか。その記号を記

せ。

（３）上の文章で空白になっている第六段落から第九段落には、次のア～オのうちの四つの段落

が入る。それらを最も適切な順に並べた場合に、不要となる段落、二番目に来る段落、三段目

に来る段落はどれか、その記号を記せ。

ア．But this would not be true for all. In fact, some climate-change impacts will probably be beneficial.

Many scientists have already identified useful environmental trends that are closely linked to the warming

that has occurred to date. In Australia, for example, research has shown that the average yield of wheat

has increased by about o.5 tonnes per hectare since 1952,and climate trends have played a significant part

in this greater food production. The most important factor observed in this case was the rise in the

minimum temperature in recent decades.

イ． A further undesirable effect is likely to be changes to glacial processes. This will have an impact on

glacier ice, ground ice and sea ice, which in turn will affect vegetation, wildlife habitats and human

structures and facilities. Indeed, there is a strong possibility that the Arctic's ice cover will melt

completely, making marine transport and oil and gas exploration easier but increasing the danger from

icebergs.

ウ．These forecasts should leave us in little doubt about the potential impact of climatic change on the

natural environment and humans. Changes in climate have the potential to affect the ecosystem, including

forests and grasslands, and their ability to provide various benefits for people. Thus, the whole range of

resources on which we rely is sensitive to changes in climate. The effects, some of which are potentially

irreversible, are likely to be unfavorable in many areas.

47

エ．However, many of the predicted effects of future climate warming are far from beneficial. Relatively

small changes in climate can influence the availability of water, either due to long-term drying of the

climate or by increasing the frequency of droughts. Associated problems are likely to arise first in arid and

semi-arid regions, and more humid areas where demand or pollution has already created water shortages.

オ．The contribution of CO2 to this greenhouse effect is estimated to equal approximately 50% of the effect

of all greenhouse gases together, so reductions in CO2 emission are becoming extremely important. One of

the innovative technologies enabling CO2 reduction in the atmosphere is CO2 sequestration. In Japan, a six-

year project on CO2, sequestration Japanese coal seams was started in 2002.

(4)この文章の表題として,最も適切なものを次のうちから選び,その記号を記せ。

ア How to Prevent Global Warming

イ Global Warming Affecting Lifestyle

ウ Global Warming and Water Shortages

工 Causes and Consequences of Global Warming

オ The most Serious Impact of Human Activity on the Environment

48

13　次の英文の空白部分(1)～ (6)のそれぞれを埋めるのに最も適切なものを、ア～ クより１つ選んでその記号を記せ。ただし不要な選択肢が２つ含まれている。　　　　　　　　　［目標解答時間：１５分］

The bee colony is a very interesting and well-ordered place. There are three classes of bees:

the worker, the drone, and the queen. (1)

She usually lives from three to ten years. The total number of eggs that a queen bee lays in her lifetime

may be in the millions.

The drone bees are all males. They have only one function in life ----- to mate with a queen. When a

queen is ready to mate, she flies off and leaves the hive. The drones fo1low her. When a queen mates with a

drone, she receives sperm which she stores in her body. This is all the sperm she will need to fertilize eggs

for the rest of her life.

(2)

(3)

As they age, younger workers build and repair the hive, keep it clean, and also protect it from enemies.

A few other worker bees guard the entrance to the hive against dangerous enemies. About three weeks after

they hatch, workers take on the job of food gathering. It is only the grown workers that gather pollen and

nectar to make honey. (4)

Inside the ball, the temperature remains at about 32 degrees. If, on the other land, the temperature inside

the hive is too high, the bees bring in water and evaporate it by fanning their wings. The drying of the water

lowers the temperature in the hive.

The queen bee is able to regulate, or control, the size of the colony. She lays the eggs for the hive and

can regulate the number of worker or drone bees to be hatched. How is it possible, though, to have　600

times as many females as males? (5)

What if another queen is needed? The queen lays fertilized eggs, just as she does for worker bees. But

workers are immature, or not fully grown, females. They can never lay eggs. It is the food that the growing

larva eats that controls whether it hatches into a queen or remains a worker. The food is known as royal jelly.

It is made by glands in the heads of workers. How do the workers know when to feed the royal jelly to a

larva? The queen gives off a substance which 　 rubs off on the workers as they care for her. For Some

reason,

this substance keeps workers from making a new queen. (6)

49

50

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

51

ア．As the workers grow older, the jobs they do change. Newly hatched workers feed the queen and the

young larvae. This is no easy job, as a single larva may eat as many as 1,300 meals a day.

イ．To the workers, then, is left the job of caring for the hive, raising the young, and gathering food. As

you might expect, the worker class is by far the largest. All of the workers are females. In a single hive,

there may be only 100 drones, but there may be 60,000 workers. There is only one queen.

ウ．The queen bee can control the sex of a new bee. If she allows the egg to be fertilized, it will hatch as a

female. If she chooses not to fertilize the egg, it will become a male. The queen bee is thus able to regulate

the sex and class of all new bees in the hive.

エ．It is incorrect to say that bees collect honey; they collect nectar, from which they make honey. Freshly

collected nectar is distributed amongst the members of the colony who, by means of repeated

regurgitations, expose droplets of it to the warm air through their mouths. In this way, much of the water

evaporates and the substance then thickens once more in the open cells.

オ．Should the queen die, the workers will start feeding royal jelly to several larvae. When the first of

these new queens comes out from her queen cell, all the other unhatched queens are killed. In this way,

there is only one queen in the hive.

カ．The queen controls the reproduction of new bees in the hive. She lays eggs until she dies or is killed.

She may lay as many as 3,000 eggs a day.

キ．The work of digestion is thus performed in advance. Also, by a process still unknown to us, the honey

absorbs certain substances from the flowers and also from the bees' bodies which increase its food value.

ク．Worker bees also have another job. That is the job of keeping the temperature in the hive at a certain

level. When the temperature drops below 14 degrees, the bees gather in a ball and fan their wings rapidly.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

52

14　次の英文の空白部分(1)～ (6)のそれぞれを埋めるのに最も適切なものを、ア～クより１つ選んでその記号を記せ。ただし不要な選択肢が２つ含まれている。［目標解答時間：１５分］

(1)

For some, this is a sad ending to lazy days in the sun, but for many others this is a time of change and

new beginnings.

(2)　

You can easily guess some of the emotions he or she is experiencing. There is a fear of the unknown:

different culture, new people, a new place to live. Maybe this person is worried about being homesick, lonely

or hungry for miso soup! How can you help out?

First of all you should keep in touch. You can always make a telephone call. It's convenient, fast, and you

get to hear the person's voice. However you could call at a bad time, especially with the time difference　

overseas. Phone calls are also very expensive. (3)

Another idea is the“ care package," a box filled with goodies. Try to be original. Send special snacks,

make a tape of your friend's favorite songs, take crazy photos or send a video of people and places at home.

Decorate your package inside and out, but be sure the address and return address are easy to read.

(4)

Try taking advantage of today’s technology. If you have computer, all you need to do is get an

electronic mail account (these service providers are fairly common; ask about them in any store that has

computers). Your friend in America should have the use of a computer lab at school. If not, computers can be

found at a library, museum, or even a coffee shop. With e-mail, you can chat all across the world at a very

low cost!

(5)

(6)

ア．Try writing a letter. A letter gives you a chance to look over and think about what you have said. It has

your familiar handwriting and a Japanese stamp. It is a little piece of home.

イ．Perhaps this situation is related to the fact that the younger the person is, the greater his capacity to

absorb foreign languages.

ウ．Try to give encouragement to your friend. They will be experiencing many new things that will affect

them in different ways. Be open to these new ideas.

エ．For many students and teachers in America the beginning of September means it is time to go back to

school. The long summer holiday has finally come to a close.

53

オ．Encourage your friends to take chances to see new friends and to learn as much as possible. Most of all:

be yourself. Your friendship will provide enough strength to stand up to any culture shock or homesickness.

カ．There are also many companies that will send flowers, food or other products anywhere in America (all

you need is a credit card). Another good idea is to get your friend a subscription to a hometown newspaper

or magazine. Every month this will be a little reminder of home and of you.

キ．Every year an increasing number of Japanese students choose to study abroad in America. In fact, you

probably know of someone who is beginning a study abroad program.

ク．In America, finding ourselves learning how to live our lives, and with whom, are demanding tasks. It is

not surprising that our personal lives are so challenging and complex that they take just about all our

energy.

54

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

　

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

15　次の英文は、“What do dreams mean?”と題する，5 段落で構成される文章である。次の出だ

しの段落に段落（Ａ）～（Ｄ）を続ける場合，全体の論旨の展開から考えてどのような順

で並べると最も適切か答えなさい。

　　出だしの段落 Many dreams, at least the ones we remember, are so strange and interesting that it feels like they must have some deep meaning or important messages. The experts have very different opinions about this.

（Ａ） In spite of these differences, many dream experts agree that recurring dreams, dreams that you keep having over and over, probably have some sort of special meaning. Even if you consider most of your dreams to be strange stories that don’t relate to your normal life, it could be that a dream that keeps reappearing is trying to tell you something.

55

（Ｂ） Many dream researchers have views that are somewhere in between these two opinions. Dreams, they say, are not always filled with meaning. Sometimes dreams are just your mind playing with thoughts and images from your life, or things you may have read or seen on TV. But other times, dreams are a special opportunity for you to make sense of your life, especially things that you want to achieve, or things that cause you trouble or stress.

（Ｃ） Some believe that dreams aren’t connected to our real emotions or thoughts. Other dream specialists think that what we see in our dreams has very specific meaning for our life. Dreams, they feel, are like a window into our deepest desires and biggest fears, and interpreting our dreams (trying to find the hidden meaning) can help us figure out what’s really going on in our brains and our lives. In this theory, a dream is a direct message from your mind, telling you about problems that need to be solved, fears that need to be put to rest, or goals that need to be followed.

　（Ｄ） You might want to try remembering the details of a recurring dream and making sense of what it might be telling you.

出典 Dreams: What do dreams mean? It’s my life. PBS Kids. 2009 http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/index.html

　　　　　　　　　　　　（答）　　　　⇒ ⇒ ⇒ 　

56

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

57

16　次の英文を読み,以下の問いに答えよ。 ［目標解答時間：２０分］

A new magazine hit newsstands across the United States and Canada last month. Muslim Girls is a

glossy new lifestyle magazine that reflects the diversity among Muslim teens, inspires them and gives them a

face and a voice. The target audience for the new publication is Muslim girls in North America aged l4 to 18.

“We know from our research that that market is about 400,000 to 500,000 teen girls,” Muslim Girl editor

Ausma Khan says.

Muslim American teens share common ground with their non-Muslim peers. (a) “We know that they

tend to go to public schools, they watch television, they read teen magazines, they know how to use the

Internet, they play video games, they shop and talk on the phone a lot," Khan says. “(b) Those are things that

they have in common with their American peers. (c) What's different about them is that they are very proud

of their identity as Muslims, and that informs their daily life. (d) So, for example, they do things like Qura'an

Study or they may go to Islamic school. (e) They have aspects of their lives wherein they celebrate their

Islamic values."

And, Khan says, they have to deal with many challenges on an almost daily basis because of their faith.

"The American Muslim teen is maybe feeling alienated on questions such as boyfriends, relationships,

drinking and having certain types of freedoms," she says. "We know that they have to reconcile their own

personal religious values with the largely secular society that they live within. But we think that America is

such a wonderful country because it’s a place that allows you to really negotiate these differences and to

speak up for your own individuality as long as you respect the rights of others."

ア 　“We have a regular column called 'Relationship Reality Check' where we have girls write in and

talk to us about what they see as their relationship dilemmas,” says Khan. 　イ This might just be

between parents and children, or between siblings, or it could be about a girl and a boy, how she fits in or

how she resists certain pressures in American society. ウ We're also going to tackle issues like dating

from the Muslim perspective ---- what do the girls really think about it? What do their parents think about

it? エ How do parents and children communicate on these issues?" オ

58

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

(1)第二段落の文(a)～(e)のうち,段落の論旨と最も関係がうすいものはどれか。その記号を記せ。

(2)以下の文は,第四段落のア～ オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

Muslim Girl’s main goal is to give these teens a voice, and encourage them to talk openly about what concerns them.

(3)上の文章の末尾には,次のア～工の四つの段落が入る。それらを適切な順に並べ替えよ。

ア． January's premiere issue also includes a feature by Inas Younis, an Iraqi American from Kansas. She

wrote about the diversity of the Muslim American population in her story, `Growing up American.' “

‘Growing up American' is really a profile of six different girls from across the country, from different

backgrounds, with different ages and different points of view,” Younis says, “all of them talking about

59

what's important to them being a Muslim girl." The group includes African Americans, girls from Arab

countries, and girls who are half American, half Pakistani. “In spite of the fact that they come from

different backgrounds and were raised in different circumstances; some were in very strict religious

schools, some were in public schools, some were home schooled,'' Younis says, “they still have a lot in

common.''

イ． Like other teen magazines, Muslim Girl also includes regular features about pop culture, music, sports

and international travel. Editor Ausma Khan hopes the magazine will soon be distributed outside the

United States and become a bridge between young Muslim women all around the world.

ウ． The magazine also spotlights girls who are making a difference. Khan says those unsung heroines can

inspire others and dispel the notion that Muslim women conform to one particular model. "In our launch

issue we have these two amazing stories about two Muslim girls," she says. "One is a young woman by the

name of Arshia Khan, who joined the peace corps and worked in Malawi for two years as an

environmental worker. The other is our Muslim Girl of the Month. Her name is Khadija Taufique. After

the 2004 Indonesia tsunami, she worked very hard with other Muslim youth in her community to raise

funds for the victims of the tsunami in Indonesia. Then she went there personallty to deliver that aid."

工． Younis believes Muslim girls need to hear about Muslim women who are successfully pursuing

unconventional dreams. She has written an article about one such role model for an upcoming issue. “I did

an interview with Baroness Uddin,” she says. “ I met her in New York at a conference that was an

initiative to empower Muslim women worldwide. She is the first Bengali Muslim woman to ever be

appointed to the House of Lords in the British Parliament. She is an amazing role model. She married

young, had 5 children, was very socially active and rose in the political arena.”

60

(4)この文章の表題として、最も適切なものを次のうちから選び、その記号を記せ。

ア Islamic Values and Ideas

イ New Lifestyle Magazine Targets

ウ The American Muslims

工 The Clash of Civilizations in the USA

オ The Difficulties of Muslim Girls in the West　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

　

17　次の英文を読み,以下の問いに答えよ。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　［目標解答時間２

０分］

Many diseases are endemic in the developing world, yet for a number of these there are few safe and

effective treatments. This lack of medicines results from an industrial model that has been in place for more

than 50 years. Basic scientific research carried out in the public sector is translated into life-saving

medicines mainly by pharmaceutical companies. This is a lengthy, onerous and expensive process-----taking

about 15 years and costing hundreds of millions of dollars per drug----and comes with a high risk of failure.

Nevertheless, more than 90% of new molecular entities discovered and developed as medicines between

1990 and 1999 originated from pharmaceutical companies.

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Drug firms may be the main source of new therapies, but they remain commercial entities that can

invest the considerable resources required to translate basic science into an effective medication only when

there is a reasonable chance of financial return.

There is little opportunity to get an adequate return on investment for infectious diseases such as

tuberculosis(TB), dengue fever, malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), which mainly

affect people living in resource poor regions. In other words, market mechanisms fail in these cases, and

there is insufficient drug-discovery research and development (R&D) for these common infectious diseases.

Some organizations interested in improving access to medicines in the developing world, such as

Medicines Sans Frontireres and Oxfam, think that a major impediment to affordable medicines is the patent

system. But this is not the case. This system protects intellectual property in countries whose economies are

based ,to a large extent, on innovation. A patent is defined as a grant by the state of exclusive rights for a

limited time in respect of a new and useful invention. (a)These rights usually imply that, for a limited time,

only the innovator, or a person or entity licensed by the innovator, can sell products based on the invention.

(b) This offers the innovator an opportunity to recover the investment needed to develop the invention into a

practical product. (c) Without this incentive, important discoveries would never be developed into useful

products. (d) Modern patent law provides protection for 20 - 25 years, which should be compared with the 15

years, on average, needed for the discovery and development of a new drug. (e) In return for these rights, the

innovator discloses a description of the invention that allows other experts to reproduce the key findings.

The patent system is firmly based on the premise that knowledge is gained only through a full

understanding and appreciation of previously published advances. 　ア　　In the absence of a patent, the

only way inventors can protect their investments is through total secrecy, which is counter to furthering

innovation. 　イ　　It is only when patents are used excessively to protect information ------ to the extent

that researchers cannot use a patent-protected invention in their studies ------ that the system is a considerable

barrier to further innovation. 　ウ　 　 To prevent 　 such abuse of patents, several countries have

implemented the "research exemption," which allows scientists to use patent-protected technology freely for

their research provided they do not exploit it commercially. 　エ　 　 In light of these issues, the

protection of intellectual property with patents is crucial for pharmaceutical companies to discover and

develop new drugs for the developing world. 　オ　　

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63

注：　artemisinin「アルテミシエン」(マラリア治療薬)

(1)第四段落の文(a)～(e)のうち,段落の論旨と最も関係のうすいものはどれか。その記号を記せ。

(2)以下の文は、第五段落のア～オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

This is a fact often ignored by those who consider that patent prevents research.

(3)上の文章の空所には,次のア～工の四つの段落が入る。それらを適切な順に並べ替えなさい。

ア． Most of these drugs originate from R & D programs in pharmaceutical companies and are patented

accordingly. But these patents are not used to enforce unaffordable prices in the developing world or to

prevent manufacturers from selling generic versions of these drugs in developing regions.

イ．Thus drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies as part of public-private partnerships are patented

by industry, as it is the discoverer. But they are exclusively licensed for treating neglected diseases in

agreements stipulating that the drugs will be available at cost price to the deve10ping world.

ウ． In the past decade or so, the drug industry has formed partnerships with the public sector, generating

pipelines of early-stage potential medicines for certain neglected diseases. These partnerships include the

Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi ) and the

Medicines for Malaria Venture. In 2004, 63 new drugs were being pursued by this approach.

工． An example of this is a new artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria, developed by sanofi-

aventis in collaboration with the DNDi. This treatment, which is on the World Health Organization's list of

essential medicines, will be available in most of sub-Saharan Africa next year. The French pharmaceutical

company has set aside its patent rights and will supply the medicine at cost price to the poorest

populations in countries in which malaria is endemic.

(4)この文章の表題として,最も適切なものを次のうちから選び,その記号を記

ア Protecting intellectual Property

イ How to Treat Neglected Diseases

ウ Patents Of Pharmaceutical Companies

工 Infectious Diseases in the Developing World

オ Effects of Patents on Drugs for Neglected Diseases　

64

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

65

18　次の英文の空白部分(1)～ (6)のそれぞれを埋めるのに最も適切なものを、ア～クより１つ

選んでその記号を記せ。ただし不要な選択肢が２つ含まれている。　　　　　　　［目標解答

時間：２０分］

The oldest existing map appears on a clay tablet made in Babylonia (now part of Iraq) around 2500 B.C.

This map seems to show a settlement in a river valley. The Babylonians had a

lasting influence on mapmaking. (1)

The Egyptians made maps as early as 1300 B.C. They developed techniques of surviving, probably to

remap property boundaries each year after the Nile River flooded its banks.

The Greeks made great advances in geometry and surveying, and they developed systems of map

projection. The Greeks also speculated about the size and shape of the earth. Many of them believed it was a

sphere. The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with remarkable

accuracy around 250 B.C.

The most influential mapmaker of ancient times was probably Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer and

geographer who worked in Alexandria, Egypt, around A.D. 150. Ptolemy

brought together what was known about the world in his eight― volume Geography. (2)

(3)

During the 1300's, however, European mapmakers began producing portolan charts, a group of maps notable

for their accuracy. These navigation aids showed the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and nearby regions

in great detail. Lines across the map helped sailors determining compass directions.

During the Middle Ages, progress in mapmaking occurred mainly in the Arab world and China. Arab

scholars developed methods of determining latitude and longitude after Ptolemy's Geography was translated

into Arabic in the 800.

(4)

Advances in European Cartography followed several developments of the 1400's. First, the translation of

Ptolemy's works into Latin led to the rediscovery of his methods of map

projection and of locating places systematically. (5)

By the late 1400’s, educated Europeans had accepted the idea that the world is round. In 1492,the year

that Christopher Columbus discovered the New World, German merchant and navigator named Martin

Behaim produced a globe that recorded the world as Europeans knew it before Columbus' voyage. Behaim's

globe lacked the Americans, of course, and it described the

66

Atlantic Ocean as much smaller than it actually is. (6)

ア．The earliest known printed map appeared in a Chinese encyclopedia around 1155, more than 300 years

before printed maps were produced in Europe.

イ ． In 1569, Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator published the first map based on his Mercator

projection, which was of great value to sailors.

ウ．It included maps and a list of about 8,000 places along with their latitude and longitude. Ptolemy also

provided instructions for various systems of map projection.

エ．By the early 1500's, mapmakers had begun including the New world on their maps. The name America

first appeared on a map produced in 1507 by a German cartographer, Martin Waldseemuller.

オ． The first collection of maps made specifically to be combined into an atlas was produced by the

Flemish mapmaker Abraham Ortelius in 1570.

カ．second, the invention of the printing press in the mid-1400's made maps more widely available. Many

identical copies could be produced by printing maps instead of copying them by hand. Third an age of

exploration opened in the late 1400's, which increased knowledge of the world and interest in mapmaking.

キ．They developed the system of dividing a circle into 360 equal parts called degrees. we use this system

to measure latitude and longitude.

ク． Little scientific progress occurred in European mapmaking during most of the Middle Ages, the period

that lasted from about 400 to the late 1400's.　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

67

19　次の英文の空白部分(1)～ (6)のそれぞれを埋めるのに最も適切なものを、ア～ クより１つ

選んでその記号を記せ。ただし不要な選択肢が２つ含まれている。 ［目標解答時間：２０

分］

Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson first meet in Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet. Despite Holmes’s

great intellectual abilities, Watson is astonished to discover that Holmes is entirely ignorant of the

Copernican theory, according to which the earth and the other planets

travel around the sun. (1)

In their quaint Victorian way, Watson and Holmes raise a question that is still of fundamental importance

today. Does it really matter whether people bow anything about basic scientific questions like the

relationship between the earth and the sun, the structure of the atom, or the

nature of life? (2)

I believe there are, at least, three very good reasons why we should care. First, science is the outstanding

feature of our culture and people deserve to know about it. If you doubt this, try asking yourself the

following questions: for what area of creative achievement, above a1l others, will our civilisation be

remembered, centuries millennia from now? Will it be for the brilliance of our architecture, for the quality

of our fine art, or for the excellence of our literature? (3)

(4)

Although many scientists are surprisingly reticent about saying so, the plain fact is that these ( among, of

course, many others) are fascinating things to know about. People deserve to share the great secrets that

science is continually uncovering. Poor old Sherlock; he really didn't know what he was missing.

(5)

Think of almost anything we do -----eating, having babies, working, taking holidays-----and you find that it

is shaped by science.

(6)

We need to know at least something about science in order to make some sense of everyday things like these.

ア．My second reason for caring about the public understanding of science is more practical. Science is

not just the thing our culture does best, it is also the thing that most profoundly influences the way we live.

イ．My last reason for caring about the public understanding of science is political. Given that science

68

influences almost every aspect of our lives, it is inevitable that scientific questions are involved in many,

perhaps even most, public policy issues.

ウ． I doubt it. I think, when everything else has turned to dust, we shall still be remembered for the

extraordinary advances we have made in understanding the world and our place in it.

エ．For those of us with wider interests, science is everywhere------at work (the job looks interesting but

will I be able to cope with the information technology involved?); and at home (the microwave oven looks

convenient, but how does that microwave actually work and is it really safe?); in the supermarket (shall I

buy irradiated food because it's supposed to be germ-free, or avoid it because some people say it's

dangerous?) and in the doctor's surgery (shall I ask about that worrying problem, and if so will I be able to

understand the doctor's reply?).

オ． Imagine, then, his surprise when Holmes refuses to be enlightened on the matter: '"What the deuce is

to me?" he interrupted impatiently: "you say we go round the sun. If we went round the moon it would not

make a pennyworth of difference to me or to my work"'

カ．Wherever we turn among departments of government, we find that one or another aspect of science is

involved. Obviously, government takes scientific advice as it feels the need of it; but where does that leave

the rest of us?

キ．Shall we take the side of Watson, and say that such things are part of what every civilised human being

ought to know; or shall we agree with Holmes, and say: what the deuce is it to me? In short, why should

we care about the public understanding of science?

ク．In terms of history, ours is the age that first discovered what kind of place the universe really is, and

what kind of thing a living organism really is.　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

69

20　次の起業家(entrepreneur)に関する英文を読み、以下の問いに答えよ。　［目標解答時間：

２０分］Governments around the world want to promote entrepreneurship.　Though most business startups will

never amount to much, each little company is an experiment, and a great dea1 of experimentation is

necessary to produce the occasional firm that can transform a nation's economy ----- or even rise to

international significance. In short, entrepreneurship is the motivating force that is essential to long-term

economic success.

In explaining the variation in levels of entrepreneurship across countries, much attention is devoted

nowadays to differences in national attitudes and policies. But there are also significant differences in levels

of entrepreneurship within individual countries. People from Shanghai are said to be more entrepreneurial

than people in Beijing. People in the Ukrainian town of Kherson are more entrepreneurial than people from

Kiev.

In a recent study, Mariassunta Giannetti and Andrei Simonov of the Stockholm School of Economics

show the magnitude of differences in levels of entrepreneurship in different Swedish cities. They define

entrepreneurs as people who report income from a company that they run and work in at least part-time, and

find that the proportion of entrepreneurs in the population differs substantially in the 289 cities that they

studied, ranging from 1.5 to 18.5 percent.

What can these differences tell us about the real causes of entrepreneurship? Policy changes at the

national level cannot account for the variation Giannetti and Simonov found. In the 1980s and early 1990s,

the Swedish government got rid of centralized wage‐setting agreements and cut personal and corporate tax

rates. The level of entrepreneurial activity in the country as a whole doubled as a result, but the response vas

very different from one city to another. Why?

ア 　Cultural factors seem to explain a lot. イ 　Religion and politics accounted for about half of

the variation across cities. ウ 　 Cities tended to have more entrepreneurs if they had a high proportion of

pensioners who were members of the Church of Sweden and a high proportion of right-wing voters. エ

Beyond that, it seems that once a culture of entrepreneurialism is established it feeds on itself and that culture

spreads and thrives. オ 　 The reason is that once an　entrepreneurial culture takes root, people tend to

learn more about business and begin to feel attracted by it ------ even if it doesn't yield an immediate or

guaranteed payoff.

(a) Indeed, Giannetti and Simonov discovered that the average income of entrepreneurs was lower in high-

entrepreneurship cities than in the low-entrepreneurship ones. (b) Similarly, studies from other countries show

that entrepreneurs often have lower initial earnings and earnings growth than they would have as employees.

(c) Their earnings, however, sometimes increase significantly within the first year of becoming an

entrepreneur. (d) What these studies suggest is that differences in the degree of entrepreneurship may not be

due so much to better economic opportunities. (e) Instead, cultural differences that make entrepreneurship

personally more rewarding play the biggest role in determining the extent to which people are

entrepreneurial.

70

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

71

(1)以下の文は,第五段落のア～オのどの位置に補うのが最も適切か。その記号を記せ。

Cities with more entrepreneurs tend to produce still more entrepreneurs.

(2)第六段落の文(a)～(e)のうち,段落の論旨と最も関係のうすいものはどれか。その記号を記せ。

(3)上の文章の末尾には,次のア～ 工の四つの段落が入る。それらを適切な順に並べ替えよ。

ア ． The idea that prestige is important is not new. In her book “ Money, Morals and Manners," the

socio1ogist Michele Lamont compared definitions of success in France and the United States. She

interviewed people in both countries and asked them what it meant to be a “worthy person." In essence,

she was asking people about their sense of what is important in life and about their own personal sense of

identity. Lamont's study confirmed the conventional wisdom that Americans value business success, while

the French place greater value on culture and quality of life. Likewise, open contempt of “money‐hungry”

businesspeople and competition is expressed more often in France than in America.

イ． All this suggests that virtually every country is a collection of local cultures that differ in how they

motivate people and shape their personal identity. Differences in how these cultures define what it means

to be a worthy person probably explain much of the variation in levels of entrepreneurship. In fact,

national success in entrepreneurship depends on the evolution of local cultures and their interaction with

national policies.

ウ． Yet, while Lamont focused on differences between the French and the Americans, her study's most

interesting finding was that of significant differences between regions within France. She compared

Clermont-Ferrand, a city in Auvergne, in the center of France, with Paris. Auvergne's inhabitants have a

reputation for being stingy and stern and, despite substantial recent progress, for a relative lack of high

culture. Lamont found that people in both Paris and Clermont-Ferrand tended to express contempt for

"money-grubbing." But the Clermontois valued "simplicity, pragmatism, hard work, and resolve," while

the Parisians put more stress on "style and brilliance." She concluded that "In many respects the

Clermontois are closer to the residents of the U.S. state of Indiana than to the Parisians." Her evidence

suggests that in Clermont-Ferrand, as compared to Paris, there is a higher innate desire to start small

businesses.

72

エ． This hypothesis is supported by Giannetti and Simonov, who argue that differences in the prestige of

entrepreneurs across cities may account for differences in levels of entrepreneurship. In some cities,

entrepreneurs enjoy high social status, regardless of whether they are already successful; elsewhere they

are looked down upon and other occupations are more admired.

(4)この文章の表題として,最も適切なものを次のうちから選び,その言己号を記せ。

ア The Economy's Impact on Culture

イ How Best to Promote Entrepreneurship

ウ What Makes People Start Their Own Business?

工 Differences in Entrepreneurship in Various Countries

オ Entrepreneurship as a Quick Means to Achieve Wealth

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

73

　■文法・語法・構文＋内容面から攻める！・・・・この形式は満点を狙おう！

(A)　次の英文の下線部(1)～(5)には、取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつある。該当する語

を記せ。

Young people tend to prefer part-time job rather than full-time jobs. (1)According to a brief from a white paper on labor, the number of young people who choose to work for part-time instead of full-time is estimated at 1.51 million. (2)Many young people leave from their jobs voluntarily and graduates settle for part-time jobs without even trying to find full-time employment. The white paper stresses the need to create opportunities for young people to work while going to school because the tendency to choose part-time work may increase the overall unemployment rate. (3)While it is increasingly common for industrialized countries to have had high rates of unemployment among young people, in Japan, the percentage is extreme. The ratio of graduates not seeking full-time work is increasing every year. (4)Young people want to be part-time workers because they are a little attracted by the prospect of working for big companies or gaining social status, and because they do not have specific goals for the future, the paper said. (5)To lure young people back to the labor market, the white paper proposes that measures such as creating opportunities for students to get work experience, guidance at home and creating an environment in which it is easier to change jobs.

（Ｂ）　次の英文の下線部(l)～(5)には、文法上あるいは文脈上、取り除かなければならない語が

一語ずつある。解答欄に該当する語を記せ。

Many kinds of high-tech devices use batteries. If you look around, you can find various kinds of batteries in digital cameras, audio players, computer- related equipment, remote controls and so on. (1) It is convenient for us to be able to use these devices without having to plug them in that. (2) The disadvantage of butteries is that they don’t last with long, and we have to replace them when they run down. (3) Dry batteries such as manganese or alkaline type batteries, which are now the most popular, any no longer use poisonous mercury, so they can be disposed of as nonburnable garbage. In Japan most of the batteries disposed of are being recycled.

In recent years, rechargeable batteries have come into widespread use. (4) The most popular type is disposable nickel hydride batteries, which can be recharged up to about one thousand times. (5) Recharging a battery costs only a few yen, not much cheaper than buying new batteries whenever they run down. There is no great difference in performance between conventional disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. If rechargeable batteries canreplace conventional disposable ones, it will be more earth-friendly and will help save precious resources.　

74

Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ　文法・語法・構文把握系問題　厳選１０題

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

(Ｃ) 次の英文の下線部（１）～（５）には、文法上取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつある。

該当する語を記せ。

(1)Children born into mixed language or immigrant families have an early language development which is in many ways different from that are experienced by those born into monolingual majority language families. (2)In the case of mixed language families, where both languages are used at home, the child’s main difficulty which is caused by the relatively small amount of input in each language. (3)Where monolingual English babies hear both parents saying the same words to them, as in ‘Here’s your Teddy’, ‘Where’s Teddy now?’ ,’What a nice Teddy!’, and children whose parents speak different languages to them will get only half as much input in each language. (4)If parents do not spend equal amounts of time talking to their children, which is by the way things work out in most families, there will be even less chance

75

for the children to learn the words of one of the languages. (5)The children are going to have a harder time separating the stream of sound into meaningful chunks of language than if they had only one language, because they will hear the same words as being repeated less frequently.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

(Ｄ) 次の英文(1)~(5)には，取り除かなければならない語が１語ずつある。該当する語を記せ。

(1) Most clothes worn today are ready-to-wear garments. Mass production of clothing saves customers from both the time of making clothes themselves and the money spent on clothes made by a tailor.

(2) In the United States, most large clothing manufacturers employ their own designers. These experts create original styles in addition to those of which come from Paris and the other fashion centers.

(3) After a designer has an idea for a style, he or she chooses the colors and types of fabrics from which to make the garment with.

(4) If the buyers see a style which they think that will be very much liked by their customers, they order garments of the design.

(5) If enough people buy a particular style, stores will reorder it from the manufacturer. If customers don't ignore a style, it soon disappears - and another style takes its place.

76

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

（Ｅ）次の英文(1)～(5)には、文法上あるいは文脈上,取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつある。　解答用紙の所定欄に該当する語を記せ。

(1) Scientists have been skeptical of claims and of mathematical abilities in animals ever since the case of Clever Hans about 100 years ago. (2) The horse, which performed arithmetic and other intellectual tasks to be delighted European audiences, was in reality simply taking subconscious cues from his trainer. (3) Modern examples, such as Alex the African grey parrot, which could count up getting to six and knew sums and differences, are seen by some as special cases or the product of conditioning.

(4) Recent studies, however, have uncovered new instances of a counting skill in different species, suggesting that mathematical abilities could be more fundamental in biology than they

77

previously thought. (5) Under certain conditions, monkeys could sometimes outperform over college students.

（Ｆ） 次の英文(1)～(5)には、文法上あるいは文脈上、取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつ

ある。解答用紙の所定欄に該当する語を記せ。

(1) In an article published in 1982,the image of broken windows was used to explain how neighborhoods might decay into disorder and crime even if no one attends to their maintenance (2) According to the article, a broken factory window suggests to passers-by that no one who is in charge. (3) In time a few more windows are broken by rock-throwing youths, and until then passers-by begin to think that no one cares about the whole street. (4) Soon, not only criminals and the young are prepared to use the street, which then attracts prostitution, drug-dealing and such until, in due course, someone is murdered. (5)In this way, small disorders lead to larger disorders, and eventually to stop serious crimes.

78

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

79

（Ｇ）次の英文の下線部①～⑤にはそれぞれ誤りがある。その誤りを訂正し，下線部全体を書き

換えよ。

The present population of Earth is estimated at 6,400 million people, and calculations, ①based success of

present population control programmes, put it at 6,800 million by the year 2010. There have been some

optimistic predictions ②that technological and natural resources can be developed to feed, clothe and

house very larger populations than this.

The immediate fact is, however, ③that as many as two-thirds of the world's present population are

suffered from malnutrition and that the threat of large-scale famine is still with us despite some nutritional

advances. Pollution and ecological disruption are already affecting some food sources, and frequently

efforts to raise nutritional standards are themselves polluting.

Moreover, population figures are misleading, since they do not take into consideration the factor of

consumption. ④It has been estimated that a child was born in the United States today will consume during

his lifetime at least twenty times as much as one born in India, and contribute about fifty times as much

pollution to the environment. In terms of environmental influence, therefore, ⑤the most industrialized

countries are also the most dense populated.　

　　

（Ｈ）次の英文（１）～（５）には、文法上取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつある。解答

用紙の所定欄に該当する語を記せ。

（1） This may all sound horribly sexist, but there is now convincing scientific evidence to show that

although cultural influences are important, as it is the type of brain we are born with that

determines the differences in the psychology of the sexes.

（2） Another kind of story in which is important for the growing child is the one which represents

things which are not always true, but which ought to be.

（3） The Tokyo students when interviewed were much more controlled over and revealed far less of

their feeling through nonverbal behavior than did the Americans.

（4） The expected increase in carbon dioxide（CO2）is due to the burning fossil fuels could create a

“plant heaven.” CO2 acts as fertilizer for plants.

（5） Never before have societies been left it almost completely to the commercial market to determine

their values and their role models.

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（Ｉ）次の英文の下線部(1)～(5)には,文法上あるいは文脈上,取り除かなければならない語が一語

ずつある。該当する語を記せ。

Bruce Hood usually conducts experiments under much more rigorous conditions than this, but since he had a large audience one recent evening in London, the University of Bristol psychology professor figured he'd seize the opportunity. (1) H o lding up an old cardigan, he asked whether anyone would be willing to wear it even if he paid them twenty pounds, or about forty dollars. Every hand shot up. Then Hood added that the sweater had been worn by a notorious murderer. All but a couple of hands disappeared. (2)“People have a tendency to view evil as so m ething physical , even tangible, and are able to infect the sweater as easily as lice," Hood says. That idea helps explain a number of supernatural beliefs, he argues: (3) "Th e i dea o f spirits

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and souls appearing in this world becomes more plausible if we believe in general that the nonphysical can transfer it over to the physical world. "

And believe it we do. (4) A Ga l lup poll found that only 7 percent of Americans do not believe in telepathy, ghosts, past lives or other supernatural phenomena, which may have more than a little to do away with the rising popularity of Halloween . Even eminent rationalists like Alfred Wallace believed in ghosts, haunted houses, levitation and clairvoyance. But "supernatural" - anything that cannot be explained by laws of physics or biology ------ also encompasses more mundane phenomena. (5) It includes the be lief that you can not feel someone staring a t you f r o m behind, and that if you think about someone he or she is more likely to phone you.

（Ｊ）次の英文(1)～(5)には,文法上あるいは文脈上,取り除かなければならない語が一語ずつある。

該当する語を記せ。

(1) Typically, nationalism involves the idea that a group has with a right to political autonomy by virtue of its common language, unique customs, and shared origin.

(2) In China, 5 per cent of the population as a whole is classified as obese, but look at the cities, and find that figure increases to 20 per cent.

(3) Learning from our mistakes and holding on to our memories help us become deeper individuals with a better sense regardless of who we are and how we choose to live our lives.

(4) There are many things about humans that are unique, but perhaps the most extraordinary characteristics our capacity to conceptualize the world and to communicate those conceptions symbolically -----this capacity what anthropologists call 'culture.'

(5) The subconscious mind consists of a field of consciousness, in which every impulse of thought that reaches the conscious mind through any of the five senses is classified and recorded, and from which thoughts may be called or withdrawn such as letters may be taken from a filing cabinet.

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