1

雲端衝擊下的圖書典藏

黃鴻珠

淡江大學圖書館

2011-11-10

2

綱要

前言

紙本圖書典藏的問題

如何解決紙本圖書的典藏

雲端下的紙本圖書典藏

我國紙本圖書典藏的建議

結語

3

前言

What to withdraw? Print collection

management in the wake of digitization

4

What to withdraw ?(1/2)

1. Digitizes with high standards of quality?

2. Errors are actively being corrected?

3. Digital copies are reliably preserved?

4. Image-intensive?

5. Terms of provision are reliable?

http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/research/what-to-withdraw/What%20to%20Withdraw%20-%20Print%20Collections%20Management%20in%20the%20Wake%20of%20Digitization.pdf

5

What to withdraw? (2/2)

6. How should individual libraries handle these

materials?

7. Time horizon for ensuring that some print

copies are retained across the community?

8. Level of assurance that at least one copy

remains after the state time horizon?

6

書本的危機

Codex in crisis

RLG Partnership Annual Meeting 2010 “When the books leave the building : The Future of Research Libraries, Collections and Services ”

6 Reasons We're In Another 'Book-Burning' Period in History， S Peter Davis October 11, 2011

7

6 Reasons We're In Another 'Book-Burning'

Period in History，

6. A Library Near You Is Doing It Right Now

5. It's Cheaper Than Giving Them Away

4. It Has to Be Done in Secret.

3.The Economy Is Killing the Library

2. Libraries Can't Grow Fast Enough

1. The Books Are Going Digital

http://www.cracked.com/article_19453_6-reasons-were-in-another-book-burning-period-in-history.html

8

UCSD 大量淘汰圖書

As Library Footprint Shrinks, University of

California, San Diego, Weeds 150,000 Volumes

Library at Scripps Institution of Oceanography

scheduled to close in 2012

By Bob Warburton Oct 18, 2011

http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/home/892450-

264/as_library_footprint_shrinks_university.html.csp

9

Constance Malpas, “Change in emphasis: share printed environment” in

RLG Partnership symposium, 2010http://www.slideshare.net/oclcr/books-leave-the-building-malpas-final

Change in Emphasis: Shared Print Environment (Malpas) 2

An end to magical thinking

The books have already left

the building.

>70 million volumes off-site

• 30% of Columbia’s collection

• 40% of UC Berkeley’s

• 50% of UCLA’s

• +50% of Harvard’s, etc.

6 editions held by 1,116 libraries

No evidence that loss of browsing

has adversely affected scholarship

or institutional reputation

10

圖書典藏面臨的問題

紙本與電子書同時劇增

讀者使用空間的需求

11

電子書典藏的問題

單館 vs 聯盟

單冊 vs 合集

限期 vs 永久

在地 vs 雲端

12

紙本與電子書的量同時劇增

5 Myths about the “Information Age”

1. The book is dead

2. We have entered the information age

3. All information is now available online

4. Libraries are obsolete

5. The future is digital

By Robert Darnton ，5 Myths About the ‘Information Age’, The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 17, 2011

http://chronicle.com/article/5-Myths-About-the-Information/127105/

13

紙本圖書出版情況

2011年全球年出版 100 萬種

2010 -10-01 英國出現“Super Thursday” ，當日出版 800 種

美國 2009 年出版 288,355 種

美國 2009 年非正式管道出版 764,448 種

By Robert Darnton ，5 Myths About the 'Information Age'

The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 17, 2011

http://chronicle.com/article/5-Myths-About-the-Information/127105/

14

ARL 2008-2009 圖書年增量http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat09.pdf

15

美國著名圖書館年增量

美國研究圖書館圖書年成量為 2%

Reshaping the Research Library: Some Observations on the Future

of Academic Collections

16

讀者使用空間的需求

Library as a Place

Place as a Library

Information Commons

Learning Commons

17

Ohio State University

http://chronicle.com/blogPost/Library-Renovation-at Ohio/4700

18

解決紙本圖書的典藏

進行淘汰

調整典藏地館外典藏

聯合典藏

高密度倉儲典藏

圖書數位化

推動圖書徵集新政策PDA、DDA、UDA

提供新服務POD、Espresso Book Machine

19

The rationale for weeding (1/2)

1.Electronic resources are the dominant information format

2.Print use is low and declining

3.Library stacks and storage facilities are crowded

4.Library space is wanted for other purposes

http://sampleandhold-

r2.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html

20

The rationale for weeding (2/2)

5. Keeping print books on the shelves is expensive

6. Many copies of the same titles exist in many libraries

7. Secure digital versions exist for millions of titles

8. The infrastructure to support sharing exists and is growing

9. Savings from adopting shared print can support other library services

21

圖書使用調查 –

The University of Pittsburgh

1969 年購置的 36,892 冊書

觀察 6 年內借出與未借出的情況

結果發現約 40% 的書 6 年內未被借出

2 年內未借出的書未來被借的機率為 1/4

6 年內未借出的書未來被借的機率為 1/50

Use of Library Materials: The University of Pittsburgh Study, by Allen Kent，New York： Marcel Dekker, 1979http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/

22

OhioLINK-OCLC Collection and

Circulation Analysis Project 2011

Encompasses 89 libraries and tracks collection overlap and circulation activity across 30 million items

The circulation activity is drawn from the Spring of 2007 and 2008

The analysis of a year’s statewide circulation statistics indicate that 80% of the circulation is driven by just 6% of the collection.

23

汰書原則 – Ohio State University

1. Their content is available in electronic format and digital preservation standards and best practices are assured.

2. A minimum of two copies of the same print resources are available in OhioLINK’s depository system, or when an electronic resource supersedes or renders a printed resource obsolete.

3. Consult with appropriate teaching faculty and other interested users about the proposed withdrawals.

24

Book De-selection Principles –

Grand Valley State University

Withdrawal candidate criteria

No circulations since 1998

Publication year before 2000

More than 100 US holdings

More than 10 in-state holdings (Michigan)

Not listed in Resources for College Libraries

Never reviewed in CHOICE

http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html

25

Book retained Principles –

Grand Valley State University

Fewer than 10 US holdings

Not represented in Hathi Trust

No circulations since 1998

Publication year before 2000

http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html

26

Sample Withdrawal Candidate List

http://sustainablecollections.com/storage/sample_reports/sample-withdrawal-

list.png

27

聯合典藏

分享空間

1902 年哈佛大學校長 Eliot 即提出

分享空間與館藏

Center for Research Libraries

1949 the Midwest Inter-Library Center (MILC)

1960 年代中期更為現代名稱

由地區發展到全國、全球

28

高密度典藏系統

北美地區現有 70 座

管理、合作的模式不一

29

CIC/Committee on Institutional Cooperation

Shared print storage project

Short term goal: Create immediate

opportunities to relieve space pressures at CIC

libraries

Medium term goal: Systematic plan for

managing lesser used print collections

Long term goal: Advance nationally

coordinated efforts in print preservation

30

WEST

Collection Development and Management

Licensed Resources

Shared print

Mass Digitization

Digital Special Collections

Shared Cataloging

31

UKRR (UK Reserch Reserve)

UKRR is a club

A partnership between 29 UK universities and the

British Library

Shared responsibility for the distributed UKRR

collection

Encourages culture change:

Owning physical collections is no longer the only sign of a

good library

http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/dareshorley.pdf

32

How are UKRR members rewarded for taking

part?

• For every metre of material offered for checking

UKRR pays the library £26

• Guaranteed 24 hour desk top document delivery from

BLDSC

http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/dareshorley.pdf

33

圖書大量數位化

Google Books Search

HathiTrust

Internet Archive

Open Book Alliance

Project Gutenberg

The Digital Public Library of America

The European Library

中美百萬冊數字圖書館

34

Google Books Library Project

The Library Project's aim is simple: make it easier for people to find relevant books – specifically, books they wouldn't find any other way such as those that are out of print – while carefully respecting authors' and publishers' copyrights. Our ultimate goal is to work with publishers and libraries to create a comprehensive, searchable, virtual card catalog of all books in all languages that helps users discover new books and publishers discover new readers.

http://books.google.com/googlebooks/library.html

35

An outgrowth of the Google Books Project,

the HathiTrust:

• Includes digital versions of the books from many US

library collections which are in Google Book Search

• Provides preservation quality, digital, library owned

content

• Will be certified as a Trusted Digital Repository

http://www.hathitrust.org/

36

HathiTrust 資料量2011-11-07

9,728,814 total volumes

5,164,518 book titles

256,880 serial titles

3,405,084,900 pages

436 terabytes

115 miles

7,905 tons

2,654,933 volumes (~27% of total)

in the public domain

37

HathiTrust

2013 與哈佛大學圖書館同量， 10 年內達3,000萬冊

2013 開放非合作館使用

38

http://openlibrary.org/

39

Goals of mass digitization–

University of California

Expand the UC Libraries ability to give faculty, students and the public access to information and support our exploration of new service models. These projects are designed to:

Enhance student and faculty research

Enable scholars to trace the evolution of ideas and perform other sophisticated textual analysis more easily

Fulfill its public service mission -- can now be read by anyone, anywhere, anytime.

Preserve and protect our collections

http://www.cdlib.org/services/collections/massdig/faq.html

40

New questions and service models -- after

mass digitization

Enhanced Discovery and Access

Collection Management

New Services to Users

Curating through Collaboration

Funding Reallocation

http://www.cdlib.org/services/collections/massdig/faq.html

41

雲端下紙本圖書的典藏

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections:

Managing Print in the Mass-digitized

Library Environment

Constance Malpas

Program Officer OCLC Research, 2011

http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf

42

The Cloud Library project

The objective of the project was to examine

the feasibility of outsourcing management of

low-use print books held in academic libraries

to shared service providers, including large-

scale print and digital repositories.

http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf

43

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections

研究的對象

NYU

HathiTrust

ReCAP

Research Collections Access & Preservation

研究的結果

HathiTrust 與 ReCAP 重複 20%

HathiTrust、ReCAP、NYU 重複 200,000冊

44

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ： Key

findings (1/4)

Mass digitized monographic corpus already

substantially duplicates academic print

collection

30% or more of titles in local collection have been

digitized

45

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections：Key

findings (2/4)

Extant inventory in large-scale shared print

repositories substantially mirrors digitized

corpus

~75% of mass-digitized titles already ‘backed up’

in one or more preservation repositories (ReCAP,

UC Regional Facilities, CRL, LC)

46

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ：Key

findings (3/4)

Opportunity to benefit from externalization

is widely distributed; every academic library

is affected

Potential market for service is broad; aggregate

savings significant

47

Cloud-sourcing Research Collections ：Key

findings (4/4)

Maximum benefit will be achieved when

distribution network for in-copyright content

is available

Public domain content inadequate to mobilize

collective resources

48

Cloud-Sourcing Research Collections: Managing

Print in the Mass-Digitized Library Environment

"...we estimate that the median space savings that

could be achieved at an ARL library if a robust

shared print offer were in place today to be

approximately 36,000 linear feet or the equivalent of

more than 45,000 ASF [assignable square feet]... "In

economic terms, the total annual cost avoidance --

assuming all of these books are currently managed

on-site -- exceeds $2 million per library."

49

Cloud-Sourcing Research Collections:

需探討的要項

1. Document types

2. Subject Distribution

3. Right Status

4. Distribution of System-wide Print Holding

50

雲端圖書分享的主要問題

51

圖書徵集的新策略

PDA (Patron-Driven Acquisitions)

DDA (Demand-Driven Acquisitions)

UDA (User-Driven Acquisitions)

52

University of Denver Use Data

(Titles Cataloged 2000-2004)

All Univ. Press

4+ 23,854 (18.8%) 4,029 (19.9%)

3 10,461 ( 8.2%) 1,954 (9.6%)

2 16,257 ( 12.8%) 3,134 (15.5%)

1 26,155 ( 20.6%) 4,882 (24.1%)

0 50,266 ( 39.6%) 6,278 (31.0%)

“Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for Scholarly Books“

http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark/aaup-demand-driven-616

53

University of Denver Use Data (U.P. Titles

Cataloged in 2000)

Ever Used Used 2005 or Later

4+ 932 (22.1%) 882 (20.1%)

3 424 (10.0%) 349 (8.3%)

2 682 (16.1%) 439 (10.4%)

1 968 (22.9%) 475 (11.2%)

0 1,217 (28.8%) 2,078 (49.2%)

“Rethinking Library Acquisition: Demand-Driven Purchasing for

Scholarly Books“ http://www.slideshare.net/MichaelLevineClark/aaup-demand-driven-616

54

Patron-Driven Acquisitions

In a typical workflow, the library imports

bibliographic records into its catalogue at no

cost. When a patron finds a patron-driven

record in the course of research, a short-term

loan can allow him to borrow the book, and the

transaction charge to the library will be a small

percentage of the list price. Typically, a library

will automatically buy a book on a third or

fourth use.

55

Patron-Driven Acquisitions

Infrastructure

MARC records prior to purchase

Rush order and delivery

Enhanced metadata

Lost revenue and margin must be recouped

Possible role in print-on-demand

Delivery options：print, POD, eBook

56

圖書新服務 –隨選印製

In sourcing

Espresso Book Machine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q946sfGLxm4

Out sourcing

LighteningSource

57

Let Them Eat... Everything by Rick Anderson, Univ. of Utahhttp://www.slideshare.net/CharlestonConference/let-them-eat-

everything-by-rick-anderson-university-of-utah

58

圖書服務的新構想

The User-Driven Purchase Give Away

Library ： A Thought Experiment

David W. Lewis

July 2010

59

Embedded librarian

David W. Lewis 2005-2025

60

HathiTrust

對中文圖書典藏可能的影響

61

HathiTrust

收錄我國書館界教師著作的採樣

62

美國東亞圖書館中文館藏 2010年CEAL 統計資料

63

University Library A bleak future for physical

collections?

Acid paper

Disintegrating bindings

Inappropriate storage conditions

Rough handling (and book drops!)

Leaking roofs

64

University Library A collection typology

Heritage:

Significant & distinctive collections which continue to be developed

Legacy:

Significant & distinctive collections: historic strengths but no longer added to

Self-renewing:

Supporting current research & teaching

Finite:

No longer relevant - can be considered for withdrawal

65

No Brief Candle: Re-conceiving Research Libraries

for the 21st Century.

Thinking deeply about what it is we want to

conserve,

identifying those areas where libraries have the

competitive advantage (e.g. preservation and

standards), and

finding new ways to engage and expand our

traditional position at the center of campus and

at the crossroads of disciplines.

66

Change in Academic Collection

Shift to licensed electronic content is accelerating

Research journals – a well established trend

Scholarly monographs – in progress

Print collections delivering less (and less) value at great (and growing) cost

Est. $4.25 US per volume per year for on-site collections

Library purchasing power decreasing as per-unit cost rises

Special collections marginal to educational mandate at many institutionsCostly to manage, not (always) integral to teaching, learning

取自“Reshaping the research library”

67

紙本 vs 電子圖書

68

Rationales for retaining some copies of

the print version

the need to fix scanning errors;

insufficient reliability of the digital provider

inadequate preservation of the digitized versions;

the presence of significant quantities of

important non-textual material that may be

poorly represented in digital form;

campus political considerations.

Roger C. Schonfeld Presenter (2011): What to Withdraw? Print Collection

Management in the Wake of Digitization, The Serials Librarian, 60:1-4, 141-145

69

http://www.news.com.au/technology/internet-pioneers-new-project-to-preserve-a-copy-of-every-book-ever-

published/story-e6frfro0-1226106431988

70

http://www.teleread.com/library/why-preserve-books-the-new-physical-archive-of-the-internet-

archive-by-brewster-kahle/

71

變動的世界

Rick Anderson, Let them eat … everything: embracing a Patron-Driven Future

J. Willard Marriott Library

Toward Greater Sanity in Scholarly

Communication

Less sane

Interlibrary loan

Big Deals

Subscriptions

Approval plans

Reference/Bib instruction

Redundant cataloging

Print runs

More sane

Article purchases

(document delivery)

Wikipedia

Shared cataloging

Ease of use

PDA (for books)

Print on demand

72

我國紙本圖書典藏的建議 (1/2)

1. 館藏觀念的改變-- Diffuse and hard to define

-- Less selective more inclusive

-- Global + Local

2. 雲端下紙本圖書的地位

3. 雲端下紙本圖書的典藏-- Elsevier 期刊 2008-2010

國圖、中興、成大典藏

--聯合、全域

73

我國紙本圖書典藏的建議 (2/2)

4. 設立大學數位圖書館

--技術、政策、組織

5. 圖書的未來

--清明上河圖動畫 + 蔣勳的解說

74

結語

It is not enough to do your best; you must

know what to do, and then do your best.

–W. Edwards Deming

75

謝謝聆聽

敬請指教!