ecological corridor in thailand

1

Ecological Corridor in ThailandEcological Corridor in Thailand

2

1 1 2557 2557ISBN 978-616-316-163-5ISBN 978-616-316-163-5 1,000 1,000

//

2

1032/203-208 . 1032/203-208 . 10900 10900

2

3 3

: :

4 4

4

(corridor) (Inbreeding)

(Ecosystem Management)

(Core Area)

5 5 5

(Integrity) (Ecological Corridor)

(Ecosystem Service)

6 6

8 : (GMS - BCI) 12

16 16 19 21 22 27

30 30 32 34 36 38

46 46 48 49

53 53 53 53 54 55 57 57 58 58 59

7 7

60 63 - 69 - 78 - 83 - 87 - 94 100 - 104 - 108 5 114 120 128 134 - 139 145 150 - 155 159 161 163 165

(Transboundary Protected Area) 169

184 185 193 304 . 196

199

208

8

1.1

(Harris, 1984)

(Habitat fragmentation) ( 1 2)

(Metapopulation) (Gene flow)

9

20

(Biodiversity Corridor)

.. 2010

.. 2002 Ecological corridor area

(Island Biogeography)

(Wildlife - Human conflict)

(Ecological Corridor WildlifeCorridor) (Inbreeding)

10

1 .. 2551

:

11

2 Landsat -

: (2556)

.. 2516 .. 2519

.. 2543 .. 2544

12

1.2 : (GMS - BCI)

( ) Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) (ecosystem services)

(The BiodiversityConservation Corridors)

(species movement)

(GMS)

(Gross Domestic Product: GDP)

(The Asian Development Bank : ADB) (Non Government Organizations : NGOs)

5 () 6 GMS

2

13

() / ( ) 1

The Cardamom and Elephant Mountains Koh Kong (protected forest) (wildlife sanctuary) () (Xishuangbanna) 9

(National Biodiversity Conservation Area : NBCA) (Quang Nam)

3 (Ngoc Linh) (Song Thanh) (Ba Na)

(Xe Sap) 2 19 5 (landscape) (regional scale)

14

3

: Asian Development Bank (2005)

15

4

: ()

16

2.1

(corridor)

Corridor: narrow strips of land which differ from the matrix on either side or maybe isolated strips, but are usually attached to a patch of somewhat similar vegetation (Forman & Gordon, 1986) Corridor: a linear landscape element that provides for movement between habitat patches, but not necessarily reproduction. Thus, not all life history requirements of a species may be met in a corridor (Rosen-berg et al. 1997).

Corridor: a swath of land that is best expected to serve movement needs of an individual species after the remaining matrix has been converted to other uses (Beier et al. 2005).

(habitat)

17

Ecologicalcorridor 4 ( 5) (core areas) (stepping stones) (buffer zones) (sustain able use areas)

Tischendorf & Fahrig (2000, , 2554) landscape connectivity

(specialist)

/ (amplitude of tolerance)

5

: Sicirec Group (http://www.sicirec.org)

18

Ecological corridor area

18

19

2.2 (Forest Fragmentation)

(SCBD, 2001)

(habitat loss)

(fragmentation) (patches)

(landscape pattern)

Bennett (2003)

( landscapeconfiguration)

Fahrig (2003)

(edge)

20

(edge contrast) (Forman, 1995; Bennett, 2003; Fahrig, 2003) (proximity) /

(island biogeography theory) McArthur and Willis (1967) (metapopulation) Levins (1969)

(inbreeding)

(

Saunders et al., 1991)

(conservation biodiversity)

Beier (1993); Laurance and Laurance (1999); Meegan and Maehr(2002)

21

(basic needs)

Bennett (2003)

3 (habitat loss)

(habitat reduction)

(habitat isolation) (local landscape) (regional landscape) (structure) (function) Hunter (2002)

1) (dissection)

2) (perforation)

3) (fragmentation)

2.3 (Fragentation Process)

22

(matrix) 4) (attrition)

2.4

2.4.1 2 1) (structural perspective)

(structural connectedness) 2) (functional perspective)

(connectivity)

(Hess and Fischer, 2001)

Bennett (2003)

(functional connectivity)

(physical connectivity)

Forman and Gordon (1986)

23

(habitat) (conduit) (filter) (barrier) (source) (sink) Hess and Fischer (2001) 2 1) 2) (corridor dwellers)

landscape linkage Bennett (2003)

2.4.2 Bennett (2003) (2555) 3 1). (Habitat mosaics) (Habitat mosaics or Landscape corr idor )

24

( 6)

/

2). (Habitat corridor)

6 (Habitat mosaics or Landscape corridor)

( 7)

25

7 (Habitat corridor)

(a) (natural habitat corridor) (b) (remnant habitat corridor) (c)

8 Stepping stones

(regenerated habitat corridor) (d) (planted habitat corridor) (e)

(disturbance habitat corridor)

3). (Stepping stones) ( 8)

26

1.

2. (potential corridors) habitat patches

27

Hilty et al. (2006)

1) (unplanned corridor)

(generalist)

2) (planed corridor)

2.5 (2555)

Walker and Craighead (1997) umbrel la spec ies

GIS (Analyzing Wildlife Movement Corridors

28

in Montana Using GIS) (Grizzly Bear), (Elk), (Mountain Lion) Walker and Craighead (1997) Umbrella Species

Wieren and Worm (2001) 6

40 - 50 Harris and Scheck (1991)

Metapopulation

100 1,000

1

29

(Felis concolor) 0.5 1 (Beier, 1993) 6 12

Harrison (1992)

Lindenmayer and Nix (1993)

(Arboreal Marsupials) Lindenmayer and Nix (1993) 1.

2.

3.

30

3.1

(2555)

(Landscape ecology) (Theory of Island Biogeography) (ecosystem based management) 3 (matrix) (patch)

31

(landscape ecology) (ecologicalprocess) (biodiversity) (landscape connectivity)

(landscape) (habitat) (mosaic) (Landscape)

(linear habitat) (stream system)

(inbreeding)

32

2 1) (key species)

wildlife corridor 2)

(ecological corridor)

(enhance) (connectivity)

()

(keystone resources)

3.2

33

(systematic conservation planning)

(Forman, 1995; Haddad et. al., 2003) 1)

2)

3) (cover) 4)

5)

6) (greenway or green belt)

7) () Hilty et al. (2006)

1) (individual of a species) (Population) (species) (community) (landscape)

2) (spatial scale of linkage)

34

3) (dai ly movement) (seasonalmovement) (dispersal) (habitat)

(long-term species persistence)

3.3

(SCBD, 2001)

20

(ecosystem management)

(wildlife corridor design)

(WildlifeHabitat)

35

1.

2.

3.

36

(Asian Development Bank, 2005)

1

-

1. - 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 3. 5. 4. 6. 7. 8. 5. 6.

3.4

(core area)

37

Bentrup (2008)

1) 2)

3) 4)

(landscape ecology)

38

3.5.1.

3.5

(Mt.Kilimanjaro)

39

3.5.2.

3.5.3.

41

3.5.4.

3.5.5.

3.5.6

42

10 20 30

2

1. 2. 3.

43

4. 5. 6.

44

7. 8. 9.

45

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

46

3

4.1

47

4.1.1.

4.1.2.

48

4.1.3.

4.1.4.

4.2 1. (Zoning)

2.

3.

4.2.1

49

4.2.2

(Protected Area Integration)

4.3

50

4.3.1.

4.3.2.

51

4.3.3.

(Wetland)

4.3.4.

52

4.3.5. (Landscape Integretion)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

53

5.2

5.3

5.1

54

(linked system)

2

5.4

55

1.

2.

(Ecotourism)

1.

2.

3.

5.5

56

3

- -

- -

-

-

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

57

5.6

5.7 3 1.

2.

3.

58

5.8

5.9

59

5.10

60

20 (Forest complex)

(corridor)

.. 2010 .. 2002

(2555)

17 174 48 8 106 12 120 49 5 6 76 1 2 10 8 ( 10 11)

61

10

62

11

63

6,701,923.55 10,723.08 12 8

150 2,565 1,000 1,200

400 100 (Minla strigula) (Rhipidura hypoxantha) (Ficedula hyperythra) (Stachyris rodolphei) (Syrmaticus humiae) (Garrulax erythrocephalus) (Bos gaurus) (Elephas maximus) (Panthera tigris) (Catopuma temminckii) (Panthera pardus) (Naemorhedus caudatus) (Capricornis milneedwardsi) (Ratufa bicolor) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Muntiacus vaginalis) (Cuon alpines) (Canis anureus) (Rusa unicolor) - (Indo Burmese elements)

(Lum Num Pai Salawin Forest Complex)

64

(Tectona grandis L. f.) (Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) kuntze) (Rhododendron ludwigianum Hoss.) (Exbucklandia populnea(R. Br. ex Griff.) R.W.Br.) (Pedicularis siamensis Tsoong) (Clematis buchananiana DC.) (Gentiana leptoclada Balf. f. & Forrest) (Ophiorrhiza ripicola Craib) (Luculia gratissima (Wall.) Sweet) (Swertia striata Collett & Hemsl.) (Pterocephalodes siamensis (W. G. Craib) V. Mayer & Ehrend.) (Impatiens psittacina Hk. f.) (Bulbophyllum albibracteum Seidenf.) (Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitze)

19 ( 12 15) 5

. - . .

. . -

65

12

66

13

: TM Mosaic Landsat 8 2532/25 2537, The Global Land Cover Facility (www.landcover.org)

67

14


68

15


69

5,932,948.50 9,492.72 15 1 3 35 40

800 1,200 0 10 17

(Cuon alpinus) (Canis aureus) (Rusa unicolor) (Capricornis milneedwardsi) (Panthera tigris) (Ursus thibetanus) (Bos gaurus) 100 200 (Pericrocotus flammeus) (Aviceda leuphotes ) (Milvus migrans) (Ficedula albicilla) (Chaimarrornis leucocephalus) (Terpsiphone paradisi) (Ch ry soco lap tes luc idus ) (Eumyias thalassina ) (Saxicola ferrea) (Indo Burmese elements) (Tectona grandis L. f.) (Ptero-carpus macrocarpus Kurz) (Xylia xylo-carpa (Roxb.) Taub. var. kerri (Craib & Hutch.) I.C.Nielsen) (Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.) (Hopea

(Sri Lanna Khun Tan Forest Complex)

70

odorata Roxb.) (Impatiens jurpia Buch.-Ham.) (Trigonobalanus doichangensis (A.Camus) Forman)

7 ( 16 23)

. . . 2 . .

.

71

16

72

17


73

18


74

19


75

20


76

21


77

22

23

78

6,157,162.37 9,851.46 11 5

300 1,980

3 1,000 15 -17 28 (Semnopithecus phayrei) (Hylobates lar) (Macaca assamens i s ) (Capricornis milneedwardsi) (Rusa unicolor) (Panthera tigris) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) 200 3 (Alcippe rufogularis) (Acrocephalus stentoreus) (Pavo muticus) ( Indo Burmese elements) (Indo - chinese)

(Tectona grandis L. f.) (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) (Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz) (Lagerstroemia cuspidata Wall.)

(Doi Phuka Mae Yom Forest Complex)

79

(Shorea roxburghii G. Don) (Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.) (Lagerstroemia tomentosa C. Presl) ( Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.) (Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume) (Shorea siamensis Miq.) (Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) (Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC.) (Thunbergia coccinea Wall.) (Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl) (Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart.) 1,500 1,700 -

7 ( 24 25) 1 ( 26)

80

24

81

25


82

26 : TM Mosaic Landsat 8 2532/25 2537, The Global Land Cover Facility (www.landcover.org)

83

(Mae Ping Om Koi Forest Complex)

4,082,039 6,531.26 9 3 200 1,000 2 1,100 600 -1,200 3

1,132.42

43 192 32 13 94 (Naemorhedus caudatus) (Capricornis milneedwardsi) (Helarctos malayanus) (Elephas maximus) (Bos javanicus) (Bos gaurus) (Panthera pardus) (Catopuma temminckii) (Arborophila chloropus) (Manouria emys) - (Indo Burmese elements) (Tectona grandis L. f.) (Pterocapusmacrocarpus Kurz) (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese) (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon) (Anisoptera costata Korth.) -

3 ( 27 28) 1 ( 29)

84

27

85

28


86

29


87

(Phu Meang Phu Thong Forest Complex)

3,208,689 5,133.90 8 3

900 2,102 3 32 1,375 19

300 (Elephas maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javanicus ) (Capr icornis milneedwardsii) (Panthera pardus) (Cuon alpinus) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Atherurus macrourus) (Hylobates lar) (Chloropsis cochinchinensis) (Lophura Nycthemera) (Pericrocotus flammeus ) (Serilophus lunatus) (Muelleripicus pulverulentus) (Francolinus pintadeanus) (Megalaima asiatica) (Indo Burmese elements) (Indo Chinese elements)

(Fagaceae) (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz Craib) (Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz) (Mangifera sp.) (Dalbergia cultrata Benth.) (Dalbergia oliveri Pra in) (Tectona grandis L. f . ) (Rhododendron ludwigianum Hoss.) (Impatiens griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson) (Phoenix paludosa Roxb.) (Livistona speciosa Kurz)

88

30

(Impatiens noei Craib.) (Bauhinia siamensis K. Larsen & S. S. Larsen) -

9 ( 30 36)

.

. .

. -

. . . - . - . -

89

31

90

32


91

33 -


92

34 -


93

35 -

36

94

4,816,420.75 7,706.27 12 7 - 1,000

(Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Neofelis nebulosa) (Catopuma temminckii) (Elephas maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Cuon alpinus) (Mustelastrigidorsa) (Tylototriton verrucosus) (Platysternon megacephalum) - ( Indo Burmese elements) (Acer calcaratum Gagnep) (Rhododendron ludwigianum Hoss.) (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz) 250 (Paphiopedilum sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas) (Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein) (Dendrobium uni-cum Seidenf.) (Cymbidium insigne Rolfe) (Bulbophyllum ni-pondhii Seidenf.) (Bulbophyl-lum dhaninivatii Seidenf.) -

(Phu khiew Nam Naew Forest Complex)

95

8 ( 37 40) . . . 2 . . - . 2

96

37

97

38


98

39


99

40 -


100

1,706,436.67 2,730.30 5 1

3 40 1,000 1,400 15 - 20 10

44 178 47 17 (Elephas maximus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Muntia-cus muntjak) (Canis aureus) (Amyda cartilaginea) (Cuora amboinensis) (Malayemys subtrijuga) (Indotestudo elongata)

(Indo Chinese elements)

(Platostoma fimbriatum A. J . Paton) (Gyrinops vidalii P. H. H) (Parashorea densiflora Slooten & Symington) (Bauhinia sir indhorniae K. Larsen & S. Larsen)

5 ( 41 42) 1 ( 43)

(Phu Phan Forest Complex)

101

41

102

42 ()


103

43


104

- 1,881,250 3,010 4 5 - - 3

118 37 51 24 (Elephas maximus) (Bos javanicus) (Rusa unicolor) (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Hylobates lar) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Amyda cartilaginea) (Malayemys subtrijuga) (Indotestudo elongata) (Heosemys spinosa) (Indo Chinese elements)

(Argos temma conc innum Hems l . ) (Bauhinia saigonensis Gagnep.) (Entada reticulata Gagnep.)

1 - - ( 44 46)

(Phanom Dong Rak Pha Taem Forest Complex)

105

44

106

45


107

46 - -


108

3,872,938.78 6,196.70 5 1 ()

246 1,365 3 1,100 2,270

23 -30

10 17 805 71 340 189 205 1,000 (Elephas maximus) 250 300 (Panthera tigris) 10 (Hylobates lar) (Hylobates pileatus) 4 12 (Aceros undulates) (Buceros bicornis) (Anthracoceros albi rostr is ) (Anorrhinus austeni) (Crocodilus siamensis) (Prionailurus bengalensis) (Pardofel i s marmorata ) (Pardofelis nebulosa) (Columba punicea) (Psittacula roseate) (Carpococcyx renauldi) (Lophura diardi) (Troides aeacus) (Indo Burmese elements) (Geostachys

(Dong Phayayen Khao Yai Forest Complex)

109

smitinandii K. Larsen) (Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte) (Reevesia pubescens Mast.) (Thismia mirabilis K. Larsen) -

3 ( 47 50) .

.

.

110

47

111

48


112

49


113

50


114

1,675,985.55 2,681.58 5 3

80 2,000 2,500

468 284 53 23 122 (Elephas maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javan icus ) (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Hylobates pileatus) (Prionailurus viverinnus) (Panthera pardus) (Ursus th ibetanus ) (Helarctos malayanus) (Paguma larvata) (Physignathus cocincinus)

(Indo Chinese elements) (Malaysian elements)

(Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz) (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) (Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.) (Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz) (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.ex G .Don) (Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume)

5 (The Eastern Forest Complex)

115

9 ( 51 54) . - .

.

.

. . 2 . -

.

116

51

117

52


118

53


119

54


120

11,426,414.96 18,282.26 11 6

150 - 2,152 3

3 0

1,000 153 490 89 188 (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Bubalus bubalis) (Pardofelis marmorata) (Elephas maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javanicus) (Muntiacus feae) (Rusa unicolor) (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus ) (Ursus th ibetanus ) (Thaiphusa sirikit) (Schistura spiesi) (Cairina scutulata)

(Indo Burmese elements) (Malays ian elements)

(Western Forest Complex :WEFCOM)

121

(Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC) (Quercus ramsbot-tomii A.Camus) (Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) Kuntze) (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don) (Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre ex Laness. ) (Hopea odorata Roxb.) (Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib) (Lagerstroemia cuspidata Wall.) (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) (Shorea obtusa Wall.ex Blume) (Shorea siamensis Miq.) (Diptero-carpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq.) (Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer) (Cycas siamensis Miq.) (Phoenix acaulis Roxb.)

11 ( 55 61) . ( 3 ) .

. . .

. .

.

.

122

55

123

56


124

57


125

58


126

59


127

60

61

128

3,151,187.3 5,041.90 3 1

38.3 47.76 ( , 2554) 300 1,518

-

1,000 1,500 47 505 49 97 289 (Elephas maximus ) (Tapirus indicus) (Macaca fascicularis) (Trachypithecus obscurus) (Presbytis femoralis) (Hylobates lar) (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Muntiacus feae) (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Cuon alpinus) (Buceros bicornis) (Ace r o s undu l a t e ) (Anthracoceros albirostris)

(Oriolus mellianus) (Indo Burmese elements) (Sino Himalayan elements) (Sunda ic e lements )

(Khaeng Krachan Forest Complex : KKFC)

129

(Indo - Chinese elements)

(Boesenbergia gelatinosa K. Larsen) (Damrongia cyanantha Triboun) (Gastrodia fimbriata Suddee) (Kamettia chandeei D. J. Middleton) (Rhodoleia championii Hook. f.) (Trichosanthes phonsenae Duyfjes & Pruesapan) (Mansonia gagei J. R. Drumm.)

3 ( 62 65) . -

. .

130

62

131

63


132

64


133

65


134

1,442,270 2,307.63 3 3 1,251 2 1,500 2,400

226 47 34 19 (Elephas maximus) (Tapirus indicus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javanicus) (Capricornis milneedwardsii) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Rusa unicolor) (Presbytis femoralis) (Ptilolaemus tickelli) (Rhyticeros subruficollis) (Treron capelle i ) (Per i c rocotus i gneus ) (Rhinoplax vigil) (Indo Burmese elements) (Malaysian elements) (Platycerium ridleyi H. Christ.) (Blachia siamensis Gagnep.) (Hopea oblongifolia Dyer) (Mitrephora keithii Ridl.)

4 ( 66 69)

(Chumporn Forest Complex)

135

66

.

.

.

.

136

67

137

68


138

69


139

3,426,935.50 5,483.10 8 5 ()

(Karst Topography) 2

2,500 3,000 21 - 27 400 (E lephas max imus ) (Tapirus indicus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javanicus) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Muntiacus feae) (Panthera pardus) (Pr iona i lu rus bengalens i s ) (Ratufa bicolor) (Tragulus napu ) (Petauristapetaurista)

(Anhinga melano-gaster) (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) (Haliaeetus leucogaster) (Argusianus argus) (Buceros bicornis) (Rhyticeros undulus) (Caprimulgus indicus) ( Indo Burmese elements ) (Malaysian elements)

(Cyathea borneensis Copel.) (Cyathea gigantea (Wall . ex Hook.) Holttum) (Madhuca chia-ananii Chanta-

(Klong Saeng Khao Sok Forest complex)

140

ranothai) (Neobalanocar-pus heimii (King) P.S. Ashton) (Mad-huca smitinandii Chantaranothai) (Maxburretia furtadoana J. Dransf.) (Khaosokia caricoides D. A. Simpson, Chayam. & J. Parn.) -

3 ( 70 73) . . .

141

70

142

71


143

72


144

73


145

1,416,046 2,265.67 5 1 2

28 30 15 -17 327 (Elephas maximus)

(Neofelis nebulosa) (Tapirus indicus) (Atherurus macrourus) (Macaca nemestrina) (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Catopuma temminckii) (Rusa unicolor) (Ursus thibetanus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Trachypithecus obscurus) (Presbytis femolaris) (Anorrhinus galeritus) (Anthracoceros malayanus) (Rhinoplax vigil) (Berenicornis comatus) (Argusianus argus) ( Ictinaetus malayensis) (Lophura ignita) (Indo Burmese elements) (Malaysian elements)

(Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don) (Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze) (Hopea odorata Roxb.) (Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet) (Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm.) (Magnolia elegans (Blume) H. Keng) (Mesua nervosa Planch. & Triana) (Dipteris conjugata Reinw.) 300

(Khao Luang Forest Complex)

146

74

5 ( 74 77) .

. . . .

147

75

148

76


149

77 : TM Mosaic Landsat 31 2531/23 2537, The Global Land Cover Facility (www.landcover.org)

150

1,461,818.38 2,338.91 2 2 100 - 1,350 2 8 1,800 2,000

(Tapirus indicus) (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Tragulus napu) (Rusa

unicolor) (Trachypithecus obscurus) (Presbytis femoralis) (Petaurista petaurista) (Sundasciurus hippurus) (Megaerops ecaudatus) (Emballonura monticola) (Chironax melanocephalus) 29 280 (Batrachostomus stellatus) (Phaen i cophaeu s ch l o r ophaeu s ) (Terpsiphone paradis i ) (Harpactes duvaucelii) (Calorhamphus fuliginosus) (Malacopteron magnirostre) (Pycnonotus squamatus) (Chloropsis cochinchinensis) (Indo Burmese elements) (Malaysian elements) (Anisoptera costata Korth.) (Hopea odorata Roxb.) (Calamus javensis Blume) (Borassodendron machadonis (Ridl.) Becc.)

5 ( 78 80)

(Khao Bantad Forest Complex)

151

. - . . .

152

78

153

79


154

80


155

- 1,287,427.25 2,059.88 7 2 - -

2 2,560 27 600 (Hylobates agilis) (Dicerorhinus

sumatrensis) (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Neofel i s nebulosa ) (Pardofelismarmorata) (Elephas maximus) (Tapirus indicus) (Helarctos malayanus) (Bos gaurus) (Dyacopterus spadiceus) (Notochelys platynota) - (Malaysian elements)

(Etlingera apus-hang C.K.Lim) (Dillenia reticulata King) (Scaphochlamys obcordata S i r i rugsa & K . Larsen) (Rhododendron malayanum Jack) (Bauhinia aureifolia K. & S. S. Larsen) ( Johanneste i j smann ia altifrons (Rchb. f. & Zoll.) H. E. Moore)

-

3 ( 81 83)

. - . - . -

- (Hala - Bala Forest Complex)

156

81

157

82


158

83 - -


159

- 63,750 102 ( 79) 42 - 10 - 396 15

3

16 (Semnopithecus obscurus) (Macaca fascicularis) (Pteropus hypomelanus) 54 (Butorides

- Angtong - Aothai Island

striata) (Haliasturindus) (Haliaeetus leucogaste) (Collo-calia fuciphaga) (Chaetodon octofasc iatus ) (Chlorourus sp.) (Taeniura lymma) (Carcharhinus melanopterus) (Ca lophy l l um i nophy l l um L i nn . ) (Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz) (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) (Caryota mitis Lour.) (Memecylon ovatum J .E. Smith) (Manilkara hexandra Dubard) (Paphiopedilum godefroyae var. ang-thong) (Orcaella brevirostri)

160

84

161

214,431 343.09 2 - - ( 80) 108 - 743 3

(Macaca arctoides) (Semnopithecus cristatus) (Viverricula indica) (Tragulus javanicus) (Rana kohchangae)

(Hirundo tahitica) (Char-adrius leschenaultii) (Pitta Sordida) (Caryota mitis Lour.) (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels.) (Lithocarpus polystachyus (Wall.) Rehd.) (Doritis minus (Seidenf.) T. Yukawa & K. Kita) (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.) (Anisoptera costata Korth.) (Hopea odorata Roxb.) (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) (Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.)) (Casuarina equi-setifalia J. R. & C. Forst.) (Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. ) (Chaetodon octofasciatus) (Heniochus acuminatus) (Pomacanthus annularis) (Amphiprion ocellaris) (Scarus quoyi)

Eastern Island

162

85

163

2,455,311 3,928.50 5 9 1 2 - - ( 81)

-

2

(Capricornis suma-traensis) (Presbytis femoralis)

(Semnopithecus obscurus) (Pteropus hypomelanus) (Taphozous melanopogon) (Tursiops truncatus) (Dugong dugon) (Anthracoceros malayanus) (Aceros comatus) (Caloenas nicobarica) (Pitta gurneyi) (Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger) (Kerriodoxa elegans Dransfield) (Paphiopedilum niveum (Rchb. f.) Stein) (Intsia bakeri Prain.) 11 12 (Polyphyllia talpina) (Acropora sp.) (Heniochus acuminatus) (Chaetodon trisciatus)

(Dugong dugon)

.. 2556 - 2557

Andaman Island

164

86

165

12 - - 33 ( 87 89) 8 12 15 (WCS) GMS - BCI (Landscape species) .. 2549 2552

166

87

167

88

168

89

169

(Trans-boundary Protected Area TransboundaryCorridor)

Sandwith et al. (2001)

Parks for Peace

(Transboundary Protected Area, TBPA)

IUCN ITTO .. 2003

1) 2 (Two or more contiguous protected areas across a national boundary)

2) (A cluster of protected areas and the intervening land)

/

3) (A cluster of separated protected areas without intervening land)

170

4)

(A trans-border area including proposed protected areas)

5)

(A protected area in one countryaided by sympathetic landuse over the border)

(Kayen Mentarang National Park) ( World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA); www.wdpa.org) 11 4

(Nam Poui National Biodiversity Conservation Area) ( 91) ( ) (Phou Xieng Thong National Biodiversity Conservation Area) ( 92) - (Preah Vihear Protected Forest) ( 93) ( ) (Banteay Chhmar Protected Landscape) ( 94)

(Samlaut Multiple Use Management Area) (Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary) ( 95) () (Tanintharyi National Park) ( 96) (Lenya

171

National Park) ( 96) () (Tanintharyi Nature Reserve) ( 97) (Ulu Muda Wildlife Reserve) ( 98) (Belum Wildlife Reserve) ( 98) .. 2557

() (Tanintharyi National Park) (ASEAN)

(Nam poui National Biodiversity Conservationarea)

172

(..) IUCN (..)1 IV 265.28 8,413.83

II 197.92

Central Cardamom Mountains IV 4,013.13

Phnom Samkos IV 3,337.5

Samlaut VI 600

2 - WHC 6,152.14 11,503.89

- II 2,165.56

- II 2,235.80

- II 844

- II 594

- IV 312.78

- IV 350.13

- IV 502

IV 380

IV 225.35

II 130

IV 316

II 686

Banteay Chhmar V 812

Preah Vihear V 50

Preah Vihear IV 1,900.27

Central Cardamom Mountains IV 4 013 13

Samlaut VI 600

Phnom Samkos IV 3 337 5

- II 2,165.56

- II 2,235.80

- II 844

- II 594

- IV 312.78

- IV 350.13

- IV 502

IV 380

IV 225.35

II 130

IV 316

II 686

Banteay Chhmar V 812

II 197 92

4

173

3 II 80 1,620.00

II 340

Phou Xiengthong VI 1,200

4 II 1,704.00 7,691.53

II 999.15

II 432

II 1,024.38

Nam Pouy VI 1,912

5 ASEAN 4,702.25 7,292.25

- II 2,914.70

- II 969

- II 329.24

- IV 489.31

Tanintharyi II 2,590

(..) IUCN (..)

II 340

Phou Xiengthong VI 1,200

4 II 1 704 00 7 691 53

II 999 15

II 432

II 1,024.38

Nam Pouy VI 1,912

5 ASEAN 4 702 25 7 292 25

Tanintharyi II 2,590

174

(..) IUCN (..)

6 II 161 2,907.37

IV 664.99

()

IV 315

()

Lenya II 1,766.38

7 IV 261 4,609.26

- IV 433.16

Belum Unset 2072

Bukit Perangin Unset 121.5

Jeli Unset 70.8

Kuala Gula Unset 8.9

Ulu Muda Unset 1,152.57

Ulu Muda Unset 489.33

42,418.13

IV 664 99

IV 315

Lenya II 1 766 38

Belum Unset 2072

- IV 433.16

Bukit Perangin Unset 121.5

Jeli Unset 70 8

Kuala Gula Unset 8 9

Ulu Muda Unset 1 152 57

Ulu Muda Unset 489 33

: II National Park; IV Habitat/Species Management Area; V Protected Landscape/Seascape

: (2555)

175

90

: World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA, 2014)

176

91 (Nam Poui National Biodiversity Conservation Area)


177

92 ( ) (Phou Xieng Thong National Biodiversity Conservation Area)


178

93 - (Preah Vihear Protected Forest)


179

94 ( ) (Banteay Chhmar Protected Landscape)


180

95 (Samlaut Multiple Use Management Area) (Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary)


181

96 (Tanintharyi National Park) (Lenya National Park)


182

97 (Tanintharyi Nature Reserve)


183

98 (Ulu Muda Wildlife Reserve) (Belum Wildlife Reserve)


184

.. 2552

.. 2554

(Case Studies of Linkages in Land-use

Planning and Conservation)

()

185

(2554)

4 - 10 2 2 5

61 177

8 18 35 32 107 10 22 3 13 10 (Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Tapirus indicus) (Bos gaurus) (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Ursus thibetanus) (Ursus malayanus) (Sus scrofa) (Muntiacus muntjak) (Cervus unicolor) 3 (Tapirus indicus) (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Muntiacus feae)

... (CITES) IUCN ... 138 22 106 4 6

: 2554 :

186

3 (CITES) 21 15 6 IUCN 44 15 5 6 18

(Panthera tigris) 2

(Bos gaurus) (Tapirusindicus)

99

: (2554)

187

()

100 Shannon Weiner Index () Simpsons Index ()

(Sus scro fa) (Muntiacusmuntjak) (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Cervus unicolor)

188

(Panthera tigris) (Panthera pardus) (Bos gaurus) (Tapirus indicus) (Ursus thibetanus) (Ursus malayanus) 50 3

5 Sorensen Coeffi cients of Similarity

Sorensen Coeffcients of Similarity

0.710

0.694

0.680

189

(Bos gaurus) (Panthera tigris)

(Capricornis sumatraensis) (Hylobates lar)

(Panthera pardus) (Tapirus indicus)

101

: (2554)

190

102

: (2554)

191

(Panthera pardus) (Panthera tigris)

(Bos gaurus) (Tapirus indicus)

(Cervus unicolor) (Muntiacus muntjak)

103

: (2554)

192

104

: (2554)

193

(WCS) GMS-BCI

2 3 2549 2552

: 2549 2552 : (WCS)

20 4 24 16 IUCN (Elephas maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Rusa unicolor) (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Buceros bicornis) (Muntiacus muntjak) Corridor designer ArcGIS

194

1 4 1 ( 50 ) 2 ( 1 50) 3 ( 1) 4 ( 1 50 )

105

: (WCS) ()

195

107

: (WCS) ()

106

: (WCS) ()

196

304 .

:

29 14 .. 2548 10 3.8 14 00 - 14 33 101 05 - 103 14 (Protected Areas) 5 (Banteay Chmor) (Proteced Landscape)

The International Union for Conversation of Nature (IUCN)

.. 2547 304 (Wildlife Corridor)

304 . . .26 .29

304 . - . 4 . 26 - 29

197

(endangered species) 34 2 (Capricornis sumatraensis) (Pardofelis marmorata) (Panthera tigris) (Bos javanicus) (Hylobates pileatus) (Elephas maximus) 2 72 9

2

4

3 ( 2553) () 2

108

: (2556)

198

109

: (2556)

199

3 ( )

30 x 60

(evergreen forest)

: 2556 :

(Dry evergreen forest) (Moist evergreen forest) (Secondary forest) (Plantation forest) (Agricultural area) - 6 9 1 2 2 -

(GPS)

200

7 18 28 () 32 107 (large mammal) .. 2535 1 (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) 26 () (Elephus maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Bos javanicus) (Cuon alpines) (Pardofelis nebulosa) (CITES) 8 1 (Manis javanica) (Ursus malayanus) (Ursus thibetanus) (Elephus maximus) (Bos gaurus) (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) (Pardofelis nebulosa) (Hylobates pileatus) 4 2 (Cuon alpines) (Prionailurus bengalensis) (Manis javanica) (Macaca nemestrina) (IUCN)

110 9 6 1

: (2556)

201

(Elephas maximus) (Bos javanicus) (endanger) (Bos gaurus) (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) (Cuon alpines) (Pardofelis nebulosa) (Ursus thibetanus) (Macaca nemestrina) (Hylobates pileatus) (Manis javanica) (vulnerable) 107 106 (Megalaima haemacephala)

.. 2535

2 2 (Loriculus vernalis) (Spilornis cheela)

(Ardea purpurea) (Gracula religiosa) (Gorsachius melanophus) (Ducula aenea) (Ardea purpurea) (Oriolus chinensis) (Lanius cristatus) 96

-

202

2 (inbreeding)

111 . (Arctonyx collaris) . (Cervus unicolor) . (Elephus maximus) . (Viverrazibetha) . (Macaca nemestrina) . (Muntiacus vaginalis) . (Proionailurus bengalensis) . (Sus scrofa)

: (2556)

203

112

: (2556)

113

: (2556)

204

114

: (2556)

205

115

: (2556)

206

116

: (2556)

(Payment for Ecosystem Services)

207

117

: (2556)

118 ( ) ( )

: (2556)

119 : (2556)

208 208

. 2556 . (). 304 . . , 1,494 . 2555. . . 196 . 2554. . , , . 225 . 2554. . . . , . 253 . 2556. - . 1 ( 2555 - 2556) . 36 (WCS) . . . 28 Asian Development Bank. 2005. Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative. Beier, P. 1993. Determining minimum habitat areas and habitat corridors for cougars. Conservation Biology 7: 94 - 108Bennett, A. F. 2003. Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 254 p.Bentrup, G. 2008. Conservation buffers: design guidelines for buffers, corridors, and greenways. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-109. Asheville, NC:Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 110 p.Nick M. Haddad, David R. Bowne, Alan Cunningham, Brent J, DAnielson, Douglas J. Levey, Sarah Sargent, and Tim Spira. 2003. Corridor Use by Diverse Taxa. Ecology, The Ecological Society of America. 84 (3), pp. 609-615, Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Evol. Syst. 34: 487 515.Forman, R. T. T. 1995. Lands Mosaicas: The ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.Forman, R. T. T. and M. Gordon. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 620 p.Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Program. 2006. Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative. International Symposium Proceedings 27 28 April 2006, Bangkok. Clung Wicha Press Co., Ltd., Thailand. 242 pages.Harris, L. 1984. The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Hess, G. R. &R.A. Fischer. 2001 Communicating clearly about conservation corridors. Landscape and Urban Planning 55: 195 208Hilty, J. A., W. Z. Lindicker Jr. &A. M. Merenlender. 2006. Corridor Ecology: The Science and Practice of Linking Landscape for Biodiversity Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 323 p.

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Hunter, M. L., Jr. 2002. Fundamentals of Conservation Biology 2nd. Blackwell Science, Lnc.Massachusetts.Laurance, S. G. & W. F. Laurance. 1999. Tropical wildlife corridors: use of linear rainforest remnants by arboreal mammals. Biological Conservation 9: 231 - 239Levins. R. 1969. Some Demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneteity for biological control. Bull Entomol. Soc. Am.15: 237 240.McArthur, R. H. &E. O. Willis. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press. Princston. NJ.Meegan, R. P. & D. S. Maehr.2002. Landscape conservation and regional planning for the fl orida Pather. Southeastern Naturalist 1: 217-232Rosenberg, D. K., B. R. Noon & E. C. Meslow. 1997. Biological Corridor: Form, Function, and Effi cacy. Bioscience. 47:677 - 687. Sandwith, T., Shine, C., Hamilton, L. and Sheppard, D. (2001). Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co-operation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.Sandwith, T.S., Shine, C., Hamilton, L.S. & Sheppard, D.A. 2001. Transboundary protected areas for peace and co-operation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. available at www.wcpa.iucn.orgSaunders, D.A. Saunders, R.J. Hobbs and C.R. Margules, 1991. Biological consequences of Ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, 5 (1991): pp. 18-32Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), 2001. Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 3rd edition, Black Eye Design, Inc. Canada, Friesen.Sicirec Group; http://www.sicirec.orgThe Global Land Cover Facility; www.landcover.orgWorld Database on Protected Areas(WDPA); www.wdpa.org

209

210 210