ecology ,prof.ar. somanil mishra, soa, ipsa

8/7/2019 ECOLOGY ,Prof.Ar. SOMANIL MISHRA, SOA, IPSA

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Organization of the

EcosphereBy-Ar.SOMANIL MISHRA

LithosphereHydrosphere

Atmosphere


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Lithosphere

The solid, rocky portion of the Earth

The liquid magma interior and iron and nickel coreResponsible for the magnetic field that protects

Earth from the solar wind

Composed mostly of silicate minerals


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Earths structure: core, mantle, crust

All mineral resources originate here.

Life penetrates only to a shallow depthHeat of the core powers tectonic motions.

Plate tectonics moves the crust in predictable

ways.


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Hydrosphere

70% of the Earths surface is water.

Life penetrates the hydrosphere completely.Water is the basis for all life as we know it.

Water has unique properties:

Ice is less dense than waterCohesion, adhesion, etc. (hydrogen bonding)

Extraordinarily high heat capacity (ditto)


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Atmosphere

Extends far out into space;

But only a rather thin layer supports life. All weather occurs within it.

Layers:

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere


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Energy in the Ecosystem

99.9% of our energy comes from the sun.

Photosynthesis traps this energy for life.Energy flows through the system. (one way)

Along the way much is wasted as heat.

Trophic relationships show energy flow.We call these food chains or food webs.

We also can show an energy pyramid.


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An Energy Pyramid the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Top carnivores/omnivores

Carnivores/omnivores

Herbivores

Producers


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The Types and Quality of Energy

Mechanical energy of motion (kinetic)

Electrical lighting, electronics, etc. Focused sunlight

Chemical energy stored in bonds (fuels)

Normal (diffuse) sunlight

Heat normal ambient temperatures

Above energy sources are listed in order from highest to lowest quality


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Energy Flows But Nutrients CycleWater Cycle

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, etc.

Carbon CyclePhotosynthesis, respiration, combustion, etc.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrification, de-nitrification, etc.

Phosphorus Cycle (and other minerals)

Sedimentation, erosion, decomposition, etc.


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The Carbon Cycle


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Nitrogen Cycle


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The Phosphorus Cycle


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ECOLOGY

The study of the interactions among

living things (including man) andtheir environments


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Major Environmental Issues

Global Warming

Overpopulation by humans

Pollution of the environment

Extinction of life (Loss of Biodiversity)

Ozone Depletion

Depletion of mineral and energy resources


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Ecological knowledge is essential for

solving problems such as these.


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How the world is organizedOrganisms are the smallest unit of ecology.

Populations are made up of all the organisms of

one species that interbreed in an area.

Communities are made up of all the populations of

all species that interact in an area.

Ecosystems are made up of all the communities

and the physical environment of an area.

The Ecosphere is all of the ecosystems of Earth.


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Everything is connected to everything else.

No organism is isolated.

All organisms interact with others and theenvironment.

All life is interdependent.

Organisms need each other to survive. (man, too!) Disturbances in one part of an ecosystem will

spread to all other parts (a ripple effect).


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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Biotic means living.

other organisms:

Food organisms

Predators

Competitors

Disease organisms, etc.

Abiotic is nonliving.

environmental factors:

Temperature

Rainfall

Salts (salinity)

Oxygen and CO2 Sunlight

Soil minerals/nutrients

Etc., etc.


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Different organisms have differenttolerances to particular abiotic factors.

Example: Some like it hot. Some like it cold.

Organisms seek environments they like best. We say they are adapted to that environment.

Organisms respond to changes in environments.

MigrationHibernation (dormancy)

Torpor and estivation

Temporary escape by behavior


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Each organism has its NICHE.

Niche means a way of life or role in an ecosystem.

It includes all of the tolerances of an organism.

It is how the organism gets its food.

It is how it reproduces.

It includes all its environmental interactions.Where it lives

When it is active

What it eats

Etc.


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Classifying organisms by their niche

Specialists have narrow niches. They only tolerate

specific, limited conditions, have very specialized

diets or live in only certain, small areas.

Generalists have broad niches. They tolerate a

wide range of conditions, eat a wide variety of

foods, and live almost anywhere.


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Organisms Have Preferred Habitats

Habitat preferences are based on an organisms

niche and tolerances.

Four elements of habitat:

Food (including minerals and air)

Water

Shelter

Space


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Community Ecology

Species Interaction

Species Richness and Diversity

Succession


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Species Interactions

Predation

Parasitism

Competition

CommensalismMutualism


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Predation

Predator and prey

Food chain or web

Regulates populations

An Arms Race of

natural selection and

coevolution Camouflage, mimicry

Herbivory


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Parasitism

Parasite and host

Levels of harm

Ectoparasites

Endoparasites

Coevolution andadaptation


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Competition

Niche overlap

Limiting resource Competitive exclusion

Adaptation by

character displacement

Resource partitioning


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Commensalism

May be the most common

form of symbiosis


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Mutualism

You scratch my back and

Ill scratch yours.


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Species richness the number of species that live

in an ecosystem

Species diversity the number of species AND

how evenly they are represented in the ecosystem


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More species in warmer latitudes (tropics)

Species area effect (eg. fragmentation) Islands have fewer species than mainlands

More species related to more stability

Species diversity follows the same patterns.


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Succession

Change in a community over time

Usually regrowth after some disturbanceTwo types - primary and secondary

Pioneer species are the first to arrive.The climax community is the end result.


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Primary Succession Starts with bare rock

Takes a long time to

produce a soil,

Then accelerates.

Canadian shield Volcanoes


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Secondary Succession Starts after a disturbance

to an existing community

Happens faster about

100 years or so

Forest fires Old fields

Etc.


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BiomesThe end result of succession (the climax

community) is determined by climate and local

features.The major climax community of a large area of the

Earth is termed a biome.

Biomes depend largely on temperature andprecipitation and are very similar wherever theyoccur on Earth. For example, deserts in any part ofthe world share many features.


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The Major Biomes of the World Tundra cold and very dry

Coniferous Forest (Taiga) cold and moist

Deciduous Forest warm/seasonal and moist Grassland warm/seasonal and dry

Desert cool to warm/seasonal and very dry

Savanna warm to hot and dry

Chaparral (shrublands) warm and relatively dry

Tropical Rain forest warm to hot and very wet

Mountainous areas have altitudinal variations as well.


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Aquatic Ecosystems (Aquatic Biomes) Freshwater highly variable, occur on any

continent flowing or standing

Marine the seven seas of the world also highlyvariable:

Coral reefs

Open ocean (pelagic)Near shore (littoral)

Estuarine where fresh and salt water meet

ecology ,prof.ar. somanil mishra, soa, ipsa

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