Economic Surplus in Hine Estate, 1501-1504: How Much was There and Who Got What?

1501-1504 年における日根荘の経済的余剰：その額と得をしたの

は誰か

I. Taxes, in all their variety

a. 年貢 , nengu, annual taxb. 段銭 , tansen, initially an extraordinary tax based on unit of land, the tan, 991 sq. meters; temple “tax-free land” included c. 半済 , hanzei, warrior “half-tax” for military needs d. 加地子 , kajishi, supplemental land tax or supplemental rent

(文

亀二

年十

月六

日）

根来

寺ニ

所買

得之

加地

子、

悉従

守護

陥落

Bunki 2/10/6, The kajishi tax that had been bought by Negoroji was completely confiscated by the shugo.

Bunki 2/10/30: “However, as for the taxes paid in lieu in corvee, a three-month portion is due within the year. [We ask] that you pardon the remaining portion. In making this request we agree that from next year we will not be negligent in the least in paying the various levies [to his lordship].”

(文亀二

年十

月三

十日

）但

夫銭

之事

ハ当

年中

ニ三

ヶ月

分沙

汰可

申候

。相

残分

ハ相

閣候

て可

被下

候、

如此

申入

候上

者、

来年

より

時々

の成

物等

不可

有無

沙汰

候。

e. 夫銭 , busen, taxes paid in lieu of corvee

f. 彼岸銭 , higansen, equinoctial tax

(文亀元

年五

月十

六日

）　

者在

利自

日根

野参

候。

昨日

依召

也。

申云

。去

二月

彼岸

銭事

此間

加催

促、

今朝

且納

之了

。今

耕作

時分

百姓

等難

儀之

時分

也。

来月

中令

延引

者可

畏存

之由

雖詫

言申

、不

可叶

由仰

付、

小々

如此

沙汰

云々

。神

妙之

由仰

之。

来月

ハ反

銭事

又可

催促

条、

於彼

岸銭

者不

可延

引也

。

Bunki 1/5/16, In other matters, Aritoshi came from Hineno; I had summoned him yesterday. He said that “he had been urging [the farmers] recently to pay the second month equinoctial tax, and just this morning had collected it, but incompletely. Because this is the planting season, it is a difficult time for the farmers. They petitioned him, saying that if the collection of this tax could be put off until the middle of next month, they would be much obliged, but Aritoshi had told them this couldn’t be done, and so he had been able to accomplish just this.” I told him that this was fine. Next month, the tansen would be due, so the higan tax can not be postponed.

日根

野村

彼岸

銭算

用之

状 (

文亀

元年

) 合

壱貫

三百

文内

但不

作分

引候

て残

分也

二百

文馬

ノ大

豆　

五月

十五

日百

五十

文こ

き(

御器

) 五膳

　五

月十

七日百

文在

利借

用申

候, 同

日七

十二

文ひ

たい

(干

鯛) 四

まい

(枚

)卅

文は

む(

鱧) 四

すち

(筋

)五

百文

米代

御在

庄用

五十

文杉

原　

ニて

う(

帖) 五

月廿

八日廿

四文

雑紙

　ニ

てう

　同

日十

文こ

せう

(壺

觴) 一

両五

十文

御茶

椀　

一ツ

八文

杓　

二ツ

廿文

御莚

以上

壱貫

三百

九文

(石

井) 在

利 (

花押

)　

(信

濃小

路) 長

盛 (

花押

）

Accounting Document for Hineno Village 　　　 Equinoctial Week Tansen (Bunki 1) Of the total of 1 kan 300 mon: (but this is just what remains minus the unproductive land) 200 mon beans for the horses, 5/15150 mon dishware: five trays, 5/17100 mon borrowed by Aritoshi, same 72 mon sea bream, four slabs30 mon sea eel, four lengths 500 mon rice payment, monthly expense 50 mon sugiwara [paper], 2 quires, 5/28 24 mon various paper, 2 quires, same 10 mon jars/drinkware?, one pair 50 mon teabowl, one 8 mon ladles, two20 mon straw mat Total above, 1 kan, 390 mon

Aritoshi (cipher) Nagamori (cipher)

g. 閏月段銭 , urūzuki tansen, intercalary tansen tax (永

正元

年十

一月

十一

日）

従殿

下被

注送

云。

依当

閏月

之年

境内

段銭

被相

懸云

々。

Eishō 1/11/11, Denka [Kujō Hisatsune] sent a message. Since this is a year with an intercalary month, there will be an extraordinary tansen tax imposed within keidai [ 境内、けいだい , refers to Kujō lands in Yamashiro, Higashi Kujō estate]

(永正

元年

正月

一日

）当

秋之

満作

、万

民有

鼓腹

之楽

、云

々。

Eishō 1/7/1, “This autumn the rice heads are full, and the people are drumming their bellies with joy, I have heard.“

II. Big harvest; drumming of bellies!

III. Eishō 1/3/28, Shōen Uma incident

(永

正元

年三

月二

十八

日）

　此

上ハ

可切

歟、

又訴

人召

出テ

可令

対決

歟之

由廻

思慮

之処

、彼

正円

右馬

内々

献料

ヲ廿

貫文

可沙

汰由

申之

。然

上者

白状

之儀

也。

以献

銭可

閣盗

人成

敗事

、地

下外

聞尤

後難

不可

然。

今夜

廿八

日也

。明

日早

旦可

切頸

之由

仰付

了。

These were the questions--whether we should execute him immediately or summon the accusers and have them face off in court with the accused--that were running through my mind when word came that that Shōen Uma had secretly sent word that he would send 20 kanmon as payment [for his crime]. He also said the would provide a written confession of his guilt. For the villagers to accept a payment in exchange for dismissing a crime of thievery would be an affront to their honor, completely inappropriate. Tonight is the 28th. I gave instructions that early tomorrow [Shōen] is to be executed by decapitation.

田之

分日

記大

四十

歩松

下ニ

アリ

、大セマチ

廿歩

フルカイト

ノツホ

半下タイラ

ニア

リ九

十歩オナシ

ツホ

八十

歩ヤマ

ノ田

百五

十歩

ツチマル

ニア

リ、

下ルクチ

又九十

歩ハタケ

アリ

正円

之南カイト

屋敷

分ハ

半若崎

ニア

リ六

十歩シタルクチ

ニア

リ四

十歩

大ワ

ノクホ

ニア

リ永

正元甲

子閏

三月

三日

List of paddies 1) dai, 40 bu [ 大 (dai) = 2/3s of a tan], in Matsushita [Iriyamada]; dai semachi [field division]2) 20 bu Furukaito land [Iriyamada]3) half a tan, in Shimo taira [Iriyamada] 4) 90 bu, same area 5) 80 bu, paddy in the mountains 6) 150 bu, in Tsuchimaru [Iriyamada], “lower mouth” region 7) 90 bu, dry fields  Shō’en’s residential land within minami kaito  Residential land1) half a tan, in Wakasaki 2) 60 bu, in Shitarukuchi [within Iriyamada] 3) 40 bu, in the Daiwa kubo [Iriyamada, Ōgi]  Eishō 1/i3/3

“There has been too much buying and selling of land and cultivation rights like these. Some years back at the time of the Negoroji intendant, this sort of confiscation of land occurred, and the result was that it was taken and sold. This land is worth 3000 or 4000 hiki or more.”

(永

正元

年閏

三月

三日

）此

下地売

買過

分之

儀也

。先

年根

来寺

御代官

之時も

、如

此之闕

所ハ即

令没収売取畢

、三・

四千疋

余地

也。

首礼ニ毎度百疋 ,initial offering of 100 hiki, each time

札之代百疋、二枚取之 ,the cost of the edict boards, 200 hiki each

惣分之樽　十荷 , casks of sake for the general body of monks, 10 hoists

内談之輩十余人太刀之代以下貳千余疋 , sword money for the 10-plus members of the “inner group,” over 2000 hiki

IV. Negoroji placard expenses, Bunki 2/9/12

(文亀

二年

九月

十二

日）重而

長盛

ニ仰

云、

所詮佐

野・

井原・

上郷・熊取・新

花・木嶋

以下

此入山

田中

ニ所預

之財

物・牛

馬等

不可

得員数

歟。敵

軍取陣

者不

可遺

一物

。以本

所之扱

無事

之条

、件

用分

事如

然之方

ヲモ

可仰

合哉

Bunki 2/9/12, I again spoke to Nagamori. “In short, clearly the villages of Sano, Ibara, Kaminogō, Kumatori, Shinge, and Kijima have entrusted goods, as well as cattle and horses, with Iriyamada in numbers beyond counting. If an enemy army decides to set up camp here [in Iriyamada], none of those goods will remain safely here. Because their property has been protected through my mediation, as for the necessary funds, it makes sense to discuss having these [neighboring towns help with the repayment], does it not?”

V. Lending Masamoto funds for the month’s estate expenses

秘計申料足事　　合壱貫参百文

者　右御在庄用として被借召処也。毎月貫別六十文宛加利平、来秋御年貢にても段銭にても直ニ取渡可有返弁之状如件。

文亀四年三月十四日 竹原 判

御所谷源六宮内　

Regarding the funds privately raised: In sum, 1 kan 300 monRegarding the amount to the right borrowed and received [by Lord Kujō] for the purpose of estate expenses. Each month interest will accrue to the extent of 60 mon per kan, and the coming autumn, whether from the income of the annual tax or the tansen tax, the debt will be directly paid off. Such is written and contracted here. Bunki 4/3/14 Takehara seal [To:] Genroku Kunai of the hamlet of Goshodani [Iriyamada]

VI. What did they do with the surplus?

(文

亀元

年七

月十

三日

）今

夜船淵

村之衆風流念仏

又来堂

之庭

、念

仏以

後尽種

々風流

。田舎

之土

民所行

可為比興哉

之由

、成其覚

之処

、各能

作、

云風情

、云

言詞

不恥都

之能

者。

Bunki 1/7/13, Tonight it was the Funabuchi village members who came to the temple grounds for furyū nenbutsu. After the nenbutsu, they carried out various colorful dances [furyū]. As the performance of countrified peasants, it was certainly interesting. In their learning/understanding, each acted with skill. Whether in movement and bearing or in speech they were equal to the skilled performers of the capital.

(永

正元

年六

月二

十八

日）太

井関社連歌

事去

十一

日発句

下行

事、

仰付

当段

銭之

処、番頭

無沙

汰、仍善興

等以私

之儀

沙汰

之云

々。

言語道断次第

也。堅

仰付

状、東方番頭

三人

五十疋

且納

之。

以其

今日重而

令沙

汰云

々。

Eishō 1/6/28, Regarding the Ōizeki shrine renga gathering set for the 11th I prepared the opening verse and instructed that [funds be provided for this] from the present tansen tax. But the bantō were uncooperative. So Zenkō, etc., covered expenses from his own private funds, I was told. This is an unspeakable development. After I issued harsh orders, the East Side bantō, three in number, brought more or less 50 hiki. And today they apparently tried to raise more, I heard.

(文亀

元年

七月

六日

）者

去々

月十

七日

於佐

野搦取

地下

人ヲ

昨夕

自地

下乞請

テ取返

由、若崎

之番頭

来而

申之

云々

。以

代物

出之

儀、

守護

沙汰

之次第

、併

可謂足軽風情

之所

作也

。慮

外〜

〜。

早々京都へ為

地下青木

二可

令注進

之由

仰付

之処

、為

上之

御届

ニテ

ハ無

之、

以代

物親

子か先盂蘭盆前ト

テ、乞取

之条

、

Bunki 1/7/6, In other matters, the villagers who were captured in Sano two months previous on the 17th were released and sent back last night at the people’s request--such was the word sent by the Wakasaki bantō. A ransom fee was paid, this according to the shugo’s demands. In short, this was behavior appropriate to a common foot soldier! How unseemly, beyond belief! At this point, when I told them to send immediately, as villagers, a report to Kyoto to Aoki, they responded that this not was a matter of concern for me as lord of the estate. They decided to provide the ransom fee because of a request that parents and children could come [together] for the Urabon festival.

(文

亀二

年九

月一

日）抑宗兵衛衆

等猶

以出張

、吉見・海生

寺・シンケ．佐

野等

地下

人不謂男女生取

了。櫟

之井館

ヲ退

之時

、妻女遅ク

出テ

、根

来衆

之足軽

等捕取畢

。以

代物

百貫

可請

之由

雖懇望

、猶

不承

引、

云々

。不便〜〜

。

Bunki 2/9/1, On another matter, Sōbei’s men are once again out in force, having attacked Yoshimi, Kaishōji, Shinge, and Sano, taking villagers captive, male and female. [As the shugo official] Ichiinoi was withdrawing from his residence, his wife [or wife and daughter, can be either] was slow and as a result was captured by Negoroji foot soldiers. Though he earnestly requested that they be freed for a ransom of 100 kan, they wouldn’t accept it, I was told. Unfortunate, unfortunate.

VII. Warrior perspective

(文

亀元

年六

月十

七日

）此

間令活計

歟、己レト

仰テ逃げサマ

ヲ切

了。

Bunki 1/6/17, “‘Recently you people have been living too comfortably,’ he said as I was trying to escape but was cut down.”