GABATARWA:MUKADDIMA:

Yankin Darasi na 1: AL’ADAR ZAMAN LAFIYA DA HANA RIKICI DA GUDANAR DA

AL’AMURAN RIKICIN:Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Al’aadar Zaman Lafiya Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Gudanar da Al’amurran Rikici

Yankin Darasi na 2: HAKKIN ƊAN ADAM Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Tsare – Tsaren Hakkin Ɗan’adam na Duniya da Nahiyoyi da na Ƙasa Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Shuruɗɗa da Aƙidojin Hakkin Ɗan’adam da Sigoginsu

Yankin Darasi na 3: ZAMA ƊAN ƘASA DA SANIN HAKKIN DA YA RATAYA A KAN DAN ƘASA:Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Sanin HakkIn da ya rataya a kan Ɗanƙasa Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Zama Ɗanƙasa Yankin Darasi na 4: DIMOKIRAƊIYA DA MULKI NAGARI: Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Dimokiraɗiyya Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Mulki Nagari

Yankin Darasi na 5: TSARIN JINSI DA TATTALIN ZA-MAN LAFIYA DA SAMUN CIGABA Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Sigogin Tsarin Jinsi Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Tsarin Jinsi da Ƙalubalen Samar da Zaman Lafiya da Cigaba

Yankin Darasi na 6: KIWON LAFIYAR AL’UMMA DA KIYAYE MUHALLI DA CIGABA MAI I ƊOREWA:

Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Kiwon Lafiyar Al’umma da Kiyaye MuhalliƘaramin Jigo na 2: Cigaba Mai Ɗorewa

Yankin Darasi na 7: DUNƘULEWAR NAHIYA Ƙaramin Jigo na 1: Ƙuduri da Muradan ECOWAS Ƙaramin Jigo na 2: Hanyar Samar da Tarayyar Jama’ar ECOWAS

MANAZARTA

MANAZARTA R INTANET:

RATAYE:

KUMSHIYA

Tarayyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka (AEC)Bankin Cigaban Afirka (ADB)Tarayyar Ƙasashen Afirka (AU)Yarjejeniyar Ƙasashe Game da Dukkan Nau’o’in Bambance-Bambance ga Mata (CEDAW)Gamayyar Al’ummar Ƙasashen Kewayen Sahel da Sahara (CEN-SAD)Kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa na Dindindin Domin Shawo Kan Fari a Yankin Sahel (CILLS)Hukumar Sasanta Tsakani da Tsaro ta Tarayyar Kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (CMS)Hukumar ƙasa Game da Al’amuran Ɗimokaradiyya da Cigaba (CNDD)Kasuwar Baje Koli ta Yankunan Afirka ta Gabas da kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Tarayyar ƙasashe Masu Magana da Harshen Portugal (CPLP) Bankin Zuba Jari na Yankin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ERIB)Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Haɗin Kan ƙasashen Yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS)Kungiyar Sa – Ido ta ƙasshen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOMOG) Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Hadin Kan Kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS)Tsare – Tsaren Tarayyar ƙasashen Yankin Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) Domin Kiyaye Afkuwar Rikici (ECPF) Cibiyar Haɓaka Al’amuran Jinsi ta ƙasashen ECOWAS (EGDC)Kwalejin ƙasa ta Masu Aikin Tsaro (ENOA)Asusun Cigaba na Tarayyar ƙasashen Yankin Afirka ta Yamma (ERDF)Ƙawancen Mata Domin Samar da Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro A Ƙasashen – ECOWAS (EWNPS) Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Duniya (FAO)Kungiyar Femme ta Afirka (FAS)Yanke Matucin Mata (FGM)Kotun Miyagun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICCA)

Kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙungiyar Agaji ta Red Cross (ICRC) Shirin Shigo da Mata a Al’amuran Cigaba (IFD)Hukumomin Cigaba na ƙasa da ƙasa (IGAD)Asusun Lamuni na Duniya (IMF)Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa Don kiyaye Halittu (IUCN)Muradan Cigaba na Miladiyya (MDGs)Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu (NGOs)Majalisar Haɗin Kan Afirka (OAU)Kungiyar Duniya ta Kasashe Renon Faransa (OIF)Kungiyar Habaka Kogin Senegal (OMVS)Hukumar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro (PSC)Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki Ta Nahiya (REC)Majalisar Cigaban Kasashen Yankin Kudancin Afirka (SADC)Iƙirarin ƙasashen Duniya Game da Hakkin Ɗan’adam (UDHR)Ƙungiyar Tsara Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗaɗe ta ƙasashen Yankin Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA/WAEMU) Shirin Haɓaka Cigaban ƙasashen na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDP)Hukumar Ilimi da Kimiyya da Al’adu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNFPA)Asusun Cigaban Mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNIFEM)Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNO)Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Afirka ta Yamma (UNOWA)Bitar Lokoci – lokaci kan Al’amuran Hakkokin Ɗan’adam a Duniya (UPR)Hukumar Tsara Kuɗaɗe ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAMA)Hukumar Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO)Cibiyar Dabarar Tsara Kuɗaɗe ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAMI)Bankin Duniya (WB)Shirin Mata da Al’amuran Cigaba (W & D)Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)

SUNAYE DA LAƘABINSU

Kundin Tuntuva na ECOWAS don koyarwa a kan al’amurran da suka shafi adajjen tsari na zaman lafiya da haqqin xanAdam da ‘yancin zama xan qasa da dimokaraxiya da kyautata zamantakewar nahiya.

Tarayyar tattalin arziki ta qasashen yammacin Afirka(ECOWAS) an kafa ta ne bisa wata yarjejeniya da aka kira Yarjejeniyar Legas, Nijeriya wadda aka yi ran 28 ga watan Mayu, 1975. Babbar manufar tarayyar ita ce ta ciyar da harkokin kasuwanci da cinikayya da haxin kai gaba a wannan nahiya don samar da cikakken haxin kai a harkokin kuxi da tattalin arziki. Yin hakan zai kyautata rayuwar mutanen yankin da havaka al’amurran kasuwanci da tabbatar da cikakken haxin kai tsakanin qasashen wannan yankin nahiya har ma da na qasashen Afirka gaba xaya.

Shekaru da yawa sun shuxe tun kafa wannan hukuma, kuma abin sha’awa da godiya shi ne an cimma manufar farko ta kafa wannan hukuma. Wannan manufa ta dace da sababbin abubuwan zamani da k eta vullowa a dalilin tsukantar da al’amurran duniya da kuma dangantaka tsakanin qasashen nan 15 da su ne mambobi na wannan hukuma. Abubuwan da ke tafiyar da wannan hukuma su ne tsarin nan na daidaito da ‘yanci ga mutane; haxin kai tsakanin qasashe; haxin gwiwa da dogaro da kai. Wasu abubuwan kuma su ne daidaito a dokoki da manufofi da ayyukan haxin kai; kiyaye mutuncin juna tsakanin qasashe; tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro a nahiya gaba xaya; sulhu tsakanin qasashe da mutane; mutuntawa da kare

haqqokin xanAdam; cin moriyar tsarin dimokaraxiyya da mulkin adalci da tsare haqqoki da kamanta gaskiya a harkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

Cimma wannan kyakkyawan buri ba abu ba ne mai sauqi ko kaxan musamman a irin wannan nahiya mai qabilu iri daban-daban da al’adu mabambanta, sannan kuma ga matsaloli da suka shafi tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da siyasa. To, amma duk da haka tilas ne a jinjina wa shugabannin nan da suka kafa ECOWAS da kuma jajircewar da shaugabannin nahiyar da duk wasu mutane waxanda suka yarda da tsarin nan na dunqule nahiyar wuri guda don ci-gaba. Wannan qoqari nasu ya sa a yau ECOWAS ta samu karvuwa a duniya baki xaya, kuma kowa ya shaida cewa tarayya ce ta kawo ci-gaba a harkokin tattalin arziqi, kuma ta yi rawar gani sosai da sosai. Don tabbatar da zaman lafiya da yin siyasa ba da gaba ba, a wannan nahiya mai yawan rigingimu, wannan hukuma (ECOWAS) ta yi amfani da hanyoyi da dubaru na siyasa da sulhu da kuma kafa rundunonin soja don kiyaye zaman lafiya. Hukumar ta yi amfani da fitattun hanyoyi da aka sani a duniya kamar irin su Tsarin Manufofi na 1999 a kan al’amurran da suka shafi hana rikici da magance shi; zaman lafiya da tsaro; Qarin tsarin manufofi (2001) a kan dimokaraxiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci da Tsarin ECOWAS na hana fitina (2008) da Tsarin ECOWAS a kan ilmida koyarwa (2003). A cikin shekaru 37 na kafuwar ECOWAS, musamman ma shekaru ashirin na farkon kafuwarta, waxannan Tsarin Manufofi da aka ambata an gwama su da dokoki da

GABATARWA

shawarwari da dubarun da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa an yi maganin fitinu da rigingimu tsakanin mutane da yaqe-yaqe da faxace-faxace tsakanin qasashe.

Akwai qananan hukomomi da ECOWAS ta samar da yardar shugabannin qasashe don su tabbatar da cewa Tsarin Manufofin nan suna aiki. Waxannan qananan hukumomi su ne irin su Majalisar Al’umma da Kotun Al’umma da rundunar mayaqa ta wucingadi. Duk da cewa akwai ingantaccen tsari a qasa na hana fitinu da faxace-faxace, har yanzu akwai buqatar qara tashi tsaye wajen tunkarar sababbin al’amurra da suke tasowa. Daga cikin buqatun dunqulewar nahiyar sosai da sosai, akwai maganar yin bita a kai - a kai na Tsarin Manufofi don su dace da buqatun zamani. Wannan shi ya sa aka mayar da hankali a kan cewa lalle ilmi yana da babbar rawar da zai taka, kuma za a yi amfani da ilmi wajen yaxa manufar nan ta samar da dawwamenman zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka ta Yamma.

Wannan manufa ta yin amfani da ilmi don tabbatar da zaman lafiya tana qara fitowa fili idan aka yi la’akari da cewa wannan nahiya tana da yara matasa masu ximbin yawa waxanda kuma tilas ne a cusa musu aqidar son zaman lafiya da juna ta hanyar bas u ilmi. Kada a manta waxannan yaran su ne manyan gobe.

Wannan dalili shi ne sanadin samar da wannan littafi mai suna Kundin Tuntuva na ECOWAS don koyar da mai koyarwa. Wajen shirya wannan kundi an samu taimako daga qwararru a harkokin ci-gaba, musamman qungiyar nan ta UNESCO-BREDA mai mazauni a Dakar da kuma Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB).

Wannan kundi an samar da shi ne ta hanyar tuntuvar mutane da ma’aikatun gwamnati a dukkan Yammacin Afirka, kuma an fara tuntuvar ne tun a shekarar 2006. Ta hanyar tuntuvar an ari abubuwa da dama daga qwararru a harkokin samar da zaman lafiya a wannan nahiya da wajenta. Waxansu abubuwan ma daga UNESCO aka samo su. Wannan kundi babbar task ace ga dukkan masu son zaman lafiya a yankin qasashen ECOWAS.

Wannan kundi yana da sassa (dunqule) guda bakwai. Dunqule-dunqulen sun yi magana ne a kan Son Zaman

Lafiya da Warware Matsaloli; Haqqoqin XanAdam; Sanin Yakamata da Zama Xan qasa; Dimokaraxiyya da Kyakkyawan Shugabanci; Kawar da Bambancin Jinsi da Raya Qasa; Tsarin Lafiya da Kiyaye Muhalli da Raya Qasa; da Dunqulewar Nahiya. Kowane dunqule na wannan kundi yana da qananan batutuwa tare da ‘yar gabatarwa da qarin abubuwan karantawa da manyan manufofi don yin jagora ga mai koyarwa. Haka kuma akwai jadawalin koyarwa wanda jagora ne mai sauqin sha’ani wanda malami zai iya juya shi, ya dace da irin kayan aikin da yake das u don koyarwa a kowace qasa yake cikin qasashen ECOWAS. Har wa yau, jadawalin koyarwar ya dace wajen koyar da malamai waxanda za su koyar da fannoni daban-daban a kuma matakan koyarwa daban-daban.

Qololuwar manufar wannan kundi ita ce a gina mutanen qasashen ECOWAS ta hanyar ba su kyakkyawan ilmi na sana’o’i daban-daban. Ilmin ba wai don kawai a ce sun yi karatu ba ne. Manufar ilmin ko koyarwar ita ce ya ba su dammar zama mutanen qwarai masu nagarta waxanda ke son zaman lafiya da jure wa zaman tare tsakaninsu da sauran mutane.

Wannan Kundin Tuntuva na ECOWAS a kan zaman lafiya da ‘yaancin xanAdam da zama xan qasa da dimokaraxiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci an gabatar da shi ga ximbin masu koyar da malamai don amfanin qasashen wannan hukuma. Ana iya rungumar kundin a yadda yake, ko kuma a yi masa kwaskwarima don ya dace da buqatun qasashen da ke da wani shiri kwatankwacin na wannan kundin. Kadre Désiré Ouéadraogo

Shugaban Hukumar ECOWAS

ECOWAS na godiya da babbar murya ga bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) da kuma UNESCO saboda irin gagarumar gudunmawar da suka bayar wajen tsara wannan kundin Tuntuva. Waxannan hukumomi sun bayar da cikakken goyon baya da qarfin gwiwa da tallafi mai tsoka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki na haxin gwiwa. Wannan godiya ana miqa tag a dukkan masana da qasashen ECOWAS da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen tsara kundin. Muna godiya ta musamman ga sassan gwamnati na qasashen ECOWAS masu kula da harkokin mulki da siyasa waxanda su ne suka fawwala yin taruka a Dakar da Lome da Ouagadougou da Abuja.

Ga dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki a wannan aiki, muna miqa godiya ta musamman gare su saboda son da mu da su muke yi wa ribar dunqukewa, a zama uwa xaya, uba xaya saboda amfanin mutanenmu na qasashen ECOWAS.

GODIYA

Manufar kafa Tarayyar Tattalin Arzi}in Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), akasi ne da tsarin rarrabuwar }asahe da suke da milkin kai a Afirka. . Tuni Yarjejeniyar kafa Tarayyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Yamma wadda }asashe 15 suka sa wa hannu a Lagos, ta kafa shirin dun}ulewar nahiya.. {arin }arfin gwiwa dangane da wannan manufa ita ce a fa]a]a yanayi da sararin da zai kasance tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da al’ada hard a siyasa sun yau}a}a.Wanna yun}urin ya bad a damar sake zubin ‘yan }asanci aAfirka ta Yamma.

Tarayyar ECOWAS ta ]auki wannan }alubalen dun}ulewar nahiya da ‘yan uwantaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar samar da kasuwa da ku]a]e na bai ]aya domin bun}asa tattalin arzi}i da kuma samar da hurumi na tattauna al’amuran majalisu da na kotu da kuma na tsaro da aikin soja, kamar ayyukan ECOMOG a shekara ta 1999. Muhimman ma’aunai da aka gina wannan zumuncin tarayya sun ha]a da:• Martabajunadakumakareha}}in‘yan‘adam• Tabbatarda]orewarDimokira]iya• Tsaramanufofingwamnatitayaddazasudacedashirye-shiryendaakatanadadomincigabanrayuwar al’umma

Dukdahaka,akwaimatsalolidasukayidabaibayigasamunnasarar]orewarwannanzumunci.Ak-wai rashin jituwa tsakanin }asashen da ke cikin }ungiyar dangane da rikita-rikitar siyasa da talauci da kuma tsaro, da ya}e-ya}e ya haifar tsakanin }asashen ECOWAS. Akwai kuma raunin tattalin arzi}i da illolin da yake haifarwa kamar na shugabanci da tantance }asar da mutum ya fito da kuma rashin tabbatar da dokokin shige da fice na mutane da kuma dukiyoyinsu.

Dominmagancewa]annanmatsaloli na fa]ace-fa]acedana shugabancidana take ‘yancin ‘yanAdam,towajibineasaketunanicikinmanufadomintsaraayyukandazaaaiwatar.Dominsamunnasara kuwa, wajibi ne a yi karatu na ilimi a matsayin wata kafa ta share fagen ]orewar wannan zu-munci cikin gwaninta ta martaba halayya da himma da kuma }wazon juna. Wannan littafi jagora ne domin sanin makama cikin nazarin al’adar zaman lafiya da ‘yancin ]an ‘Adam da zama ]an }asa da Dimokura]iyadakumaha]inkanal’ummu.

Hakakuma,antsarawannanlittafinea}ar}ashinkulawarofishinUNESCOdakeDakar(BREDA)taredaha]ingwiwarBankinAFDB.Buguda}aridominamfanin}asasahenECOWAS,anfassaralittafincikinharsunanFaransancidaIngilishidakumaFotugis.Antanadeshinedominamfaninmala-

MU{ADDIMA

mai cikin tsarin koyi-ka-koyar a muhallin karatu da kuma wanda ba na karatu ba. Saboda haka, littafin jagora ne da ya tanadi dabaru da hanyoyin koyarwa.

Mai koyarwa kuma shi ne mai nazari da zai fa’idantu da bayanai da za su taimaka a samu nasara cikin inganta ]abi’u da halaye na masu koyo. A gaskiya ma, manufar ita ce ta samawa ]imbin mutane na }asashen ECOWAS (maza da mata), wata dama ta sanin makamar tsarin zamantakewa da martaba juna da kuma taimakekeniya. Akwai tabbacin cewa mutanen da suka samu tasiri cikin halaye da ]abi’unsu, to suna iya taka rawa wajen gina nahiya mai zaman lafiya, Wato a samar da nahiya da babu fa]ace-fa]ace, domin shimfi]a yanayin cigaba da bun}asawa.

Dominsamunsau}inaiwatarwa,ankarkasawannanlittafizuwababi-babigudabakwai.Kowanebabikuma yana ]auke da batu da za a na}alci fasaharsa domin samun }warewa. Wato an tsara shi ta yadda kowane babi yana ]auke da }ananan batutuwa da za a inganta domin koyarwa. An tanadi cikakken bayani a }umshiyar wannan littafi a matsayin jagora ga masu koyo. Su kuma masu koyarwa, akwai manazartadominsamundamataingantailiminsu.Dominshikansahoronasaninmakamaraikin,anyi tsari mai kyau cikin jadawali domin }arin bayani. Wato mai koyarwa yana da za~i na amfani da tsa-rinalokacinnazari.Babina1–7suna}unshenedabatutuwanafasahada}warewa.Gamisali,akwaizamantakewa cikin mu’amala da juna domin cimma manufa guda ta cigaba a }asashen ECOWAS.

• Danganedasakamakondaakesonsamu,daga]anwannanyun}urianafatansamunal’ummatagari daga }asashen ECOWAS. Wato wa]anda za su himmatu ga tabbatar da ganin ]orewar manu-fofin da aka tsara cikin zumunta da taimakekeniya.

• Tabbatardakasancewar‘yancin}asatahanyarsauyatunanidomindogarodakai.Anananasaran a sami ‘yan }asa da ke iya nemo bayanai da kuma iya sarrafa su domin wayar da kai cikin ayyukan ECOWAS.

• Ha]uwadasauran‘yan}asadominaunaabubuwandaakayiwaal’ummatanadiagwamnatancecikn la’akari da ‘yancin ]an’Adam. A nan ana fatan samun ‘yan }asa da za su rungumi manufofi dakuma tsarinECOWAS cikinkariyar ‘yancin]an’AdamdaDimokura]iyadakumazamanlafiya.Domin]orewarwa]annanmanufofi,akwaibukatarsa-idocikinaikatagaskiyadakumashugabanci nagari.

Saboda haka, akwai bukatar dukkan }as ashen ECOWAS su amince da wannan littafi tare da inganta batutuwan da aka tanada a ciki. Haka kuma, akwai bukatar la’akari da hanyoyin koyarwa a matsayin manufa da aka amince da ita cikin tsarin ilimi. A }arshe, wajibi ne a cigaba da aiwatar da wa]annan tanade-tanade ta yadda manufofin ECOWAS za su bun}asa domin cigaban al’umma.

AnnThereseNDONG-JATTADirectorUNESCODakar

YANKIN DARASI NA 1AL’ADAR ZAMAN LAFIYA DA HANARIKICI DA GUDANAR DA AL’AMURRANRIKICIN

‘‘Kasancewar ya}e-ya}e sun samo asali ne daga zukatan mazaje to daga zukatan mazajen ne ya kamata a samu hayoyin tabbatar da zaman lafiya...’’

Kundin tsarin mulkin UNESCO, 1945

AL’ADAR ZAMAN LAFIYA DA HANA RIKICI DA GUDANAR DA AL’AMURRAN RIKICIN

1- Al’adar zaman lafiya2- Warware matsalolin rikice-rikice

Zaman lafiya wani abu ne da aka samar; al’umma ba gadonsa suka yi ba. Zaratan masu iya magana naRumawandasunacewa,}asartanadaala}adarikice-rikice da ma ya}i: a cewarsu << duk mai son

zaman lafiya dole ne ya shirya wa ya}i >> . Amma tunanin al’adar zaman lafiya ba za ta aminta da halatta wannan zancen ba: maimakon haka sai mu yarda wata hikima ce ta masu iyamagana.Dukdayakeirinwannanbaiwartananufinya}e-ya}e na cikin rayuwar zamantakewar al’umma a doron }asa dalilin bambance-bambancen da ke gare su (na al’ada da siyasa da tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, da launim fata da }abila da kuma addini da sauransu). Wannan ya nuna cewa yana da muhimmanci a koyi yadda za a kulawa da su cikin lumana domin tabbatar da samun zaman lafiya mai ]orewa. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa wannan tsari ya bayyana dangantaka tsakanin al’adar zaman lafiya da kulawa da samar da zaman lafiya daga ya}e-ya}e.

Manufar Yankin darasi:

Koyarda]abi’u,}uduri,halayedadabarunrungumaral’adarzaman lafiya da dabarun kulawa da sasanta ya}e-ya}e.

}ananan manufofin Yankin darasi

1- Al’adar zaman lafiya2- Sasanta rikice-rikice

Gabatarwa

{ananan manufofin Yankin darasi• Koyar da ]abi’u, }uduri, dabaru da halayenrungumar al’adar zaman lafiya

ManufofinKoyarwa/Koyo• Fahimtar halaye da ]abi’un al’adar zaman

lafiya• Shiryadabarunbun}asaal’adarzamanlafiya

tare da kulawa da gudummuwar }ungiyoyin al’umma daban-daban.

• Shirya ayyukan karantarwa a kan al’adarzaman lafiya

• Amfanida]abi’undazasubun}asaal’adarzaman lafiya

Sassan da tsarin ya }unsa{udurin zaman lafiya{udurin zaman lafiya na nufin hanyar koyon }wazo da ilimi; da samun }arin halaye da ]abi’u da za su taimaka wajen samun zaman lafiya tsakanin juna cikin zamantakewar al’umma.

Ma’anar zaman lafiya Zaman lafiya (Peace) a Ingilishi (daga harshenlatin aka samo ta daga: pax, pacis)1:• Yanayinzaman}asashendabasuya}i:ya}i

don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a cikin duniya;• Dakatardaya}e-ya}etsakanin}asashenbiyu

ko da yawa da ke cikin ya}i : samar da zaman lafiya tsakaninsu;

• tabbatardayanayinzamanlafiya,yarjejeniyatsakanin ‘yan}asa, }ungiyoyin al’umma, kawar da fa]ace-fa]ace tsakanin al’umma, tashin hankali cikin jama’a : zaman lafiya lafiya cikin al’umma;

• yanayinzamantakewarmutumendabayafa]a kuma ba ya rikici da kowa: zama lafiya da ma}wabta;

• yanayinzamannatsuwaacikingidanwani;• yanayin mutum wanda yake zaune lafiya ;

zaman lafiya cikin zuciya. Zaman lafiya a rayuwa ;

• Rashin hayaniya da hargitsi a wani wuri:zaman lafiya a ma}abartu.

Nau’o’in zaman lafiyaZaman lafiya mai sau}i: zaman lafiya mai sau}i yana nufin rashin rikice-rikice ko tashin hankali.Zaman lafiya mai }arfi: zaman lafiya mai }arfi yana nufin matakan da aka ]auka domin tabbatar da kariyar rayuwar kowa da kowa ba wai rashin rikice-rikice da tashin hankali kawai ba. Samar da zaman lafiya mai }arfi ya }unshi matakai da suka ha]a da wa]annan:• ha}uri;• saurare;• sadarwa;• amincewadakasancewarra’ayoyadatunanin

daban-daban a kan wani al’amari ;• amfanidakowanejinsi;• }o}arinkulatagaggawaalokutanrikici;• ha]inkai;• tunaninbasira;• kiyayeha}}indayaratayaakanka;A sani, wa]annan matakai hayar da za bi ta cimmusu ita ce, hanyar ilimi.

Al’adar zaman lafiya

Al’adar zaman lafiya:<< Hanya ce ta tabbatar da aminci tsakanin mutane da ha]in kai tsakanin al’umma da }asashe. Ya }unshi koyon yadda ake warware rikice-rikice da ke iya ~arkewa tsakanin al’umma ko }asashe, musamman ta hanyar magana da tattaunawa,

{aramin Yankin darasi 1: Al’adar zaman lafiya

maimakon matakin amfani da makamai da ya}e-ya}e.

....Manufar al’adar zaman lafiya ba wai ta kawar da rikici ba sai dai samar da hanyoyi da dabarun sasanta su ba tare da ya}i ba. Al’adar zaman lafiya saboda haka, tana da manufar kyautata hanyoyin girmama ‘yancin ]anadam, ha}uri da hanyar sasantawar zaman lafiyar da warware rikice-rikice tare da ci gaban al’umma a matsayinsu na ]ai]aiku da kuma al’umma>>2.

KamaryaddaMajalisarDunkinduniyatabayarda ma’ana, al’adar zaman lafiya ta }unshi halaye gaba ]aya da ]abi’u da kyawawan ayyuka da tsarin rayuwa wa]an da ba su aminta da tashin hankali ba kuma suke kariya daga aukuear tashin hankali ta hanyar maganin tushen musabbabin matsalolin ta hanyar tattaunawa da sasantawa tsakanin ]ai]aikun mutane da }ungiyoyi da jihohi (Matsayar Majalisar [unkin duniya A/RES/52/13 : al’adarzaman lafiyadaA/53/243 :Doka da shirin gudanarwa a kan al’adar zamanlafiya).3

<< Al’adar zaman lafiya aiki ne na ]ai]aikun mutane da al’umma da samar da sauyin ci gaba a matakin hukumomi. Aiki ne, wanda ya shafi imanin al’umma da yun}urinsu na ci gaban kowace }asa ta la’akari da tarihi da zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin al’umma.... Al’adar zaman lafiya tana da manufar canza halaye da ]abi’u da ayyuka ta yadda za su inganta zaman lafiya da hanaaukuwartashinhankali>>4

IliminZamanlafiyaKoyardailiminzamanlafiyayananufinhorasda]an}asa mai lura da kulawa, ya girmama kowace al’ada ta yadda za a amfana da ‘yanci da girmama wanzuwar kowane ]anadam da aminta da bambance-bambance da ke tsakanin al’umma da sanin bu}atar kiyaye aukuwar rikici da matakan warware su ta hanyar sasantawa.5

Kamar dai al’adar zaman lafiya, ilimin zamanlafiya yana kulawa da tarihi, zamantakewar al’ada da tattalin arzikin kowace }asa. Ana iya cewa ilimin zaman lafiya ya samu asali ne saboda }o}arin kariya daga ya}e-ya}e: Matakin farko na }asa da }asa na kariya daga ya}e-ya}e shi ne

Yarjejeniyar barin ya}e-ya}e a matsayin wata doka ta }asa, wadda aka fi sani da <<Briand-KellogPact>>na1928.6

Bugu da }ari an kafa {ungiyar Majalisar[unkinDuniyaashekarata1945,domin<<cetoal’ummomin da ke tafe daga bala’in ya}e-ya}e (...)>>da tsara wasu dokoki wa]an da za su tabbatar da adalci da girmama tsarin yarjejeniyar da aka yi da kuma wasu hanyoyi na dokar }asa da }asa>>, tare da kuma kyautata ci gaban zamantakewar al’umma da }ara inganta rayuwa tahanyar‘yanci...>>.(Shimfi]arDokarMajalisar[unkinDuniya)

Haka ma, ilimin zaman lafiya yana taimakawa wajen bun}asa ,, fahimtar juna, ha}uri da }awance tsakanin dukkan }asashe, da ked a bambancin launin fata ko addini <<Ayyukan Majalisar[unkinDuniyana tabbatar da zamanlafiya <<(Sashe na 26, Yarjejeniyar Kariyar‘Yancin[anadam).Bayaninshinezamanlafiya,yana cikin manyan ayyukan Majalisar [unkin Duniyada}asashendakecikinta.

Ta hanyar hikimar al’umma ta koyarwa da koyo, malaman koyar da ilimin zaman lafiya suna bayar da gudummuwa ga ci gaban al’umma. Suna }wazo wajen kawar da cutar da al’umma ta hanyar talauci, }iyayyar juna, nuna bambanci, fya]e, tashin hankali da ya}i. Babbar manufar ita cekariya daga kawar da al’umma daga doron }asa ta hanyar ya}e-ya}en makamai masu linzami, ilimin zaman lafiya yanzu haka yana taimakawa wajen cimma babbar manufar gina al’adar zaman lafiyatsakaninal’umma.7

Matsaloli da }alubalen tabbatar da zaman lafiyaTabbatar da zaman lafiya na iya fuskantar matsaloli a kan wa]annan dalilan:•r ashintattaunawa;• keta‘yancin‘yanadam;• rashinkulawadaha}}inmuhalli;• matsalarnunawariyarjinsi;• rashiningancinmulki;• matsalar rashinamfanidadarussandasuka

gabata ;• rashinkuladadokokindumokura]]iya;• rashintsaro;• rashinbiyanbu}atunal’umma;

• ketadoka;• rashin kulawar gaggawa ga matsaloli ; da

sauransu.

Dukdahaka,babban}alubalenwajentabbatardazaman lafiya a yankin }asashen {ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma (ECOWAS) shi ne yawaitar rikice-rikice da miyagun ayyukan da ke haifar da kisan mutane maza da mata da yara da lalata gine-gine da yiwa mutane raunuka da tashin hankali tare da saka tsoro da fargaba cikin al’umma.

Dabarunayyukanbun}asaal’adarzamanlafiyaBun}asa al’adar zaman lafiya tana bu}atar }asashen da ke cikin {ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma (ECOWAS) su tabbatar da bin wa]annan hanyoyi:• Tabbatar da adalci na bai ]aya ga dukkan

‘yan}asa • Samardatallafigahukumomindakeayyukan

tabbatar da zaman lafiya kamar hukumomi na }asa da }asa da wa]an da ba na gwamnati ba da }ungiyoyi da hukumomin Majalisar [unkinDuniya;

• {arfafa tubalan domokura]iya da kumagirmama dokokin }asa da }asa ;

• Bindokokida}a’idoji;• Kariyarmuhallidomin]orewarkyakkyawar

hul]a tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu ;• Koyardadabarudailimiamatsayinhanyar

bun}asa taimakawa ci gaba da koyar da dabarun sasantawa domin tabbatar da rayuwar zaman lafiya ga ]ai]aikun mutane da dukkanin al’umma;

• Bun}asa‘yancin]anadam

Daga cikin duk fa]in }ungiyoyin Afrika,ECOWAS ita ka]ai ce }ungiyar da ta shiga sosai a cikin harakokin zaman lafiya da tsaro. Bayantabbatardaayyukansojojinatabbatardatsaro a yankuna }asashenta na (Liberia, Sierra Leone,GuineaBissaudaCoted’Ivoire),takumashirya wasu matakai daban-daban na }asa da }asa domin tabbatar da cimma wannan manufar. Alalmisali:tsarinhanyoyinDabarunhanatashinhankali, Yadda za a kula da shi, Sasantawa, Tabbatar da zaman lafiya da Tsaro (wanda aka yimatsaya a Disemba 1999), inda kuma aka }arfafa da]in tsarin Dumokura]]iya da Tsarin

gudanarwar Gwamnati ingantacce (wanda aka yi matsayaaDecember,2001),wandayatabbatardabayyananar dangantaka tsakanin manufar kariyar aukuwar rikice-rikice da warware rikice-rikicen.

TAKARDARTSARI

Yankin darasi 1: Al’adar zaman lafiya, kariya daga rikice-rikice da gudanarwa

{aramin Yankin darasi 1: Al’adar Zaman lafiya

Iyakokin}araminyankindarasi• Koyardahalaye, tunanida]abi’unkoyida

al’adar zaman lafiya

ManufofinKoyarwa/Koyo• Koyo da fahimtar halaye da tunani a kan

al’adar zaman lafiya• Samar da dabaru domin bun}asa al’adar

zaman lafiya ta hanyar kulawa da gudummuwar }ungiyoyin al’umma• Gudanardaayyukankoyarwaakanal’adar

zaman lafiya• Koyi da ]abi’un da za su inganta al’adar

zaman lafiya

Lokaci:Awa14

Kayayyakinaiki/koyarwa/adanabayanai• Jadawalin makaranta da littafan karatu a

darasin• Littafen koyarwa na {ungiyar bun}asa

tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma (ECOWAS)

• Fina-finai• Hotuna,zayyane-zayyanedazane-zane• Takardunbayanaidalittafaimasudangantaka• Hanyarsadarwargizo-gizo

{araminJigo1:Al’adarZaman lafiya

JadawalinTsari

Lokuta Dabarundazaakoya Abubuwan da suka }unsa

Hanyoyi Tsawon lokaci

1 -[abi’u da tunanin a kan al’adar zaman lafiya

Awa 2

2

Ganewa da koyon dabarun al’adar

Tsare-tsare da hanyoyin al’adar zaman lafiya

Adana binciken ilimi (na rubuce da faifan kallo)

Awa 2

3

Kawomatsalolida}alubalen da al’adar zaman lafiya ke fuskanta

Matsaloli da }alubalen da samar da zaman lafiya ke fuskanta

-Aikin tawagaAwa 2

4

Tsara dabarun bun}asa al’adar zaman lafiya

Dabarunbu}asaal’adarzaman lafiya

-Tattaunawar musayar ra’ayi-Nazari (Safiyo)

Awa3

5

Saka darasin al’adar zaman lafiyaajadawali/ayyukanmakarantuMisali: Tabbatar da an saka darussan al’adar zaman lafiyacikinkayarwa/koyon halayen da suke kulawa da kowane jinsi ta hanyar }arfafa ]alibai shiga cikn harakokin da suka shafi al’umma (ayyukan al’umma, taimakon ka da kai, da sauransu)

-Kayayyakinkoyarwada ake da su-Samar da katunan ko-yar da karatu-Shirya azuzuwan ko-yarwa-Bitarilimindaakakoya

-Tattaunawa-Bagirenbincike-Amfani da abun da ya faru-Wasar kwaik-wayo-Yin gwaji

Awa 5

MISALINJADAWALINTAKARDARAIKITAILIMI

{araminJigo1:Al’adarzamanlafiya Iyakokin}aramarmanufar • Koyarda]abi’u,}uduri,dabarudahalayenkoyonal’adarzamanlafiya

ManufarKoyarwa/koyo • Fahimtar]abi’uda}udurimasuala}adaal’adrzamanlafiya

Takendarasi/yanayinkoyo:

• [abi’uda}udurin abubuwa masu ala}a da al’adar zaman lafiya

Dabarundazaakoya

DabaruIlimi/dabaru [abi’u/Saninmakama Hanyoyidazaabi/Sanin

makama

-Bayardama’anaral’adarza-man lafiya-Fitoda]abi’unzamanlafiya

-Fa]akarwaakanzamanlafiya-Nazartar hanyoyin warware matsalolin rikici a muhallin da mutum yake-Nazartar ]abi’u da halayen da suke tabbatar da zaman lafiya

-mutunta wasu jama’a-Zaman lafiya da sauran al’umma

Lokaci : Awa 2

Kayayyakinaiki/kayankoyarwa/adanabayanai• Hotunadakenunayabnayinrikice-rikicedayawakoya}iawanike~a~~enwuri• Hotunadakenunasadaukarwa,fahimtarjuna,}auna,dasauransu.• Jadawalin}asashen{ungiyarbun}asatattalinarzikin}asashenAfrikatayamma

(ECOWAS)• Littafan{ungiyarbun}asatattalinarzikin}asashenAfrikatayamma(ECOWAS)• HotunanBidiyo• Zanajadawalinzamanlafiya(zanedagakowane]alibi)• Zayyane-zayyanedaban-dabandahotuna

{araminJigo1:Al’adarzaman lafiya

TSARI AYYUKA DABARU

Binciken}a’idoji/iliminfarko da aka samu

-gano matakin fahimta da al’adar ]alibai ma’ana abin da suka koya

-amsa tamabaya a rubuce ko da baki-shiryawa da tattauna bayanai a kan al’adar za-man lafiya

-ayyukan ]ai]aikun mutane-Tattaunawa da juna-Tattaunawa bayyane

Gwaji -gabatar da jadawalin za-man lafiya (dubi takardar da aka li}a a baya)-a tambaye su zaman lafiya domin samun ya-nayin zaman lafiya daga jadawalin zaman lafiya

-tawaga ta gabatar da yanayin zaman lafiya

Aikin tawaga

Taimakawa aikin tawaga da mayar da rahoton aikin tawagar

-fara amfani da yanayi-a umurci ]alibai su kawo taken da ke aika sa}onnin zaman lafiya

-nazarin yanayi ; -fitowa da ]abi’u da tu-nani a kan zaman lafiya-shirya take da yawa

-Aikintawaga-Tattaunawar muhawara

Shirya sabbabin dabarun daakasamu/cigabansuda ha]in gwiwar basira

-}ara samar da wasu bayanai domin su fa]a]a wajen ta tawagar ta samar ;

-shirya abubuwan da za a samar a bisa wannan tsarin :•ma’anartunanida]abi’un zaman lafiya; •ayyukandakeingantazaman lafiya;•shiryafa]akarwaa~angaren zaman lafiya; da sauransu

-Aikin ha]in gwiwa

Nazari/gwaji -a tambayi ]alibai su yi:•cikamatakina7najadawali•nuna]ayadagacikin]abi’u shida na zaman lafiya wanda aka nuna a jadawali ta amfani matani a cikin she]aru goma, zane ko take

-gudanar da ayyuka a matakin ]ai]aiku daidai da umurnin da aka bayar Aikin ]ai]aikun mutane

Shiryaazuzuwankarantarwa/koyo

Sauyi /sabuntawa

-a bu}aci a kawo wa]annan, daidai da za~in mutum:•rahotondaya}unshibayanai, hotunan ayyu-kan da ke faruwa kullum wa]an da suka bayyana al’adar zaman lafiya ; •sa}onzamanlafiyagadukkanin mutane dake nuna bu}atar su yi koyi da al’adar zaman lafiya tsakaninsu da wasu.-shirya }udurin kamfe na fa]akarwa kan inganta rayuwar al’umma a cikin birane.

-shirya rahoto;-tsarashirye-shirye/tsarinayyuka;-aiwatardatsarinsu/ayy-ukan fa]akarwa da wasu tanade-tanade.

-Aikin tawaga-Bincikenilimiarubuce

Koyonaikiiri]ayaatare

{araminJigo2:Kariyadagaaukuwarri-kice-rikice da matakan sasantawa

Iyakokin}aramarmanufarKoyarda]abi’u,}uduridahalayenkoyondabarunkulawa da warware rikice-rikice

ManufarKoyarwa/Koyo• Fahimtartunanidamanufarrikice-rikiceda

yadda ake warware su.• Fahimtardabarunkariyaraukuwarrikice-rikice

da warware su.• Shiryadabarunkariyarrikici,kulawadawarware

shi ta hanyar koyon ]abi’u da dabarun mutunta bambancin da ke tsakanin juna• Shiryaazuzuwakoyarwaakankariyaraukuwa

daga rikici, kulawa da sasantawa• Aikida]abi’uwa]andasukeingantakariya

daga aukuwar rikici, kulawa da sasantawa

Sassan da tsarin ya }unsaRikici:Rikiciyananufinsamunsa~aniakanwanial’amariwanda yake iya haifar da matsalolin husuma, ~acin rai da bayyanannun matsaloli.

Yana nufin gaba da juna, rashin jituwa, sa~ani a kan wani al’amari da ya shafi: tunani, ra’ayi, imani, bu}atu,}abila,ketahaddin}abiladajinsi.Dayuwaaiyakawar da irin wa]annan matsalolin domin kuwa suna

cikin wani sashe na rayuwar ]anadam kuma akwai su a dukkan sassan zamantakewar rayuwarsa:• iyali,• gwamnatoci.• cibiyoyi,• hukumomi,• da sauransu

Nau’oin rikice-ricikeAna iya kawo bambanci tsakanin nau’o’in rikice-rikice daban-dabanRikice-rikicensojojisunha]ada:• rikice-rikicen sojoji na }asa da }asa (tsakanin }

asashe)• rikice-rikicen sojoji (na cikin }asa)

Rikicinsojojina}asada}asakotsakanin}asasheshine inda rikici yake faruwa tsakanin }asashe biyu.Rikicindabana}asada}asabakuwakotsakanin}asashe shi ne tsakanin Sojojin wata }asa da wata ko tsakanin sojojin da ke ya}ar junansu.

RikicindangantakaRikicindangantakakorikicitsakaninjunarahinjituwa ne mai nauyi tsakanin mutane biyu (dalilin rashin fahimta mai kyau, rashin kyakkyawan tunani, rashinkyakkyawardangantaka,dasauransu).8

{araminJigo2:Kariyadagaaukuwarri-kice-rikice da matakan sasantawa

Mafari/Dalilai/Musababbinrikice-rikiceGaba ]aya, dalilan da ke haifar da rikice-rikice su ne:• rashin tunani mai kyau (na bayyane, addini,

fahimta,}abila/harshe,dasauransu)• nuna wariya da bambanci (}iyayyar rashin

dalili, wariyar launi, tsoron juna, rashin ha}uri da addinan juna, tsattsauran ra’ayin addini, nuna bambanci, nuna son kai, rashin adalci,....) ;

• koyidamiyagunhalaye(rashingaskiya,sonkai,zargi, rowa, }yashi, hasada, hali, son duniya, yamutsi, rashin aminci, son shugabanci, tsoro, hushi, tashin hankali...) ;

• sa~anin ra’ayoyin juna (rashin fahimta, da}ushewa....) ;

• rashinkyautatadangantakarsadarwa(}arya/sakatunanin son kai, rashin fahimta...) ;

• rashin ingantattar gwamnati da kasawardumokura]]iya (halarta cin hanci, nuna fin }arfin doka, keta doka, talauci, gwagwarmayar samun arziki...)

• Komabayan}asa• [abi’unta’addancinamatasaamatakin}asada}

asa da cikin }asashe, iyokoki masu ruwa da kuma ci gaban arzikin ya}i.

Yanayin rikice-rikice• Rikice-rikicensiyasa• Rikice-rikicenzamantakewa• Rikice-rikicenal’ada• Rikice-rikicentattalinarziki• Rikice-rikicenaddini• Rikice-rikicen}abilanci/yare/launinfata

Kulawadakariyadagarikice-rikice:dabarudahanyoyi

A lokacin zaman lafiya, akwai yiyuwar koyon zaman kirkidarikice-rikice,munagodiyagakoyarwa/koyondabaru da hanyoyin kulawa da sanasanta rikice-rikice a makarantu da cibiyoyin horaswa. Sun taimaka muna muka koyi wa]annan ]abi’u da halaye: amincewa kai, dabaru, gaskiya ha]in kai tsakanin juna, rashin son kai, sadarwa ta }warai da fahimtar juna.Matsalolin ya}e-ya}e da fa]ace-fa]acen sojoji suna da yawa: alal misali, suna haifar da hasarar rayuka da dukiyoyi, da hasarar kayayyakin amfani, saka tsoro, raba kan }asa, aikata manyan laifuka, shaye-shayen miyagun }wayoyi tasakanin matasa, lalata muhalli

da gine-gine, rasa wurin zama ga mutane, cututtuka, lalacewar matasa, fya]e da lalata yara da jima’i, lalata wuraren ayyuka, makarantu, asibitoci, da sauransu.

A lokacin ya}i, rikice-rikice suna tafiya ne a bisa dokar kuladarayukan‘yanadamta}asada}asa(IHL).<<Dokarkulawadarayukan‘yanadamta}asada}asatana da manufar kare rayuwar mutum da mutuncin al’ummar da ya}in ya shafa da rage wahalwalun da za su fuskanta. Akwai dokoki da na }asa da }asa wa]an da suke da manufar tsara yadda za a yi ya}i da kare mutanen da ba su cikin fagen ya}in ko cikin fagaen daga.Dukdayakedokarkuladarayukan‘yanadamta}asa da }asa an shirya ta ne kawai domin ya}e-ya}e, ba ta maye gurbin dokar ‘yancin ]anadam ba, wadda kowane lokaci ana amfani da ita. Wa]annan zubin dokoki biyu suna tallafawa juna. >> 9

tsarin karantarwa da koyo wani abu a kan dokar kulawa darayuwar‘yanadamta}asada}asa(IHL)kwamitin}ungiyar}asada}asamai taimakawa taRedCrossce ta }ir}iro shi ta kuma ba shi sunan << Amfani da dokar kulawa da rayuwar ‘yan adam : (EHL) >>

Kariya daga rikice-rikice yana daga cikin manyanmanufofin Majalisar [unkin Duniya kamar yaddadokarta1takundinmajalisaryabayyana.Bayanhakatun daga }arshen shekarun alif ]ari tara da tamanin (1980), yanayin rikice-rikicen ya sauya sosai. Ya}e-ya}en }asashe ya haifar da na cikin }asashe. An sha kama wa]an da ba sojoji ba cikin tayar da fitina, da kuma mafi munin hakan, su zama su za a fara kaiwa harin ya}i.

Kariyadaga rikice-rikiceya samunasara a a farkonshekarataalif]aritaradatisi’in(1990)tahanyarwanishiri mai suna Shirin Zaman Lafiya wanda BabbanSakataren Majalisar, Boutros-Ghali ya }ir}iro. Anbayar da }arfi a kan <<difilomasiyar kariya>> wadda aka baiwa ma’anar <<matakan warware matsalolin rashin jituwa da ke iya haifar da rikice-rikice da kuma hanasuya]uwadazararsunauku>>.10

Manufar difilomasiyar kariya ita ce rage zafin zuciya da tabbatar da sasanta rashin fahimta cikin lumana a ciki da kuma tsakanin }asashen }ungiyar da amfani da damar ofisoshin da ya dace da sasantawa da

shawarwari da taimakawa wajen sulhu, tattaunawa da kuma cimma yarjejeniya, wa]an da su ne ake amfani da su wajen hana aukuwar rikici. Ana amfani da difilomasiyar kariya ne wajen kulawa da rikici, sasantawa da ayyukan gina zaman lafiya.

Ashekarata1997,HukumarCarnegietakariyadagamanyan rikice-rikice ta fito da bambanci sosai dake tsakanin ayyukan kariya da kariya ta tsari. 11

A yankin ECOWAS, ayyukan kariya suna nufin yun}urin da ake yi na warware matsalar rikice-rikice da suka ha]a da jan kunne tun farko, sasantawa, ba da shawara, kariya daga ]aukar makamai da aika sojoji ta hanyar shiga tsakani da ofishin ECOWAS ke yi da baraden ko ta kwana.

Tsararriyar kariya, mafi yawa ana shirya ta ne a yun}urin zaman lafiya, da manufar fitowa da dalilin rikici, wa]an da suka ha]a da siyasa, hukuma (na gwamnati) da manufofin ci gaba da gina }asa da goyon bayan al’adar zaman lafiya. 12

Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga hukumomin }asa da }asa, da hukumomin yankunan }asashe da gwamnatocin }asashe (na }ungiyar) da hukumomi masu zaman kansu, su saka matakan kariya a cikin shirye-shiryensu, su kuma ri}a amfani da su ta hanyoyin }ungiyoyin kariyadaban-daban.Dabarunkariyarsunha]adawa]annan kuma ba iyakacinsu ke nan ba:

-(a) binciken abun da ke gudana na gaskiya daga malaman addini, sarakuna da manyan mutane, muhimman ofisoshi mai }wazo na yankin domin gano ainihin gaskiyar lamarin da kuma gano hanyoyin kariya daga aukuwar rikice-rikice (tarukan bita domin warware matsaloli tare da ha]in gwiwar dukkan hukumomin),

(b) Sasantawa (c) Sulhu(d) Bayardashawara-samardahanyartattaunawatsakanin ~angarorin da ke husuma(e) Kariyatasoja(f) Matakan amincewa juna...

{aramin Jigo 2: Kariyadaga aukuwar rikice-rikice da matakan sasantawaMisalan manyan ayyukan yanki sun ha]a da:(a) Tsarin zaman lafiya da tsaro wanda aka tsara daidai da dokokin da suka dace

(b) Tsarin jan kunnen farko mai inganci na yanki: tare da gudummuwar shawarwari daga }asashen }ungiyar da }ungiyoyin sa kai domin tattara labara da bayanaidanazarinsu(ofisoshinyankinaECOWARM)(c) Ayyukan sulhu daga majalisar manyan jami’an }ungiyar da wakilan shugabannin }asashen }ungiyar ECOWAS,

• Manyan ofisoshin da manyan jami’ai suke ri}e da su : jekadu na musamman domin sulhu a

• mataki na }oli,• Bayardamisalignmataki}wa}}wara tahanyar

aiwatar da tsarin kariya daga rikici na • ECOWAS(ECPF),• Taimakawa shirin yankin na }arfafa hukumomin

kula da ‘yancin ]anadam da na ya}i da cin hanci da kula da ingancin za~e da jam’iyyun siyasa a matsayin matakan }arfafawa.

{ungiyar ECOWAS na da shirin kafa sashen kula da sulhu (MSD) domin taimakawa }o}arin aikinhukumomin difilomasiya na kariyar rikice-rikice kamar cibiyar ECOWAS ta manyan jami’ai da wakilai/jekadunashugabanECOWAS.Wannanyun}uri na da manufar }arfafa tabbacin cewa kariya daga rikice-rikice (na hukuma da manyan ayukka) a yankin ya samu nasara daga }arshe.

Yadda za a kulawa da sasanta rashin jituwa Fitowadamusabbabinaukuwarrikice-rikiceDolenea fitodamusabbabinaukuwar rikice-rikice.Mai yiyuwa akwai musabbabin ko dalilan da suka tayarda rikici (dubimusabbabi/dalilai/tushenrikice-rikice). Bitar amfani da rashin amfani da rashin amfaninhanyoyi da daman a kariya daga aukuwar rikici:A wannan sashe na biyu, shirin kulawa da sasanta rikici, ya fito da hanyoyi da yawa da mutane ke iya kulawa da sasanta rikici a hanyar da za ta ]ore. Al’amarin yana da manufar nazarin amfani da rashin amfanin kowane shiri na ko dai:• Sassan biyu da ke rikici suna da }arfin kansu ko

ba su da• Akwai ha]in kai tsakanin ~angarorin biyu ko babu• An sasanta rikicin ko a’a• Yanayindaakecikinanayinasarane/kaimaka

yi/kokarasane/ninasamu/karasa• Akwai fahimtar fahimta tsakanin juna• Akwai ingantaccen tsarin kyautata hul]a

Daga cikin dabarun warware rikici, ana iya fito dawa]annan bambance-bambance:

-Shari’a: yana nufin tsarin sharia a cikin al’umma.

Alkalizaiyankehukunci-]ayazaiyinasara/]ayayarasa–daidaidadoka;

-Sulhuntawa: yanayi ne inda ~angarora biyu za su za~i mutum ]aya, mafi yawa ]an wata }asa ya yi musu sulhu kuma dukansu su aminta da matsayar day a cimma. A nan, abun da ya fi dacewa shi ne za~en ]an }asar waje ;

-Sasantawa: yanayi ne inda ~angarori biyu suka aminta tsakaninsu za su warware matsalolinsu. Yana }arfafa hikimar << Na samu nasara, ka samu >> ;

-Shiga tsakani: tattaunawa ce inda ~angaroran da ke rikici suka aminta da su bar rikicin kwata-kwata, domin ]aukar duka matakan da suka dace. Mai shiga tsakanin kawai yana jagorantar shirin. Yana ba da muhimmanci ga hikimar <<kowane ~angare ya samu nasara>>. Wani lokaci ana kiransa ‘‘mai taimakawa’’;

-Shiryawa: yana nufin yanayin da aka samu mafita mai ]orewa a kan wata matsala kuma zaman lafiya ya ci gaba da gudana ;

-Daidaitawa:yananufinyanayinduka~angarorabiyuna warware matsaloli har matakin da aka samu canji mai ma’ana. Wannan bay a nufin yanayin ya wuce a shawo kansa ;

-Canji: wannan shi ne mataki na }oli na ha]akar juna. Sassan biyu su aminta da matsayar sabunta }awance da kyautata dangantaka.Sulhuntawa, sasantawa, siga tsakani, shiryawa, daidaitawa da canji su ne mafi amfanin hanyoyin kulawa da warware rikici tsakanin ~angarora masu rikicin.

Matakai goma na hanyoyin sasanta rikici cikin lumana1. {o}arin fito da matsalolinku na rikicin kuma kar

ku yi fushi, ku yi }o}arin gano abubuwan da suka sa wasu suka yi fushi.

2. Koyidahalinsaurareda}wazo-neman labarai,bayanai da tambayawa

3. Gano bu}ata- bambanta bu}atarku ta ainihi damatsayar da kuka ]auka da farko

4. Mayardahankaligadalilinfaruwarmatsalarbawai akan wanda abun ya faru kansa ba.

5. Nazarin mafitar da ta dace- ‘‘me kake tunanin shi ne mafitar da tafi dacewa?’’- neman bayanai ba tare da yanke hukuncin mai laifi ba tsakanin ~angaroran da ke rikici.

6. Amfanidadabarargaskiyadominnazarinmafitarwarware rikicin- <<abun da wasu da ke cikin irin wannan yanayi suka yi?’’

7. Fito da matsayar da kowane ~angaren da akerikici da shi zai aminta.

8. Amintadamatsayardatafidacewa.

9. Indashawararmatsayarbatakar~uba-<<yardada komawa kan teburin shawra.

10.Kyautatadangantaka.13

{araminJigo2:HanyoyinSasanta rikice-rikiceJADAWALINTSARI

Jadawalindarasi1:Al’adarzamanlafiya,kariyaraukuwar rikici da gudanarda al’amuransa

{araminJigo2:Kariyaraukuwarrikicidakulawa

Ma}asudin}araminJigo

Gina ]abi’u da manufofi da halaye domin koyon dabarun warware rikici

ManufofinKoyarwa/Koyo

- Fahimtartunanidadokokindasukashafirikicidakulawa da shi.

- Samun }warewa a kan kariyar aukuwar rikici da kulawa da shi.

- Samar da dabarun kariyar daga aukuwar rikici, kulawa da sasantawa ta hanyar amfani da ]abi’un da aka koya a gida da halayen girmama bam-bancin da ke tsakanin juna.

- Koyarda]alibaiharakokindasukashafikariyaraukuwar rikici, kulawa, sasantawa (ha}uri da za-man lafiya)

Lokaci:Awa16

Kayyayakinkoyarwa/adanabayanai• Jadawalinmakarantadalittafankaratunadara-

sin. • Littafen karatu na ECOWAS• Fina-finai,hotuna,zayyane-zayyanedazane-

zane• Takardu da littafai masu ala}a.• Hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo

JadawalinTsare-tsatre

Zango Abubuwan da za a qware kansu

Abubuwa masu alaqa da qum-shiya

Dabarunkoyarwa Lokaci

1 -Bayyanamuhimmanvangarorimasualaqadarikice-rikice.- Ganowa da iya bayyana ire-iren rikice-rikice da abubuwan da ke haddasa su.

Rikice-rikice,rikice-rikicedamakamai, abubuwan da haddasa rikice-rikice, illoli da nau’o’in rikice-rikice.

Bincikenabubuwankaratu (waxanda aka yi xab’i da na kwam-futa).

-Aikin haxin guiwa-Wasa qwaqwalwa.- Tattaunawa

Nazarin kayan karatu.

Nazari a kan fanni Zayyanawa da tsarawa da aiki da katukan yaxa ilmi.Shirya taron qara wa juna sani tare da abokai a wannan shiri.

Awa4

2 Gano matsaloli da ke daqushe hana aukuwar rikice-rikice, kiyaye su da kuma magance su

Matsaloli da wahalhalun da ake fuskanta masu alaqa da hana aukuwar rikice-rikice da kiyaye su da kuma magance su

Awa 2

3 Gano dabarun hana auku-war rikice-rikice, kiyaye su da kuma magance su.

Dabarunhanaaukuwarrikice-ri-kice, kiyaye su da kuma magance su.

Awa 2

4 Auna dabarun hana auku-war rikice-rikice, da kiyaye su da kuma magance su.

Kayankaratuakanyanayinsiyasa a wannan yanki.

Awa 2

5 Cuxanya dabarun hana aukuwar rikice-rikice da kiyaye su da kuma magance su a cikin tsare-tsaren darussa

-Kayayyakinilmantarwawax-anda ake da su.-Kayayyakinkoyarwa.-Shirya lokuta ko zangunan koyarwa.-Auna fahimta.

Awa6

MISALINJADAWALINKOYARWA

Jigo:Sonzamalafiyadakiyayeaukuwarrikice-rikiceQaraminJigo2:Kiyayehanaaukuwarrikice-rikice

FaxinqaramarmatashiyaCusa aqidu da ra’ayoyi da halaye don bincike kan dabarun hana aukuwar rikice-rikice.

TakenDarasi:Zaman lafiya, fahimtar juna da haxin kai

ManufarDarasi:

• Qwarewaara’ayoyidafannonindasukashafi rikice-rikice da kuma magance su.

• Badagudummuwawajenhanaaukuwarrikice da kiyaye su da kuma magance su.

Dabarundazaakoya

Gwaninta

Ilimi Qwarewa Dabara

Ganowa da iya bayyana ire-iren rikice-rikice da abubuwan da ke haddasa su da kuma illolin su.

Qoqarin ba da gudummuwa wajen gano mafita a lokacin tattaunawa ta muhawara

Iyararrabewataredanazarinyanaye-yanaye masu dangantaka da rikice-rikice.

Kayayyakinkoyarwa• Hotuna6masuzayyanalabarinjakaigudabiyu.• Gundarintsarinmulki.• Qa’iojinHukumarkoyarwa.

Lokaci : Awa 2

Gudanar da zangon koyarwa

Jeri Abubuwan da za a yi Dabaru

Malami Xalibi

Bincikekanilimindaakasani

- Zai yi tambaya don tan-tance fahimtar xalibansa game da fannin da za a koyar.

-Amsa tambayoyi.-Tattaunawa kan abubu-wan da suka shafi fannin da za a koya.

-Tambayoyi masu canki-canki.-Jinga-Wasa qwaqwalwa-Filinra’ayoyi

Gwaji-Gabatardahotuna6masu zayyana labarin jakai 2.-Tsara wasan kwaikwayo mai bayyana wannan yanayi

-(aikin haxin guiwa) za a yi amfani da wannan tsa-rin wajen ba da rahoton abin da aka koya.

Aikin haxin guiwa.

Tsara aikin haxin guiwa da ba da rahoto

-Tsara kyakkyawan jawabi na bayani.-Tsara qaramin taro kan tattara bayanai.-Yin sharhi domin gyaran kura-kurai.

- Amsa tambayoyi.- Yin aiki a kan hotunan da aka gabatar.

Aikin haxin guiwa.

Tunqa sababbin bayanai ko jawabai

-Bayardataqaitaccenbayani a matsalar da kowane hoto yake gwaji.-Taimakawa xalibai wajen juya bayanin da kowane hoto zuwa ire-iren matsalolin zaman-takewa tsakanin iyalai ko al’ummu.-Baxalibaidamartattaunawa tsakanin qungiyoyinsu domin gabatar da bayanai a kan dalilan samuwar rikice-rikice ire-irensu da yanaye-yanayensu.-Taimakawa xalibai wa-jen gano abubuwan da ke rura wutar rikice-rikice.

Gina labari daga hotuna da aka gabatar musu.-Badashawarwariwaxanda za su taimaka wajen gano abubuwan da ke haddasa rikice-rikice, ire-irensu da yanaye-yanayensu.-Sakamakon abubuwan da ke rura wutar rikice-rikice.

Aiki daban-daban da kuma Aikin haxin guiwa.

- Gayyato xalibai su sa-mar da takardu da kuma hotunan bango ko allunan tallace-tallace domin wayar da kan jama’a dangane da aukuwar rikice-rikice

Gudanar da aikinsu tare dazavarhanyardatafiinganci wajen jan hankali da isar da saqo.

Aiki daban-daban da kuma Aikin haxin guiwa.

Mai-mai/Tishi Neman xalibai su fitar da rahoto kan abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da abubuwan da ke rura wutarsu da kuma dabarun magance su. Bunqasadarussannishaxidomin inganta al’adu da wasanni (qungiyoyin bin-cike in ba da qarfi wajen cuxanyar xalibai domin havakaal’adunqasarnanda koyon baqin al’adu, ba da damar sababbin qirqire na fasaha (qirqiro abubuwan ban dariya, rubuta waqoqi) shirya tarukan qara wa juna sani da shirya fita irin ta gargajiya a matsayin xaya daga cikin ayyukan qungiya.

-Gabatar da rahoto (na aikin haxin guiwa).-Badagudummuwaaayyukan qungiya ko kulob-kulob.

Aikin haxin guiwa.-Ayyukan aji.-Was an kwaikwayo.-Haxa qungiyoyin bin-cike tare da la’akari da zavinda‘yanqungiyarsuka bayar.

Manazartar intanet ta Yankin darasi 1: Son za-man lafiya da hana aukuwar rikice-rikice

Qaramin Jigo 1: Son zaman lafiya

Ra’ayin zama lafiya:http://www.larousse.tr/dictionaries/francais/paix

Son zama lafiya :http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/fr_sum_cp.htm http://unescodoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001130/113034F.pdf

Ilimin zaman lafiya:http://www.ehl.icrc.org/images/resources/pdf/otherlanguages/franch/introductory.pdf http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/peace/frame2.htm

Rikice-rikice da makamai http://www.ehl.icrc.org/images/resources/pdf/otherlanguages/franch/module2.pdf

Ma’aunan kula da rikice-rikice da hana aukuwar su; Dabaru da Hanyoyin kiyaye rikice-rikicehttp:www.ehl.icrc.org/index.php?option=com_content&sectionid=15&task=view&hidemainmenu=1&id=548 http://www.ehl.icrc.org/images/resources/pdf/otherlanguages/franch/module2.pdfpage2

Waqar Zama Lafiya

Idankayardadamurmushiyafimakamiqarfi,Idankayardadaqarfinhannudaakamiqo,Idankaamincehaxakaiyafitarwatsajama’amuhimmanci,Idankaamincebambance-bambancearzikinebamasifaba,Idankaiyayiwamaqwabcinkakallonkaramci,Idankanaiyazavenburiakanzargi,Idankanatunaninshigagabakafinnakusadakai,Idankallonidonyaroyaisakaryazuciyarka,Idankanaiyamurnadafarincikinmaqwabcinka,Idankaxaukibaqomatsayinxan’uwanka,Idankanaiyabadaxanlokacidonnunaqauna,IdanzakaiyabamaqwabcinkadamayataimakekaIdankanaiyabadakyuatadazuciyaxayaIdankaaminceafuwatafiramuwa,Idankasanyaddazakayiguxasabodafarincikiwasu,Idankanaiyakarvargyarabataredaqoqarinkarekankaba,Idankaamincefushikasawacebanunabajintaba,Idankazaviayimakakuskuremaimakonayiwawani,Idankayardasoyayyatafikuxi,Idankaaminceanaiyawanzardazamanlafiya,Tabbas za a samu zaman lafiya.

Pierre Guilbert www.anouslesamiles.centerblog.net/rub-Textes-beaux-textes.html

YANKINDARASINA2

HAQQIN‘XAN’ADAM

Haqqoqin Xan’ Adam na bai-xaya a duniya Gammayar haqqoqin xan ‘adam su zama na bai-xaya wani makami ne

na bunqasa rayukan jama’a, kodayake koma bayan qaddara da imani ne! A nan, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa qwayoyin halittar ‘yan Adam suna da kashi 99.9% na kamanci da junansu, saboda haka muke da

alaqa da juna…

AlainMouchouxMataimakinShugabanINGOnataronqasashenTurai, Oslo, 21 - 22 Oktoba

HAQQIN XAN ADAM

1- Tsarin haqqin xan ‘adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe.

2- Manufofin haqqin xan ‘adam, qa’idojinsu da yanaye-yanayensu.

A yau duniyarmu tana fama da rikice-rikice da dama a nahiyoyi daban-daban, musamman ma nahiyar Afirka inda a kodayaushe ake samun vulluwarrikice-rikice na qabilanci da na al’ummu da yaqe-

yaqe waxanda ke yin barazana ga zaman lafiyar qasashen na Afirka. A nan, ya zama wajibi a qara qoqari wajen qaddamar da dabarun inganta zama lafiya a yakin qasashen ECOWAS. Matuqar ana son cimma haka, dole ne a qara wayar da kai game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin waxannan qasashe, tare da kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam.

Dabarunwannanyankindarasi:Haxa manufofi da bayanai tare da tsara ayyuka da aqidu domin bunqasa kiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adam ta hanyar aiki da qa’idoji da sharuxxa da kiyaye qa’idojin qasa-da-qasa da na nahiyoyi da kuma na qasashe.

QaraminJigonaYankindarasina21. Tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi

da na qasashe.2. Manufofin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam da qa’idoji da yanaye-

yanayensu.

Gabatarwa

QaraminJigo1:Tsarinhaqqinxan‘adamnabai-xayadana nahiyoyi da kuma na qasashe

FaxinQaraminJigo:Haxa manufofi da bayanai tare da tsara ayyuka da aqidu waxanda ke bunqasa tsarin haqqin xan’ adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe.

ManufofinDarasi:• Qwarewa a bayanai da ra’ayoyi domin bunqasa

haqqin x an’ adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da kuma na qasashe.

• Iyadabarunaayyukanhavakasha’aninhaqqoqin‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe tare da la’akari da gudummuwowin qungiyoyin daban-daban.

• Gudanardaayyukankoyarwadanganeda tsarinhaqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da kuma na qasashe.

• Koyonaqiduwaxandazasubunqasatsarinhaqqin‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da ba nahiyoyi da kuma na qasashe.

Qumshiya:1. Gabatarwa ta gaba xaya

a. Ma’anoni: Haqqin ‘yan Adam:Kowanexan’adamyanadadamarcingajiyarhaqqoqin‘yan Adam saboda yana da halayya irin ta ‘yan’adam. Waxannan haqqoqin tabbatattu ne a faxin duniya domin su ke ba da kariya ga dukkan jama’a daga cin mutuncinsu da ‘yancinsu na zama ‘yan Adam.

Ara’ayinwanimasanisha’arimaisunaJ.Mourgeoncewa ya yi, haqqoqin ‘yan Adam su ne; ‘Yanci ko haqqoqin da kowane xan Adam yake da dama a kansu wajen mu’amalarsa da sauran mutane da kuma hukumomi. Su ne muhimman ginshiqai na aqidun siyasar zamani.

Haqqi kuwa wani ‘yanci ne wanda doka ta tabbatar domin ba da dama ga wani ya aiwatar da wani abu, ko hana shi aiwatar da shi, ko ya mallaki wani abu, ko hana shi damar mallakar wani abu, ko ya nemi wani

abu daga wani mutum.

Haqqoqin ‘yan Adam ‘yanci ne makamantan waxanda aka ambata a sama waxanda doka ta ba kowane xan Adamdamaryacimoriyarsu.KowanexanAdamyanada ‘yanci ga waxannan haqqoqi tun daga haihuwarsu, kuma suna tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin ‘yan Adam. Bugudaqarihaqqoqin‘yanAdambasununawariyako bambanci saboda haka na bai-xaya ne.

Haqqoqin xan’adam:Dukkanhaqqoqindakowanexan’adamyakedadamarcinmoriyarsu.Fitattudokokiwaxandadaftarintsarinmulki daban-daban sun aminta da su, kamar:DokarFrench Declaration Human Rights and CitizenshipRights ta shekara ta 1789. Da kuma QamusunDictionairedelaLanguageFrancaise.

b. Asalin Tunanin kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam:Tunanin amfani da doka wajen kiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adamdaxaxxenabune.Dagacikindokokindasukayi fice kan kiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adam akwai kundin haqqoqi naMagna Carta na qasar Ingila a shekarar1215. Wannan kundi ya jaddada ‘yancin ‘yan Adam na gudanar da rayuwarsu. A yankin Afirka ta yamma kuwa akwai yarjejeniyar Mande Charter (KOUROUKANFAUGA),acikintaanbayyana ‘yancindamarhulxatsakanin jama’a bisa kiyaye aqidu domin a ci gaba da bunqasa zaman lafiya.A qasar Ingila kuwa kundinhaqqoqi na shekarar 1215 ya samu goyon bayan kundinhaqqoqinaPetitionofRightsnashekarar1628da kuma tsarin doka na haqqoqin jama’a naBill ofRightsna1689.

Agyare-gyarendaakayinaqarnina16wandaCalvinya jagoranta, ya kafa tsarin da ya daidaita dukkan ‘yan Adam a gaban mahaliccinsu; daga baya wani masani shari’aGrotiusa shekarar1625ya tabbatardacewalallai dukkan ‘yan Adam suna da umurnin wajabcin ayyukan, amma kowanensu yana da na shi haqqoqi. Juyin-juya hali da Turawa suka jagoranta shi yazama musabbabin samuwar wannan tunani. Ko dai

a bainar jama’a ko kuma bayan gyaran da aka yi a shekarar1960.Hakakumaashekara1679MajalisarqasarIngilatasahannugadokardatahanatsawaitatuhumtar masu laifi ba tare da gurfanar da su gaban kotuba.Dagashekarar1638aka sahannugadokarkiyaye bin qa’idar aiki bayan juyinjuya-halin.

MasanairinsuJ.Lockesunyiqarinhaskeakankarewannan ra’ayi musamman a tsare-tsaren mulki na gwamnatin farar hula. Masanin ya nanata cewa, iko zai iya zama makamin doka kawai idan mabiya sun aminceakanhaka.Bugudaqari,‘yancinrayuwayaba hukumomi irin wannan damar.

A qarni na 16, samun ‘yancin kai da qasarAmurkatayia shekarar1776,dakumasamu‘yancinkainayankunan qasar Faransa a ran 26 gawatanAgustan1789duksunqaraqarfafa‘yancin‘yanAdam.Itamadokar da aka bayyana a shekarar 1789 ta tsayu kanqarfafa cewa ‘yan Adam suna da ‘yancin tafiyar da rayuwarsu da kuma mallakar dukiyoyinsu, amma a qarqashin kulawar hukumar qasa. Waxannan dokoki suakekirahaqqin‘yanAdamnamutanenfarko(Firstgeneration rights) waxanda suka samu goyon bayan masu ra’ayi mai sassauci (liberal minded model).

Qaramin Jigo 1: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqinxan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

Mataki na biyu na haqqin ‘yan Adam kuwa (second generation rights) (‘Yancin ayyuka da al’adu) su ne haqqoqin ma’aikata waxanda hukumomi ke da alhakin karewa. Waxannan haqqoqi sun samu goyon bayan masu ra’ayin gurguzu.A yau kuwa, ana tattaunawa kan haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na mataki na uku (third generation rights) waxanda suka qunshi ‘yancin samun tsaftataccen muhalli da zama lafiya da zamantakewa. Kasancewar sha’aninkiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adam ya samo asali daga qasashen yammacishiyasaakansamumuhawaroriavangarenqasashen Larabawa da qasar Sin (China). Dokokinkiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adam na addinin Musulunci da kundin kiyaye haqqin jama’a na nahiyar Afirka suna daga cikinwaxanda ake zargi a hakan.Kodayaushedokokin da aka shata na haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xayasunsamukarvuwa.

Qudurin da aka zartar na shekarar 1325 ya zo dakyakkyawa fatar samun wata madafa wajen amincewa da kuma qaddamar da dokar nuna daidaito da aiwatar

da adalci tsakanin jinsunan ‘yan Adam wajen warware rikice-rikice. Wannan ne ya ba da damar amincewa daqudurindaakazartarashekarun1820da1888da1889aQungiyarTsaroDaMajalisarXinkinDuniya.Wannan ya faru ne kasancewar dukkan qudurorin da aka zartar sun fi ba da qarfi ga kiyaye haqqoqin mata a qoqarin wanzar da zama lafiya da tsaro.

Haqqoqin‘YanAdamaDokokinGargajiyanaNahiyarAfirka:Babbankuskureneayizatoncewaal’ummunnahiyarAfirka da suka shuxe ba su da masaniya game da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Lallai a Afirka akwai dokokin gargajiya na kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. An tafiyar da tsara irin waxannan dokoki ta hanyar biyan diyya ga duk wanda aka keta wa haqqi. A kan haka ake cewa baaiyarabadokokindanashari’a(KebaMBAYE).A Afirka ana kallon mutuwar dattijo kamar wata taska ce aka rasa (rumbun ilimi da hikimomi). A ra’ayin Mahinkes, “Ba a iya bambance sawun qafar xa dabawa”.

Ana kallon dokokin gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin masu manufar ‘yanta al’adun da aka gada kaka da kakanni. Ana kuma xaukarsu a matsayin hanyar rayuwa da ci gaba wajen qwato haqqoqin uwayenmu mata, namiji kuwa mai samar da tsaro da jagorancin tafiyar da rayuwa. Su kuwa yara a matsayin tafarkin sabunta rayuwa da ci gabanta, tsofaffi kuwa su ke da martabar tsarkake rayuwa da tabbatuwarta.

c. BambanciTsakaninDokokinnabaixayadadokoki na qasashe. A tsarin shari’a akwai bambanci tsakanin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na qasashe.

• Haqqoqin ‘yanAdamnabai-xayasunabayyanadokoki da tsare-tsare waxanda mambobin qasashe suka aminta da su, kuma waxannan dokoki da tsare-tsare suke jagorancin ayyukan gwamnatoci game da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Kodayake baumurnin kotu ba ne, ba kuma wata yarjejeniya ce da da qasashe suka sa wa hannu ba, illa kawai matsaya ce da aka amince da ita a bai-xaya.

• Haqqoqin ‘yanAdam na qasashe (yarjejeniya).Waxannan kuwa dokoki ne ke qunshe cikin yarjejeniya wadda mambobin qasashe suka sa wa hannunamincewadasu.Bugudaqarisunta’allaqaga matsayar da mambobin qasashen suka cimma

a wurin kowane babban taronsu. Akwai xaixaikun qa’idojin zartar da irin waxannan dokoki.

d. Matakan da ke tabbatar da matsayin qasa gamedadokokinDokokinbai-xaya.Amincewa (adoption): A wannan mataki ne qasashe ke amincewa da matsayar da aka cimma a wurin babban taro ko yarjejeniya.

Sa hannu (Signing): A wannan mataki qasashe suke a hannu ga tabbatacciyar yarjejeniya ko taro. Wannan sa hannu shi ke tabbatar da niyyarsu na gujewa aikata kowane irin aiki ko doka akasin dokokin wannan yarjejeniya.Babbanwakilinqasa zai iya sahannuamadadin qasarsu.

Sa hannu ga dokar ko xaya daga cikin tsare-tsarenta shikenunaamincewadaita.Kodayakesa-hannunbawai yana nuna tabbacin wajabcin aiki da dokar ba ne. A’a, yana nuna amincewar qasa ne na nazari a kan yarjejeniyar a matakin qasa domin zartar da ita. Shi ya sa aka ce sa hannun ba yana nuni ga alqawalin zartar da dokar ba ne, illa dai qudurin qasa ne na kaucewa duk wani aiki ko doka wadda take sa-in-sa da dokokin da ke cikin yarjejeniya.

Zartar da doka (ratification): Wannan mataki shi ke tabbatar da cikakkiyar amincewar qasa ga aiwatar da doka.Kumashizaitilastaqasagazartardadoka.Mafiakasari majalisar wakilai ko ta dattijai su ke sa hannu gazartardadokar.Bayanhaka,anazamaakandokardomin tabbatar da dacewarta da kundin tsarin mulkin qasa. Yin hakan zai sa tsarin ya gudana yadda ya dace. Zartar da doka ko qaddamar da doka wata mununiya ce ga amincewar qasar na aiki da tsare-tsaren wannan dokar ko taro. Kodayake akwai bambanci tsakaninqaddamarwa da zartar da doka, amma sakamakon da suke bayarwa duka xaya ne. Sai dai sun sha bamban a hanyoyin aiwatar da su. A tsarin zartarwa, sai qasa ta yi zaman sa hannun amincewa da yarjejeniya kafin zartar da dokar. Shi kuwa tsarin qaddamar da doka ana yin sa ne kai tsaye, ba ya buqatar sa hannu.

Da yake akwai bambanci a hanyoyin aiwatarwa nazartar da doka ko qaddamar da ita, wannan bambanci ya ta’allaqa ga yanayin tsarin majalisun qasashe. Dukdahaka,gabaninzartarwakoqaddamardadokaakan zauna a yi bitar tsare-tsaren yarjejeniya domin tabbatar da dacewarsu da kundin tsarin mulkin qasa.

Wannan shi zai ba da damar xaukar matakan da suka dace gabanin fara aiki da dokar.

Amfani da qarfi (entry into force): A wannan mataki ana iya amfani da qarfin mulki wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniya. Gabanin haka ana kafa hujja da wasu dokoki da aka zartar. Bayan haka duk wani matakida aka xauka shi ne na qarshe wajen amfani da qarfin mulki. A mafi yawancin qasashe kundin tsarin mulki shi ne matakin doka na farko. Amma a tsarin dokoki na bai-xaya ana la’akari da wasu ra’ayoyi guda biyu:• Ra’ayinfuskaXaya(Monism):Wannanra’ayiya

tafi a kan cewa doka ta bai-xaya ko ta qasa-da-qasa tana da dangantaka da dokar qasa. Saboda haka dokokin bai-xaya suna da tasiri a kan hanyoyi da qa’idojin dokokin qasa. Haka kuma, ana saka dokokin bai-xaya cikin tsarin dokokin qasa musamman domin amfanin jama’a wajen ba su kariya ga keta haqqinsu. Masu ra’ayin tafiyar da shari’a a fuska xaya suna ganin cewa bayan dokar qasa da tsare-tsarenta babu wani da zai iya kafa doka sai dai idan daga tsarin dokar qasa ya samo tushe.

• Ra’ayindokamaitushebiyu(Dualism):Wannanra’ayi yana kan cewa dokokin bai-xaya da dokokin qasa kowane na zaman kansa. Wannan na nuni da cewa dokokin bai-xaya ba su iya yin tasiri a kan dokoin qasa, sai da sa hannun majalisar wakilai.

A nan, dole ne mai koyarwa ya nemi xalibansa su yi aiki nazari kan waxannan abubuwa tare da la’akari da muhimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da matsayin qasa dangane da dokokin qasa-da-qasa musamman wajen qoqarin wayar da kai.

Qaramin Jigo na 1: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqinxan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

2. Tsarin kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe: Dokar kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yanAdam da aka bayyanaa shekarar1948 ita ce jigowajen samardadokokinkiyaye haqqoqin ‘yanAdam na bai-xaya.Kodayakedokar ba ta wajabci ba ce, amma yawaita aiki da dokar ya sa ta samu karvuwa har ta yi tasiri a duk faxinduniya. Da tafiya ta yi tafiya, an samu gudanar damanyan taruka waxanda suka zama tushen samuwar dokokin kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya.

Dokarkiyayehaqqoqin‘yanAdamtamajalisarxunkinduniyatashekarar1948.

AwatanAfrilunshekarar1945wakilaidagaqasashe48 na duniya suka haxu domin qirqiro qungiyarMajalisarXunkinDuniya(UNO)tahanyaryarjejeniya.An qirqiro wanna qungiya ne don tsagaita wutar yaqe-yaqe da yin sulhu tsakanin qasashe.

Wasu manyan qasashe na qungiyar ba su aminta da tattauna lamarin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam ba. A ganinsu, ba su gamsu da ra’ayin tsoma baki a kan tsarin qasashe da jama’arsu ba, saboda waxannan abubuwa sun shafi dokokin tsarin mulkin qasashe ne kawai. Amma bayan da aka tattauna sosai kan lamarin, wasu qananan qasashe tare da taimakon qasar Amurka suka yi nasarar qirqiro tsarin da aka kira (Haqqoqin ‘Yan Adam) a cikin gabatarwa ta yarjejeniyar Majalisar XunkinDuniya(UN).Saidaibayanandaakasamarbasu tantance ko mene ne ainihin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam ba, haka kuma babu wani abu da ya tabbatar da samun amincewar dukkan qasashen duniya da tsarin haqqin ‘yan Adam.

Hukumar Kiyaye Haqqoqin ‘Yan Adam (Majalisaa yau): An qirqiro ta ne domin samar da bayanai waxanda za su tantance haqqoqin ‘yan Adam da sukawajabakowayakiyayesuakowanevangarenaduniya,waxandakumazasukarvuadukfaxinduniya.Wanda ya shugabanci wannan hukuma shi ne Eleanor RooseveltkumahukumaritatayibitarabindaakekiraDokokin Kiyaye haqqoqin ‘Yan Adam na bai-xaya(UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights–UDHR).

Dokoki a nanwasu bayanai ne da suke tabbatar daamincewar qasashe da su, amma babu hukuncin kotu kan yin aiki da su.

Dokokin UDHR sun yi nazari a kan muqalu 30 nahaqqoqin ‘yan Adam. An rarraba waxannan mukaqalu zuwa gida biyu kamar haka:• Haqqoqin ‘yan qasa da na siyasa: Waxannan

haqqoqi ne da ke ba da kariya ga jama’a daga amfani da qarfi wajen keta haqqoqinsu, suna kuma qarfafa ‘yancin jama’a.

• Haqqoqintattalinarzikidanawalwaladaal’adu:Waxannan haqqoqi suna ba da tabbacin kariya ga sha’anin tattalin arziki da walwala da kuma al’adun jama’a.

AcikingabatarwataDokokinKiyayeHaqqoqin‘YanAdamNaBai-xayaanbayyanacewakiyayehaqqoqin‘yan Adam zai taimaka wajen samar da ‘yanci da adalci da wanzar da zaman lafiya a duniya. Waxannan haqqoqi kuwa suna ba ‘yan Adam kariya daga zalunci da danniya, sakamakon haka zai inganta matakin rayuwa na kowane mutum. Haqqoqin ‘yan qasa da na siyasa suna ba jama’a kariya daga amfani da qarfi wajen keta haqqoqinsu, suna kuma ba da tabbacin ‘yancin jama’a. Waxannan dokoki sun fito a muqalu kamarhaka:4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,18,19,20,21.

Su kuwa haqqoqin tattalin arziki da walwala da al’adu suna ba da tabbacin kariya ga sha’anin tattalin arziki da walwala da kuma al’adun jama’a. An jero su a muqalukamarhaka:22,23,24,25,26,27.

Daga cikin muhimman tsare-tsaren dokokin kiyayehaqqoqin ‘yan Adam na duniya sun haxa da: mutunci da daidaito da ‘yanci da adalci da kyautata mutuntakar ‘yan Adam.Waxanda suka zayyana haqqoqin ‘yan Adam su ne:- ReneCassin–Farfesaafanninshari’a–Faransa.- Peng-chunChang –MasaninFalsafarSinawa-

Mataimaki shugaba.- EleanorRoosevelt-QasarAmurka–Shugaba- PrValentinTeplixor–FarfesaafanninShari’ata

qasa-da-qasa–Rasha.- CharlesMalik–MasaninfalsafarqasarLabanon.- Dr (Mrs) Hausa Nehta – MALAMA – Qasar

Indiya.

Bayanai na bai-xaya kuwa yarjejeniyoyi ne da akatsara aka sa wa hannu aka kuma zartar a tsakanin qasashe masu yawa, kuma dokar kotu ta tilasta su a qasashen da suka sa hannu.

Ana iya bambancewa tsakanin manyan taruka kan haqqoqin ‘yan Adam, wannan zai taimaka wajen fahimtar wannan lamari.

Dafarkoakwaimanyantarukanagabaxayawaxandasuka danganci dukkan sha’anin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Irinwaxannantarukasunenafarko.

1. A matakin duniya (UNO): Akwai yarjejeniya guda biyu waxanda suke ba da tabbacin kariya ga

dokokin kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya, haka kuma sun qunshi haqqoqin ‘yan qasa da na walwala aka taqaita su a matsayin bayani xaya:• Yarjejeniya ta bai-xaya kan haqqoqin ‘yan qasa

da na siyasa da tsare-tsare masu alaqa da su.• Yarjejeniya ta bai-xaya kan haqqoqin tattalin

arziki da walwala da kuma na shugabanci.

2. A matakan Nahiyoyi: Manyan tarukan sun nazarci tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya. Tsare-tsaren da aka samar suna aiki a nahiyar Turai da Nahiyar Amurka da nahiyar Afrika a qarqashin sa idon hukumomi da ke da wannan alhakin.

A Nahiyar Afirka akwai Yarjejeniyar Haqqoqin ‘yan AdamtaAfirka(1981)aqarqashinkulawarHukumarKuladaHaqqoqin‘yanAdamtaAfirka.ItamaKotunKuladaHaqqoqin‘yanAdamtaAfirkatanataimakawawajen bunqasawa da kyautata haqqoqin ‘yan Adam a Afirka.

Haka kuma akwai tsare-tsare kan haqqoqin mata. Kodayake ba a zartar da amfani da su ba, ammaqungiyar haxin kan qasashen Afirka suna amfani da su. Bugu da qari, akwai yarjejeniyar haqqoqin yarada kula da su ta Afirka wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar1990.

A matakin (ECOWAS) Tarayyar Tattalin Arzikin Qasashen Afirka ta Yamma, akwai tsare-tsare masu alaqa da wannan, ga misali:• Tsare-tsarenzamanlafiyadakiyayerikice-rikice

ta ECOWAS na shekarar 1999.• Tsare-tsaren rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na

shekarar2001.• Tsare-tsaren rashin kange tafiye-tafiyen ‘yan

Adam,haqqoqinginamuhallinashekarar1979.• Tsare-tsaren zamantakewar ‘yan qasa cikin

al’ummunashekarar1982. Qaramin Jigo na 1: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqinxan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

Kashi na biyu ya qunshimuhimmanmanyan tarukawaxanda suka kalli wasu xaixaikun vangarori nahaqqoqin ‘yan Adam kamar: kisan qare dangi da laifukan yaqi da laifukan keta haqqin ‘yan Adam da bauta da safarar ‘yan Adam da bautar da yara qanana da gudun hijira da tsaron lafiyar jama’a da azabtarwa da rashin tausayi da hukunce-hukunce na wulaqanci ko qasqanta darajar ‘yan Adam.

• Babbantarokanharamtawadahukuntalaifukankisan qare dangi.

• Babbantarokankawardanunawariyaral’umma.• Babban taro kan azabtarwa da rashin tausayi

da hukunce-hukunce na wulaqanci ko qasqanta darajar ‘yan Adam.

Kashi na uku ya qunshi manyan tarukamasu alaqadabadakariyagaqungiya,wannanya jivinciwasutakamaiman buqatu na wata qungiya ta jama’a kamar ‘yan gudun hijira da jama’a marasa matsuginai da baqi da ‘yan hijira da ma’aikata da mata da qananan yara da kuma masu naqasa. Ga misalansu:• Babban taro kan kawar da kowane irin nuna

bambanci a kan mata.• Babbantaronaduniyakankiyayehaqqoqinbaqi

ma’aikata da iyalansu.

A taqaice, ana iya rarraba manyan taruka zuwa kashi-kashi dangane da abin da shirya taron don yaqi da shi, kamar: nuna wariyar al’umma ko nuna wariyar jinsi ko sha’anin ilimi ko rashin aiki ko abubuwan da suka shafi haqqin ma’aikata. Qarshen kowane taro ana samar da alqawulla da hanyoyin da qasashe za su qaddamar da su domin samun mafita ga wasu al’amurra.

Yawancin manyan tarukan suna da tsarin bayar da rahoto kan alqawullan da qasshe suka xauka. Ana gabatar da rahotannin a-kai a-kai domin gabatar da irin matakan da aka xauka da kuma irin ci gaban da aka samu wajen kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam da aka zayyana a wurin babban taron. Akwai kwamitin da ke zama domin bitar waxannan rahotanni wanda ya qunshi manyan masana hulxoxin qasa-da-qasa. Misali,akwaiKwamitinHaqqoqin‘yanAdamwandaaka kafa a BabbanTaronKanHaqqoqin ‘YanQasaDaMulki.Wannankwamitinshikedaalhakinluradayin yabo ko suka wani lokaci da neman qarin bayani daga qasashe kan yadda suke tabbatar da amfani da haqqoqin jama’a, ko akasin haka. Bugu da qari amatakin qasa-da-qasa akwai tsare-tsare na kulawa da jama’a ko koke-koken qasashe da kuma na cin zarafi ko keta haqqin ‘yan Adam.

Tundagashekarar2007kwamitinbitaa-kaia-kainabai-xaya (Universal Periodic Review - UPR) yakebitar halayyar haqqoqin ‘yan Adam a qasashe bayan shekaru huxu-huxu. Ana gudanar da wannan ne ta hanyar taimakon tsarin bita a-kai a-kai na bai-xaya (UniversalPeriodicReview-UPR).Bitarrahotannin

qasashe193membobinMajalisarXinkinDuniyashike taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam a qasashen. Haka kuma wannan shi ke ba da damar haxa kai da kyautata aiwatar da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam.Babbanmuradiananshinesamardadamaryin hulxa da zantawa tsakanin qasashe domin kyautata cila alqawullan yarjejeniyoyi da hukumomin babban taro ba tare da maimaici a kan su ba.

3. Wajabcinbai-xayanaqasashe:Wajabcin girmamawa: Qasa ba za ta yi katsalandan ba wajen aiki da waxannan haqqoqi. Alal misali:-Wajabcinbadakariya:Doleneqasatabadakariyadaga masu cin zarafin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Alal misali, ba da kariya ga mata daga keta haqqoqinsu ta hanyar wasu miyagun al’adu.

-Wajabcin qaddamarwa: Dole ne qasa ta yi amfanida matakan da suka dace daga majalisun dokoki da matakan mulki da na shari’a da na kasafin kuxi wajen tabbatar da aiwatar da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam.Rashinkiyayewaxannanwajibaiketahaqqoqine.

4. Dabarunkiyayehaqqoqin‘yanAdamnaqasa;Matuqar ana son dimokuraxiyya ta xore a cikin al’umma dole ne kiyaye haqqin ‘yan Adam ya zama sha’anin kowa da kowa. Dole ne qasashe su xaukiduk matakan da suka dace domin tabbata kiyaye haqqoqin‘yanAdamyaddayadace.Dolenekowaceqasa ta samar da tsare-tsare da suka dace kamar kayan aiki domin tabbata cikakken kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Dole ne ta amince da tsarin dokar majalisawajen tabbatar da an gurfanar da waxanda suka keta haqqoqin domin magance irin waxannan matsalolin.Hukumar kula da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam ta qasa ita ke da alhakin sauraren koke-koken jama’a ko qararraki a wajen tsarin shari’a.

5. Daidaitawa tsakanin dokokin tsarin mulkinqasa da qa’idojin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai xaya. Qasashe su ke da alhakin daidaitawa tsakanin dokokin tsarin mulki da qa’idojin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam. Su dai manyan tarukan haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na qasa-da-qasa sun shafi kowane xan Adam saboda an gina su bisa tsarin tabbatar da kiyaye haqqoqin kowane bil’Adama. Saboda haka, dole qasashe su samar da hanyoyin da za su sauke wannan nauyi na ‘yan qasa da ke kansu.

Kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yanAdam alhaki ne da ya ratayaa kan wuyan qungiyoyin kiyaye haqqoqin ‘yan Adam domin su ke gwagwarmaya wajen tabbatar da cika

alqawullan da aka zayyana na kiyaye haqqin kowa da kowa.

Qaramain Jigo 1: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqinxan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

TakardarTSARE-TSAREYankin darasi na 2: Haqqoqin ‘yan AdamQaramin Jigo: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqinxan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

QumshiyaTsara bayanai da ra’ayoyi da dabaru da halaye domin inganta tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe.

Maqasudan koyarwa• Fahimtar bayanai da ra’ayoyi masu alaqa da

tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe.

• Fitowadadabarudaayyukadominingantatsarinhaqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe ta hanyar haxa gudummuwar qungiyoyi daban-daban.

• Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa a kan tsarinhaqqoqin ‘yan Adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe

• Koyonhalayemasuingantatsarinhaqqoqin‘yanAdam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da na qasashe.

Lokaci: Awa 22Kayayyakinkoyarwa• Littafin bayanin darasi da littafan karatu masu

alaqa da wannan fanni.• ManazartarbayanaitaECOWAS.• Finafinai.• Hotuna.• Kayayyakin karatu daban-daban.

JadawalinTsare-tsare

Zango Qwarewa/Iya bunqasa

Kunshirya abubuwa masu danganta da juna

Dubaru Lokaci

1 BayyanawaTu-nani da manufofin ‘yancin xan adam

Tunani da kamance-kamancen a qungiyar bayanai masu dangan-taka da dokokin qasa da qasa, da wasu yankuna na duniya da kuma wasu qasashe dangane da tsarinkarehaqqoqinBil’adama

Sa’o’i 2

2 Abubuwan ayyana nazari dangane da ‘yancin xan adam

Tsare-tsaren wasu qasashe da wasu yankuna na duniya da kuma qasa da qasa dangane da hanyoyin tafi da kariya game da kare haqqin xan adam.

Bitarayyukandasuka gabata

Sa’o’i 2

3 Tantancewa da alhakin da ke kan qasashen duniya

Al-hakin da ke kan qasashe dan-gane da qungiyoyin kare haqqin Bil’adamanaduniya

Bitarayyukandasuka gabata

Sa’o’ 2

4 Nuna muhim-mancin daidaita bayanai domin aiwatar da su a ya-nayin tunanin yara.

Matakai da dubarun qungiyoyin karehaqqinBil’adamanaqasada qasa.

Nazarin matsala Sa’o’i4

5 Kasancedahalayena gari da za su qarahavakaxagadarajar kariyar ‘yancin xan adam

Haqqoqin da suka rataya a kan bunqasa halaye na gari, domin xaga darajar kare haqqin Bil’adama.

Rawardanazarinmatsalar ke takawa wajen

Sa‘o’i4

6 Magantawa a kan matsalolin waxanda ba su kai kuka ga hukumomin kare haqqinBil’adama.

Maida himma da dubarun war-ware matsaya mai cike da ruxani, ta yanayin waxanda ba su kai, koke ga hukumin kare haqqin Bil’adama

Zana surar haqiqa-nin abin da ya faru

Sa’o’i 2

7 Fitodasababbinmatakai ta fuskar kariya da da kuma mutunta haqqin Bil’adama.

Tabbatar da bunqasar halaye na gari, da kuma alqawarin kariya da halayyar mutunta haqqin Bil’adama.

Zayyana harkokin zamantakewar jama’a

Sa’o’i 2

8 Haxa kai da qungi-yoyin kare haqqin Bil’adamaawajenlamuran koyarwa

-Nazartar koyo da sanadaren ilimi a matakai daban-daban-Shirya wata taswira ta ilimi-Jagorantakoyodakoyarwaalokutansu-Tantancewa da kimanta ilimin da aka samu

Sa’o’i6

MISALINTASWIRATAKOYARWA

Jigo:Haqqoqinxan’adam

Qaramin jigo 1: Hanyoyin tabbatar da haqqin xan’adam na qasa da nahiya da duniya baki xaya

Dabaru Gina halayya da sigogi da dabaru da xabi’u duk domin xaga darajar tsarin kare haqqin xan’adama, a matakin qasa da qasa da wasu yankuna na duniya da kuma qasashe daban-daban.

Maqasudin koyo da koyarwaNaqaltar halayya da sigogi da dabaru da xabi’u masu dangantaka da tsarin kare haqqin xan’adama, a matak-in qasa da qasa da wasu yankuna na duniya da kuma qasashe daban-daban .

TakenDarasi/yanayinkoyonilimiNemanKaiHaqqi

Dabaru

KaifafaTunani/ilimi Xabi’u da Halayya Qwarewa da Laqantar Aiki

-Tantance ire-iren haqqoqin xan adam.

-Mutunta haqqin sauran jama’a. -Tsaya, tsayin daka akan muhim-man hanyoyin kare haqqin Bil’adama,dominfahimtadakuma tafiya tare da yanayi na musamman.

-Fayyacema’anarkarehaqqinBil’adama.

-Nema wa wani mafita.t -Yi nazarin yanayi mai dangantaka da yadda za a gano wata sigar kare haqqinBil’adama.

Lokaci; sa’o’i 2

Kayayyakin/KayanaikinkoyarwaKayan aikin koyarwa sun haxa da: hanyoyin da akeamfanidasuahulxarqasadaqasakowanivangarenaduniya ko wani yanki misali (yarjejeniya da takardun bayanai da taruka da kuma wata matsaya da aka cim-ma). Haka kuma tsare-tsaren mulkin wasu qasashe da dokoki da sauran wasu abubuwa da suka shafi tsarin shari’a, misali: Hotuna da zane-zane da duniyar gizo da sauransu.

Matakai AyyukanMasu koyarwa

Masu koyo Dubaru

Auna fahimtar Xalibai kafin fara ilmantar da su

Qadarta matsayin ilimi da al’adun da xalibai suke da, dangane da wayewan kai da suka samu

Amsar tambayoyi - Tambayo-yin canki-canka.

Nuni JawohankalidawasuabubuwaNunahotuna ga jama’a masu nuna hotunan ko zane-zane da aka yi ga qyallaye za su dingajujjuyawakowanevangaredominjama’ar su ga wasu abubuwa na musam-mandasukashafihaqqinBil’adama,misali; ‘Yancin yin magana da neman ilimi da aika ba tare da wariya ba. Haka kuma, wasu masu nunawa xin za su riqe wasu ‘yan makamai a hannayensu, kamar duwatsu da itace umurni game da hotuna - Sharhi- Tantance wa da ra’ayoyin masu kallo.- Basushawaraakanwasuhan-yoyi da za su bi su nemi ‘yancinsu ba tare dahankalitashinba.Rarrabamuhimmanrubutattun bayanai, ta hanyar ba da kwafi xaya ga kowane gungun jama’a don su karanta.

Amsar tambayoyi

Ra’ayinjama’aakan hotuna

Tambayoyi da am-soshi.

Aikin haxin guiwa

Shiryawa tare da taimakawa domin gabatar da ayyuka na haxin-guiwa

- Shirya nazarce-nazarce- Samar da hanyar tattaunawa- Shirya rahoto bayan qare aikin haxin-guiwa

- Nazarci sharhi akan hotuna- Aiwatar dakoyarwa/karan-tarwa

Dubarunyinmuhawara domin magance matsala

Fitodasababbinhanyoyin samun bayanai

- Shirya tattaunawa- Shirya wata ‘yar taqaddama da za a warware

Tsara yadda am-soshinsu za su ka-sance a kan waxan-nan abubuwa: - Matakan ‘yanci- Hanyoyin kariya- Nazarin tafiyar da kariya

Muhawara akan warware ‘yan taqaddama

Tantancewa Shirya tambayoyi ko a rubuce ko kuma a magance domin gano iyakar ilimi da fahimtar xalibai kamin su sami wannan fahimtar

Amsa tambayoyi Aiki na musamman

Gudummawa Yanayin ba da shawarwari: A makaran-tanka babbab Editan mujallar makaranta ya yi fatali da harkokin makarantar, saboda abin da ya kirason-kai da hukum-omin makarantar suka nuna a cikin wata muqala.QungiyarkarehaqqinBil’adamata makaranta ta shirya tsab domin kare shi. yin amfani da hanyoyin nazarce-nazarce da ke akwai ka bayyana wannan lamari tare da zayyana shi qanana.

Badashawaraakanlamarin tare da misalta muqalun

Rawardaaikinhax-in-guiwa zai taka domin warware zaren matsalar.

t

QaraminJigo2:SharuxxadaAqidojinHaqqin Xan’adam da Sigoginsu

Dabaradazaagina:Gina tarbiyya da manufofida dabaru da xabi’u nagari domin a xaga darajar da qa’idoji da kuma sigogin haqqin xan’adama.

Maqasudin koyo da koyarwa- A fahimci manufofi da qa’idoji da kuma halayyar

karehaqqinBil’adama.- Havaka dubarun da za su qara xaga darajar

manufofi ta yadda za a kalli abin a matsayi ba da wata gudummumawa daga al’ummomi daban-daban.

- Duqufa cikin al’amurran koyarwa masudangantaka da manufofi da qa’idoji da kuma halayeirinnakarehaqqinBil’adama.

- Xabi’antuwa da nagartattun halaye da za su qara xaga darajar manufofi da qa’idoji da kuma halaye irinnakarehaqqinBil’adama.

AbubuwandaDarasiyaqunsa1. Dokoki da aqidoji masu nasaba da ‘yancin

xan’adama

• Haqqoqi na game-duniya: ‘Yancin Bil’adamahaqqinenakowadakowa.Kowanexanadamakowane saqo na duniya ya cancanci ya more masa. Babuwandazaiiyacewasaidaganindamarsazaa ba wasu ‘yanci ko kuma a hana musu.

• Halittatunhaqqoqiwandabaa rabasu: ‘Yancin

Bil’adama,halittaccenhaqqinedaakabakowada kowa domin kare mutuncin ‘yan adam ta qasa. A gwamnatance, a siyasance, a dukiyance, a al’ummance a al’adance ‘yanci kowa da kowa iri xaya ne, darajar su xaya ne. Wani haqqin ba ya bambanta ko fifikon matsayi ko muhimmanci.

• Haqqoqimasudogarodanasabajuna:Tabbatuwarwani haqqin ya dogara ne ga tabbatuwar wani ko dukkan haqqoqin.

• Daidaitoda rashinnunawariya:Dukkanin ‘yanadam kowa ya cancanci cin moriyar haqqqoqin xan’adam daidai da wa daida, ba tare da nuna kowane irin bamanci ba, walau na qabilanci ko na launin fata ko jinsi, ko na al’adu ko na shekaru ko na harshe (yare) ko na addini ko asalin qasa ko matsayi a al’umma ko ko na qarfin arziki ko na aslin haihuwa, kai ko ma na mine ne, ‘yancin Bil’adama duka xaya ne kamar yadda dokokinkarehaqqinBil’adamasukanunar.

• Damarshigaadamadamutum:Kowanemutum,ko waxanne mutane kowa ya cancanta ya nuna tashi rawa ya shigo dumu-dumu a dama da shi ya ba da ta sa gudummuwa domin tabbatar da moritar haqqoqin xan’adam walau ta hanyar aikin hukuma ko ta tattalin arziki ko zamantakewar al’umma ko al’adu ko ta hanyar bunqasar harkokin siyasa, kai da duk ta inda ‘yanci da wasu haqqoqi na musamman kan iya tabbata.

• Sanin ya kamata da mutunta doka: Hukumomi

da zartar da aikin ya rataya a wuyansu, su suke da alhakin bayyana yadda za a aiwatar da kare ‘yancinBil’adama.Kodatakanyiwusuqiyardada qa’idojin doka kamar yadda hanyoyin kare haqqinBil’adamasukashata,tomasu‘yancidaaka tauye ko wanda ya ji zafin abin na iya xaukar matakin da doka ta shata kamin aje kotu. Kokuma ya kai inda wasu hukumomi a abin da shafa kamar yadda doka da oda suka buqata.

2. Sigogi da alamomin haqqin xan’adam• ‘Yancin gidajen abu ne ga kowane mutum a

duniya, tun daga haihuwarsa.• Mutunci da ba a iya rabamutum da shi, kuma

daraja ce da kowa yake da ita a cikin ‘yan adam.• Kowadakowadaidaiawurin‘yanci,kumaabu

ne da ba a iya raba shi da wani, kuma mai cin gashin kansa.

• ‘Yanciabunedabaamiqawuyaaceansadaukarda shi, ko a ce an yi hasararsa, don haka an yi hanquri.

• Suna wajabta tabbatar da kansu, musamman akan qasa da hukumomi dangane da abinda za a aiwatar tare da sani ko wani kuskure.

• Haqqin tabbataccen abu ne a matakin qasa daqasa.

• Kumaabunedayakedakariyatashari’a.• ‘Yanciabunedakebadakariyagamutumko

gungun mutane.

3. Qimadamizanindokokin haqqinxan’adaman tabbatar da su a tsarin doka na qasa da qasa da na yankunan duniya da kuma na sauran qasashe daban-daban.Sunkasnce ana aiki da su a dokance.Kumaaqidu ne da suka dace da xabi’un jama’a. haka kuma hukumomi da waxanda abin ya shafa su suke da alhakinzantardasu.Kwamitinqwararrumaizamankansa shi ne yake kula da tafi da harkokin qasashe daban-daban na duniya dangane da waxannan aqidun.

4. Qalubaledamatsatsinda‘yancikefuskanta• Sakeafkawardawasuyankunakeyicikinrikice-

rikice.• MatsanancincinzarafidaakeyiwaBil’adama,a

lokacin rikice-rikice.• Rashin saninmanufar siyasa ta fuskargirmama

juna da kare mutunci da ‘yancin juna.• Jahiltar bayanai da hanyoyin kare haqqin

Bil’adama.• Qarancin ba da haxin- kan majalisun dokokin

wasuqasashedadokokinrashinkareBil’adamana duniya.

• Talauciyaaddabiwasujama’a,darashindaidaitatsakanin al’umma.9

5. Haqqoqin xan’adam da sigar bayar da horo game da haqqoqin

AqidojindaakaginakarehaqqinBil’adamaakansusu ne aka samar da tsare-tsarensu da yadda za a aiwatar da su da kuma aunawa da bin diddigi. An samardasigarbayardahorogamehaqqinBil’adamane bisa ga aqidar shigowa a dama da kowa, wanda ya kai ga haifar da kyakkyawar kulawa daga jama’a tare da yin al’amurra ba da wata rufa-rufa ba, a kan kowane mataki na ci gaban aiki. Wannan ya haxa tun daga farkon shirin wanda ya haxa matakin nazarin makamar aiki da tsara aiki da aiwatar da shi da bin diddigi da aunawa.

Har wa yau, hukumomi da manufofi daban-daban sun taimaka sosai wajen samar da ci gaban manufofin kare haqqinBil’adama.Ta fuskar samar da kusanciqungiyar kare haqqin Bil’adama ta taimaka wajensamun ingantaccen ci gaba, wanda ya kai ga haifar da gamsasshensakamako.Dokokinqasadaqasasusukasamar da haqqoqin da suka dace don bunqasa tsari da manufofi da kuma tafiyar da tsarin kare haqqin Bil’adama.

Yau ga shi bisa albarkacin kusanci da samun goyon baya ta fuskar bunqasa ‘yancin Bil’adama, ya samuna jagoranci bisa ga manufar qungiyoyin majalisar xunkin duniya. Saboda haka, za a horar da ‘yan qasa dangane da ‘yancinBil’adama, ta yadda za susami damar shigowa a dama da su a kan manufofin waxannan hukumomi, musamman kan abin da ya shafirayuwasutayaudakullum.Kodaakasamiwatamatsala dangane da yanayin yau da kullum. Akwai hannyoyi guda uku da hukumomi za su yi la’akari da lamarin. Idan aka bi waxannan hanyoyin, akwai yiwuwarlamarin ya sami isa inda masu qulli da walwala na waxannan hukumomin.• Lamarinyakasancegabadabayayasamukulawa

da ra’ayoyi masu ximbin yawa.• Mafi yawan jama’a da yawa su buqaci a xauki

mataki akan lamarin. Ga ita hukumar wani abu ne mai muhimmanci ga wada ake gabatar mata da

shi, sannan kuma alhakin hukumar ne ta qarfafa yadda za a magance matsalar.

Masu tsara dokokin hukumar ba su iya aiwatar da duk qorafe-qorafen da xaixaiku da gungu-gungun jama’a suka gabatarmusu a cikin tsare-tsarensu.Don hakazai yiwu a sami lamura masu ximbin yawa a shirye-shiryensu, saboda qwararrun jama’a gungu-gungu za su yi ta kawo buqatunsu, don haka masu tsara dokokin za su shagala. Nauyi zai yi musu yawa har ya zamana cewa sun zarta abin masu ilimin siyasa ke dangantawa da (kayen sun fi qarfinsu). Har yanzu wannan shi ne ke haifar da wata qiqi-qaqa kua wajan yanke hukunci. Idan tsare-tsaren hukumar ya yiwamasu tsara dokokin nauyi, sa’annan damuwa ta yi wa mafi yawan ‘yan qasa yawa, to mafi yawan masu iimi da fasaha ne ke qoqarin durmuye tsarin domin cimma manufofinsu. Hukumomin ba za su iya magance kowacematsalabadawanivangarenaal’ummakeganinyanadamatuqarmuhimmanci.Bandahakama,shirye-shiryenhukuminsunevangarendakebaiwamasu tsara dokoki mahangar inda za su fara. A yayin da kafafen yaxa labarai da kuma jama’ar qasa suka kasance manya ginshiqan da hukumomin ke tsara shirye-shiryensu.

Qwarewa da ci gaba suke jawo hankalin qasa zuwa ga su nemi ‘yancinsu ta hanyar yin aikin da ya rataya a wuyansu, gwargwadon yadda suka yi la’akari da shirye-shiryen hukumomin. A nan, ya kamata a samar da kyakkyawan yanayi ga xalibai domin qarfafa musu guiwa wajen kiyayewa lamuran tsare-tsaren hukumomin, waxanda da tasiri ga al’amurransu na rayuwa da kuma al’ummominsu. Haka kuma da samo mafita, sannan kuma alhakin hukumomi ne su ba da kariya da kulawa akan mafitar.

TSARIYankin darasi:Qaramin jigo 2: Sharuxxa da Aqidojin Haqqin Xan’adam da Sigoginsu FarfajiyarqaraminjigonQimantar da haxin kai da goyon baya da fa-himtoci da dubaru domin yin aikin da ya qun-shi halaye na gari da za su kai ga xaga darajar manufofi da qa’idoji da kuma siffofin kariya ga ‘yancinBil’adama.

Manufofin koyo da koyarwa• Fahimtarmanufofi da qa’idoji da siffofin kare

‘yancinBil’adama.• Havakadabarundazasukaredarajarmanufofida

qa’idoji da halaye wajen kare ‘yancin bil’ama, ta yadda za a kalli abin a matsayin wata gudummuwa daga al’ummomi daban-daban.

• Fantsama cikin al’amurran koyarwa masudangantaka da manufofi da qa’idoji da kuma halayeirinnakariyar‘yancinBil’adama.

• Xabi’antuwadanagartattunhalayedazasuxagadarajar manufofi da qa’idoji da halaye irin na kariyar‘yancinBil’adama.

Lokaci: Sana’o’iKayanaikinkoyarwa• Tsarin manhajojin karatu na makaranta, da

littattafan kaatu da suka qunshi darussan manhajoji daban-daban.

• Littafin bayani (jagora) da manazarta naqungiyar ECOWAS

• Fina-finai• Hotuna• Adannunbayanaidarubuce-rubuceiridaban-

daban

Zango Gwaninta/Bun-qasa

Qunshiyar abubu-wa masu dangan-taka da juna

Dubaru Lokaci

1. Fayyace manu-fofi da qa’idojin ‘yancin Bil’adama

Manufofi da qa’idoji

Sa’o’i 2

2. Yi manuniya game da manya-manyan halayen kare ‘yancin Bil’adama

Manya-manyan halayen kare Bil’adama

Sa’o’i 2

3. Shirya dubarun da za wasu za yi amfani da su don xaga darajar wasu muhim-man qa’idojin kare ‘yancin Bil’adama

Kusanci wajen tsarin kare ‘yancin Bil’adama

Bitar ayyukan da suka gabata ta hanyar war-ware wata mat-sala da gabatar da muhaarori na haxin guiwa da na xaixaiku da kuma taka rawa wajen jagorantar tsara wasu ayyuka da za su ba da mahanga.

Sa’o’i 4

4. Naqlci halaye da za su janyo mu-tunta manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen kariya ga ‘yancin Bil’adama

Nuna fahimta ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, don gano cig ban nagartat-tun halaye da mu-tunta manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen kariya ga ‘yancin Bil’adama

Sa’o’i 4

4. Naqlci halaye da za su janyo mu-tunta manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen kariya ga ‘yancin Bil’adama

Nuna fahimta ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, don gano cig ban nagartat-tun halaye da mu-tunta manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen kariya ga ‘yancin Bil’adama

Sa’o’i 4

JadawalinTsare-tsare

5 Shigar da manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen ka-riyar haqqin Bil’adama a cikin al’amurran koyarwa

-Nazarin vanga-rori daban-daban na kayan aikin koyo da koyarwa.- Shisshirya tas-wirar karatu.- Tsara zangon koyo da koyarwa.- Tantancewa dan-gane da darussan da aka koya

So’o’i 6

Qaramin jigo 2: Sharuxxa da Aqidojin Haqqin Xan’adam da Sigoginsu

MISALINTSARINKOYARWA

Qaraminjigo2:Manufofidaqa’idojidahalayen‘yancinBil’adamaTakenDarasi:Xagadarajar‘yancinBil’adamaFarfajiyarsa

Kimantardabadagoyonbayadahaxinkaidafahimtoci,dubarunsunhaxadahalayendakejanyoxagadara-jarmanufofidaqa’idojidahalayen‘yancinBil’adama.

Manufofin koyo da koyarwaNaqaltar matakan farko na manufofi da qa’idojin ‘yancin xan’adam Gwamninta da bunqasa

Gwaninta

Ma’ilmanci Mai ladabi Dubaru

Bayyanardamatakanfarkonamanufofi da qa’idojin ‘yancin Bil’adama

- Manufar ‘yancin wasu.

- Nema wa wasu mafita. Qadarta hanyoyin da suka dace da ‘yancinBil’adama,dominfahimtada kuma iya tafiyar da wasu ya-nayoyi na musamman.

Lokaci:Sa’o’i4

KayanaikinkoyarwaTsamo kayan aiki da duk wasu rubutattun bayanai ko na saurare ko na kallo dake ke da alaqa da hanyoyin na qasadaqasakonawanivangarenaduniyakowaniyankinatakokumanaqasashedaban-daban(waxandasukahaxadasashena1zuwana7naqarindangantakadatsare-tsareakandomokoraxiyyadakyakkyawanjagoranci).

Gudanar da koyarwa

Ayyuka

Mataki Mai horarwa Masu koyo Dubaru Gano mizanin ilimin masu koyo

Nazarci manufofin ilimi da al’adun masu koyo, ta fuskar fahim-tocin da suka koya

Amsoshin tambayoyi - Tambayoyin canki-canka- Ayyukan xaixaiku

Nuni Aiki na 1: A ba xalibai dama su qirqiro wani yanayi da duniya za ta kalla kan cewa, an tauye ‘yancin Bil’adama (dokokin duniya dangane da ‘yancin Bil’adama). Sannan a tambaye su, su nuna inda ‘yancin yake.Aiki na 2: Mai koyarwa zai haxa aikin haxin-guiwa, sannan ya nemi a karanta bayanan ‘yan kare ‘yancin Bil’adama ta duniya. A karanta kuma a amsa tam-bayoyi akan matakan farko na manufofi da qa’idojin ‘yancin Bil’adama. A bar kara-tun ya ci gaba har zuwa ga wasu muqalu na musamman wato ta 1 da 4 da 18 da 23 san-nan a tambayi xalibai su fayyace halayyar ‘yancin Bil’adama da ke qunshe a ciki.

Buxa musu abin kallo sannan a nuna wani abin lura da ya shafi ‘yanci.

Karantawa da ba da amsar tambayoyin da mai horarwa ya yi, ko dai a cikin jami’a ko kuma a xaixaikun

Taka rawa Hasashe da tattara ra’ayoyi da kuma harhaxa amsoshi a aikin haxin-guiwa

Karantawa da nazartar bayanan da suka zo a cikin tambayoyi da amsoshi.

Taimakawa aikace-aikacen haxin-guiwa rahoton bayan aikin haxin-guiwa

Tsara nazari Taimakawa wajen tattaunawaTsara jawabin bayan qare nazari

Raba musu sakama-kon abin da suka yi a zangon farko da mai horarwa ya koyar da su

Dubarun tattaunawa da sanin cikakkiyar halarta domin haskaka qimar abin

Qarfafa abin da aka koya

Taimaka wa xalibai wa-jen tsattsara bayanai da haxa su, sannan kuma da kyautata su

Taqaita manufofi da qa’idoji da halayen ‘yancin bil’ama akan teburin taqaitawa (zane)

Taqaitawa cikin zane

Tantance abin da aka koya

Shawarwari da tant-ancen yanayin da za a samar da mafita ga wata matsala da ta shafi ‘yancin Bil’adama

Daidaita matsalar Aikin xaixaikun

Tafiyar da abin da aka koya

Taimaka wa xali-bai su kafa qungiyar xaga darajar ‘yancin Bil’adama da kuma ba da kariya

Jawo hankali tare da kafa ungiyar xaga daraja da kare ‘yancin Bil’adama sannan da ban qasa aikin sa kai.

Shigowa da al’amurran al’adu a wurin haxuwa da tattaunawa da kuma harkokin shugabanci

Qaramin jigo 2: Sharuxxa da Aqidojin Haqqin Xan’adam da Sigoginsu

Tsakure daga dokar majalisar xunkin duniya ta shafi muradunqarniDisamba2000

i. ‘Yancin Bil’adama da Dimokoraxiyya dakyawawan shugabanci.Zamumaidahimmanegahavakadimokoraxiyyadaqarfafa doka da oda da kuma mutunta dokan fahimtar duniya dangane da ‘yancinBil’adamadama tushen‘yanin baki xaya wanda ya haxa har da ‘yancin samun ci gaba.Har wa yau kuma, mun tsaya tsayin daka akan:• Badacikakkiyarmutuntawadakiyaedokar

‘yancinBil’adamataduniya.• Da gwagwarmaya domin ba da cikakkiyar

kariya da darajanta ‘yancin kowa da kowa a dukkanin qasashenmu, kuma daga abin da ya shafi aikin hukuma, har ya zuwa siyasa da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da kuma al’adu.

• Da qarfafa damar dukan qasashenmu suaiwatar da manufofin da kuma wanzar da dimokoraxiyya, sannan da mutunta‘yanci Bil’adama wanda ya haxa har da ‘yancinmarasa rinjaye.

• Dayaqidadukanmiyagunhalayena rashinadalci ga mata, da aiwatar da dokoki na qasa akan kawar da miyagun halaye na nuna wariya ga mata.

• Da xaukar matakai don tabbatar damutuntawa da kare ‘yancin ma’aikata ‘yan gudun iyalansu, sannan da kawar da qaruwar

nuna bambancin launin fad a qyamar baqi a al’ummomi da dama, da qoqarin haxa- da-kai da hanquri da juna duk al’ummomi baki xaya.

• Da yin aiki tare a mafi al’amurran siyasa,da kuma bai wa dukan ‘yan qasa dama ta musamman domin shigowa a dama da su a cikin dukan qasashenmu.

• Da tabbatar da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida ta yaddaza su taka muhimmiyar rawa tare da ‘yancin samun bayanai ga jama’a.

ii. Karemarasagalihugwargwadonyaddazamuiya Za mu tsaya kai da qafa mu tabbatar da cewa, qananan yara da sauran xinbim jama’ar da ke cikin kuncin tarzoma, sakamakon wata qadara daga Allah ko kisan-qare-dangi ko sojan sa kai ko duk wani kisan kiyashi mu ga mun taimaka musu da tarzoma mu kuma ba su kariya ta musamman, da qoqarin ganin sun dawo cikin sha’anin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum.

Har wa yau mun tsaya tsayin daka:• Akanfaxadakumaqarfafakariyagafahimtaa

lokacin tsanani da neman taimakon gaugawa, kamar yadda muka yi yarjejeniya a dokar qasa daqasadanganedatausayawaBil’adama.

• Daqarfafahukumomidaban-dabanwandayahaxa da maheranta a cikin xawainiya da kuma tafiyar da ba da taimakon jinqai ga qasashe masu xauke da ‘yan gudun hijira. Sannan da taimaka wa dukkanin ‘yan gudun hijira da waxanda suka sadare daga gidajensu, domin su koma cikin aminci da mutunci da ganin damarsu. Har wa yau kuma, mutuncinsu ya

sake dawo wa daidai a cikin al’ummarsu.• Dajawohankaliakanrattabahannugadoka

da kuma aiwatar da dokar qasa-da-qasa akan ‘yancin yara, da kuma zavi da take da shina yarjejeniyar da aka yi akan shigar da yara aikin soja a lokacin rikici da syar da su das aka musu qunci a rayuwa da kuma qoqarin cin zarafinsu.

iii. Cimma wasu buqatu na musamman a AfrikaZa mu goyi ba da haxin-kai domin domin kafuwar dimokoraxiyya a Afrika tare da taimakon ‘yan Africa cikin gwagwarmayarsu ta wanzar da zaman lafiya da kawar da talauci da samun ci gaba mai ma’ana, wanda daga gare shi Afrika ta shigo cikin manyan qasashe masu qarfin tattalin arziki na duniya.

Har wa yau, mun tsaya, tsayin daka a kan:• Ba da cikakken goyon baya ga harkokin

siyasa da kuma qungiyoyin da ke rajin kare dimokoraxiyya.

• Ba da goyon baya da kare yankuna dagafaxawa a cikin rikice-rikice da qara bunqasa zaman lafiya a hagrkokin siysa. Sannan mu tabbatar da samun gamsassun hanyoyin ci gaba domin wanzar da zaman lafiya a wannan vangaren.

• Xaukar matakai na musamman dominfuskantar qalubalen kawar da talauci da kiyaye tabbatar da ci gaba a Afrika, wanda ya haxa da yafe basuka da bunqasa harkokin kasuwanci da qara qarfafa taimakon da hukomomi ke yi, sannan da qara bai wa masu saka jari daga wajen damara shigowa kai-tsaye da kuma shigowa da fasahar qere-qere ta zamani.

• DataimakawanahiyartaAfrikadomintaqaraqaimi wajen hana yaxuwar qwayar cuta mai karyagarkuwarjiki(HIV)dacutarqanjamau(AIDS)dakumasaurancutukamasuyaxuwa.

MANAZARTAAGI,Mare.TheideaofUniverdityasfounderoftheconceptofHumanRightsbasedonthelifeandworkofReneCassiun.Antibes:EditionsAlpAzur,1980.KABASidik,HummanRightsinSenegal,Collectionsaamsaayoon,1997.

SECK, Cheikh Yerim. Keba Mbaye: Journey andstruggleofGreatjudge(forewordbyRobertBatinter;PrefacebyAmadouMahtarMbow).Kanthala,Paris,2009.

MANAZARTATAINTANETGa wasu muhimman hanyoyin bincike ta intanet:

www.amnesty.org/fr:abiwannanhanya<<connaitreles droits humains>>www.uni.org/pubs/cyberschoolbus/:wannankafaranshirya shi ne saboda qananan yara da masu tasowa dominsusan‘yancinBil’adama.

www.ohchr.org/fr: abiwannanhanya<<vosdriotsde l’homme>> za a sami bayanai a kan ‘yancin Bil’adamadasukashafidokokinqasadaqasa.Abiwannan kafar <<les organs des droits de phomme>> domin a sami bayanai a kan kwamitoci masu kula da kare ‘yancin Bil’adama. Kuma za ka iya saninqasashen da suka rattaba hanu ga dokar, sannan kuma da samun rahotanni daga qasashe daban-daban.

RATAYERa’inSigarHaqqinBil’adama(HRBA)

Hanyoyin tsare-tsaren samar da kusanci a kan ‘yancin Bil’adama

• MeneRa’inSigarHaqqinBil’adama(HRBA)?

1. HRBya shafi tuntuvadaaikikoaiwatardamanufofin haqqin xan’adam da suke cikin rahotanni da jawabai da bayanai da killatattun bayanai da aikace-aikace na Majalisar xunkiin duniya dangane da‘yancinBil’adama.

2. MaqasudinHRBAshinetaimakawacigabanabokan aiki waxanda suka dogara a kan mutunta haqqinBil’adama.

3. HRBAyaqunshi samarwadakumaaiwatardamanufofinkarehaqqinBil’adama.• Menenera’insigarhaqqinxan’adam? Ra’inma’ananedayaketabbatardafahimtar

dalilan da suke hana samuwar haqiqanin haqqoqin xan’adam…Wanda kuma yake da munufarhavakasukunidagogayyarwaxandasuke da wannan haqqin domin su nemi haqqinsu kuma su buqaci mutane waxanda suke riqe da hukuma sun sauke nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu. Umurnin CCA/ indaf2007,p.14.

• Menenera’insigarhaqqinxan’adam?- Hanyoyin cigaba sun dogara ne a kan mizani

daaqidojinhaqqoqinBil’adamanaduniya.- Yan la’akari da ‘yan’adam a matsayin masu

haqqoqi sannan yana fayyace wajibcin mutane waxanda suke riqe da hukuma.

- Yana bad a qarfi ga rukunin jama’ar da aka yi watsi das u da waxanda aka nuna wa wariya.

- Sannan kuma suna da burin tabbatar da ‘yancin Bil’adama baki xaya a hankali, a

hankali.- Yana ba da muhimmanci ga wanzuwar

hanyoyin cigaba.

Me ya sa aka xauki ra’in sigar ‘yancin Bil’adamadomincigaba?

- Domin darajar da amfanin ke tattare dawannan sigar

- Muhimmancinsa ga dubarun cigaba- Saboda dalilai masu nasaba da hukumomi-

kamar qarin yalwa da kima daga majalisar xinkin duniya

MatakinfahimtarMajalisarXinkinDuniyadakumatsarinHRBA

Quduri. 1. Duk tsare-tsaren cigaba na hukumomin zai

kasance ne domin cimma manufa kamar yaddaakabayyanaahaqqoqinBil’adamanabai xaya.

2. Shirye-shirye: Manufofi da qa’idojin kare ‘yancin Bil’adama sune jagora a fagenhaxin-kai da bunqasa shirye-shirye a dukan vangarorishirye-shiryedatsare-tsare.

Shirye-shirye - Manufofidaqa’idojin‘yancinBil’adamasuke

kyauta ingancin shirye-shirye da ci gaba.- Dokokin kare ‘yancin Bil’adama sun shafi

kowane fage na ci gaba.- Manufofinkare‘yancinBil’adamasukebayar

da fagen taka rawa domin shirye-shirye da ci gaba.

Haxa kai a dukanin matakan shirye-shirye da tsare-tsare namanufofindaqa’idojinkare‘yancinBil’adama.

Qa’idojin‘yancinBil’adama3. CimmaManufaBunqasarhaxinkainabadagudumuwawajenbaiwamasu aiki a hukumar damar sauke nauyi da ya rataya a wuyansu, sannan kuma zai bai wa ma’abota haqqoqin Bil’adamanekamaryaddaakabayyanaa haqqoqinBil’adamanabaixayadakumawasuhanyoyinkarehaqqinBil’adamanaduniya.

Nasara - Cimmamanufar kare ‘yancinBil’adama ita

ce babbar nasarar duka shirye-shiryen baki xaya.

- Tasirin samar da kusanci a kare ‘yancin Bil’adama da fayyace dubarun samar dawannan kusancin, su ne farkon abin da majalisar xinkin duniya da sauran abokan

tafiya suka sa a gaba.- Dakumashiryahanyoyinsamobayanaidaga

rahotannin yabo na qungiyoyin majalisar xunkin duniya da kuma sauran masu nazarin al’amura.

- Manufofidaqa’idojinkare‘yancinBil’adamasune jagora a fagen haxin-ki da bunqasa shirye-shirye a dukan vangarorin shirye-shirye da tsare-tsare.

Qa’idar da doka ta qunsa: Mafi qarancin irin buqatar da doka ta amince da ita wajen shirya dokokin da za su zama jagora… …Fyayce qalubalen da lamuraran ci gaban ‘yancinBil’adamakefuskanta(tantancewa)…. Nazartar dama da da rawar da ma’abota ‘yanci da masu tafiyar da hukuma ke iya takawa.…Bayyanamanufofincigaba… Samar da madogarori da wasu hanyoyoyi masu dangantaka da su.ManufofinkarehaqqinBil’adamaKasancewanakowadakowa,wandawanibaibarwawani nasaKasancewarabindabaarabawadawaniCin- gashin-kai da dunqulewa wuri xayaDaidaitodarashinnunawariyaShiga a dama da mutum

• HRBAnabuqatarkyawawanal’adunajawohankali Fahimtar daraja da yin amanna da HRBA na takamuhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da shi.- Jawo hankali ta hanyar al’adu na sanya

al’ummomi su watsar da nasu shirye-shirye.- Har wa yau, bai yiwuwa a yi amfani da wasu

al’adu don a ce an tauye haqqin Bil’adamayadda ake tafiyar da shi

- Wasu al’adu su kansa na iya zama ‘yancin Bil’adama

CEDANsukanyiwasucanje-canjeayaddaaketafiyarda ire-iren al’adu da aiwatar da al’adun gargajiya yayin da suke faxakarwa akan nuna bambancin jinsi. Bunqasarhaxin-kaikantaimakawajenqarfafaqarfinmutanen da ke gudanar da hukumar su sami tafiyar da aikinsu yadda ya kamata, ko bai wa ma’abota ‘yanci damar bayyana ‘yancinsu.

Cimma manufa Akan qarfafa dangantaka tsakanin xaixaikun jama’a da qasa (qorafe-qorafe da gudanarwa).- Qoqarin tafiyar da aiki wanda ke zama

ginshiqin ci gaba wajen qarfafa qwarewa zuwa buqatarcimmmaburin‘yancinBil’adama.

- Kasashenabuqatardamarqarfafatsare-tsaren

qasashe na karewa da tafiyar da alhakin da ya rataya a wuyansu.

Ma’abota ‘yanci da masu gudanar da hukumomin kariyar ‘yanci

Ma’abota‘yanci:6,652,595,567- Wanga mizanin ya qunshi kowane mutum

namiji da mace da yaro daga kowane jinsi da qabila, kuma daga kowane irin amatsayi suka fito.

- Dagungu-gungu;inanabuqatarhakan.

Masu gudanar da hukumomin: Suna qasa kaxan daga mizanin da muka ba da a sama.

- Ya qunshi qasashe kaxai.- A wasu lokuta xaixaikun jama’a na da haqqoqi

na musamman da suka rataya a wuyansu.- Xaixaikun jama’a da qungiyoyi masu zaman

kansu suna da nauyin gaya wa al’umma da su mutunta ‘yancin wasu. Wato, kowane ya mutunta ‘yancin wani.

Rawardadamarqarfafawataketakawa

Manufofin cimma burin ‘yancin bil adama da kuma ci gaba

Damar bayar da ‘yanci Damar gudanar da ‘yanci

‘yancin bil adama dangane da dama da ci gaba

Qorafe-qorafe da Tafiyar da abubuwankuma morewa ‘yanci da suka rataya a kan mutum

Manofofin ‘yan bil Adama na bai xaya a duniya yakan buqaci:

Cewa babu ya kamata a ce an hana shi ko an fitar da shi daga ‘yan cin bil Adama.

Matsalolin tsare-tsaren kare haqqoqin bil’adamaYa kamata a ce dokoki da tsare-tsaren hukuma sun qunshi:- Samun bayanai daban-daban don gano matsalolin

nuna bambanci da wariya.- Dabarudaban-dabandominfuskantarwaxannan

matsaloli.

Manufofin zama a dunqule da rashin rarrabuwaZama a dunqule da rashin rarrabuw a tsarin ‘yan bil Adama ya qunshi:Yarda da kuma kare ‘yanci.

Abubuwan da tsare-tsaren kare haqqi na qasa ke iya haddasawa

Tsarin daidaito:Baikamatabaafifitakare‘yancinwasufiyedawasuba.

DokokinhukumayakamatasukasanceAn tsara su bisa cikakken nazarin matsalolin ci gaba, sannansubadaamsoshinabaixayadagavangaroridaban-daban.

Qungiyoyi na qasa- Tabbatar da kula da tafiyar da hulxa tsakanin

qungiyoyindakumavangaroridaban-daban.- Wanda ya haxa da: alhakin da ke kan qungiyoyin

na kariya da kulawa da sanin ya kamata.

DaidaitamanufofidarashinnunawariyaDaidaitorashinnunawuriyanabuqatarqasasheda:Kawardawariyaaharkokinhukumadasashenshari’ada hukumomi da tsakanin jama’a.

Matsaloli a tsare-tsaren kariya na qasa- Ya kamata tsarin daidaito…- Ya kamata a tabbatar qungiyoyin hukuma…- Ya kamata dokokin hukuma…

Qa’idodin shigowa dumu-dumu a dama da mutumQa’idodin shigowa dumu-dumu a dama da mutum a kare ‘yancin bil Adama na buqatar abubuwa kamar:

Sakawa da kuzari da muhimmantarwa da kuma cikakkayar halarta

Matsaloli a tsare-tsaren ba da kariya na qasaManufofi da dokoki da tsare-tsare ya kamata su ba da waxannan:- Damammaki a tsare-tsare da ci gaba domin

shigowa dumu-dumu a dama da mutum.- Badakafaasamikaigabayanaidasukadace.- Damarqarfafawaxandaakanunawabambanci

domin su sami qarfin neman abin su.

Ya kamata nazarce-nazarcen qungiyoyin ya kasance- A kan manufofin dimokuraxiyya.- Ba tare da raunana yanayin dimokuraxiyyar da

ake ciki ba, ko tsare-tsaren al’adu.

Rataye

Qungiyoyin jama’a su kula da waxannan:- Su shiga a yi da su kuma su kasance masu ‘yanci.- Su kuma yi amfani da damarsu.- Su zama wakilai ga waxanda aka nuna wa wariya.- Su riqe ragamar xaukar mataki.

• Matakinsaninyakamata A tsarin matakin sanin yakamata akwai: Qasashe da masu riqe da muqamai su xauki

nauyin mutunta haqqoqin ‘yan’adam. Matakan kiyaye tsare-tsaren haqqoqin ‘yan Adam

: Abubuwan da hukumomi za su yi:- Su samar da wadatattun kayan aiki da tsare-tsare

da hukuma mai zaman kanta domin tabbatar da samun kyakkyawar kulawar gwamnati.

Badahaxinkanqasagatsarinkiyayehaqqoqin‘yan’adam na bai-xaya:

- Badagoyonnayagaalhakinaqasa-da-qasakansanin ya kamata a cikin lokaci.

- Tsara muhimman hanyoyi da samar da bayanai.- Aiki da tsare-tsaren yarjejeniya da muhimman

vangarorinta.

• Matakinsaninyakamata A tsarin matakin sanin ya kamata akwai: Badadamadazamowamai amfanida ‘yancin

samar da gyara cikin tsari.

Matakan kiyaye tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan’adamSigogin shari’a su kasance :- Suna bin tsare-tsaren haqqoqin ‘yan’adam.- Su samar da kyakkyawan yanayi na gudanar da

haqqoqin ‘yan’adam domin tafiyar da su daidai kan tsari.

Tsarin qasa ya kasance :- An xauki matakai masu tsari domin magance

gazawa wajen bayar da bahasi da tsarin sanin ya kamata.

- Aiwatar da matakan da tsarin qasa ya samar dangane da haqqoqin ‘yan’adam a matakan qasa da na yankuna da karkara.

Matakin sanin yakamata: A tsarin matakin sanin ya kamata akwai:Samun ingantacciyar kafar yaxa labarai mai zaman kanta da kuma qungiyoyin kare haqqoqin ‘yan’adam masu wakiltar maza da mata da kuma waxanda aka ci zarafinsu.

Matakan kiyaye tsare-tsaren haqqoqin ‘yan’adamQungiyoyin jama’a su kula da:- Sanya ido wajen tabbata qasa tana kiyaye

haqqoqin ‘yan Adam da suka wajaba a kanta.- Bayyana ra’ayoyin qungiyoyin da kuma ba da

shawarwari ga samar da kyakkyawan sauyi a lamurran jin daxin jama’a.

- Samar da bayanai da rahottani a kan fuskoki daban-daban dangane da haqqoqin ‘yan’adam na bai-xaya.

Ratayena4

Tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan’adam na bai-xaya da na nahiyoyi da kuma na qasa• Menenema’anarhaqqoqin‘yanAdam- Tabbacin shari’a da buqatun jama’a da kyawawan

xabi’u na bai xaya.- ‘Yan qasa da siyasa da tattalin arziki da tabbacin

walwala da al’adun jama’a.- Karera’ayoyin‘yan’adam(‘yancidadaidaitoda

mutuncinsu).- Aqidun ‘yan’adam ada qungiyoyinsu; an

tattaunasu a dokokin qasa-da-qasa.- Sharhi a kan dokar qasa.

• Tsarinkiyayehaqqoqin‘yan’adamnaqasa- Sigogin kundin tsarin mulki da na shari’a.- Hukumomi masu xaukar matakai (majalisa da

gwamnati da xangaren shari’a da shugabannin hukumomin jama’a da hukumomin kare haqqoqin ‘yan’adam).

- Manufofi da hanyoyin da tsare-tsaren wayar da kai.

- Qungiyoyin jama’a damar faxin ra’ayi.

• Tsarinhaqqoqin‘yan’adamnanahiyaMadogara:- Dokar qasashen Turai kan kiyaye haqqoqin‘yan’adam da ginshiqan ‘yanci.- DokarqasarAmurkakanhaqqoqindakuma

yarjejeniyar San Jose ta haqqoqin tattalin arziki databbacin walwala da al’adun jama’a.- Yarjejeniyar haqqoqin ‘yan’adam ta Afirka.- Yarjajeniyar haqqoqin ‘yan’adam ta qasashen

Larabawa.

Hukumomi:- Kotunkarehaqqoqin‘yan’adamtaqasasheturai.- Hukumar kare haqqoqin ‘yan Adam ta Amurka.- Kotunkarehaqqoqin‘yan’adamtaAmurka.- Hukumar kare haqqoqin ‘yan’adam ta Afirka.- Kotunkarehaqqoqin‘yan’adamtaAfirka.

• Haxaka tsakanin tsarin haqqoqin ‘yan’adam nabai xaya da na nahiya da na qasa.

YANKINDARASINA3

ZAMA[AN{ASADASANINHA{{INDAYARATAYAAKAN[AN{ASA

Kafinmunemibu}atuncimmawanibabbanmataki,dolenemununahalaye abun koyi daga ]abi’unmu.

ZAMA ]AN}ASA DASANINHA}}INDAYARATAYAAKAN]AN}ASA

1. Zama ]an}asa2. Sanin ha}}in da ya rataya a kan ]an}

asa

Babu wanda aka haifa a matsayin ]an}asa, sai dai mutum daga baya ya bi hanyoyin da suka dace don ya zama ]an}asan. Zama ]an}asa wani al’amari ne mai ]aukar lokaci kafin a koye shi, mai tsawo wanda

kebu}atargwagwarmayada}wazoakowanelokaci.Kafinaal’umma ta samu ci gaba dole ne, ta dogara ga ilimi da }wazo da baiwar mutanenta wa]anda suka san matsayinsu da baiwar da Allah ya hore musu a hakan. A wannan hali, manufar ilimin sanin ha}}in da ya rataya a kanka shi ne tabbatar da ‘yan}asa na gari sun fa]aka da tanade-tanaden da kuma tsare-tsaren dumokura]iyya domin ba su damar shiga cikin harakokin siyasa da tattalin arziki da walwala da harakokin da suka shafi kyautata al’adunsu.

{asashe da dama da ke cikin }ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma suna fuskantar matsloli da yawa. Haka ma akwai rikice-rikicen dumokura]iyya tare da matsalolin da suka faru bayan za~e, }arantar masu jefa }uri’a, wa]anda suka kawo cikas ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin al’umma da kuma tabbatar da tsaro mai ]orewa a yankin nahiyar Afrika. Saboda wa]annan dalilai yana da muhimmanci sosai a samar da jadawalin horas wa a kan zama ]an }asa da sanin ha}}in da ya rataya a kan mutum.

Gabatarwa

{alubalen shi ne mu zauna tare tsakaninmu tare da kiyaye al’adu da tanade-tanaden }abilunmu daban-daban, yayin da kuma muke kiyaye dokokin da }asashenmu suka shata.

{umshiyarYankinDarasi

Koyardahalayeda]abi’undasukadangancisanin ha}}in da ya rataya a kan mutum da zama ]an}asa a yanayin zamantakewar }abilu da yawa.

{ananan jigoji

1. Zama ]an}asa2. Sanin ha}}in da ya rataya a kan ]an}asa

{araminJigo1:Zama]an}asa

{umshiyar iyakokin }aramin jigo:Koyar da ]abi’u da ilimin zama ]an}asa ayanayin zamantakewar }abilu da yawa.ManufofinKoyarwa/Koyo1. Fahimtarhalayedailimindayadanganci

zama ]an}asa2. Dokokindasukadacenazama]an}asa3. Gudanar da ayyukan ilimi da suka

danganci zama ]an}asa4. Aikida]abi’un]an}asanagari

Sassan }umshiyar:

1- Ma’anar zama ]an}asaZama ]an}asa: matsayi na ]an }asa. [an}asa – shi ne samun ‘yanci na zamantakewada siyasa, musamman ‘yancin jefa }uri’a da tsayawa takara a }asarsa ta asali. -2

Zama ]an}asa: shi ne kasancewa ko zama ]an asalin wata }asa. Hakan yana baiwa mutum damar a ]auke shi a matasayin ]an asalin }asa, ko wani gari, ko wata jihar zamani tare da dammar shiga cikin harakokin gwamnati da nasiyasa.Bayagatabbatarwamutumkiyayewasu ha}}o}i, zama ]an}asa yana baiwa mutum samun duk wata dama ta siyasa da shiga cikin harakokin zamantakewa na al’umma ko wani gungun al’umma na siyasa.

[an}asa: mutum mai ‘yanci, mace ko namiji da ke da ha}}in hul]ar zamantakewa da siyasa kuma wanda ke da wani ha}}in da ya rataya a kansa na }asa. A wannan lokaci kuwa, ]an}asa mutum ne, wanda ke da ha}}in hukumar

}asarsa ta kare shi, }asar da ita ce asalin inda ya/tafito.Yanada‘yancinwalawaladasiyasayana kuma kiyaye ha}}o}a na zama ]an}asa wa]an da suka }unshi (misali. Biyan haraji,girmama doka, cika ayukkan soja, da samun damar kasuwanci....) Matsayin ]an}asa ya ta’alla}a ga samun damar zama ]an}asa ta hanyar haihuwa ko sadewa.Dole ne ]an}asaya zama ya cika shekarun da ake bu}ata.

Zama ]an}asa kamar yadda tsarin kariyar ‘yancin ]anadam ya shataTsarin kariyar ‘yancin ]anadam da aka shata ya danganta zama ]an}asa da hanyoyin shirya tsare-tsaren ci gaban }asa. A kan haka zama ]an}asa ya samo ma’anarsa daga iko da }o}arin da ke ga mutum ]an}asa na shiga cikin tsarawa da aiwatarwa da kuma bitar tsare-tsare daayyukan}asa.3

Daga cikin darussan koyar wa yana matu}armuhimmanci a shirya tattaunawa a kan:.Wa]annan muhimman abubuwa da suka danganci zama ]an}asa :-Halaccinsiyasa/iko/}arfin}asakoal’umma-Ma’anar ‘yanci da ha}}o}in da suka rataya ga kowane mutum-Hul]ar walawala, dangantakar ‘yan }asa-Kiyaye‘yancinwasu-Shiga cikin harakokin dumokura]]iya da wakilci-Zama lafiya da ci gaban al’umma tare-Matsayin ]an}asa-{asa/Jihamaikyautatajinda]inal’ummarta-Girmama al’adun kowace al’umma-Kiyayeaiwatardadoka-Muhawara tsakanin ‘yan}asa

{alubale da matsalolin da za a fuskanta sun ha]a da:-Rashintabbasnacibiyoyindumokura]iyya-Rikice-rikicentsakaninmutanedahukumomi-Rikice-rikicengwamnati-Rashinfahimtarmenenezama]an}asa-Rage}arfinhul]arkishin}asa-Rashinfahimtarmutuntaal’adunjunadahul]ar siyasa-Rashinkiyayeal’adundasukadace-Rashinilimindumokura]]iyar}asa-Rasa]abi’unagarikorikice-rikicenfahimtarzama ]an }asa-Bayyana da yawaitar rashin fahimtar ha}}inda ya rataya a kan mutum-Ta}aitar samu damar sadarwa tsakanin

al’umma-Rashinkishin}asadabun}asarta-Rashin wakilcin ‘yan}asa ingantacce (damarshiga da bayyana ra’ayoyi da kulawa da kuma ]aukar matakai)

2. Zama ]an}asa da ci gaban }asa

Tunanin ]an}asa da zama ]an}asa a matakin tarayya yana bu}atar }arin bayani a kan ma’anar ]an}asa wanda aka bayyana a baya. A kan haka ]an}asa mutum ne wanda ke da wani ha}}in na ikon siyasa, ma’ana namiji ko mace da ke bayar da gudummuwa wajen shirya doka tare da bayar da gudummuwar al}iblar siyasa da ci gaban zamantakewar al’ummar }asar da yafito.Kowaceal’ummatanadaha}}insamarwa kanta ci gaba da bun}asa da }aruwa domin ta cimma bu}atun kyautata rayuwa da ci gaban da take bu}ata. Saboda haka akwai bu}atar dagewa sosai da nuna }wazo daga dukkan ‘yan }asa wa]an da su ne suka }unshi al’ummar yankuna.

Zama ]an}asa a dumokura]iyyance kuwa shi ne ‘yanci da damar da ke ga kowane mutum ]an}asa na shiga cikin muhawara a harakokin da suka shafi al’umma da samar musu da ci gaban da ya dace. [an}asa shi ne wanda ke sanya ido da yin suka mai ma’ana ga dukkan hukumomi. [an}asa dole ne ya girmama doka domin shi ne sakamakon mulkin dumokura]]iya, wanda ya samu daga hanyoyin tattaunawar da majalisar dokoki ke yi.

Ta hanyar nuna zama ]an}asa mai }wazo, ‘yan}asa dole ne su gudanar da ayukka a matakai daban-daban: a matakin }aramar hukuma da na yanki da na tarayya da kuma na duniya, kuma dole ne ya kasance yana iya ]aukar mataki a kan muhimman al’amurra da suka shafi zamantakewar }asa da harakokin siyasa.

Bayan haka, kafin kowane ]an}asa ya nemiwani ha}}i to dole ne ya cimma abun da ake bu}atadagagareshi.Dukwaniabudayasamarda wani ‘yanci ga ]an}asa wani ‘yanci ne na wani, kuma ta hanyar wannan ‘yanci, dole ne kowa ya kula da ‘yancin ]anuwansa ya kuma kiyaye shi.

Tattalin arzikin zama ]an}asa Wannan tsarin yana nufin rawar da ]an}asa zai taka a ci gaban tattalin arzikin }asarsa. Yana da

muhimmanci a bun}asa koyar da tattalin arzikin zama ]an}asa wanda ya danganci ha}}o}in da suka rataya a kan mutum da za su dawo masa amatsayin]an}asalokacindayanemi‘yanci/ha}}insa.

{araminJigo1:Zama]an}asa

Wannan ya }unshi shirya fa]akarwa a kan biyan haraji da wasu ku]a]e. Wannan fa]akarwa a kan << biyan haraji >> tana da manufar taimakawa ‘yan }asa bun}asar sanin muhimmancin biyan ha}}insu na haraji da wasu ku]a]e domin }asa ta samu ‘yancin gashin kanta na ku]i da kulawa da ayukkan da suka rataya kanta da aiwatarwa jama’a manyan ayukka.

2. {alubalen gina }asa da }o}arin yanki a cikin yankin }asashen }ungiyar ci gaban tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma: rawar da ]an}asa zai taka wajen kiyaye zama da banbamce-banbamce da ha]in kai a matakin tarayya da kuma yanki

{wazon zama da ]anuwansa na }asa ]aya, tare da kulawa da banbamcinsu tare da bayyana bu}atar zama tare, wani hali muhimmi ga ]an}asa. Ya }unshi fahimtar halayyar zamantakewar }asa.

Duklokacindaakemaganaakancigina}asaa nahiyar Afrika, musamman a cikin }asashen }ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma, koyaushe muna magana a kan }asa a matsayin yadda muka gade ta tun daga turawan mulkin mallaka.

Dalilin shata iyakokin jihohin da muke dasu yanzu, iyakokin su da muka gada tun daga lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka, sun sa an rarraba su zuwa << gungun }abilu >>, da <<al’umma ]aya>> da <<masu harshe ]aya>> , da <<}asa ]aya>> tsakanin jihohi da yawa.....

Bayan }ir}iro jihohin da turawa suka yi, }asashen Afrika na yanzu ba su aiki irin wancan lokacin da ya wuce kuma ba su nuna halayen }asashen turai ko na }asashen Afrika. Wannan ya haifar da bu}atar gina wani tubali na kishin }asa a yankin }asashen bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma (ECOWAS) a cikin yankin }asashen da yankin gaba ]aya.Saboda haka dole ne a samar da hanyoyin da suka dace na kulawa da banbamcin }abilu

daban-daban tare da ]orewar zaman lafiya da hul]a da ake bu}ata don ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki a kusan dukkan }asashen Afrika, musamman a }asashen }ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arzikin }asashen Afrika ta yamma.

Akwai bu}atar warware matsalolin bambance-bambancen rashin fahimta tsakanin tunanin al’umma da al’adunsu tare da gwama su wuri ]aya.

A yau matsalolin da }asar nan ke fuskanta shi ne wahalar bambanci tsakanin ci gaban wasu ke~a~~un al’adu da }arfafa ha]in kan }asa domin gujewa yamutsewar }asa. Kulawa dabambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin al’umma da ha]in kan siyasa dole ne ya }unshi tsarin baiwa kowa ha}}insa da adalci da damar ba da gudummuwar kowane mutum daga cikin al’umma. Akwai kuma bu}atar kowane mutum ya kula sosai da mutuncin ]anuwansa ba tare da la’akari da matsayinsa a cikin al’umma ba ko matsayinsa a siyasance ko kuma dalilin }abilarsa ko ra’ayinsa na siyasa.

Tsarin da zai bun}asa hul]ar kasuwanci tsakanin sassa zai bayar da gudummuwar bun}asa al’adun al’ummar }asa ba watse kansu ba.Kulawadabambancindaketsakaninal’ummazai dogara ne ga tattaunawa tsakanin ‘yan siyasa tare da girmama juna da manufar gina }asar nan.Tunanin samar da sabon tsarin ci gaba daga ]ai]aikun al’umma da neman kariyar muradun jama’a su ne tubalan samun ci gaba da tabbacin zama ]an}asa na gari.

Masu koyarwa suna iya fitowa da matsalar kishin ci gaban }asa a kuma tattauna su sosai da ]alibai. A kuma }arfafa musu gwiwar shirya binciken ilimi da shirya rahotanni na musamman da ayukka wa]an da za a gabatar ga al’umma: musamman nazari a kan rikice-rikicen dake faruwa a yankin nahiyar Afrika ta yamma.

SHIRYA{ARAMINYANKINDARASI

Tsarina3:Zama]an}asadafa]akarwaakanabun da ya rataya a kan mutum

{araminJigo1:Zama]an}asa{umshiyar ayukkan dake cikin }aramin tsarin

Koyar da ]abi’u da halayen zama ]an}asa alokutan zama cikin al’ummomi

ManufarKoyarwa/Koyo:1- Fahimtar halaye da ]abi’un zama ]an}

asa na gari2- Fahimtardokokinzama]an}asa3- Shiryaayukkanilimiakankishin}asa4- Aikidahalayen]an}asanagariTsawonlokaci:Awa16Kayanaiki/Kayankoyarwa/Adanabayanai- Jadawali da littafai a kan darussan da sukadanganta- Littafen koyar wa na }ungiyar ECOWAS-Fina-finai- Hotuna-Kayankaratudalittafaidaban-daban

JadawalinTsari

Matakai {wazon/baiwa/cigaba {umshiyar abubuwa masu kama

Dabaru Lokaci

1 Sanin }a’idojin zama ]an}asa

{asasahe, halaye da ]abi’un zama ]an}asa

Kayyakinbincikena(na takarda da nau-rarkomfuta)Bagirenbincike:Nazarin yanayin }asa da tattaunawa

Awa3

Fahimtar}a’idojindasuka danganci zama ]an}asa

Dokokidaayukkanzama]an}asa

Awa3

2 Shirya tsari domin bun}asa zama ]an}asa

-nuna halaye na gari-dagewar mutum da bin tsari da al’umma suke bu}ata-ayukkan dake da manufar taimakawa al’umma-da sauransu......

Awa4

3 Saka darussan zama ]an}asa a cikin koyar wa

-Nazarin koyarwa da kayan aikia kowane mataki-Bun}asakayyakinkoyarwa-Shiryadarussankoyarwa/koyo-Bitarilimindaakakoya

Awa6

{araminJigona1:zama]an}asa

MISALINJADAWALINNAZARINILIMI

YankinDarasi3:zama]an}asa

Iyakokinayukkan}araminjigo:Koyardahalayeda]abi’unzama]an}asaalokacinzamacikinal’umma.

ManufofinKarantarwa/Koyo:Koyidahalayyar]an}asanagari

Takendarasi/Yanayinkoyonkaratu:{a’idojidaayukkanzama]an}asanagari.

DABARU

Mai basira (ilimi) Halaye (]abi’u) {warewa (gwaji)

-kawo }a’dojin zama ]an}asa-kawo ]abi’un zama ]an}asa-kawo iyakokin wuraren da haki-mai ke da iko a cikin garuruwansu

-yi aiki da ]abi’un zama ]an}asa na gari-shiga cikin harakokin ci gaban al’ummarka, yanki da }asa

-yi bayyanin muhimmancin shigar ]an}asa cikin harakokin }ananan hukumomi da tarayya-kafa hul]a cikin gina }asa da shigar ‘yan}asa

Dabaruncigaba

Lokaci : Awa biyu

Kayyakinkaratu/kayanaiki/adanabayanai:- Jadawalidalittafaia~angaren- Littafin aiki na }ungiyar bun}asa tattalin arziki

na }asashen Afrika (ECOWAS)- Fina-finai,hotunadawasukayankallodazasu

taimaka

- Kayayyakinaikidalittafaidakebayaniakanfa]akarwa kan sanin ha}}in da ya rataya kan mutum da zama ]an}asa

- Adireshin yanar gizo wanda ke da ala}a da fa]akarwa kan sanin ha}}in da ya rataya, zama ]an}asa da koyar da su

Aikin koyarwa da koyo

Matakai Shirye-shirye Dabaru

Bincikenabun da ake bu}ata/il-imin farko

Na mai koyarwa

Nazarci matakin fahimtar da aka samu da ilimin masu koyo a kan fahimtar shigar ]an}asa cikin harakokin }asa

Na mai koyo

-Amsa tambayoyi-Shirya tambayoyi da tattauna tamabayoyin da suka danganci shigar ]an}asa cikin hara-kokin }asa

-Hanyar za~en tamabay-oyi da yawa-Aikin ]ai]aikun ]alibai-Tattaunawar musayar ra’ayi tsakanin juna-Tattaunawa a bayyane

Gwaji A shirya wani yanayi wanda ke bayyana ]an}asa wanda ya fitar da rai ga rayuwar zama cikin al’umma.Misali: Lokacin da suke wucewa gaban ofishin mai wakili, abokai biyu sun lura da babbar hanyar da ta lalace da tarin shara.-Inamamakinabundasukeyiku]a]en da ofishin wakilinmu ke kar~a a kullum, in ji mutum na farko.-[anuwa, ni kan na za~e shi, duk abun ya yi babu ruwana da shi, in ji mutum na biyu. Malami ya jagoranci wa]an da yake hor-aswa wajen warware matsalolin wannan hali wajen binciken halaye da ]abi’un ]an}asa na gari, a kan muhawarar abun ya shafi mutum na farko, na biyun kuma ya ri}a shiga harakokin ci gaban al’umma

-A tawaga, sun binciko ta-kardun bayanai suka ajiye a gabansu da kuma abun da suka gani domin muhawara da samun bayanan warware matsalar wannan yanayi

-Bincikendaakaadana(na bugawa da na faifai)-Aikin tawaga

Taimakawa yin aiki a tawaga da mayar da ra-hoton aikin tawagar

A bu}aci ]alibai su gabatar da aikin da suka yi ta hanyar aikin tawaga

-Shirya wani }udurin bincike a kan sakamakon bincike da abun da suka koya

-Gabatarwa :mayar da rahoto da tattaunawa-Warware matsalolin

Tsara sabab-bin dabarun da aka sa-mar/amfanida bayanan da aka samar

-Shirya wani tasari da zai bayyana iko da arzikin al’umma da kuma iyakar yankunasu

Tabbatar da tattara bayanai a kan abubuwan da aka samu domin ba da gudummuwa ga ci gaban }asa

-Dagabayanandatawagasuka gabatar da kuma hanayar tattaunar muhawara ta tawagar aji:-shirya wata mafita da za ta warware matsalar-shirya bayanan da aka samu a bisa wannan tsari:-dokokin ]an}asa-ma’ana, ha}}id a iyakokin al’umma-]abi’un ]an}asa da kuma yadda ake za~e;-muhimmancin shigar ]an}asa a cikin harakokin al’umma da ci gaban }asa

Gabatar bayani-Muhawara mai zafi-tattaunawar musayar ra’ayi-Aiki a tawaga-Aiki a tawaga-Musayar tunani da baya-nai a matakin ]ai]aikun al’umma

Auna fa-himta/Gwaji

-Shirya wani karatu -yanayin da za a yi auna darasin

Warware aikin da ya shafi ha]in kai a matakin ]ai]aiku-Ta}aita manufofin bayanin bisa ga dokoki da tsare-tsaren zama ]an}asa a ~angare ]aya da kuma shigar al’umma cikin ayukkan ci gaban al’umma da rayuear }asa a wani ~angaren

-Tattara bayanai-Sauye-sauyen a ]ai]aiku

Aikidailmi/Tishi

Shirya }ir}ira ayyuka a cikin hukuma domin bun}asa shigar da al’umma wajen gudanar da hukumomi Shirya dubawa da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka }ir}iro

Za~i ayyuka:{ir}ira ayyuka ko }ungiyoyin da za su kula da ayyukan jami’an hukumomin da aka za~a da suka shafi makarantu (kayyayakin aiki na makarantu da ]aukar ]alibai)-shirya wa]annan ayyuka a makaranta tsawon shekara ]aya

-za~en wakilai;-Samar da kafar tattaunawa da hukumo-mi;-Amfani da hanyar koyar wa ta aiki ]aya-Rubutadayingwajinwasar kwaikwayo