ee networks

8/8/2019 Ee Networks

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EE LAB 1

Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS Lab Manual [CS05188]

I- B .Tech [ Branch: CSE & IT ]

Academic Year 2008-2009.

SLCS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Piglipur, Hayathnagar(M), R R District 501 512 (A.

P.)

1st B.Tech. (2007-08)

List of Experiments

Electrical & Electronics Lab

(CSE& IT Branches)

Section A

GIVEN BY SANDEEP, Sravya


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EE LAB 2

Sl.

No.Name of the Experiment Page No.

1Series and Parallel Resonance Timing, Resonantfrequency, Bandwidth and Q-factor determination for RLC

network

4

2Time response of first order RC/RL network for periodicnon-sinusoidal inputs time constant and steady state error

determination

8

3Two port network parameters Z-Y Parameters, chain

matrix and analytical verification11

4 Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems 16

5Verification of maximum power transfer theorem.Verification on DC, verification on AC with Resistive and

Reactive loads

19

6

Experimental determination of Thevenins and Nortons

equivalent circuits and verification by direct test. 23

7Magnetization characteristics of D.C. Shunt generator.

Determination of critical field resistance.29

8Swinburnes Test on DC shunt machine (Predeterminationof efficiency of a given DC Shunt machine working as

motor and generator).

36

9Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of

performance characteristics42

10OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer(Predetermination of efficiency and regulation at given

power factors and determination of equivalent circuit).

49

11 Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance

characteristics).58

12Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method

63



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EE LAB 3

NETWORKS

LABEXPERIMENTS

1. SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: - To obtain frequency characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits,Resonance frequency, Band width and Q factor for RLC network

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the

Component

Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors 1 K 12 Capacitors 1 F 13 Decade Inductance Box

(DIB)

10mH 1

4 Function Generator 0.01HZ-1MHZ 15 Ammeters 0-20 mA ac 2

6 Bread board 1



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EE LAB 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

SERIES RESONANCE:

Fig (a)

PARALLEL RESONANCE Fig (b)

PROCEDURE:-

Series

Resonance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a)

2. Connect the Function Generator to the CRO and set the input voltage to a constant

value (say 5 volts).

3. Vary the frequency through Function Generator and note down the current values

from the Ammeter.

4. Plot the graph between frequency and current values.

5. Find f o, 3db frequencies and Band Width from the graph.

6. Compare theoretical and practical values of fo and Q factor.



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EE LAB 5

Parallel Resonance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (b).

2. Keep voltage source constant and vary source frequency.

Note voltmeter readings. Calculate I in the circuit using relation VR / R = I3. Calculate the Z of the circuit using Vs / I = Z where I is obtained in the above step.

4. Plot Z Vs freq

5. Find f o, Band Width and Q factor from graph.

6. Compare theoretical and practical values of fo and Q factor.

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

Series resonance parallel resonance

OBSERVATIONS:

SERIES RESONANCE:

SL.NO FREQUENCY

(HZ)

CURRENT

(AMPS)

PARALLEL RESONANCE:

SLNO FREQUENCY

(HZ)

INPUT

VOLTAGE

(VOLTS) VS

CURRENT

(Amps)

ZS = VS/I



6/36

EE LAB 6

CALCULATIONS:

Series resonance

B. W = f2 f1 Hz. =RL

RC

2=

3

3

10102

101

xx

x

= 15.9 x 103

Q =12

0

ff

f

= 3109.15

59.1

x= 0.1

f0 =LC2

1. =

6310110102

1

xxx= 1.59 K HZ

RESULTS: -

PRACTICAL:Frequency Band width Q factor

Series resonance:

Parallel

resonance:

THEORETICAL:

Frequency Band width Q factor

Series resonance:

Parallelresonance:



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EE LAB 7

2. TIME RESPONSE OF RC, RL NETWORKS

AIM: To find the time response of RL, RC network:

CIRCUITS:

RC RL

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Sl.

No.

Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Decade Inductance Box (DIB) 10 H-1H 12 Decade Resistance Box (DRB) 10 -1M 13 Decade Capacitance Box (DCB) 100pf-10 f 14 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1

5 Function Generator 0.01H-1M H 1

6 Bread Board 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown Adjust the signal generator frequency to 1 K Hz

and adjust the amplitude of voltage to 1 V2. Now switch on the CRO and first adjust the waveforms such that they coincide

with the horizontal reference axis. Then observe the waveform.

3. For RL circuit as shown in figure 2 observe the fall time tfand time constant is

given as = L / R (theoretical) = tf



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EE LAB 8

4. For RC circuit note the rise time of the wave in the CRO and then substitute in the

Relation tr = 2. 2 (time constant) , and calculate the time constant.5. Note the graphs from CRO and plot the same.

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

R-C N/W R-L N/W

OBSERVATIONS:R C N /W:

tr =

theo = RC (s) = 2.2K x 100 KPf = 0.22 ms practical x 2. 2 = tr (sec) =R L N/W:

f =

theo =R

L(sec) =

K

mH

2.2

100= 0.04 m Sec

practical = tf =



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EE LAB 9

RESULT: (RL) = (RC) =

3. TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS - Z AND

Y PARAMETERS

AIM: To measure Z and Y parameter of a given two port passive network

Apparatus required: -

Sl.

No.


1 Resistors1 K 2 K

2

1

2 Multi-meters 13 Dual Regulated Power Supply 0-30 v 1

4 Ammeters 0-20 mA 2

5 Bread Board 1



10/36

EE LAB 10

Circuit Diagrams:For Z Parameters:

Figure (1)

For Y Parameters

Figure (3)]



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EE LAB 11

PROCEDURE: -

For Z parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1)

2. Keep port 2 open: I2 = 0

3. Set different voltages on V1.

4. Measure V2 and I1 and tabulate V1, V2 and I1

5. Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port 1 open circuit i.e. I1 = 0as shown in figure (2). Measure V1, I2. Set different voltages at V2 and measure

I2 and V1 for each setting and tabulate

Observations:

For Z parameters:

When I2 = 0 When I1 = 0



12/36

EE LAB 12

V2 V1 I2 Z22 Z12

2 v

5 v

8 v

10 v

12 v

When: I2 = 0. When: I1 = 0

Z11 = V1 / I1 Z22 = V2 / I2Z21 = V2 / I1 Z12 = V1 / I2

THEORITICAL CALUCULATIONS:-

FOR Z PARAMETERS :-

By loop analysis we can write as

V1 = 1 x 103 + 2.2 (i1-i2)

-V1 = 1 x 103 i2+ 2.2 (i2-i1)

V1 = i1+ 2.2 i1 2.2 i2-V2 = i2 + 2.2 i2 2.2 i1V1 = 3.2 i1 + 2.2 i2 ------ 1

V2 = 2.2 i1 + 3.2 i2 ------ 2


V1 V2 I1 Z11 Z21

2 v

5 v

10

v

12

v

Average

Values


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EE LAB 13

The Z parameters equations are

1 11 1 12 2V Z I Z I = + --------3

2 21 1 22 2V Z I Z I = + --------4

PROCEDURE:-

For Y Parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (3) connect the variable voltage at port 1 .

Short-circuit the port 2. By varying the V1, note down the I1, I2 and tabulate

2. Connect the variable voltage at port 2 short circuit the port 1 as shown in figure(4)

3. By varying the V2, note down the I1, I2 and tabulate

For Y Parameters:

When output short circuited, V2 = 0 When input short circuited, V1 = 0

V2 I1 I2 Y22 Y21

2

5


V1 I1 I2 Y11 Y21

2

5

8

10


14/36

EE LAB 14

8

10

So, if inverse of the Z-Parameters are the Y-Parameters.Y-Parameters are naturally given as in steps

1 11 1 12 2I Y V Y V = + ----------1

2 21 1 22 2 I Y V Y V = + ---------2

111

1

160.59

27

IY MOHS MOHS

V= = =

221

1

110.407

27

IY MOHS MOHS

V= = =

222

2

160.59

27

IY MOHS MOHS

V= = =

112

2

110.407

27

IY MOHS MOHS

V= = =

3.2 2.2

2.2 3.2Z

=

1 16 / 27 11/ 27

11/ 27 16 / 27Z Y = =

1 11 1 12 2

21 22 2

0.59 0.4

0.4 0.59

2 1

Y

I Y V Y V

I Y V Y V

=

= += +

Y11 = I1/v1 y21 = I2/V1

Y12 = I1/v2 y22 = I2/V2

Y11 = 0.59 y21 = 0.4

Y12 = 0.4 y22 = 0.59



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EE LAB 15

RESULT:

4. SUPER POSITION AND RECIPROCITY THEOREMS

AIM: - To verify Superposition and Reciprocity theorems .

Apparatus required:

Sl.

No.


1 Resistors1 K

2 K

2

12 Multi-meters 1

3 RPS 0-30 v 2


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: -

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

CASE I :-



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EE LAB 16

CASE II :-

CASE III :-



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EE LAB 17

RECIPROCITY THEOREM :-

PROCEDURE:

Superposition Theorem.

1. Connect V1, V2 as shown in figure (1).

2. For different V1 and V2 values note the D.C. ammeter (0 50 mA) reading as IT

3. Replace V1 with a short circuit and read the ammeter reading as I2 for

corresponding values of V2

4. Replace V2 with a short circuit and connect V1 in the circuit and read I1 for

corresponding values of V1.5. IT = I1 + I2



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EE LAB 18

Reciprocity Theorem:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.

2. Apply some voltage Vs

3. Note down the ammeter ( 0 50 mA) reading as I1

4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source as shown in figure 3. and read theammeter reading as I2

5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or Vs and tabulate the values.

6. I1 should be equal to I2.

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM :

I1 = I1 =

I2 = I2 =

IT = I1 + I2 IT = I1 + I2

THEORITICAL CALUCULATIONS: when v2 = 0

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2R R

R K K R R

=+



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EE LAB 19

=3 3

3 3

1 10 2.2 10

1 10 2.2 10

X X X

X X+= 0.687K

1 25

0.0141 0.678

V V

I AMP R K K = = =+

I1 =3

3

1 100.014

1 2.2 3.2 10

k IX X

K K X =

+

I1 = 4.65mA

when v1 = 0

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2 R R R K K R R

=+

=3 3

3 3

1 10 2.2 10

1 10 2.2 10

X X X

X X+= 0.687K

Req = 1K+0.687K = 1.687K



20/36

EE LAB 20

3 3

11

1 8.891 10 10

1 2.2 3.2 103

K X X I IX

K K X

= =+

I11 = 11 2.78 I mA=

IT = I1 + I11

IT = 4.65mA+2.78mA

IT = 7.42mA

RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

When

V = ___________ V =

I1 = I1 =

I2 = I2 =

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:



21/36

EE LAB 21

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2R R

R K K R R

=+

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2R R

R K K R R

=+

=3 3

3 31 10 2.2 101 10 2.2 10 X X X X X+

= 0.687K =

3 3

3 31 10 2.2 101 10 2.2 10 X X X X X+

=

0.687K

Req = 1K+0.687K = 1.687K R eq = 1K+0.687K =1.687K

I1 = IT X2.2

3.2

K

K =14.8mA X2.2

3.2

K

K = 10.18 mA

I1 = IT X2.2

3.2

K

K=14.8mA X

2.2

3.2

K

K= 10.18 mA

I1 = I11

OBSERVATIONS:

(A) SUPERPOSITION:

Case ( 1 ) Case ( 2 ) Case ( 3 )

(B) RECIPROCITY


V1 (Volts) I1(mA) V2 (Volts) I2 (mA) V1 V2 IT (mA)

V volts I1mA I2mA


22/36

EE LAB 22

RESULT:

5. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem.

Apparatus required:

Sl.

No.


1 Resistors1K2 K

21

2 Decade Induction Box 10 -1H3 Decade Resistance Box 10 -1M

4 Multi meter



23/36

EE LAB 23

5 RPS 0-30 v 2

6 RPS 0-20 v 2


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:1 (a)

1 (b)

R1 1k R2 1k

R32.2

k

A +

0-20mA

0-30v 5

2 (a) A.C ANLYSIS

2 (b)



24/36

EE LAB 24

10mH 1m

A +

0-20mA

R3

2.2

k

R2 1kR1 1k

+

0-20v

Theoretical Calculations:

3

3 3

( )

10 10

3.1253.2

2.2 10 3.125 10 6.875

1 2.21

3.2

1.6875

OC

TH

X

I mA

V orE X x x V

XR

K

= =

= =

= =

=

THEVININS EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT

By Maximum power Transfer theorem



25/36

EE LAB 25

When RL = Rth =1.6875K

Then PL = PMax

22

2

3

( )

4 4

(6.875)

4 1.6875 10

7.0023

OC

L L

VE

R R

X X

mW

=

AC ANALYSIS

3

2

2 500 400 10

400

(1.256)

L X J fL

JX X X X X

JX X

J K

=

=



26/36

EE LAB 26

(1 2.2) 3.2

500

10 3.1253.2

2.2 6.875

1 2.2(1 1.256)

3.2

2.2(1 1.256)

3.2

0.6785 (1 1.256)

(0.6785 0 1 1.256)

L

EQ

OC

OC

REQ K K

X J L

CONSIDER

f HZ

V I mAR K

V IX K V

X Z K J K

K J K

K J K

J J K

= + = =

=

= = =

= =

= + +

= + +

= + + + + +

(1.6875 1.256)

2.1036 36.6OC TH

J K

Z R XL K

+ = =

THEVININS EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT

By Maximum power transfer theorem when series

impedances are conjugate to each other Maximum power is Dissipated across Load.

When Zi = (1.675+J1.256)K then

PL = PMax

ZL = (1.675+J1.256)K

RL = 1.6875k

2 2

3

(6.785)

4 4 2.10 10

5.626

L

L

L

EP

R X X

R Z MW

= =

= =



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EE LAB 27

PROCEDURE: - D.C. Analysis with R load

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1 (a).

2. Varying the load resistance in steps and note the ammeter readings and calculate

power

3. Plot the graph by taking resistance on X axis and power on Y axis

4. Connect the circuit as in 1(b)

5. Varying V note the corresponding values of I

6. Rs = V / I

7. Rs should be equal to RL for maximum power transfer.

A .C. Analysis with source impedance as resistive

8. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(a) except replacing DC source by ACvoltage source.

9. Set some voltage and note down corresponding current and calculate power

10. Repeat the procedure as given for DC analysis 1(b) circuit.

A .C. Analysis with source impedance as inductive:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3(a). And set inductance some value

(say 400 mH)

2. Varying the load resistance in steps and note the ammeter readings and calculate

power.

3. Connect the circuit as in figure 3(b) and find Zs = Vs / I. Absolute value of Zsshould be equal to RL at a value where power transferred is maximum.

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

DC Analysis A .C. Analysis



28/36

EE LAB 28

OBSERVATIONS:

DC & AC Analysis (Rs = R)

AC: Zs = R + j L

RESULT:


I R P = I2

R V I R 2 V / I

V I Z= V/ I


29/36

EE LAB 29

6. THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS

AIM:To verify Thevenins and Nortons theorems

Apparatus required:

Sl.

No.Name of the component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors 2.2 K ,1 K 23 Regulated Power Supply ( RPS) 0-10 v 1

4 Multimeters 1


CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PROBLEM:

THEVENINS THEOREM:

For Voc Calculation:



30/36

EE LAB 30

For Rth:

For IL

For IL Calculation



31/36

EE LAB 31

Nortons Theorem

For Isc Calculation:

IL Calculation:

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

THEVININS THEOREM

FOR VOC OR VTH



32/36

EE LAB 32

No current passes through R3 (1K) resistor so we can remove it

1

2

3 3

207.81

3.2

7.81 10 2.2 10

13.75

T

TH T

TH

V I mA

R K

V I R

X X X

V V

= = =

=

==

FOR RTH

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2R R

R K K R R

=+

=3 3

3 3

1 10 2.2 10

1 10 2.2 10

X X X

X X+= 0.687K

REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K

FOR EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT



33/36

EE LAB 33

13.75

1.687 2.2

3.53

THL

TH L

L

VI

R R K K

I mA

= =+ +

=

NORTONS THEOREM:

FOR IN or ISC

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2 R R R K K R R

=+

=3 3

3 3

1 10 2.2 10

1 10 2.2 10

X X X

X X+= 0.687K

REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K

250.0148 14814

1.6875

2.2

3.2

8.14

TT

EQ

N SC T

N

V V I A mA

R K

K I I I X

K

I mA

= = =

= =

=FOR RTH



34/36

EE LAB 34

1 2

1 2

1 // 2.2R R

R K K R R

=+

=3 3

3 3

1 10 2.2 10

1 10 2.2 10

X X X

X X+= 0.687K

REQ = 1+0.687 = 1.687K

EQUVIALENT CIRCUIT

Equivalent circuit can be converted as follows

3 310.1 10 1.6875 10

17.0387

17.0387

2.2 1.685

3.53

L

EQ

L

X X X

V

VI

R R K K

I mA

= =+ +

=PROCEDURE:



35/36

EE LAB 35

Thevenins Theorem:

1. Apply a D.C. voltage of 7v from voltage source to be input terminals of the

network and measure the output voltage Voc with out load.

2. Connect the load at the output of the network and measure the current through the

load

3. Disconnect the voltage source and load, short the input terminals of the network

and measure the thevenins equivalent impedance at the output terminals.

4. Adjust the input voltage of the voltage source that is equal to thevenins voltage

and apply to input terminals of the equivalent circuit.

5. Measure the load current I1l and compare it theoretical value V1 and tabulate

Nortons Theorem:

1. Apply DC voltage of 7V from voltage source to the input terminal of the networkand measure the load current at the output of the network

2. Apply D.C.voltage of 7 V and measure short circuit current Isc by short circuiting

load terminals.3. Find Zth by disconnect the voltage sources and load, short the input terminals of

the network and measure the thevenins equivalent impedance at the output

terminals.4. Draw Nortons equivalent circuits by connecting Zth in parallel with Isc.

5. Convert Nortans equivalent circuit to Thevenin equivalent circuit and measure

the load current ILl with connecting load at output terminals and compare with IL

6. Nortons theorem states IL = IL1

OBSERVATIONS:

Thevenins Theorem:

Sl.

No.Vs

Vth(measured)

IL(measured) Rth(measured)IL

1

computed



36/36

EE LAB 36

Nortons Theorem:

Sl.

No. Vs ISC (measured) IL(measured) IL1

theoretical

RESULT:

ee networks

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