材料設計における規則性の シミュレーション - umekkii1 sim colloquium, july 4,...

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データベースの方法 第一原理電子論の方法 第一原理電子論の方法 シミュレーションコロキウム 2003年7月4日 材料設計における規則性の シミュレーション システム量子工学専攻 岩田研 助教授

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  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20031

    •• データベースの方法

    •• 第一原理電子論の方法第一原理電子論の方法

    シミュレーションコロキウム 2003年7月4日

    材料設計における規則性のシミュレーション

    システム量子工学専攻 岩田研 助教授 陳 迎

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20032

    • 科学技術データと社会

    科学技術データを私財ではなく人類全体の公共財とするための基礎的研究。異分野間の連携を考えたメタデータ、メタ知識、インターフェイスとインタラクション、知識の再構築と獲得といった情報論的な課題の他に、知的所有権、情報価値、情報戦略、情報流通等に関する原則・規範と制度化、さらには情報格差の取り扱い、克服までも視野に入れた基盤科学としてのデータサイエンス。以下の人工物と材料を実践的研究の対象としている。

    • 人間と人工物

    人間系を基軸に人工物群全体を視野にとらえた新しいエンジニアリング。環境、ランドスケープ、原発、ゴミ処理プラントの合意形成、人工物を介した異分野間の情報共有、世代間の技術継承、抽象化された知識と経験(身体性)との相補性、ニーズとシーズの相補性、情報環境とマーケッテング。

    • 人間と材料

    物質・材料データベースを活用したデータ駆動型の設計手法の構築。複雑システムのモデリングにおいては個々の事実の具体的かつ徹底的な記述と多様なレベルでの抽象化と相互比較・分析、類推が有効であることを示し、また、優れたインターフェイスの開発により、比喩的には「手が考える」状態を実現しつつある。

    岩田研究室岩田研究室 研究内容研究内容

    → 材料設計に関する理論的研究

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20033

    I. Introduction

    Periodic Table of the Elements

    UnaryBinaryTernaryQuaternary…Multinary

    私達の世界の物質・材料は約110種類の元素による無限の組み合わせでできています.

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20034

    I. Introduction Substance, Material

    • State 物質の状態Solid, Liquid, Gas, …

    • Composition (element A, B, C, …)Unary: ABinary: A-B

    eg. AB, AB2, A2B3, Ternary: A-B-C

    eg. ABC2, AB2C3

    • Alloy CompoundSolid solutionInsolubility

    … Multinary

    成分

    純物質

    二元系

    三元系

    多元系

    合金

    化合物

    固溶体

    Phase Diagram

    Liquid

    Compound

    Al Atomic Percent of Ca Ca

    Tem

    pera

    ture

    ºC

    状態図

    1078ºC

    842ºC

    Al3

    Ca8

    Al4

    Ca

    660.45ºC

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20035

    I. Introduction Intrinsic Property

    Chemical propertyMechanical propertyThermal and thermodynamic propertyElectronic and electrical propertyOptical propertyFerroelectric propertyMagnetic property…

    • Properties of material

    • Properties of elementDensityAtomic weightAtomic radius…

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20036

    I. Introduction Crystal Structure

    There are more than 3,000 known crystal structures

    fccsc bcc

    PbSの天然結晶塩化ナトリウム構造をもつ

    塩化ナトリウム結晶模型

    塩化ナトリウム単位格子

    Minimum repeated unit:

    Unit call

    結晶構造

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20037

    I. Introduction

    Same element in Various structures → Various properties

    eg. Carbon

    C60 C-tubeDiamond

    High pressureState高圧相

    Graphite

    normal state定常相

    Nano scale

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20038

    I. Introduction

    eg. Cohesive Energy (eV/atom)

    Periodic Table of the Elements

    Periodicity of elemental property

    凝集エネルギー

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 20039

    I. Introduction Regularity

    Regularities

    • Are compounds formed or not when 2 elements meet?• What compositions are realized in a former system?• What structures are formed for a compound?• What is the physical property for a compound in certain

    structure?

    Atomic constitutionAtomic constitution

    Structure of MaterialsStructure of Materials Properties of MaterialsProperties of Materials

    規則性

    組成

    構造 物性

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200310

    I. Introduction 材料設計に関する理論的研究

    UnaryBinaryTernaryQuaternary…Multinary

    Databases / Data mining → Discovery

    Simulation

    First principles approach → Origin

    Periodic Table of the Elements

    Regularity

    Experiment

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200311

    PAULING FILE Binaries Edition

    • Pauling File Project

    1995 ~ Japan Science and Technology Co. (JST)Material Phases Data System (MPDS) The University of Tokyo

    • Data Source~ 150,000 original publications> 1,000 scientific journals since 1900

    • ScopeAll non-organic solid states materialsFour types of data:

    StructureDiffractionConstitutionPhysical propertyData

    28,300 structure data28,300 diffraction data8,000 Phase diagrams17,300 property entries

    Discovery Took

    Binaries Edition: CD-Rom

    II. Data Driven Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200312

    • Postulation

    Property of MaterialsElemental Property Parameters (EPPs)

    Expression

    • Purpose

    To order the huge amount of data within plots so that thematerials with same structure type/properties are clustered together , to systematize the relationship between properties

    or between structure and property.

    II. Data Driven Approach Mapping

    • Two key points in mappingCharacterization: To find optimal coordinatesClassification: To define meaning of domains

    データ駆動型の設計手法

    軸の取り方

    領域の定義

    仮想

    目的

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200313

    Structure Map - D. Pettifor’s Map (1985)

    MN(A)

    MN

    (B)

    University of Oxford

    David Pettifor

    II. Data Driven Approach

    2D構造マップ

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200314

    Quantum Structure Diagram (QSD) - P. Villars’ Map (1983)

    QSD Our Calculation

    1.01.52.02.53.03.5

    Nv

    ∆χ

    ∆R{{Section 3

    Section 2

    Section 1

    s-s (IA-IA)s-s (IA-IIA)s-p (IA-IIIA)s-p (IIA-IIIA)s-p (IA-VA)p-d (IIIA-IIIB)

    / p-d (IIIA-IIB)

    {

    (∆E)

    (d)

    x: difference of Zunger’s radiiy: difference of M-B elentronegativityz: sum of valence electrons number

    P. Villars

    MPDS, Switzerland

    II. Data Driven Approach

    3D構造マップ

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200315

    Finding Regularity by EPP + AET

    2,300 Conventional Structures

    2,300 Conventional Structures

    ~30 Atomic Environment Types

    ~30 Atomic Environment Types

    56 Element Property Parameters

    56 Element Property Parameters

    2-3 Optimal EPP Expressions

    2-3 Optimal EPP Expressions

    Distribution, Patterns, …?

    II. Data Driven Approach

    規則性探索の手順

    原子配置環境タイプ

    元素特性パラメータ 最適元素特性パラメータ

    古典的結晶構造

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200316

    Element Property Parameters (EPPs)

    • 6 most distinct EPP groupsAtomic numberGroup numberMendeleev numberCohesion energyElectrochemical factorSize

    • OperationsSum EP(A)+EP(B)Difference EP(A)-EP(B)Product EP(A)*EP(B)Ratio EP(A)/EP(B) Maximum Max(EP(A),EP(B))Minimum Min(EP(A),EP(B))

    • EPPEP(tot) = EP(A) op EP(B)

    • Example of EPsAtomic numberMendeleev Number

    (D. G. Pettifor, 1983, …)Atomic radiiMelting pointElectronegativity

    Mendeleev Number

    ……

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200317

    Atomic Environment Type (AET)

    CuMg: CsCl-type AET: CN148 1st n.n. + 6 2nd n.n.

    Max Gap

    • AET Types of a Structure Single, Double, Triple, …

    Maximum-gap RuleMaximum-convex-volume Rule

    • Rules of Constructing AET

    • Concept of AET Based on Coordinates Polyhedron

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200318

    Finding Regularity by EPP + AET

    2,300 Conventional Structures

    2,300 Conventional Structures

    ~30 Atomic Environment Types

    ~30 Atomic Environment Types

    56 Element Property Parameters

    56 Element Property Parameters

    2-3 Optimal EPP Expressions

    2-3 Optimal EPP Expressions

    Distribution, Patterns, …?

    II. Data Driven Approach

    規則性探索の手順

    原子配置環境タイプ

    元素特性パラメータ 最適元素特性パラメータ

    古典的結晶構造

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200319

    Regularity in Binaries

    Periodic Table of the Elements

    2D Formation Map

    CoordinatesMN(A) vs. MN(B)

    Very few compounds in range

    between MN

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200320

    Regularity in Binaries

    Magnesium - X

    Constitution 周期律表型組成マップ

    II. Data Driven Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200321

    MN(A) vs. MN(B)

    Density (Mg/cm3) 0 5 10 15 20Density [Mg・ m-3]0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    4000

    Tm

    [K]

    cluster1cluster2cluster3cluster4

    Density vs. Melting pointClustering

    Physical Properties

    Regularity in BinariesII. Data Driven Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200322

    Application of Structure map

    χ∆R∆vN =4.2-4.75.6-5.7

    vN

    χ∆

    R∆

    Superconductors

    Quasicrystalχ∆

    MgB2

    II. Data Driven Approach

    x: difference of Zunger’s radiiy: difference of M-B elentronegativityz: sum of valence electrons number

    Application

    準結晶

    超伝導

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200323

    • Can not provide insight into the microscopic mechanism

    • Limited experimental data leads to uncompleted separation of different domains

    Combining First Principles Approaches

    II. Data Driven Approach Limitation

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200324

    III. First Principles Approach

    Physical Model

    Many-body (Ions+Electrons) problem

    Many-electron problem

    One-electron problem

    Born-Oppenheimer (Adiabatic) Approximation

    One electron Approximation

    多体問題 ~1023

    多電子問題

    一電子問題

    一電子近似

    断熱近似

    第一原理電子論の方法

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200325

    Solution of One-electron Schrödinger Equation

    Typical wayExpanding one-electron wave function with a set of

    basis function to construct the Secular equation

    χik (

    r r ) = cn (i,

    n∑

    r k )φ(

    r k n ,

    r r )

    det (

    r k 2 − ε )δ r k , r k ' + φ(

    r k 'n ,

    r r )V(

    r r )φ* (

    r k n ,

    r r )∫ d

    r r = 0

    First principles approach: without using empirical parameters(Semi-)Empirical approach: using empirical parameters

    III. First Principles Approach

    ε = εi (r k )

    一電子シュレーディンガー方程式

    第一原理方法

    (半)経験的方法

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200326

    III. First Principles Approach

    Self-Consistant Field (SCF) Approach

    SecularequationSecular

    equationNew

    densityNew

    densityNew

    potentialNew

    potentialInitial

    potentialInitial

    potential

    Initial densityInitial

    density

    Same as former

    potential

    YesNoConvergentproperties

    Convergentproperties

    自己無撞着

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200327

    Electronic Band Structures ε = εi (r k )

    Total energy Density of States Energy Band Charge density

    fcchcp

    bcc

    Cu:

    Face Center Cubic(fcc)

    Body Center Cubic(bcc)

    Hexagonal(hcp)

    Ground state

    fcc

    III. First Principles Approach Results

    全エネルギー 電子密度 エネルギーバンド 電荷密度

    電子エネルギーバンド構造

    体心立方面心立方 六方晶

    基底状態

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200328

    Application

    Atomestic Simulation of Materials

    • To explain microscopic mechanism of experiments. … 解明

    • To predict unknown substance and unknown properties. … 予測

    III. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200329

    What Understand

    Energy gap: Insulator, Semiconductor, Metal

    C-diamond Si Fe

    E band

    DOS

    EF

    EF

    III. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200330

    Application

    Prediction of new super hard substance: cubic-C3N4Bulk modulus: higher than diamond

    D. M. Teter, et al., Science, 271 (1996), 53

    Experiment: 1998Spinel structure

    III. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200331

    Application

    Nano simulation: Band alignment for SiO2/Si interfaceT. Ohno, et al., NIMS, 2003

    III. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200332

    Application

    Inverse band structure problemA. Zunger, et al., Nature, 402 (1999), 60

    Conventional problemAtomic configuration → Electronic structure

    Electronic structure → Atomic configurationMax-gap configurations of AlxGa1-xAs alloys for different Al conc. x

    Inverse problem

    (GaAs)2(AlAs)1(GaAs)4(AlAs)1 (GaAs)2(AlAs)2 (GaAs)1(AlAs)3

    Ga

    Al

    As

    National Renewable Energy Laboratory

    USA

    III. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200333

    Phase Diagram

    Liquid Compound

    Temperature - Concentration Temperature - Pressure

    Fe

    bcc hcp

    fcc

    bcc

    Finite TemperatureIII. First Principles Approach

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200334

    = + + + + + …

    Free energy: STEg ⋅−=

    Total energy EntropyCluster Variation

    (CVM)Cluster Expension

    (CEM)

    Finite TemperatureIII. First Principles Approach

    First Principles total energy: Ground state (0K)

    First Principles + Statistical MechanicsHow to deal with finite temperature:

    有限温度

    統計力学第一原理電子論

    クラスター変分法クラスター展開法

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200335

    Periodic Table of the Elements

    Fe-Pd

    L10 L12

    Fe-PtL10 L12

    L12

    L12

    Fe-Ni

    Finite TemperatureIII. First Principles Approach

    First Principles Study on Phase Stability and Equilibriafor Fe-Ni, -Pd and -Pt Systems

    Y. Chen, T. Mohri, S. IwataJ. Phys., Mater. Trans., Calphad, 2002

    An example

    L10 L12

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200336

    IV. Our Present Research

    1) Data Miningによる物質世界の規則性の探求と材料設計:

    「Pauling File」という膨大な物質・材料の基礎データを揃えた

    データベースを基本に据え、操作性の高いインターフェース

    「Discovery Space」の上でデータの俯瞰・再編と複雑な関係の抽

    出という一連の操作をしながら、データ群の背後に潜む規則性を

    発見し、その延長線上に、この世界には未だ存在しない未知の新

    物質・新材料を設計・開発する研究です。

    2) 第一原理電子論計算による物質世界の規則性の解明と材料設計:

    第一原理電子論計算と、統計力学のクラスター変分法や熱力学の

    CALPHAD法を組み合わせることにより、与えられた物質・材料の構

    造安定性や相平衡状態図を予測し、相安定性の起源や相変態のダ

    イナミクスを明らかにした上で、非平衡・準安定平衡材料の設計

    を目指しています。

  • SIM Colloquium, July 4, 200337

    IV. Our Present Research

    • Extending Approach

    • Status of Materials Research

    60% 5%

    Binary Ternary Quaternary