聆听音乐中文讲义22. Modernism and Mahler

现代主义和马勒今天我们来谈谈印象派音乐Now today we're going to be talking about musical impressionism下节课上现代主义Next time modernism, 这节课上印象主义 but today musical impressionism.印象主义 Impressionism, 一般来说 是指音乐史上 generally speaking,is a period in the history of music 从年到年的这段时期 running from to .它主要发生在法国 It's mostly a french phenomenon 尽管从某种程度而言 although it did expand, as we will see, to england and to italy 它之后扩张到英国 意大利和美国 and to the united states, even to some degree.比如说 美国有印象派艺术学院We have the american impressionist school of art, for example.我们来看看黑板 Let's turn to the board here看一些熟悉的名字和面孔 and visit some familiar names and faces.你们知道这些画家You know of the painters: 马奈 莫奈 雷诺阿 Manet, monet, renoir, 阿尔弗雷德·西斯莱 alfred sisley, 卡米耶·毕沙罗 camille pissarro,还有一个美国女人 很有趣And the american--interesting enough--american woman, 玛丽·卡萨特mary cassatt.每当一个艺术博物馆需要增加收入Any time an art museum needs to raise cash,他们会举办什么展览呢What sort of exhibition do they put on?举办印象派画作的重磅展览A blockbuster exhibition of impressionist painting.每个人都会买票参观 That's what brings everybody in.从某种程度上说 它是艺术的核心 It is the locus, somehow, of what art is supposed to be.每个人都爱这些印象派画家展览 Everybody loves these impressionist exhibitions不管是在波士顿 纽约 芝加哥whether it's boston, New york, chicago,无论在哪里wherever it might be.所以印象派包括这些美术家 So we have those artists.还包括一些诗人 有趣的是We also have the poets--though interestingly enough他们没有被称为印象派诗人 They're not called so much impressionist poets.而是被称为象征主义诗人 They're called the symbolist poets,我相信在文学课和法语课中And I'm sure in literature classes and and in French classes你们应该学过一些 you have studied some of them: 查尔斯·波德莱尔 Charles Baudelaire, 保罗·魏尔伦 Paul Verlaine,阿尔蒂尔·兰波Arthur Rimbaud,斯特芬·马拉美\NAnd Stephane Mallarmé.现在回到作曲家 Turning now to the composers,其中最重要的 The most important of these,

就是克劳德·德彪西 Really, is Claude Debussy.可以说他开创了这个法国作曲流派He sort of started this school of french composition,开创了印象派音乐 The impressionist style.这里列出了其他一些人We list others up there--莫里斯·拉威尔maurice ravel.我们已经接触过他的《波莱罗舞曲》了We've bumped into bolero of ravel;加布里埃尔·弗雷\NGabriel Fauré创作了一些很美的印象派音乐wrote some beautiful Impressionist music.你们也许时不时听他的《安魂曲》\NYou may have heard of parts of the Fauré "Requiem"from time to time;奥特里纳·莱斯皮基 意大利人 ottorino respighi, an italian,说明印象派同样发展到了意大利 Suggesting that this also got to italy; 还有美国人查尔斯·格里菲斯 and the american, Charles griffes, 他在纽约死于流感who died of the influenza in new york city创作了一些印象派钢琴和管弦乐作品 But wrote some impressionist piano and orchestral music.就这些人的作品而言 In terms of the works of these individuals,这里列出了的德彪西的作品比任何人都多 We've listed more over here for debussy than any one else《月光曲》 Clair de lune, 我们今天会学到 很重要 that we're going to be talking about today,that's important,《牧神的午后前奏曲》the Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.我们会听一小段We'll be hearing some of that你们听力练习就是 and you have your listening exercise 《牧神的午后前奏曲》On prelude to the afternoon of a faun,还有其他一些管弦乐作品Other orchestral pieces,《夜曲》 一种夜晚的情绪作品Nocturnes--sort of night mood pieces,《大海》 是一部恢弘的管弦乐作品 La mer, a big orchestral composition,《意象》 还有更多的管弦乐作品 Images, more orchestral works, 然后是钢琴前奏曲 and then preludes for piano.我们今天先预热一下这些钢琴前奏曲 And we'll be foregrounding those preludes for piano here today还有其他一些列在黑板上的曲子 and a couple of pieces that we listed on the board:《夜之幽灵》中的《水中精灵》The "ondine" from gaspar de la nuit稍后我们会演奏这段 That will be performed for us later in the hour today,还有我们之前提到的《波莱罗舞曲》And the bolero that we have mentioned before.就是这些 So those are the players.现在来看看这些音乐听起来怎么样 Let's take a look now at what this music sounds like.我会先弹奏一些 I'm going to start with playing some of this piece你们都知道的曲子 that you all know.我相信你们都听过 I'm sure you've heard this before:《月光曲》 作于年 Clair de lune()我们一会儿再说它And we'll pick it up from there in just a moment.显然 我们以前提到过 But obviously-- we've talked a little about this before这种由下落的动机引发的缓和 This general relaxation caused by the falling down motive

只在这一点上升Only to rise up at this point.同样有趣的是 But also of interest here is 这里没有清晰的拍子 the absence of any kind of clear-cut meter.我想这是其中的重头戏 That's, I think, the big-ticket item here.很难用脚踩出节拍You'd be hard pressed to tap your foot to this,很难进行指挥 To conduct this in any way.它把我们带过了 So that takes us through,这首曲子的第一个十五小节Oh, the first twelve, fifteen bars of this piece.现在是另一种音乐Now a different kind of music.我们在这里停一下 Let's pause on this for a moment.今天我要强调一下平行进行现象 I'll be emphasizing the phenomenon of parallel motion today平行 Parallelism today--这儿就是这样的一小段 and here is a moment of that.所有声部All the voices.它们可能有六个不同的音符 They probably have six different notes 在这个和弦上 in that chord,但在下一和弦上六个音符都朝着同一方向 But the next one all six are going in the same direction而不是朝着相反的方向 Rather than having--going in the opposite direction.接下来我们会详细说明We'll continue to elaborate on that as we proceed.好了 这里还有另一个概念Okay. Now another idea comes in here,很美 很动人 Lovely, really nice,可能是肖邦 没错 Could be chopin, right,如此丰富的声音 几乎比得上吉他 That kind of rich sound with the almost guitar像在底下伴奏 Like accompaniment underneath it,但这儿很简洁利落 But something really neat happens here.这个和弦We have this chord再是这个和弦 and then we have this chord惊人的 出人意料的和弦Kind of a surprising or shocking, unexpected chord.这就是印象派音乐的另一个特点 So that's something else we get here with this impressionist style: 出人意料的和弦 新和弦Unexpected chords, new chords.先是正常的We might have normally .之后是 Then we could go 贝多芬式的音乐 and that kind of beethoven-type sound,但在这里 But here we get , 并不是四度或五度外的和弦 going to, not chords a fourth or a fifth away,而是三度外的 But chords just a third away.好了Okay.又是很有趣的一段Now that's another interesting moment.由这个声音开始We've had--we've got this sound here to begin with .好的 这是Well, that's kind of--下一个和弦是And then the next chord is .以前没有出现过We haven't had those chords before.

以前有过大三和弦We've had major triads,小三和弦 减三和弦We've had minor triads, we've had diminished triads 现在是这种相对于减三和弦的 and now we've got the kind of flip Side of the diminished triad--增三和弦 the augmented triad.这是我们学的第四个三和弦 This is the fourth of our triads.大三和弦Major根音是大三度 三音是小三度We've got a major third on the bottom and minor third on top.小三和弦 反过来Minor, changes those around,根音是小三度 三音是大三度A minor third on the bottom, major on top,大三和弦Major, 小三和弦minor.之后学了一个上升的尖锐的和弦 Then we could have--we have got this sharp biting chord 如果只有两个小三度 called the diminished 就叫做减三和弦 if we just two minor thirds.是范围最小的三和弦 It's the most narrow of the triads,但如果有两个大三度 But supposing we had two major thirds in this aggregate,就是这种声音Yeah, that kind of sound.听上去有点奇怪Well, it's a little bit weird我们再听一个印象派新和弦 So we get once again a new chord here with the impressionist增三和弦 The augmented triad,--我们可能把它们放在一起 and we might kind of pile them up通过这种方式 In this fashion.听上去很不同 It's a different sound,有点奇怪 Kind of a strange sound.好了All right. 这就是德彪西《月光曲》的一段Well, that's a little bit of clair de lune of claude debussy让我们对印象派音乐有所认识And that introduces us to the impressionist style.我们现在继续来听We're going to move on now to first德彪西的第一首管弦乐曲子 The first orchestral piece of debussy 就是《牧神的午后前奏曲》and that's the Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun 在黑板上列出来了 that's listed on the board there.年 In , 德彪西惋惜他从未创作过一首杰作 debussy lamented that he had never created a masterpiece.那么 这首可以算得上杰作Well, he sort of did with this piece.这是首很棒 很棒的曲子 It's really a wonderful, wonderful composition.大概有十分钟 It goes about ten minutes在你们的第五张 CD上有整首曲子 and you've got the full composition there on your cd no. ..这首曲子有些什么What can we say about it?首先 《牧神的午后前奏曲》Well, first of all, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun: 曲子的灵感源于马拉美的一首诗\NIts point of inspiration was a poem by Stephane Mallarmé.马拉美是德彪西的美学导师\NMallarmé was an aesthetic mentor of Debussy.他们是很亲密的朋友 They were close friends.每周他们都会见面交谈美学的东西 Once a week they would meet and talk about aesthetic issues

在巴黎的蒙帕纳斯大街区 In paris in the boulevard montparnasse area.马拉美写了一首诗\NSo he--Mallarmé--had written a poem名字是《牧神的午后》called "The Afternoon of a Faun."这里 Faun(牧神)不是 f-a-w-nNow this faun here is not f-a-w-n,不是幼鹿的那个 fawnThe little baby deer-type fawn,而是 f-a-u-nBut f-a-u-n,是一种好色的森林之神 A sort of randy satyr, 半人半兽 half man, half beast,用整个下午来追寻性满足Who spends his afternoon in pursuit of sexual gratification在正午阳光最热烈的时候 In the heat of the midday sun-比起小鹿斑比的故事 有更多的性的意味 So it's a bit more sexually supercharged than the story of bambi.现在来思考一下 Let's go on and think about the type of music这种音乐的类型 that we're about to hear在这里 here.这是一种不同的音乐 It's a different kind of music,最好的做法也许就是融入它And maybe the best thing to do is just jump into it.对于我们来说 For us, 也许很难感受到曲子的奇怪之处 it's difficult to appreciate how strange this must have sounded.我们可以说习惯了这种声音We're kind of used to this sound.也许你们已经听过We've gotten--and maybe you've heard增三和弦Augmented triads 德彪西的音乐中有很多大七和弦 and there are a lot of major seventh chords in debussy,听上去像是爵士和弦 Sounds a bit like a jazz chord,没错 爵士乐手很喜欢用这个Yeah, because jazz performers like that sound.他们在印象派音乐中听到这种声音 They heard it in the impressionists然后把它用在爵士乐中 and they drew it into their music.所以这是个奇怪的和弦 So there are strange chords here,还有奇怪的管弦乐编曲 But there's also strange orchestration,同时我们再次想到And once again we should remember在曲子问世的那个年代How unusual this must have sounded 它听上去有多不寻常 at the time it was created.我们来听一小段 So let's listen to a little bit of 《牧神的午后前奏曲》the Prelude to the Sfternoon of a Faun,它是三部曲式 Picking it up about-- it's in ternary form.我们从第三部分开始听We're picking it up in returned a.看看你们能不能告诉我拍子是什么 See if you can tell me what the meter is here.好了 我们在这里停一下Okay. Let's just pause it there for a moment.有人知道拍子是什么吗Anybody know what the meter is?不 我也不知道No. I don't either.我必须要看一下总谱 I'd have to look at the score我从不为这门课看总谱 and I never look at the score for this course.那感觉像在作弊一样 That seems like cheating.我和你们应该公平竞争 I shouldn't have any more advantage than you do.

所以很难知道是什么拍子 So it's a little hard to know what it is there.我不得不去看总谱We--I'd really have to go get the music看看拍子是什么 and find out what it is there.在背景里可以听到一小段竖琴滑音You heard kind of little harp glissandos in the background.我们会深入讲解We'll be talking more about that--竖琴在远远地间或弹奏着琶音 the harp playing away there, Arpeggios periodically,通过这个辅助性的伴奏 just little dabs of color underneath给背景增添了少许色彩 by way of a supporting accompaniment.我们再来听一小段 So let's listen to a little bit more here.注意长笛声部 Focus on the flute line.其中表现了旋律 That's got the melody这是一段不同的旋律 but it's a kind of different melody 和我们之前听过的不同 than the melodies that we have been listening to.接下来是双簧管 Passed it to the oboe,好了 停一下Okay, pausing it there.这段旋律 So that melody,有点像颤音 is kind of like a roulade,并不那么规范 kind of ill-formed in a way.很优美 但很难演唱 It's very beautiful, but it's difficult to sing.都是半音 并没有很严谨的结构 It's chromatic, it doesn't have any regular structure to it,印象派作者通常这样作曲 and this is typical of the impressionists' approach to melody.正如我所说的 这旋律在当时令人震惊Well, as I say, this was somewhat shocking at the time.这是德彪西对一首诗的回应 This is Debussy's response to a poem,你们手头有这首诗 and you have the poem there.就在你们今天要用到的材料上 It's given to you on the sheet for today.每个人都有了吗 Everybody got the sheet?我们没时间读了We're not going to read it because we don't have time for it.但这是一个很好的例子 It's a good example, however.一个关于象征派诗歌的极好的例子 It's a wonderful example of the symbolist poetry,其中心思想不是由逻辑语言表示的 where the meaning comes not from any kind of logical semantic它不是按句法表达概念 no--syntactical presentation of ideas,不是以逻辑方式逐字写就 one word following the next in a logical fashion,而是巧妙地罗列关键词 but just sort of placing key words不时地激起我们思考 at interesting moments that stimulate our thinking.词语本身以及相互间都有共鸣 These words have resonance in and of themselves.我觉得And I think that in some ways这就是象征派诗歌的精髓 gets to the essence of this symbolist poetry,再看看你们手上的这首诗 so you can take a look at that on your own there.所以德彪西并没有创作格式化的音乐 So Debussy was not trying to write program music here.他把这当做一次灵感的迸发He was just trying to use this as a point of inspiration,他当时曾说过 and here's what he said at the time是如何写这首曲子的 about his approach to this piece."这首曲子就是一连串心情涂鸦"The piece is really a sequence of mood paintings

展现了牧神的欲望和梦想 throughout which the desires and dreams of the faun在炙热的午后流淌"move in the heat of the afternoon."马拉美去听过这首乐曲的首演\NSo Mallarmé then went to the first concert of this piece他这样评价德彪西的音乐 and here's what he said in turn about Debussy's music."完全出乎我的预料"I never expected anything like it.乐曲完美展现了我诗歌的意境 The music prolongs the emotion of my poem and其中的激情是任何丹青妙笔也描绘不出来的"paints its scenery more passionately than could colors,"描绘 音乐就如绘画--paints it, so music as painting.他提出这个观点 音乐就如绘画Well, with this idea of music as painting因为这两种艺术的学问是 because these two artistic disciplines can't be separated完全不可分离的 really from one another--下面来看我们今天的第一张幻灯片 let's turn to our first slide for today看这二者是如何作用的 and we'll see how this works.这是什么 有谁知道吗What's this? Anybody know this?是经典的印象主义画作Kind of a classic of impressionist painting,是莫奈的《蛙栖沼泽》\N"La Grenouillère" the frog pond, painted by Monet.很可能作于一八七四或一八七五年 I don't know the date, probably or , I would guess.看了之后我们有一个大概的印象And we get this general impression of it.如果我们细看他的运笔 If we look, however, at the brush work of it,放大一点看 and let's go to that, a kind of close-up,我们看见 在这里we see--here we are--that it's really made up of是由一系列独立的笔画组成的 a series of individual gestures.这里一笔 那里一笔 There's a mark there, a mark there, and so on,再看下一张幻灯片 but when we--let's go to the next slide离远点我们会觉得池塘看起来闪闪发光 stand back we do get this sort of shimmering impression,这是由更多同样的运笔构成的 and there'll be a lot of that,音乐中 the same kind of effect,也有这样的效果worked out in music.假设有一个和弦Yes, you can have a chord,你作为琶音演奏 but that chord could be played as an arpeggio,你可以脚踩踏板 急速地演奏 and you could pedal with it and you could play it very rapidly这样就注意不到单独的和弦 and you wouldn't notice the individual notes.你会感觉You would get the effect of the impression of音乐如潮水般涌来 this general wash of sound so that,和这幅画很相似 in some ways, is a similarity here音乐有如绘画 between these two artistic disciplines.我们看下一张幻灯片 Let's go on to the next or maybe that makes that point.很好No. This is fine.看这艘帆船We're going to go on to a sailboat here now.我们无须说明这幅图来自哪里And we needn't mention where this comes from这是一艘逆风的帆船 but this is a picture of sailboats sort of luffing more or less无精打采地停在港口 listlessly at anchor here at a harbor

也许是在阿让特伊附近 probably out near Argenteuil,在巴黎以西几英里 a few miles to the west of Paris.以这幅图给你们一些视觉上的感受And with this as something of a visual set-up,让我们来听德彪西的下一首乐曲 let's turn to the next piece by Debussy.你们的 CD上有这首曲子 It's one that you have on your cds.它叫着《帆》或者《扬帆》It's called voiles or sails--是一九一零年的钢琴序曲中的 from these preludes for piano of .我接下来会演奏And I'm going to start just by playing然后我会解释我弹的是什么 and then we'll talk about what it is that I'm playing.刚才这段All of that music up to that point是一个全新的音阶 is made up out of a new kind of scale,我们之前没讲过 现在我们要讲 a scale we haven't talked about before but now's the time.这是一个全音音阶 It's called a whole tone scale.记得我们讲过 Remember when we have八度音阶 our octave with our--里面有一个大调音阶 it may take a major scale in there一个八度音阶有七个音高 our octave divided into seven different pitches,五个全音两个半音 five whole steps and two half steps.如果 But supposing we traded in those把两个半音代之以一个全音 two half steps for one whole step.那么 C到 C会是 So instead of going C to C in that fashion,这个样子的we would be going我在这里弹一个全音Now I got to do a whole step这就是一个全音音阶 so that's a whole tone scale,一个八度里的所有全音All whole tones within the octave.一共有六个全音 There are a total of six of them there刚好把两个半音合成一个全音 just converting two half tones into one whole tone.所以这些 So all of this business and so on,就是来回弹奏全音音阶 just running up and down a whole tone scale.好的 之后我们在这里停下来All right. Then at this point where we stop,在低音部分 underneath there--you're listening你们一直注意高音部分的全音音阶 to the whole tone scale up above但是在低音部分 but underneath we're getting,有点像波浪起伏的海港 kind of a rocking anchor.在这音乐里叫什么What is this in music,不断地重复when you just repeat something over and over again?A.J.A.J.固定音型 非常感谢Ostinato. Thank you very much.在印象主义时期 So we have ostinatos coming back into music here固定音型回到了音乐中 in the impressionist period.它们曾经出现在巴洛克音乐里 They were there in baroque music.在古典时期和浪漫主义时期 They're kind of went out of fashion这种技巧有点过时 in the classical period and in the romantic period.浪漫主义对于固定音型来说过于宽阔了 Romantic is too expansive for ostinatos,

但是在印象主义时期它们卷土重来 but they come back in here in the impressionist period对现代主义时期来说它们非常重要 and they're really important in the modernist period.它是进入现代主义时期的先兆 So it's a harbinger of things to come in the modernist period.我们再听下一段All right. Now let's go on just a little bit farther高音部分是固定音型where you can hear the ostinato up above,典型的平行和弦 and that's a good example of parallel motion,和弦同时上行和下行 all of the chords going up and going down at the same time.这是什么 典型的滑奏What's that? Well, it's a classic example of a glissando.电视里经常用到 Right? They use a lot in television and stuff.第三幕之后是什么What's behind curtain number three?"万纳快告诉我们" 诸如此类"tell us, Vanna" or whatever.那么 现在弹奏的是个琶音 So it's simply playing an arpeggio属于快速弹奏 an arpeggio that's very rapid family,的范畴--或者方式 kind of--or fashion.这是另一种滑音 That'd be another sort of glissando,弹奏的是键盘上的 just playing every white note or every black note,每个白键或每个黑键Okay, up on the keyboard.那么我们有了这个滑音 So we had this glissando .好的 现在我们谈谈音阶All right. Now let's talk about the scale作者在这里改变音阶了we have here because he's actually changed scales.之前是全音音阶We did have whole tone 现在是一个五音音阶 but now we get a pentatonic scale,只有五个音 just using five notes.我们之前提过五音音阶We've bumped into the pentatonic scale before.有谁记得Anybody remember when,在早些时候way back early on?罗杰 Roger.我没听清 I didn't hear that.再大点声A little bit loud.对 差不多Yes, to some extent.我们是在讲到蓝调的那节课上谈过 It was in that lecture where we were talking about blues.但蓝调通常是六音音阶 Blues tends to use more of a six-note scale,但是说到那一点 but it was at that very point.谈到的是哪种音乐What kind of music was it?艾米丽 Emily.中国音乐 Chinese music.非常好Good for you.中国音乐 Chinese music.我们听过《二泉映月》We had the moon reflected in the distant pool是二胡演奏的 and it was played by an erhu.这儿是另一个五音音阶Well, here we have another five-note scale that包括全音和小三度 involved whole steps and minor thirds.最简单的方式就是想一下 The simplest way to think of it is只是键盘上的黑键 just the black notes of the keyboard,

这就是作者用到的 and that's kind of what he's using here.还有另一件有意思的事Now one other interesting thing going on,作者在这里 and that is the combination of结合了which is what he's doing here平行和弦和五音音阶 of parallel motion and the pentatonic scale,因为这样给人一种感觉 because-- does that conjure up any--克里斯笑了 Chris is smiling down here.你笑什么Why are you smiling, Chris?你想到什么What does that remind you of?什么What?是的 远东All right. The far east.的确是 Indeed.当我小时候 But when I was a kid growing up如果我听到这个 我就仿佛看到印度人 if I heard I would be watching indians出现在西边的地平线上 好人或坏人 coming over the horizon in the west and the good guys在相互追逐 --它就是印度人的符号 or the bad guys were chasing--it was a sign of the indians.在电影配乐里What this was--what this became in terms of film music这表现了某种民族的印象was a kind of racial stereotyping.我们有"我们" 并且"我们"We had "us" and "us"有点像这种大调和小调音阶went along in major and minor scales,然后我们还有其他人 and then we had these other people就像平行和弦在移动who generally moved in parallel motion and使用了大量的五音音阶 used a lot of pentatonic sounds.所以好莱坞的那些人 So the people in hollywood were用一只粗糙的画笔描绘出各个民族 painting here ethnically with a very blunt brush.好莱坞以大调和小调以及功能和声 It was "us" in hollywood in major and minor and表现"我们"functional harmonies and it was "them"以五音音阶和平行和弦代表"他们"who went around in pentatonic scales and in parallel motion.这在美国音乐文化史上 It was a very interesting kind of moment there也是很有意思的时刻 in the history of American musical culture in a way.那么不管怎样 我们从这段音乐里学到这个 So in any event, that's what we have in this particular piece.德彪西在这里用到这个Debussy is using this here,我稍后会再提及 and I'll come back to this a little bit later on,德彪西受东方影响至深 because Debussy was very much influenced我们有证据表明 and we can document where and why--very他在哪方面 以及为什么受东方影响至深much influenced by the orient, by the east.他在巴黎时接触过东方音乐He was hearing these eastern sounds从一八八九年开始 in paris beginning in eighteen eighty-nine.好的All right. Well,然后回去一个音阶 Then this thing goes back to a whole scale整整一个音阶 然后这样A whole tone scale and then finally他指挥那个钢琴师And he instructs the pianist there把脚一直放在延音踏板上 Just to leave the foot on that sustaining pedal there,

就是最右边的踏板 That rightmost pedal,延音踏板 The sustaining pedal,然后我们再次得到 So we get, again,这种潮水般的声音 This wash of sound.现在关于踏板的另一点Okay? Now one other point about pedals,我已经While I've got--while I have the谈过了最右边的踏板We've talked about the rightmost pedal .它给我们这种潮水般的声音 It gives us this kind of wash sound.它叫什么What's it called,再问一次Once again?钢琴上最右边的踏板叫什么What's the rightmost pedal called on the piano?好的 我听到那边回答的Yeah, I hear it over here.是谁说的Who's got it?克里斯汀?Kristen?那么请问 是谁说的Okay. Who said that, please?好的 谢谢Okay. Thank you.这是延音踏板 This is the sustaining pedal,对 它能让声音延长 Right, and it gives us the wash of sound.最左边的踏板是什么作用What's the leftmost pedal do?弗雷德里克 Frederick.对 移动整个键盘 使音锤 That's right. Moves the whole keyboard over so those hammers are只击打到两根弦而不是三根弦Only striking two strings rather than striking three strings.让音色柔和一点 It makes it a little softer.中间的踏板 The middlemost pedal,是很有意思的一个However, is a very interesting one.它不常用 It doesn't get used nearly as much,我今天早上还想过这个And I was thinking this morning.在办公室 在我的斯坦威前往下看 I was looking in my office on my steinway upright那上面没有中间踏板And there is no middle pedal.因为它不常用And that's because it doesn't get used very much.那什么时候用它呢 But when it does get used,用作一些特殊效果的时候 It's used for sort of special effects.我给你们听一个很好的例子 I'm going to show you a good example德彪西的另一首序曲 in another prelude of debussy.这有点做作And this is a bit,我想 但是它叫《沉没的教堂》\NOh, hokey I suppose but it's called La Cathédrale Engloutie,被吞没或沉没的教堂 The engulfed, or sunken cathedral.当然莫奈一再地画这个教堂And of course monet painted the cathedral over and over again,从不同角度All sorts of different views of this cathedral在不同的光线下来画它 In different kinds of lights.是哪个教堂呢Which cathedral was it?巴黎圣母院么Notre dame de paris?不是 这里有没有人懂这些的No. Any art folks here?好 Sure.

雅各布 莫奈画的是那个教堂 Jacob, which cathedral is it that monet--show the next slide,请换下个幻灯片 Please.这是鲁昂大教堂的画面 It's an impression of the cathedral of rouen,这座教堂在河上游大概一百英里Which is about a hundred miles or so up river不对 在河下游靠近塞纳河口No--down river toward the mouth of the seine顺着塞纳河往阿弗勒走就到鲁昂了 So you go the seine toward harfleur and you come to rouen.他画了这幅画And he painted this,而德彪西也创作了同名的音乐And debussy also constructed a musical equivalent of it.它是这样发展的 It goes this way.注意这里的这些平行结构Notice all the parallel motion here.好 然后太阳升到教堂上方All right. So then the sun comes up on the cathedral.我们看看太阳能否 Let's see if we can get the sun to come up here在我们的教堂上再升上来一些A little bit on our cathedral.你瞧 阳光更加明媚 There we go, a little bit sunnier,我们得到这样的音乐And we get this kind of music and然后我们将用到中间踏板we'll get to our middle pedal here.现在德彪西会展示给你们Well, now debussy is going to show you教堂的钟声是什么样的What the bells sound like on the cathedral.但在大多数的法国教堂的钟声当中 But as is the case with most of these french cathedral bells,有一种钟 There is one bell.叫低音钟 It's called the bourdon,有着宏大而低沉的钟声 This huge, big, low bell,这里他想给我们描述低音钟的感觉 And he's trying to give us the impression of the bourdon here这他让我们用持音踏板And he instructs that we should use the sostenuto pedal.有点说不通 This is a bit counterintuitive因为我们有右边的 because we have the sustaining pedal延音踏板 而现在我们有这个 To the right; now we've got this thing叫持音踏板的 called the sostenuto pedal that也起延迟作用 但是以另一种形式Also sustains but it sustains in a different way.它可以使你弹一个琴键时 It allows you to hit a note不抬起手指 同时弹奏其他琴键And hold that note and then you can play而每个音符都很清楚Other stuff and clear that other stuff而用延音踏板时With your sustaining pedal while that note is这个音符会一直响 Still sounding down there.德彪西在这里用这个表现低音钟的效果And he uses it here to get the effect of this large bell其他钟声在它之上鸣响As the other bells sound above it然后渐渐淡出And then a fade-out at that point.好 就这样把我们带到了序曲的结尾Okay. So that takes us to the end of this particular prelude,本来还有很多其它关于And I have a lot of other things印象派音乐的事情我想讲讲 I'd like to say about impressionist music,很有意思的东西Very interesting stuff.但我得直奔主题了 I think I'm going to cut to the chase,不过 再给你们看一点点图片However, with just showing you a few slides

因为我们请到一位客人 Because we have a guest that we我们想和她谈谈 而她就在这里want to talk with and she is here,我们想开始这部分 And we want to move on to that.课本中 In the textbook,你可以在印象派章节中看到这些And you can read about this in the impressionist chapter让我们继续 In the textbook--let's go on,雅各布 下一张幻灯片 Jacob, to the next slide.这儿的重点是颜色的交织And the point here is the association of color.琳达 请为我播放柴可夫斯基 and Lynda if you would cue the Tchaikovsky大概是在第十五分钟的地方which should be track of fifteen minute.准备好了吗 很好 Is the Tchaikovsky ready? Cool.我们在此表明一种观点 So we're going to make a point here and就是西方传统音乐家 巴赫 That is that musicians in this western tradition of bach,贝多芬 莫扎特等总是将音线与颜色相连 Beethoven, and mozart and so on always tie line to color.有一天在分组课上 我想是罗杰 In a section one day, I think it was Roger罗杰在哪呢 他问过我 他在后面呢Where's my Roger--asked me--there he is back there"我们怎么知道这是个旋律""how do we know it's a melody?"我们知道的就是 在复杂的音乐体系中Well, one reason we know in all this complex of music所谓旋律的东西 就是在管弦乐的曲子里 That something is a melody is that in orchestrated pieces到了旋律的地方时When it's melody time the composer作曲者会加进去一种新乐器will bring in a new instrument.像在告诉你一个信号 It's like telling you, holding up a sign again,"嗨 旋律来了" 乐器安静下来"hey, here's the melody." the instruments are quiet.然后开始演奏旋律 Then they come in to play the melody让我们听听柴可夫斯基著名的一段 So let's listen to a famous passage of tchaikovsky here出自《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Out of "romeo and juliet"可以听到弦乐的优美演奏Where you work up nicely in the strings.当到了"旋律"的时候When we get to "melody" time,长笛出现 开始演奏旋律 In comes the flute playing the melody同时圆号加进来伴奏And a french horn now enters to play an accompaniment with it.到旋律了Melody time.这是一种方法Now that's one approach,但德彪西所做的有一点不同 But debussy starts doing something a little bit different.他在作品中仅仅只掺杂色彩 一点点He's going to start working just with color--a little bit,如果我们接触到 If we can get to it,德彪西的一部管弦乐作品Of an orchestral piece with debussy其中他用到了新乐器where he's using a new instrument.就是人声 It's the human voice.人声唱的是什么呢What's the instrument singing here?没唱什么Not singing much of anything,只是 "啊"Just singing "ah."这就是他想要的温暖而稳定的声音 It's just--what he wants there is the warm sound, the stable,

温暖的人声Warm sound of the human voice,像托马斯·曼说的 And--as thomas mann said--他只是把它带进来 and he just brings that in,在那涂了一点颜色A little dab of color there,涂了一点颜色A little dab of color there.令他感兴趣的不是音线而仅仅是色彩What's interesting him is not line but just color.他要把色彩从音线中剥离He's going to pull in color away from line,而在这一时期的绘画中也开始出现And that begins to happen here in the painting of the period.强化色彩 并且使色彩与线条分离 They begin to intensify color and separate color from line.这是马蒂斯年的作品 《舞蹈者》Here we have matisse, nineteen oh-nine, "the dancers."这是其中的一个版本 This is version one of this.你们可能不知道他实际上You may not know that he actually把这个场景画了两次 painted this particular scene twice.第一个版本 注意这种肤色Version one, notice just the kind of flesh-tone colors;注意膝盖的姿态Notice the position of the knees.现在我们来看版本二Now we're going to go to version two,两年后 更加强烈了 Two years later, much more intense.腿和这里腿部肌肉的姿态 The position of the legs and the hamstrings here角度更大了 而且对我们的触动也更大了 Is much more angular and we have a much more visceral response这是因为加进了红色 To this because of the addition of the red color to it.红色对于这个时期的画家来说非常重要 And red becomes a very important color with the painters他们开始运用这个颜色Of this period and they begin to take this color而且只强调颜色 而不拘泥于线条And just play with the color itself outside of line,德彪西也是这样做的Which is what debussy is doing.让我们继续看下一张 So let's go on to the next slide here.例如 这是马蒂斯的红色画室 Here is matisse's "red studio," for example,红色蔓延到了所有东西上Where the color red begins to overrun everything or或 在音乐界可以说到戴菲的红色小提琴 In musical terms let's go to duffy's "red violin"小提琴红漆的质地像要溢出来Here where the red varnish quality of the violin is spilling out超越了乐器的线条和正常的范围Outside of the line or normal confines of the instrument.我想这很有意思 So that's an interesting point,在历史中的这个特定时期 I think--to watch these two arts work in tandem看到一件艺术作品一前一后的两种版本At this particular moment in history.好了 我要停一下来介绍我们的客人All right. I'm going to stop here and introduce our guest,内奥米·吴 内奥米 上来Naomi woo. Naomi, come on up.我还没见过内奥米 I've never met naomi, right.但很高兴见到你 But it's nice to see you.谢谢你今天过来 Thank you for joining us today.你是耶鲁的一个钢琴家 So you're a pianist here at yale,我们要说我们是怎么做的And we'll tell how we doing now there我说过今天我们有客人 I'm told we have guest 有时候客人周围坐不满 sometimes we don't full around the guest

能看到吗 Can you see? OK?好的 ok.Great.这是内奥米 我们要把灯打开 So here's naomi and we're going to turn the lights back on.自我介绍一下吧 请大声点 So tell us about yourself nice and loud if you would, please.你是音乐专业的吗Are you a music major?我还不确定 I'm not sure yet.我是大一新生 I'm a freshman--哦 你是新生You're a freshman.是的Yes, I am.有意思 Interesting.那你为什么没去朱莉亚音乐学院 So why didn't you go to juilliard then,或者伊士曼音乐学院呢Or eastman?实际上我决定来这里是因为 I actually decided to come here 'cause我想获得人文科学学位 I wanted to do a liberal arts degree朱莉亚音乐学院 我意识到 Juilliard and then realized that我不想在那样的专业学院学习 I didn't want to be sort of at a vocational school like that很明智的举动 我当时就做错了 That's a smart move. I did it the wrong way.我去了-- 一段痛苦的经历 I went to--and it was a wrenching experience to我先去了伊士曼音乐学院Go to the eastman school of music first and之后去了哈佛 Then go to harvard after that because因为你真的觉得自己像个傻瓜 you really felt like a dummy.至少我做了 而且很正确At least I did and rightfully so.所以你们选择了正确的路 So you're doing it the correct way.一般来说 I think generally,不管按照你的特殊专长Whatever your trajectory is in terms of你的人生轨迹是什么 your particular profession,首先都要奠定深厚的人文科学基础 get your broad liberal arts background first and然后再不断深入到你的专业 then focus more and more intensely on your specialty其次再是别的附属专业 and then subspecialty and on it will go.因此 你们来上钢琴课 So here you are taking piano lessons.你们的老师是谁With whom do you study?杨惟义With wei-yi yang她是街对面音乐学院的教师 So she is a faculty member of the school of music我们才能出色的本科生会去那边 across the street and our most talented undergraduates上他们的课 做他们的练习 go over there to get their lessons and they do their practicing.你们每天花多少时间练习呢How many hours a day do you get to practice?我通常一天练两小时 I try to practice two hours a day但一个星期不会超过两次 But I usually can't do that more than a couple times a week.是啊 很困难Okay. Well--yeah. That's hard.这是音乐学院一件很奇怪的事 That was the thing that was so weird about these conservatories.学生们去他们的练琴房 They go down in these practice rooms六小时后出来了And six hours later they come out.他们把他们所有的时间都花在那里 They spend their entire time in there.就好像是要成为一名绝顶的 It was like learning to be a great

水管工或别的什么 plumber or something like that.当然这并不是普遍情况 It's not a very broadening experience.你每天练习两小时Okay. So you're practicing two hours a day.这会打扰到你身边的人吗Does that annoy the people all around you?斯布利特大厅的地下室有相当棒的琴房Well, there are great practice rooms in the basement of Sprate Hall.好Okay,但是要怎样才 我以为那只是 But how--I thought that was just为音乐学院的学生准备的 for the school of music students.为在那里上课的 They--for the undergraduates本科生准备的Who are taking lessons at the school--明白了 也就是说你们是一个特殊群体 I see. So you're kind of a special group.如果丹尼尔决定去那边练习 If Daniel decides he wants to practice over there,他们不会把宝库的钥匙给他 They're not going to let daniel have a key to the treasury.但是看到街对面了吗Okay, but we are right across the street.我们在修什么What are we building over there?一栋新的音乐系教学楼 因此我们会A new music department building so we're going to在地下室有更多 have a lot more practice facilities in the练习设施 专门为本科生准备的 basement of that principally for undergraduates.好了 我一直很感兴趣这件事All right. So this is something that always interests me.我们只有一点时间来谈论它We have a little time to talk about it.那些孩子How good is your--these kids that在音乐行业里很出色 are good at this music business,是有原因的 They're good for a reason.是因为他们有天赋 It's because they have some talent而通常都是听觉感知上的天赋 and oftentimes this is aurally perceived talent.那么你们有多灵敏的耳朵呢 So how good an ear do you have?我无意在此考查你们 I'm not going to quiz you on this.只是喜欢问别人这个问题 告诉我吧 I like to quiz people on this but tell me about this.不 我耳朵相当好 但是我不知道No. I have a really good ear and I don't know是先天的 还是因为 how much of that is innate or whether it's because从小就听音乐的缘故 I've been listening to music since I was a kid.我的父母也经常演奏音乐My parents were always playing music--他们是音乐家吗Were they musicians?他们完全不是 They're not musicians at all.那他们是做什么的What do they do?我母亲是医生 我父亲是经济学家My mother's a doctor and my dad's an economist.好 于是他们进入了某种定量推理 Okay. So they're into quantitative reasoning in some kind of way,这不是偶然的 and this is not incidental, folks--实际上 我也在考虑要选择数学专业 and I'm actually considering being a math major.是的 我了解Yeah. I knew that was coming.所以也许你并没有绝对音准 So you may not have absolute pitch.你有绝对音准吗You probably don't have absolute pitch. Right?

没有 但你很可能有很好的相对音准 Yeah, but you probably have a very good sense of relative pitch.那么当你开始的时候What would have happened if you started out--well,钢琴是你的第一乐器吗Was piano your first instrument?是的 It was.假设你开始 Supposing you had started out on你是几岁的时候开始弹钢琴的呢 and what--how old were you when you started?五岁 很好 Five. Okay.你算开始得比较晚的 So you were a late starter.有时候 安倍 Sometimes--kensho,哪儿是谁 他说什么了Who was in here--what did he say?他三岁的时候开始拉小提琴He was three when he started with the violin.假设你从小提琴开始Had you started with the violin,你觉得你会有绝对音感吗Do you think you would have absolute pitch?当然 我想我会有Definitely, I think I would have.其实我确实拉小提琴 在YSOI do play violin. I play in the yso and--等一下Wait a minute.你还拉小提琴You play violin also.真的吗 你还在YSO演奏 Really? Yeah-- you play in the yso.同学们 要知道要进YSO是很难的 That's really hard to get in the yso, folks.竞争非常大 That's very competitive.好吧Oh. Okay.那你是什么时候开始拉小提琴的 So how old were you when you took up violin?十岁 I started violin when I was ten and I而我的音准没有在小提琴上发展my sense of pitch didn't develop for the violin--那么小提琴带给了你什么呢Okay. So what did you learn from that你有些什么收获呢 and what do we conclude from that experience?如果你想获得绝对音准 If you wanted to develop absolute pitch,接触这些乐器What would have been the sequence in which其结果会是什么 you would have been exposed to these instruments?首先是小提琴 因为它会迫使你 The violin first because it forces you不断地考虑音准 to think about pitch constantly,就像东方语系 Like the eastern languages are--so其中大部分都是声调语言many of them are tonal languages.你不得不很早开始思索音准的问题You have to think about this issue of pitch early on有人针对亚裔小提琴家 and statistically you--somebody did a study或是伊士曼音乐学院的学生Of violinists of asian nationality or descent做过一项统计研究 at the eastman school of music and something like他们中的百分之六十四都有绝对音准 Sixty-four percent of them had absolute pitch,我认为 在很大程度上 and it's a combination,这是学习弦乐器 I think, of working with a stringed instrument和学习声调语言的 and working with a tonal language,一种混合情况 in many cases.所以这是一种非常有趣的现象 So it's a very interesting phenomenon

并且毫无疑问地 and it sure is very helpful当你演奏这些乐器的时候会非常有帮助When you go to play these instruments 'cause you don't have如果你们能演奏出音乐 If you can stream the music,则不会出现类似记忆丧失的情况 you're not going to have memory lapses and things like that.现在有一首曲子 So now we have a piece and we're今天我们将演奏这首曲子 going to have you play this piece,《水中精灵》"ondine,"会从头到尾演奏一遍 From beginning to end.它源自于一首诗 It's based on another poem.之前已经提过那首诗 但不是真的相关We've given you the poem for today but it's not really relevant或者说关联并不是那么紧密Or that relevant.这首诗讲的什么 内欧米What's this poem about, naomi?你之前读过这首诗吗Have you ever looked at the poem?是的 我读过 Yes, I have.那它是怎样的 So what's it do for us?这首诗讲的是一位水中仙女 The poem's about a water nymph and她企图引诱一位人间男子 她为他歌唱 She's trying to seduce this mortal man and she sings她邀请他到湖中与她相守 and she asks him to sort of come in the lake并成为湖中之王with her and be the king of the lake with her,在最后 and he--in the end,他说 "不 我不可以 he says, "no, I can't.因为我爱着一位人间女子"I love a mortal woman,"于是她装腔作势的哭了两声And she pretends to cry a little bit and接着就笑了起来 并说 then she just laughs and says,"其实我并不爱你""well, I didn't love you anyway,"故事差不多就是这样 But that's sort of the story that's going on,它在音乐中被很好地表现出来 and it's very well reflected in the music.那当你演奏这首曲子的时候Uh huh. And so when you play this do you think of因为有这首诗 because we do have the text there你会想到这首诗里的场景吗Do you think of particular moments in the poem?会Yeah.是吗Oh, really.你愿意演示一段吗Do you want to play one and--yeah.水贯穿了整个作品With the water that happens in the whole piece,一个固定的背景 Just a constant background--实在是有趣 Interestingly enough,那是一个增三和弦吗Would that chord is an augmented triad?我乱说的 I had-- I cheated.你们应该能识别一个增三和弦吧Are you supposed to know--recognize an augmented triad?不No.我找到了这首曲子的总谱 I did go get the score on this 'cause I don't因为我对它不太了解 I didn't know this piece particularly well.

所以 不 So--no.你们没法从一个五声音阶中You're not supposed to recognize识别出一个全音音阶 a whole tone scale from a pentatonic scale,也许会把它听成别的东西Maybe recognize it's something different,但这确实很有趣 But it is interesting to know.它由一个增三和弦开始 It starts right off the bat with an augmented triad好 这是水 So that's the water that--这是水 然后接近尾声的时候 That's the water and then near the end--well,然后变得非常激昂 and then it sort of gets really tumultuous就是当她真的热情澎湃的时候When she's getting really passionate about it.你想让我弹一下吗Do you want me to play--对 弹一小段Yeah, play a little of that.很好 That'd be great.这就是她变得真的心潮澎湃的时候 So that's sort of when she's getting really passionate开始恳求他到水里去 and really pleading with him to come into the water--刚才那段听起来好弹还是不好弹Yeah. Does that sound easy or hard to play?原因之一是弹琴的人是她而不是我 There's a reason she's playing this and I am not,我会选择更简单的方式Yeah, 'cause that's--I took the easy stuff,大和弦 开玩笑 Big chords, not--no.你们应该看看总谱You should look at the score,另外一件有趣的事情是手 and the other interesting thing is that the hand和弦的定位在改变 每当它们 the chord positionings change each time上升到一个八度音阶时 那真的很难 they go up an octave and that's really hard.比重复一个琶音更难 Rather than repetition of an arpeggio, 上升到一个八度音阶 然后重复 up an octave, repeat it,一个手的位置 一个八度音阶 same hand position, up an octave,当你从一个八度音阶换到另一个的时候 The particular hand positions are changing手会改变位置 as you go up octave to octave.在最开始的时候 我注意到一些东西Anything else--I--at the very beginning of this,麻烦再弹一下左手的部分 I did notice--if you could play the left-hand part这样我们可以从开头听到这个旋律 Just so we can hear this melody at the beginning好 在这里有一个五声音阶的Okay. So there we have the outlines大概轮廓 of a pentatonic scale at work here,在最开始的部分有 and you're going to hear that at the beginning在最后的部分也有 and then you'll hear at the end.好像印象派作曲家 So the general form here, as if often true通常都会有一种一般模式With these impressionist composers,那就是三段式 a b aIs just ternary form, a, b, a在第二部分和最后一部分会有小小的改动with the second and final a slightly modified.现在我们来从头到尾听一遍 So we're going to hear this now from beginning to end,内欧米开始弹奏Naomi woo playing 拉威尔的《水中精灵》"ondine" by Ravel.非常棒 谢谢你Wonderful. Thank you so much. That was wonderful.水中精灵飞走了 So as ondine flies off,

你们也可以飞去你们的下一堂课了You will fly off now to your next class.谢谢大家 Thanks very much.