Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
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Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e00670020006100660020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
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Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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120 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
本研究有助於擴展新聞對政治及公共事務知識影響的相關研究文獻
協助瞭解人們透過新聞媒介吸收學習政治及公共事務知識的過程
貳研究背景
太陽花學運又被稱為 318 學運太陽花運動反黑箱服貿運動
等是指 2014 年 3 月 18 日至 4 月 10 日間臺灣大學生與公民團體
共同發起的社會運動事件其目的是抗議國民黨對於《海峽兩岸服務
貿易協議》的草率審查程序支持服貿協議的人認為服貿協議有助於
增加就業機會改善勞動條件及待遇增加臺灣服務業的良性競爭
對於臺灣利大於弊例如陸委會副主席林祖嘉表示服貿協議可幫
助臺灣服務業吸引外資加強臺灣貿易自由化促進臺灣經貿與國際
接軌此外亦可為臺灣在地員工創造就業機會繁榮臺灣就業市場
（林祖嘉20130712）臺灣國際貿易局提供的數據也顯示若臺
灣加大面向大陸投資者的開放力度每年的經濟增長有望提高 05 個
百分點以上（Jenny W Hsu 20140322）然而反對服貿協議者則
堅信服貿協議主要造福資金雄厚的大型企業會對中小企業造成巨大
衝擊此外服貿協議也可能使中國大陸企業攻佔臺灣服務業加深
臺灣對中國市場的依賴並對臺灣的社會政治與主權造成衝擊例
如美國彭博新聞網站的專欄作家 William Pesek（20140410）在時
評中指出根據美國銀行的預測是否簽署服貿對臺灣經濟增長率
的影響只不過是 25 與 29 的差別只為 04 的經濟增長簽署
服貿協議可能讓臺灣犧牲主權加深對大陸的依賴因此反對者
通過包圍並佔領立法院議場來表達反對《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的
訴求2014 年 3 月 30 日太陽花學運再掀高潮五十萬以黑衫為標
誌的抗議者湧上凱道表達反服貿訴求
太陽花學運是臺灣歷史上首次由大學生攻佔立法院的社會運動
這個運動受到臺灣媒體的廣泛關注許多民眾也從大量的相關新聞報
導中瞭解事件進展並汲取相關知識因此本文選擇太陽花學運作為
個案探究資訊處理策略與政治討論對公共事務知識的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 121
參文獻綜述
一框架從媒介框架到受眾框架
「框架」（frame）的概念源自人類學家 Bateson（1955）的「框
架即後設傳播」（a frame is meta-communication）的論點所謂「後
設傳播」即人們為了傳播而進行的傳播行為包括對所傳遞符號的
定義及其詮釋規則的約定隨後Goffman（1974）延承 Bateson 的
「框架」概念將「框架」明確界定為人們用來認識和解釋社會生活
經驗的一種認知結構是個人將社會生活經驗轉變為主觀認知時所依
據的一套規則從而將框架概念引入文化社會學自二十世紀八十年
代末期開始以 Gamson（1988）為代表的傳播學者正式將框架理
論引入大眾傳播學並受到廣泛關注然而傳播學者對於框架的定
義一直眾說紛紜莫衷一是
Gitlin（1980 7）認為新聞媒介中的框架是「一個持續不斷的認
知陳述和解釋過程也是選擇強調和遺漏的穩定形式」Entman
（1993）則強調了框架的兩種功能即「選擇」與「凸顯」他認為
框架是選擇所感知的現實的某些方面使之在傳播文本中得以凸顯
藉此界定問題（define problems）診斷因果（diagnose causes）道
德 評 判 （ make moral judgments ） 和 建 議 解 決 方 案 （ suggest
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 151
blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 121
參文獻綜述
一框架從媒介框架到受眾框架
「框架」（frame）的概念源自人類學家 Bateson（1955）的「框
架即後設傳播」（a frame is meta-communication）的論點所謂「後
設傳播」即人們為了傳播而進行的傳播行為包括對所傳遞符號的
定義及其詮釋規則的約定隨後Goffman（1974）延承 Bateson 的
「框架」概念將「框架」明確界定為人們用來認識和解釋社會生活
經驗的一種認知結構是個人將社會生活經驗轉變為主觀認知時所依
據的一套規則從而將框架概念引入文化社會學自二十世紀八十年
代末期開始以 Gamson（1988）為代表的傳播學者正式將框架理
論引入大眾傳播學並受到廣泛關注然而傳播學者對於框架的定
義一直眾說紛紜莫衷一是
Gitlin（1980 7）認為新聞媒介中的框架是「一個持續不斷的認
知陳述和解釋過程也是選擇強調和遺漏的穩定形式」Entman
（1993）則強調了框架的兩種功能即「選擇」與「凸顯」他認為
框架是選擇所感知的現實的某些方面使之在傳播文本中得以凸顯
藉此界定問題（define problems）診斷因果（diagnose causes）道
德 評 判 （ make moral judgments ） 和 建 議 解 決 方 案 （ suggest
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006f006d002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b006100700061002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400200073006f006d002000e400720020006c00e4006d0070006c0069006700610020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500740073006b00720069006600740020006d006500640020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e002000200053006b006100700061006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e00610073002000690020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00630068002000730065006e006100720065002egt TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
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Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
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Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
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Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
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amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL ltFEFF0055007300740061007700690065006e0069006100200064006f002000740077006f0072007a0065006e0069006100200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400f300770020005000440046002000700072007a0065007a006e00610063007a006f006e00790063006800200064006f002000770079006400720075006b00f30077002000770020007700790073006f006b00690065006a0020006a0061006b006f015b00630069002e002000200044006f006b0075006d0065006e0074007900200050004400460020006d006f017c006e00610020006f007400770069006500720061010700200077002000700072006f006700720061006d006900650020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006e006f00770073007a0079006d002egt PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
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Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Stephan W G (1985) Intergroup Relations In G Lindzey amp E Aronson (Eds) The handbook of social psychology New York Random House
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Zhao X amp Chaffee S H (1995) Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information Public Opinion Quarterly 59(1) 41-65
Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
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Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 1200 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 2400 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU ltFEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e002c00200076006f006e002000640065006e0065006e002000530069006500200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000500072006500700072006500730073002d0044007200750063006b0065002000650072007a0065007500670065006e0020006d00f60063006800740065006e002e002000450072007300740065006c006c007400650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e0064002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0064006500720020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002egt ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
Price V amp Czilli E J (1996) Modeling patterns of news recognition and recall Journal of Communication 46(2) 24
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
Rhee J W amp Cappella J N (1997) The role of political sophistication in learning from news Measuring schema development Communication Research 24(3) 197-233
Rhodebeck L A (199804) Framing policy debates on old age Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association Chicago
Robinson J P amp Levy M R (1986) The main source Learning from television news Beverly Hills CA Sage
Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
Shoemaker P amp Reese S D (1996) Mediating the message White Plains NY Longman
Sotirovic M amp Mcleod J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
Stephan W G (1985) Intergroup Relations In G Lindzey amp E Aronson (Eds) The handbook of social psychology New York Random House
Stromer-Galley J (2002) New voices in the public sphere A comparative analysis of interpersonal and online political talk Javnost-The Public 9(2) 23-41
Stro mback J (2008) Four phases of mediatization an analysis of the
mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
Tetlock P E (1985) Integrative complexity of policy reasoning In S Kraus amp R M Perloff (Eds) Mass media and political thought (pp 267-292) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Tetlock P E (1989) Structure and function in political belief systems In A R Pratkanis S J Breckler amp A G Greenwald (Eds) Attitude structure and function (pp 129-151) Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum
Thomas M J (2002) Learning within incoherent structures The space of online discussion forums Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 18(3) 351-366
Tuchman G (1978) Making news A study in the construction of reality New York Free Press
Wyatt R O Katz E amp Kim J (2000) Bridging the spheres Political and personal conversation in public and private spaces Journal of Communication 50(1) 71-92
Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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128 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
的內涵及對民眾的影響等
本文的分類標準是依據新聞報導的特質對公共事務知識進行分
類就知識結構（structure）而言本文的分類標準與事實性及結構
性知識的分類方式有不少相似性與關聯性賽局性知識和事實性知識
在結構上均呈現出零散性片段性以及孤立性而實質性知識與結
構性知識都強調新資訊與存儲在記憶中的資訊及知識之間的聯結
兩者在知識結構上均強調層次性與關聯性
五資訊處理策略與公共事務知識
儘管媒介框架對受眾框架有顯著影響（Huang 1995 199605
Iyengar 1994）但受眾框架也並非完全由媒介框架決定（Huang
199605Price et al 199511）事實上個人的資訊處理策略也會影
響媒介框架對於個人的影響例如有研究顯示新聞思考及討論都
會減弱媒介框架對個人的影響（Kosicki amp McLeod 1990）與此同
時大量的實證研究也發現了資訊處理策略對政治與公共事務知識獲
取的影響（Eveland et al 2004Eveland et al 2009Martinelli amp
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 151
blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 129
新聞思考也是資訊處理的重要策略對於知識獲取具有直接或間
接影響新聞思考的過程就是把新的新聞資訊吸收進入人們既存的認
知架構將其與已經存儲在記憶裡的知識建立聯繫並賦予其內涵與
聯想意義從而促進瞭解與記憶是資訊處理的主要策略之一也是
決定「從新聞學習」的主要變項之一（Eveland 2001 2002Perse
2001）在閱讀完或者觀看完有關太陽花學運的新聞報導後個人往
往會對這一新聞報導進行評估並思索學運的後果及與自身的相關
性這些思考過程都是將新資訊與過去的知識建立聯繫的過程也是
「從新聞學習」的過程
新聞注意是一種腦力活動決定個人對不同資訊的關注度
（Stephan 1985）由於注意力是受眾支配腦力資源決定資訊處理
的認知活動（Perse 2001）因此受眾在分配注意力的時候是具有選
擇性的注意力可以使個人集中於某些特定內容因而忽略其他內容
或降低對其他內容的關注（Lo amp Chang 2006）有研究表明由於
賽局框架強調新聞事件的戲劇性衝突性以及負面性往往使新聞報
導新鮮有趣（Aalberg Stroumlmbaumlck amp De Vreese 2012）故而能夠顯著
增加民眾對於政治議題的興趣與關注度（Iyengar Norpoth amp Hahn
2004Meyer amp Potter 1998Newton 2006Norris 2000Zhao amp
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY ltFEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002egt SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
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Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
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Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
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Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
132 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
話語不利於深度討論更適合對簡單直白的賽局性報導展開「隻言片
語」的對話（Conroy Feezell amp Guerrero 2012）因此以賽局為框
架的太陽花學運相關報導更容易激發受眾在社交網路上展開討論
從而促進賽局性知識的獲取據此我們提出以下假設
研究假設四社交網路政治討論比人際政治討論更能顯著預測賽
局性知識
Wyatt et al（2000）的研究發現大部分深入的政治討論發生在
家庭成員與親近朋友之間這是因為與陌生人相比家庭成員與朋友
較可能和自己意見相同可以有效避免人際衝突此外人際政治討
論的模式與實質報導框架和新聞的展開模式相似因此有利於實質性
知識的獲取實質報導框架強調在孤立的新聞事件之間建立聯繫將
零散的事件結構化Thomas（2002）的研究顯示人際討論往往能夠
實現連貫的互動的對話從而有利於對某一話題展開深入的探討
具體而言人際討論往往從某一個關注點開始隨即展開討論隨著
討論的持續話題會逐漸延伸拓展及深入甚至切換重點在這
一過程中參與者將小組作為一個整體貢獻多維度的觀點幫助個人
在議題之間建立關聯而小組成員之間的異質性觀點也有利於增加知
識結構密度從而 促進 實質性知識的習得（Eveland amp Hively
2009）因此以實質為框架的太陽花學運相關報導更能夠在人際政
治討論中獲得展開從而促進實質性知識的獲取據此我們提出以
下假設
研究假設五 人際政治討論比社交網路政治討論更能顯著預測實
質性知識
肆研究方法
本研究採用問卷調查與內容分析兩種方法探討新聞對太陽花學
運相關公共事務知識的影響分別說明如下
一內容分析法
（一）樣本選取與分析單位
本研究選擇《聯合報》《中國時報》《自由時報》及《蘋果
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 133
日報》於 2014 年 3 月 19 日到 2014 年 4 月 11 日刊登的頭版新聞
共 1365 則新聞進行內容分析目的在於瞭解「太陽花學運」之報
導框架
儘管民眾獲取「太陽花學運」相關資訊的大眾媒介渠道並不侷限
於報紙亦包含雜誌廣播電視網路等本文依然選取報紙進行
內容分析的原因有二首先不少研究與調查均顯示儘管網路新聞
的閱讀量不斷攀升甚至逐漸超越報紙新聞然而對於受眾而言報
紙新聞的可信度始終高於魚龍混雜的網路新聞此外亦有調查顯
示為搶點閱率網路新聞七成是抄襲傳統媒體新聞進行再製其原
創性及新聞品質均大打折扣（吳柏軒20150717）原因之二是出
於操作可行性的考慮網路新聞來源甚廣數量龐大樣本的篩選缺
乏統一規範的標準而對其進行內容分析需要耗費巨大的人力及精
力因此出於報紙媒體的傳統優勢地位以及操作可行性這兩項考
慮本文決定選取報紙新聞作為內容分析的對象來瞭解「太陽花學
運」的報導框架
《中國時報》《自由時報》《聯合報》與《蘋果日報》是臺
灣的四大報這四家報紙無論在發行量市場佔有率及言論威望上都
具有代表性因此我們選擇此四大報作為研究對象
「太陽花學運」於 2014 年 3 月 18 日晚間攻佔立法院拉開學運
之序幕並於 2014 年 4 月 10 日正式退場宣告結束因此本研究
選擇 2014 年 3 月 19 日至 2014 年 4 月 11 日期間之新聞報導進行分
析雖然隨後數月內「太陽花學運」的相關話題仍在輿論界中餘波
蕩漾但新聞報導的集中程度與社會影響力已大不如前所以本研究
以「太陽花學運」的 24 日歷程為時間架構展開內容分析
選取太陽花學運報導的標準是以這四家報紙的網路版新聞為分
析對象根據四家報紙網路版的版面設置特點我們分別選取了《聯
合報》的「今日頭條」與「專題」兩個版塊《中國時報》的「焦點
要聞」版塊《自由時報》的「焦點」版塊《蘋果日報》的「頭
條」版塊選擇這些版塊的新聞作為分析對象的原因有二首先從媒
體組織的角度來看新聞媒體往往選擇把最熱門最重要的新聞刊登
在「頭版」或「焦點」版塊因此有關太陽花學運的核心資訊最可能
在這些版塊中呈現其次從讀者的角度來看他們在瀏覽網路版報
紙時雖然會優先選擇自己感興趣的版塊進行閱讀但由於「頭版」
134 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
與「焦點」版塊能幫助讀者快速掌握當日重要訊息因此這些版塊也
比較容易吸引讀者的注意以往的研究發現讀者在閱讀網路版報紙
時通常會先行瀏覽「頭版」或「焦點」版塊的新聞來瞭解當日的重
要資訊隨後再選擇自己感興趣的內容進行深度閱讀（drsquoHaenens
Jankowski amp Heuvelman 2004）有鑒於此本文選擇四大報網路版
中的「頭版」或「焦點」版塊上有關太陽花學運的新聞作為研究對
象本研究之分析單位為一則新聞一則新聞是指由一位或是多位新
聞寫作者撰寫的一則報導
凡是在新聞的大標題副標題或第一段中出現「太陽花學運」
或相近詞語等的新聞都被納入樣本社論新聞分析讀者投書與廣
告等則不列為分析對象綜上本文所分析的頭版新聞包括以上版塊
內的所有相關新聞
（二）類目訂立
1 框架類型
本文將新聞報導框架分為三類分別是賽局框架實質框架以
及混合框架具體劃分標準分述如下
11 賽局框架本研究參考 Cappella amp Jamieson（1997）之定義
並結合本研究目的與具體情境作部分修正在本研究中「賽
局框架」是指具有下列特徵的報導
(1) 以輸贏競爭為報導之中心概念
(2) 出現競爭賽局賭博競賽攻防戰爭等相關詞彙
(3) 出現演員評論者與觀眾
(4) 描繪參與學運相關政治人物的演出風格
(5) 民調佔有相當比重且描繪政治人物民調議題上的立場
(6) 強調學運的政治過程而非議題之實質面
12 實質框架以太陽花學運的實質面即服貿協議及反服貿協議
的相關內容為主報導協議的實質內涵及影響的新聞則被歸為
此一類目包括下列幾種
(1) 描寫「太陽花學運」的實質意義
(2) 報導服貿協議與反服貿協議的意涵
(3) 報導政治人物對服貿協議及反服貿協議立場背後的原因
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 135
以及政治人物為其立場所做的辯護與說明
(4) 報導服貿協議反服貿協議以及政府解決方案對民眾的影
響
13 混合框架一則新聞中的賽局框架與實質框架比重相等時該
則新聞被歸為此類
2 文本長度
指每則新聞的字數
（三）進行內容分析
本研究編碼員共有兩位在進行編碼工作之前曾針對本研究中
各類目的定義進行溝通進行信度檢驗的方法是以系統抽樣法選取
總樣本 1365 則新聞的 10即 138 篇報導進行信度檢測經過檢
測兩名編碼員間的相互同意度為 978Cohenrsquos kappa 係數為
091超過 Krippendorff（1980）與 Popping（1988）建議的 080 信度
水準
二問卷調查法
（一）抽樣方法及問卷調查
由於大學生是太陽花學運主要的組織者與參與者他們對學運相
關新聞的關注度較高因此本研究選擇以臺灣大學生為研究母體進行
問卷調查抽樣方法採用「多階集群抽樣」（multistage cluster
sampling）抽樣及問卷調查分三階段進行第一階段我們先從臺
灣 147 所公立及私立大學中隨機抽出 12 所第二階段鑒於通識課
程由所有學系的學生自由選修因此每班通識課的學生均可能包括來
自各系各年級的學生因此我們決定根據各校的課程表從每一所
被抽中的學校中隨機抽出三個通識課的班級第三階段在徵得授
課教師同意後由受過訓練的訪員在抽選的班級中進行自填式問卷調
查
問卷調查在 2014 年 4 月 16 日至 5 月 7 日之間進行耗時三週
本研究共訪問了 1200 人回收的有效問卷有 1137 份（9475）
其中男生 548 人佔 484女生 585 人佔 516受訪樣本的性
別分佈相對平均受訪樣本的平均年齡為 2046 歲其中大一學生佔
136 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
170大二學生佔 335大三學生佔 324大四學生佔 161
延畢則佔 10
（二）研究變項與測量方法
1 人口變項
本研究測量的人口變項包括性別年齡與政黨傾向這三個
變項在迴歸分析中作為控制變項因為過去的研究顯示這些變項可
能影響民眾的公共事務知識（羅文輝蘇蘅2011Lo 1994Lo amp
Chang 2006）
2 媒介使用
本研究測量媒介使用的方法是詢問受訪者平常每天閱讀報紙新
聞收看電視新聞以及上網瀏覽新聞的時間我們在進行迴歸分析
時把三種類別的媒介使用列為控制變項因為媒介使用頻率可能影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論
3 新聞注意
新聞注意的測量方法參考過去的相關研究（Eveland 2001）詢
問受訪者對報紙電視及網路報導的「學生反服貿抗爭活動」相關新
聞的注意程度受訪者回答方式為五分量表（從「很不注意」= 1
分到「很注意」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析顯示這三個題項呈現一個面向共可解釋
693 的變異量（eigen value = 205Cronbachrsquos alpha = 076）因
此我們把受訪者在這三個題項上的得分加總除以三建構「新聞注
意」指標（M = 361SD = 090）
4 新聞思考
新聞思考的測量方法同樣參照過去的研究（Eveland 2001Lo amp
Chang 2006）詢問受訪者是否同意下列陳述句（回答方式從「很不
同意」= 1 分到「很同意」= 5 分）
(1) 我會思考學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
(2) 我會擔心學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
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Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
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Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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ltFEFF004b00610073007500740061006700650020006e0065006900640020007300e4007400740065006900640020006b00760061006c006900740065006500740073006500200074007200fc006b006900650065006c007300650020007000720069006e00740069006d0069007300650020006a0061006f006b007300200073006f00620069006c0069006b0065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069006400650020006c006f006f006d006900730065006b0073002e00200020004c006f006f0064007500640020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065002000730061006100740065002000610076006100640061002000700072006f006700720061006d006d006900640065006700610020004100630072006f0062006100740020006e0069006e0067002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006a00610020007500750065006d006100740065002000760065007200730069006f006f006e00690064006500670061002e000d000agt FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 133
日報》於 2014 年 3 月 19 日到 2014 年 4 月 11 日刊登的頭版新聞
共 1365 則新聞進行內容分析目的在於瞭解「太陽花學運」之報
導框架
儘管民眾獲取「太陽花學運」相關資訊的大眾媒介渠道並不侷限
於報紙亦包含雜誌廣播電視網路等本文依然選取報紙進行
內容分析的原因有二首先不少研究與調查均顯示儘管網路新聞
的閱讀量不斷攀升甚至逐漸超越報紙新聞然而對於受眾而言報
紙新聞的可信度始終高於魚龍混雜的網路新聞此外亦有調查顯
示為搶點閱率網路新聞七成是抄襲傳統媒體新聞進行再製其原
創性及新聞品質均大打折扣（吳柏軒20150717）原因之二是出
於操作可行性的考慮網路新聞來源甚廣數量龐大樣本的篩選缺
乏統一規範的標準而對其進行內容分析需要耗費巨大的人力及精
力因此出於報紙媒體的傳統優勢地位以及操作可行性這兩項考
慮本文決定選取報紙新聞作為內容分析的對象來瞭解「太陽花學
運」的報導框架
《中國時報》《自由時報》《聯合報》與《蘋果日報》是臺
灣的四大報這四家報紙無論在發行量市場佔有率及言論威望上都
具有代表性因此我們選擇此四大報作為研究對象
「太陽花學運」於 2014 年 3 月 18 日晚間攻佔立法院拉開學運
之序幕並於 2014 年 4 月 10 日正式退場宣告結束因此本研究
選擇 2014 年 3 月 19 日至 2014 年 4 月 11 日期間之新聞報導進行分
析雖然隨後數月內「太陽花學運」的相關話題仍在輿論界中餘波
蕩漾但新聞報導的集中程度與社會影響力已大不如前所以本研究
以「太陽花學運」的 24 日歷程為時間架構展開內容分析
選取太陽花學運報導的標準是以這四家報紙的網路版新聞為分
析對象根據四家報紙網路版的版面設置特點我們分別選取了《聯
合報》的「今日頭條」與「專題」兩個版塊《中國時報》的「焦點
要聞」版塊《自由時報》的「焦點」版塊《蘋果日報》的「頭
條」版塊選擇這些版塊的新聞作為分析對象的原因有二首先從媒
體組織的角度來看新聞媒體往往選擇把最熱門最重要的新聞刊登
在「頭版」或「焦點」版塊因此有關太陽花學運的核心資訊最可能
在這些版塊中呈現其次從讀者的角度來看他們在瀏覽網路版報
紙時雖然會優先選擇自己感興趣的版塊進行閱讀但由於「頭版」
134 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
與「焦點」版塊能幫助讀者快速掌握當日重要訊息因此這些版塊也
比較容易吸引讀者的注意以往的研究發現讀者在閱讀網路版報紙
時通常會先行瀏覽「頭版」或「焦點」版塊的新聞來瞭解當日的重
要資訊隨後再選擇自己感興趣的內容進行深度閱讀（drsquoHaenens
Jankowski amp Heuvelman 2004）有鑒於此本文選擇四大報網路版
中的「頭版」或「焦點」版塊上有關太陽花學運的新聞作為研究對
象本研究之分析單位為一則新聞一則新聞是指由一位或是多位新
聞寫作者撰寫的一則報導
凡是在新聞的大標題副標題或第一段中出現「太陽花學運」
或相近詞語等的新聞都被納入樣本社論新聞分析讀者投書與廣
告等則不列為分析對象綜上本文所分析的頭版新聞包括以上版塊
內的所有相關新聞
（二）類目訂立
1 框架類型
本文將新聞報導框架分為三類分別是賽局框架實質框架以
及混合框架具體劃分標準分述如下
11 賽局框架本研究參考 Cappella amp Jamieson（1997）之定義
並結合本研究目的與具體情境作部分修正在本研究中「賽
局框架」是指具有下列特徵的報導
(1) 以輸贏競爭為報導之中心概念
(2) 出現競爭賽局賭博競賽攻防戰爭等相關詞彙
(3) 出現演員評論者與觀眾
(4) 描繪參與學運相關政治人物的演出風格
(5) 民調佔有相當比重且描繪政治人物民調議題上的立場
(6) 強調學運的政治過程而非議題之實質面
12 實質框架以太陽花學運的實質面即服貿協議及反服貿協議
的相關內容為主報導協議的實質內涵及影響的新聞則被歸為
此一類目包括下列幾種
(1) 描寫「太陽花學運」的實質意義
(2) 報導服貿協議與反服貿協議的意涵
(3) 報導政治人物對服貿協議及反服貿協議立場背後的原因
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 135
以及政治人物為其立場所做的辯護與說明
(4) 報導服貿協議反服貿協議以及政府解決方案對民眾的影
響
13 混合框架一則新聞中的賽局框架與實質框架比重相等時該
則新聞被歸為此類
2 文本長度
指每則新聞的字數
（三）進行內容分析
本研究編碼員共有兩位在進行編碼工作之前曾針對本研究中
各類目的定義進行溝通進行信度檢驗的方法是以系統抽樣法選取
總樣本 1365 則新聞的 10即 138 篇報導進行信度檢測經過檢
測兩名編碼員間的相互同意度為 978Cohenrsquos kappa 係數為
091超過 Krippendorff（1980）與 Popping（1988）建議的 080 信度
水準
二問卷調查法
（一）抽樣方法及問卷調查
由於大學生是太陽花學運主要的組織者與參與者他們對學運相
關新聞的關注度較高因此本研究選擇以臺灣大學生為研究母體進行
問卷調查抽樣方法採用「多階集群抽樣」（multistage cluster
sampling）抽樣及問卷調查分三階段進行第一階段我們先從臺
灣 147 所公立及私立大學中隨機抽出 12 所第二階段鑒於通識課
程由所有學系的學生自由選修因此每班通識課的學生均可能包括來
自各系各年級的學生因此我們決定根據各校的課程表從每一所
被抽中的學校中隨機抽出三個通識課的班級第三階段在徵得授
課教師同意後由受過訓練的訪員在抽選的班級中進行自填式問卷調
查
問卷調查在 2014 年 4 月 16 日至 5 月 7 日之間進行耗時三週
本研究共訪問了 1200 人回收的有效問卷有 1137 份（9475）
其中男生 548 人佔 484女生 585 人佔 516受訪樣本的性
別分佈相對平均受訪樣本的平均年齡為 2046 歲其中大一學生佔
136 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
170大二學生佔 335大三學生佔 324大四學生佔 161
延畢則佔 10
（二）研究變項與測量方法
1 人口變項
本研究測量的人口變項包括性別年齡與政黨傾向這三個
變項在迴歸分析中作為控制變項因為過去的研究顯示這些變項可
能影響民眾的公共事務知識（羅文輝蘇蘅2011Lo 1994Lo amp
Chang 2006）
2 媒介使用
本研究測量媒介使用的方法是詢問受訪者平常每天閱讀報紙新
聞收看電視新聞以及上網瀏覽新聞的時間我們在進行迴歸分析
時把三種類別的媒介使用列為控制變項因為媒介使用頻率可能影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論
3 新聞注意
新聞注意的測量方法參考過去的相關研究（Eveland 2001）詢
問受訪者對報紙電視及網路報導的「學生反服貿抗爭活動」相關新
聞的注意程度受訪者回答方式為五分量表（從「很不注意」= 1
分到「很注意」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析顯示這三個題項呈現一個面向共可解釋
693 的變異量（eigen value = 205Cronbachrsquos alpha = 076）因
此我們把受訪者在這三個題項上的得分加總除以三建構「新聞注
意」指標（M = 361SD = 090）
4 新聞思考
新聞思考的測量方法同樣參照過去的研究（Eveland 2001Lo amp
Chang 2006）詢問受訪者是否同意下列陳述句（回答方式從「很不
同意」= 1 分到「很同意」= 5 分）
(1) 我會思考學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
(2) 我會擔心學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003c103bf002d03b503ba03c403c503c003c903c403b903ba03ad03c2002003b503c103b303b103c303af03b503c2002003c503c803b703bb03ae03c2002003c003bf03b903cc03c403b703c403b103c2002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
134 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
與「焦點」版塊能幫助讀者快速掌握當日重要訊息因此這些版塊也
比較容易吸引讀者的注意以往的研究發現讀者在閱讀網路版報紙
時通常會先行瀏覽「頭版」或「焦點」版塊的新聞來瞭解當日的重
要資訊隨後再選擇自己感興趣的內容進行深度閱讀（drsquoHaenens
Jankowski amp Heuvelman 2004）有鑒於此本文選擇四大報網路版
中的「頭版」或「焦點」版塊上有關太陽花學運的新聞作為研究對
象本研究之分析單位為一則新聞一則新聞是指由一位或是多位新
聞寫作者撰寫的一則報導
凡是在新聞的大標題副標題或第一段中出現「太陽花學運」
或相近詞語等的新聞都被納入樣本社論新聞分析讀者投書與廣
告等則不列為分析對象綜上本文所分析的頭版新聞包括以上版塊
內的所有相關新聞
（二）類目訂立
1 框架類型
本文將新聞報導框架分為三類分別是賽局框架實質框架以
及混合框架具體劃分標準分述如下
11 賽局框架本研究參考 Cappella amp Jamieson（1997）之定義
並結合本研究目的與具體情境作部分修正在本研究中「賽
局框架」是指具有下列特徵的報導
(1) 以輸贏競爭為報導之中心概念
(2) 出現競爭賽局賭博競賽攻防戰爭等相關詞彙
(3) 出現演員評論者與觀眾
(4) 描繪參與學運相關政治人物的演出風格
(5) 民調佔有相當比重且描繪政治人物民調議題上的立場
(6) 強調學運的政治過程而非議題之實質面
12 實質框架以太陽花學運的實質面即服貿協議及反服貿協議
的相關內容為主報導協議的實質內涵及影響的新聞則被歸為
此一類目包括下列幾種
(1) 描寫「太陽花學運」的實質意義
(2) 報導服貿協議與反服貿協議的意涵
(3) 報導政治人物對服貿協議及反服貿協議立場背後的原因
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 135
以及政治人物為其立場所做的辯護與說明
(4) 報導服貿協議反服貿協議以及政府解決方案對民眾的影
響
13 混合框架一則新聞中的賽局框架與實質框架比重相等時該
則新聞被歸為此類
2 文本長度
指每則新聞的字數
（三）進行內容分析
本研究編碼員共有兩位在進行編碼工作之前曾針對本研究中
各類目的定義進行溝通進行信度檢驗的方法是以系統抽樣法選取
總樣本 1365 則新聞的 10即 138 篇報導進行信度檢測經過檢
測兩名編碼員間的相互同意度為 978Cohenrsquos kappa 係數為
091超過 Krippendorff（1980）與 Popping（1988）建議的 080 信度
水準
二問卷調查法
（一）抽樣方法及問卷調查
由於大學生是太陽花學運主要的組織者與參與者他們對學運相
關新聞的關注度較高因此本研究選擇以臺灣大學生為研究母體進行
問卷調查抽樣方法採用「多階集群抽樣」（multistage cluster
sampling）抽樣及問卷調查分三階段進行第一階段我們先從臺
灣 147 所公立及私立大學中隨機抽出 12 所第二階段鑒於通識課
程由所有學系的學生自由選修因此每班通識課的學生均可能包括來
自各系各年級的學生因此我們決定根據各校的課程表從每一所
被抽中的學校中隨機抽出三個通識課的班級第三階段在徵得授
課教師同意後由受過訓練的訪員在抽選的班級中進行自填式問卷調
查
問卷調查在 2014 年 4 月 16 日至 5 月 7 日之間進行耗時三週
本研究共訪問了 1200 人回收的有效問卷有 1137 份（9475）
其中男生 548 人佔 484女生 585 人佔 516受訪樣本的性
別分佈相對平均受訪樣本的平均年齡為 2046 歲其中大一學生佔
136 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
170大二學生佔 335大三學生佔 324大四學生佔 161
延畢則佔 10
（二）研究變項與測量方法
1 人口變項
本研究測量的人口變項包括性別年齡與政黨傾向這三個
變項在迴歸分析中作為控制變項因為過去的研究顯示這些變項可
能影響民眾的公共事務知識（羅文輝蘇蘅2011Lo 1994Lo amp
Chang 2006）
2 媒介使用
本研究測量媒介使用的方法是詢問受訪者平常每天閱讀報紙新
聞收看電視新聞以及上網瀏覽新聞的時間我們在進行迴歸分析
時把三種類別的媒介使用列為控制變項因為媒介使用頻率可能影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論
3 新聞注意
新聞注意的測量方法參考過去的相關研究（Eveland 2001）詢
問受訪者對報紙電視及網路報導的「學生反服貿抗爭活動」相關新
聞的注意程度受訪者回答方式為五分量表（從「很不注意」= 1
分到「很注意」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析顯示這三個題項呈現一個面向共可解釋
693 的變異量（eigen value = 205Cronbachrsquos alpha = 076）因
此我們把受訪者在這三個題項上的得分加總除以三建構「新聞注
意」指標（M = 361SD = 090）
4 新聞思考
新聞思考的測量方法同樣參照過去的研究（Eveland 2001Lo amp
Chang 2006）詢問受訪者是否同意下列陳述句（回答方式從「很不
同意」= 1 分到「很同意」= 5 分）
(1) 我會思考學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
(2) 我會擔心學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 153
Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
Price V amp Czilli E J (1996) Modeling patterns of news recognition and recall Journal of Communication 46(2) 24
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
Rhee J W amp Cappella J N (1997) The role of political sophistication in learning from news Measuring schema development Communication Research 24(3) 197-233
Rhodebeck L A (199804) Framing policy debates on old age Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association Chicago
Robinson J P amp Levy M R (1986) The main source Learning from television news Beverly Hills CA Sage
Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
Shoemaker P amp Reese S D (1996) Mediating the message White Plains NY Longman
Sotirovic M amp Mcleod J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 135
以及政治人物為其立場所做的辯護與說明
(4) 報導服貿協議反服貿協議以及政府解決方案對民眾的影
響
13 混合框架一則新聞中的賽局框架與實質框架比重相等時該
則新聞被歸為此類
2 文本長度
指每則新聞的字數
（三）進行內容分析
本研究編碼員共有兩位在進行編碼工作之前曾針對本研究中
各類目的定義進行溝通進行信度檢驗的方法是以系統抽樣法選取
總樣本 1365 則新聞的 10即 138 篇報導進行信度檢測經過檢
測兩名編碼員間的相互同意度為 978Cohenrsquos kappa 係數為
091超過 Krippendorff（1980）與 Popping（1988）建議的 080 信度
水準
二問卷調查法
（一）抽樣方法及問卷調查
由於大學生是太陽花學運主要的組織者與參與者他們對學運相
關新聞的關注度較高因此本研究選擇以臺灣大學生為研究母體進行
問卷調查抽樣方法採用「多階集群抽樣」（multistage cluster
sampling）抽樣及問卷調查分三階段進行第一階段我們先從臺
灣 147 所公立及私立大學中隨機抽出 12 所第二階段鑒於通識課
程由所有學系的學生自由選修因此每班通識課的學生均可能包括來
自各系各年級的學生因此我們決定根據各校的課程表從每一所
被抽中的學校中隨機抽出三個通識課的班級第三階段在徵得授
課教師同意後由受過訓練的訪員在抽選的班級中進行自填式問卷調
查
問卷調查在 2014 年 4 月 16 日至 5 月 7 日之間進行耗時三週
本研究共訪問了 1200 人回收的有效問卷有 1137 份（9475）
其中男生 548 人佔 484女生 585 人佔 516受訪樣本的性
別分佈相對平均受訪樣本的平均年齡為 2046 歲其中大一學生佔
136 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
170大二學生佔 335大三學生佔 324大四學生佔 161
延畢則佔 10
（二）研究變項與測量方法
1 人口變項
本研究測量的人口變項包括性別年齡與政黨傾向這三個
變項在迴歸分析中作為控制變項因為過去的研究顯示這些變項可
能影響民眾的公共事務知識（羅文輝蘇蘅2011Lo 1994Lo amp
Chang 2006）
2 媒介使用
本研究測量媒介使用的方法是詢問受訪者平常每天閱讀報紙新
聞收看電視新聞以及上網瀏覽新聞的時間我們在進行迴歸分析
時把三種類別的媒介使用列為控制變項因為媒介使用頻率可能影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論
3 新聞注意
新聞注意的測量方法參考過去的相關研究（Eveland 2001）詢
問受訪者對報紙電視及網路報導的「學生反服貿抗爭活動」相關新
聞的注意程度受訪者回答方式為五分量表（從「很不注意」= 1
分到「很注意」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析顯示這三個題項呈現一個面向共可解釋
693 的變異量（eigen value = 205Cronbachrsquos alpha = 076）因
此我們把受訪者在這三個題項上的得分加總除以三建構「新聞注
意」指標（M = 361SD = 090）
4 新聞思考
新聞思考的測量方法同樣參照過去的研究（Eveland 2001Lo amp
Chang 2006）詢問受訪者是否同意下列陳述句（回答方式從「很不
同意」= 1 分到「很同意」= 5 分）
(1) 我會思考學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
(2) 我會擔心學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
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Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
Stephan W G (1985) Intergroup Relations In G Lindzey amp E Aronson (Eds) The handbook of social psychology New York Random House
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
Tetlock P E (1985) Integrative complexity of policy reasoning In S Kraus amp R M Perloff (Eds) Mass media and political thought (pp 267-292) Beverly Hills CA Sage
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
Zhao X amp Bleske G L (1998) Horse-race polls and audience issue learning The International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 13-34
Zhao X amp Chaffee S H (1995) Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information Public Opinion Quarterly 59(1) 41-65
Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
136 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
170大二學生佔 335大三學生佔 324大四學生佔 161
延畢則佔 10
（二）研究變項與測量方法
1 人口變項
本研究測量的人口變項包括性別年齡與政黨傾向這三個
變項在迴歸分析中作為控制變項因為過去的研究顯示這些變項可
能影響民眾的公共事務知識（羅文輝蘇蘅2011Lo 1994Lo amp
Chang 2006）
2 媒介使用
本研究測量媒介使用的方法是詢問受訪者平常每天閱讀報紙新
聞收看電視新聞以及上網瀏覽新聞的時間我們在進行迴歸分析
時把三種類別的媒介使用列為控制變項因為媒介使用頻率可能影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論
3 新聞注意
新聞注意的測量方法參考過去的相關研究（Eveland 2001）詢
問受訪者對報紙電視及網路報導的「學生反服貿抗爭活動」相關新
聞的注意程度受訪者回答方式為五分量表（從「很不注意」= 1
分到「很注意」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析顯示這三個題項呈現一個面向共可解釋
693 的變異量（eigen value = 205Cronbachrsquos alpha = 076）因
此我們把受訪者在這三個題項上的得分加總除以三建構「新聞注
意」指標（M = 361SD = 090）
4 新聞思考
新聞思考的測量方法同樣參照過去的研究（Eveland 2001Lo amp
Chang 2006）詢問受訪者是否同意下列陳述句（回答方式從「很不
同意」= 1 分到「很同意」= 5 分）
(1) 我會思考學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
(2) 我會擔心學生反服貿抗爭活動可能造成的影響
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 153
Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 137
(3) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞與我個人的經驗
相連結
(4) 我會嘗試把學生反服貿抗爭活動的相關新聞和我知道的其他
事情相連結
我們同樣採用主成分分析檢視這四個題項是否呈現一個面向
分析結果顯示這四個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 620 的變異
量（eigen value = 248Cronbachrsquos alpha = 079）於是我們把這四個
題項加起來除以四建構成「新聞思考」指標（M = 378SD =
063）
5 人際政治討論
測量人際政治討論的題項也參考過去研究（Ho 2012）詢問受
訪者與(1) 同學(2) 家人以及(3) 老師討論「學生反服貿抗爭」活
動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回答方式從「從未」= 1
分到「總是」= 5 分）
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這三個題項呈現一個因素可解釋
643 的變異量（eigen value = 193Cronbachrsquos alpha = 072）於是
我們把這三個題項加起來除以三建構成「人際政治討論」指標（M
= 277SD = 089）
6 社交網路政治討論
測量社交網路政治討論的方法是詢問受訪者在(1) 網路(2)
Facebook(3) BBS(4) YouTube以及(5) 聊天工具（如 Line）上討
論「學生反服貿抗爭」活動的頻率受訪者回答方式為五分量表（回
答方式從「從未」= 1 分到「總是」= 5 分）
我們同樣採用主成分因素分析檢視這五個題項是否呈現一個面
向分析結果顯示這五個題項呈現同一個因素可解釋 648 的
變異量（eigen value = 324Cronbachrsquos alpha = 086）於是我們把這
五個題項加起來除以五建構成「社交網路政治討論」指標（M =
238SD = 103）
7 「太陽花學運」相關知識
測量受訪者「太陽花學運」相關知識的方法是依據報紙電視
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
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Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
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Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
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Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
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Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
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Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN ltFEFF004b0069007600e1006c00f30020006d0069006e0151007300e9006701710020006e0079006f006d00640061006900200065006c0151006b00e90073007a00ed007401510020006e0079006f006d00740061007400e100730068006f007a0020006c006500670069006e006b00e1006200620020006d0065006700660065006c0065006c0151002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b0061007400200065007a0065006b006b0065006c0020006100200062006500e1006c006c00ed007400e10073006f006b006b0061006c0020006b00e90073007a00ed0074006800650074002e0020002000410020006c00e90074007200650068006f007a006f00740074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740075006d006f006b00200061007a0020004100630072006f006200610074002000e9007300200061007a002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020007600610067007900200061007a002000610074007400f3006c0020006b00e9007301510062006200690020007600650072007a006900f3006b006b0061006c0020006e00790069007400680061007400f3006b0020006d00650067002egt ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002egt POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR ltFEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002egt ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
138 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
及網路上有關「太陽花學運」的新聞報導建構十個題項每題有四
個答案受訪者從四個選項中選擇出唯一正確的答案每答對一題得
一分受訪者得分最高 10 分最低 0 分例如反對服貿協議的學
生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快草
率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查此題共有四個
選項分別是(1) 吳育昇(2) 張慶忠(3) 林鴻池以及(4) 不清
楚受訪者從這四個選項中選出他們認為正確的答案本題的正確答
案是(2) 張慶忠因此選擇張慶忠的受訪者得一分選擇其他選項的
受訪者不得分
主成分因素分析的結果顯示這十個題項呈現兩個面向共解釋
439 的變異量第一個面向包含六個題項是關於「太陽花學運」
的賽局性知識可解釋 243 的變異量（eigen value = 243
Cronbachrsquos alpha = 057）這六道題目分別是(1) 反對服貿協議的
學生抗爭活動主要導火線在於國民黨哪一位立法委員以 30 秒之快
草率宣佈完成《海峽兩岸服務貿易協議》的委員會審查(2) 太陽花
學運因被視為帶領攻佔行政院而遭捕的學生代表是哪一位(3) 在這
場太陽花學運中於立法院牆上噴下「當獨裁成為事實革命就是義
務」幾個字的是哪一位政治人物的女兒(4) 二三零佔領凱道反服貿
遊行學生代表對外指稱有多少人上街頭(5) 哪一位將學運的精神
象徵「太陽花」誤指為「香蕉」以及(6) 在這次的太陽花學運中
有哪一個媒體被部分學運成員舉牌抗議我們把這六個題項加起來除
以六建構成「賽局性知識」指標（M = 069SD = 028）第二個
面向包含四個題項是關於「太陽花學運」的實質性知識可解釋
195 的變異量（eigen value = 196Cronbachrsquos alpha = 077）這四
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 151
blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
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Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
Price V amp Czilli E J (1996) Modeling patterns of news recognition and recall Journal of Communication 46(2) 24
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Rhodebeck L A (199804) Framing policy debates on old age Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association Chicago
Robinson J P amp Levy M R (1986) The main source Learning from television news Beverly Hills CA Sage
Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
Shoemaker P amp Reese S D (1996) Mediating the message White Plains NY Longman
Sotirovic M amp Mcleod J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
Stephan W G (1985) Intergroup Relations In G Lindzey amp E Aronson (Eds) The handbook of social psychology New York Random House
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Stro mback J (2008) Four phases of mediatization an analysis of the
mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
Tetlock P E (1985) Integrative complexity of policy reasoning In S Kraus amp R M Perloff (Eds) Mass media and political thought (pp 267-292) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Tetlock P E (1989) Structure and function in political belief systems In A R Pratkanis S J Breckler amp A G Greenwald (Eds) Attitude structure and function (pp 129-151) Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum
Thomas M J (2002) Learning within incoherent structures The space of online discussion forums Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 18(3) 351-366
Tuchman G (1978) Making news A study in the construction of reality New York Free Press
Wyatt R O Katz E amp Kim J (2000) Bridging the spheres Political and personal conversation in public and private spaces Journal of Communication 50(1) 71-92
Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
Zhao X amp Bleske G L (1998) Horse-race polls and audience issue learning The International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 13-34
Zhao X amp Chaffee S H (1995) Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information Public Opinion Quarterly 59(1) 41-65
Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA ltFEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002egt GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
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Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 UKR ltFEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002egt ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
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McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
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Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
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Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
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Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 1200 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 2400 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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ltFEFF04180437043f043e043b043704320430043904420435002004420435043704380020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a0438002c00200437043000200434043000200441044a0437043404300432043004420435002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d04420438002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b043d043e0020043f044004380433043e04340435043d04380020043704300020043204380441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d0020043f04350447043004420020043704300020043f044004350434043f0435044704300442043d04300020043f043e04340433043e0442043e0432043a0430002e002000200421044a04370434043004340435043d043804420435002000500044004600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204380020043c043e0433043004420020043404300020044104350020043e0442043204300440044f0442002004410020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200441043b0435043404320430044904380020043204350440044104380438002egt CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a00610163006900200061006300650073007400650020007300650074010300720069002000700065006e007400720075002000610020006300720065006100200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000610064006500630076006100740065002000700065006e0074007200750020007400690070010300720069007200650061002000700072006500700072006500730073002000640065002000630061006c006900740061007400650020007300750070006500720069006f006100720103002e002000200044006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006c00650020005000440046002000630072006500610074006500200070006f00740020006600690020006400650073006300680069007300650020006300750020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020015f00690020007600650072007300690075006e0069006c006500200075006c0074006500720069006f006100720065002egt RUS 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 SKY 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ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
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Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
Price V amp Czilli E J (1996) Modeling patterns of news recognition and recall Journal of Communication 46(2) 24
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
Rhee J W amp Cappella J N (1997) The role of political sophistication in learning from news Measuring schema development Communication Research 24(3) 197-233
Rhodebeck L A (199804) Framing policy debates on old age Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association Chicago
Robinson J P amp Levy M R (1986) The main source Learning from television news Beverly Hills CA Sage
Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
Shoemaker P amp Reese S D (1996) Mediating the message White Plains NY Longman
Sotirovic M amp Mcleod J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Stauffer J Frost R amp Rybolt W (1983) The attention factor in recalling network television news Journal of Communication 33(1) 9
Stephan W G (1985) Intergroup Relations In G Lindzey amp E Aronson (Eds) The handbook of social psychology New York Random House
Stromer-Galley J (2002) New voices in the public sphere A comparative analysis of interpersonal and online political talk Javnost-The Public 9(2) 23-41
Stro mback J (2008) Four phases of mediatization an analysis of the
mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
Tetlock P E (1985) Integrative complexity of policy reasoning In S Kraus amp R M Perloff (Eds) Mass media and political thought (pp 267-292) Beverly Hills CA Sage
Tetlock P E (1989) Structure and function in political belief systems In A R Pratkanis S J Breckler amp A G Greenwald (Eds) Attitude structure and function (pp 129-151) Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum
Thomas M J (2002) Learning within incoherent structures The space of online discussion forums Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 18(3) 351-366
Tuchman G (1978) Making news A study in the construction of reality New York Free Press
Wyatt R O Katz E amp Kim J (2000) Bridging the spheres Political and personal conversation in public and private spaces Journal of Communication 50(1) 71-92
Zaller JR (198606) Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study Paper presented at National Election Study Pilot Study Conference Ann Arbor Michigan
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 151
blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
Moy P McCluskey M R McCoy K amp Spratt M A (2004) Political correlates of local news media use Journal of Communication 54(3) 532-546
Mutz D C (2002) The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation American Journal of Political Science 46 848-855
Newton K (2006) May the weak force be with you The power of the mass media in modern politics European Journal of Political Research 45(2) 209-234
Nisbet M C amp Scheufele D A (2004) Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 81(4) 877-896
Norris P (2000) A virtuous circle Political communications in postindustrial societies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press
Paletz D L amp Entman R M (1981) Media power politics New York Free Press
Patterson T E (1993) Out of order How the decline of the political parties and the growing power of the news media undermine the American way of electing presidents New York Alfred Knopf
Perse E M (2001) Media Effects and Society Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Pesek W (20140410) What has Taiwan gotten for cozying up to China Not much BloombergView Retrieved September 20 2019 from httpswwwbloombergcomopinionarticles2014-04-10what-has-taiwan-gotten-for-cozying-up-to-china-not-much
Petty R E amp Cacioppo J T (1986) Communication and persuasion Central and peripheral routes to attitude change New York
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 153
Springer-Verlag Popping R (1988) On agreement indices for nominal data In W E Saris
amp I N Gallhofer (Eds) Sociometric research Data collection and scaling (pp 90-105) London MacMillan Press
Price V amp Czilli E J (1996) Modeling patterns of news recognition and recall Journal of Communication 46(2) 24
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (199511) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago
Price V Tewksbury D amp Powers E (1997) Switching trains of thought The impact of news frames on readersrsquo cognitive responses Communication Research 24(5) 481-506
Rhee J W amp Cappella J N (1997) The role of political sophistication in learning from news Measuring schema development Communication Research 24(3) 197-233
Rhodebeck L A (199804) Framing policy debates on old age Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association Chicago
Robinson J P amp Levy M R (1986) The main source Learning from television news Beverly Hills CA Sage
Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects Journal of Communication 49(1) 103-122
Scheufele D A (2000) Talk or conversation Dimensions of interpersonal discussion and their implications for participatory democracy Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 77(4) 727-743
Scheufele D A (2001) Democracy for some How political talk both informs and polarizes the electorate In R P Hart amp D Shaw (Eds) Communication and US elections New agendas (pp 19-32) Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield
Scheufele D A (2002) Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior Communication Research 29 46-65
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV ltFEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002egt SUO 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006f006d002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b006100700061002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400200073006f006d002000e400720020006c00e4006d0070006c0069006700610020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500740073006b00720069006600740020006d006500640020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e002000200053006b006100700061006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e00610073002000690020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00630068002000730065006e006100720065002egt TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 151
blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
McLeod J M Kosicki G M amp McLeod D M (1994) The expanding boundaries of political communication effects In J Bryant amp D Zillmann (Eds) Media effects Advances in theory and research (pp 123-162) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
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Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006f006d002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b006100700061002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400200073006f006d002000e400720020006c00e4006d0070006c0069006700610020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073002d007500740073006b00720069006600740020006d006500640020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e002000200053006b006100700061006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e00610073002000690020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00630068002000730065006e006100720065002egt TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
Gans H J (1979) Deciding whatrsquos news New York Vintage Gitlin T (1980) The whole world is watching Mass media in the making
amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR ltFEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002egt ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
Aalberg T Stroumlmbaumlck J amp De Vreese C H (2012) The framing of politics as strategy and game A review of concepts operationalizations and key findings Journalism 13(2) 162-178
Bateson G (1955) A theory of play and fantasy Psychiatric Research Report 2(39) 39-51
Beam M A Hutchens M J amp Hmielowski J D (2016) Clicking vs sharing The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge Computers in Human Behavior 59 215-220
Beaudoin C E amp Thorson E (2004) Testing the cognitive mediation model The roles of news reliance and three gratifications sought Communication Research 31(4) 446-471
Benford R D amp Snow D A (2000) Framing processes and social movements An overview and assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26(1) 611-639
Bennett W L (1996) News The politics of illusion (3rd ed) New York Longman
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
Bennett S E Flickinger R S amp Rhine S L (2000) Political talk over here over there over time British Journal of Political Science 30 99-120
Boer C D amp Velthuijsen A S (2001) Participation in conversations about the news International Journal for Quality in Health Care 13(2) 140-158
Brundidge J (2010) Encountering ldquodifferencerdquo in the contemporary public sphere The contribution of the Internet to the heterogeneity of political discussion networks Journal of Communication 60(4) 680-700
Cappella J N amp Jamieson K H (1997) Spiral of cynicism The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
Carpini M X D amp Keeter S (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters New Haven CT Yale University Press
Chaffee S H amp Mutz D C (1988) Comparing mediated and interpersonal communication data In R P Hawkins J M Wiemann amp S Pingree (Eds) Advancing communication science Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp 19-43) Newbury Park CA Sage
Chaffee S H amp Schleuder J (1986) Measurement and effects of attention to media news Human Communication Research 13(1) 76-107
Collins A M amp Loftus E F (1975) A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 82(6) 407
Conroy M Feezell J T amp Guerrero M (2012) Facebook and political engagement A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement Computers in Human Behavior 28(5) 1535-1546
Cook E T (1998) Governing with the news The news media as a political institution Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Cowan N (1995) Attention and memory An integrated framework New York Oxford University Press
drsquoHaenens L Jankowski N amp Heuvelman A (2004) News in online and print newspapers Differences in reader consumption and recall New Media amp Society 6(3) 363-382
De Vreese C H (2004) The effects of frames in political television news on issue interpretation and frame salience Journalism amp Mass
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
Meyer P amp Potter D (1998) Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 US Presidential Election The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 3(4) 35-43
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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mediatization of politics The International Journal of PressPolitics 13(3) 228-246
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS ltFEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002egt SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 147
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148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
framing of the US anti-nuclear movement Political Communication 10(2) 155-173
Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
Eveland W P (2002) News information processing as mediator of the relationship between motivations and political knowledge Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 79(1) 26-40
Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
Eveland W P amp Cortese J (2004) How web site organization influences free recall factual knowledge and knowledge structure density Human Communication Research 30(2) 208-233
Eveland W P Hayes A F Shah D V amp Kwak N (2005) Observations on estimation of communication effects on political knowledge and a test of intracommunication mediation Political Communication 22(4) 505-509
Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
Eveland W P amp Thomson T (2006) Is it talking thinking or both A lagged dependent variable model of discussion effects on political knowledge Journal of Communication 56(3) 523-542
Feldman L amp Price V (2008) Confusion or enlightenment How exposure to disagreement moderates the effects of political discussion and media use on candidate knowledge Communication Research 35(1) 61-87
Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
Gamson W A Croteau D Hoynes W amp Sasson T (1992) Media images and the social construction of reality Annual Review of Sociology 18(1) 373-393
Gamson W A amp Modigliani A (1987) The changing culture of affirmative action Research in Political Sociology 3 137-177
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis An essay on the organization of experience Cambridge MA Harvard University Press
Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
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Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
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Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
Holbert R L Benoit W Hansen G amp Wen W C (2002) The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry Communication Monographs 69(4) 296-310
Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
Huckfeldt R Johnson P E amp Sprague J (2002) Political environments political dynamics and the survival of disagreement Journal of Politics 64 1-21
Irwin G A amp Van Holsteyn J J M (2008) What are they waiting for Strategic information for the late deciding voters International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(4) 483-493
Iyengar S (1987) Television news and citizensrsquo explanations of national affairs American Political Science Review 81(3) 815-831
Iyengar S (1994) Is anyone responsible How television frames political issues Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Iyengar S Norpoth H amp Hahn K S (2004) Consumer demand for election news The horserace sells The Journal of Politics 66(1) 157-175
Jonassen D H Beissner K amp Yacci M (1993) Structural knowledge Techniques for representing conveying and acquiring structural knowledge Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Jung N Kim Y amp de Zuacutentildeiga H G (2011) The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation Mass Communication amp Society 14(4) 407-430
Kinder D R amp Sanders L M (1990) Mimicking political debate with survey questions The case of white opinion on affirmative action for
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blacks Social Cognition 8(1) 73-103 Klandermans B (1992) The social construction of protest and
multiorganizational fields In A D Morris amp C M Mueller (Eds) Frontiers in social movement theory (pp 79) New Haven CT Yale University Press
Kosicki G M amp McLeod J M (1990) Learning from political news Effects of media images and information-processing strategies In S Kraus (Ed) Mass communication and political information processing (pp 69-83) Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Erlbaum
Krippendorff K H (1980) Content analysis an introduction to its methodology Seikeigeka Orthopedic Surgery 79(385) 204
Kwak N Williams A E Wang X amp Lee H (2005) Talking politics and engaging politics An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement Communication Research 32(1) 87-111
Larsen O N amp Hill R J (1954) Mass media and interpersonal communication in the diffusion of a news event American Sociological Review 19 426-433
Lo V H (1994) Media use involvement and knowledge of the Gulf War Journalism Quarterly 71 43-54
Lo V H amp Chang C C (2006) Knowledge about the Gulf Wars A theoretical model of learning from the news The Harvard International Journal of PressPolitics 11(3) 135-155
Martinelli K A amp Chaffee S H (1995) Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information Journalism amp Mass Communication Quarterly 72(1) 18-32
McDonald D G amp Glynn C J (1984) The stability of media gratifications Journalism Quarterly 61(3) 542-741
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McLeod J M amp Becker L B (1974) Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis In J G Blumler amp E Katz (Eds) The uses of mass communications Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp 137-164) Beverly Hills CA Sage
McLeod J M Scheufele D A amp Moy P (1999) Community
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communication and participation The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation Political Communication 16(3) 315-336
McLeod M S J M (2001) Values communication behavior and political participation Political Communication 18(3) 273-300
McManus J H (1994) Market-driven journalism Let the citizen beware Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO ltFEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002egt SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
148 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Communication Quarterly 81(1) 36-52 De Vreese C H (2005) News framing Theory and typology Information
Design Journal amp Document Design 13(1) 51-62 Eliasoph N (1998) Avoiding politics How Americans produce apathy in
everyday life New York Cambridge University Press Entman R M (1993) Framing Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm Journal of Communication 43(4) 51-58 Entman R amp Rojecki A (1993) Freezing out the public Elite and media
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Eveland W P (2001) The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection off-year election and presidential election contexts Communication Research 28(5) 571-601
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Eveland W P (2004) The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens The roles of information motivation and elaboration Political Communication 21(2) 177-193
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Eveland W P amp Hively M H (2009) Political discussion frequency network size and ldquoheterogeneityrdquo of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation Journal of Communication 59(2) 205-224
Eveland W P Hutchens M J amp Shen F (2009) Exposure attention or ldquouserdquo of news Assessing aspects of the reliability and validity of a central concept in political communication research Communication Methods and Measures 3(4) 223-244
Eveland W P Marton K amp Seo M (2004) Moving beyond ldquojust the factsrdquo the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge Communication Research 31(1) 82-108
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
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Fishbein M amp Ajzen I (1975) Belief attitude intention and behavior Reading MA Addison-Wesley
Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 149
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Fishman M (1978) Crime waves as ideology Social Problems 25(5) 531-543
Fishman M (1988) Manufacturing the news Austin TX University of Texas Press
Gamson W A (1988) A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion Symbolic Interaction 11 161-174
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amp unmaking of the new left Berkeley CA University of California Press
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Graber D A (2001) Processing politics Learning from television in the Internet age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press
Greenberg B S (1965) Diffusion of news about the Kennedy assassination In B S Greenberg amp E B Parker (Eds) The Kennedy assassination and the American public Social communication in crisis (pp 89-98) Stanford CA Stanford University Press
Hallin D C (1994) We keep America on top of the world New York Routledge
Hardy B W amp Scheufele D A (2005) Examining differential gains from Internet use Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions Journal of Communication 55(1) 71-84
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
Ho S S (2012) The knowledge gap hypothesis in Singapore The roles of socioeconomic status mass media and interpersonal discussion on public knowledge of the H1N1 flu pandemic Mass Communication and Society 15(5) 695-717
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Holbrook T M (2002) Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap Political Communication 19(4) 437-454
Huang K (1995) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the Hill-Thomas controversy Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison WI
Huang K (199605) A comparison between media frames and audience frames The case of the HillndashThomas controversy Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association Chicago
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
150 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 1200 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 2400 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU ltFEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e002c00200076006f006e002000640065006e0065006e002000530069006500200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000500072006500700072006500730073002d0044007200750063006b0065002000650072007a0065007500670065006e0020006d00f60063006800740065006e002e002000450072007300740065006c006c007400650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e0064002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0064006500720020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002egt ESP 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 ETI ltFEFF004b00610073007500740061006700650020006e0065006900640020007300e4007400740065006900640020006b00760061006c006900740065006500740073006500200074007200fc006b006900650065006c007300650020007000720069006e00740069006d0069007300650020006a0061006f006b007300200073006f00620069006c0069006b0065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069006400650020006c006f006f006d006900730065006b0073002e00200020004c006f006f0064007500640020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065002000730061006100740065002000610076006100640061002000700072006f006700720061006d006d006900640065006700610020004100630072006f0062006100740020006e0069006e0067002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006a00610020007500750065006d006100740065002000760065007200730069006f006f006e00690064006500670061002e000d000agt FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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152 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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資訊處理策略與政治討論對賽局性知識與實質性知識的影響 153
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK 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154 中華傳播學刊第三十六期201912
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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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HEB 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HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te 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Chinese Journal of Communication Research No 36 201912 117-155
Effect of Information-Processing Strategies and Political Discussion
on Game and Substance Knowledge
Zong-Ya Li Ven-Hwei Lo Hung-Yi Lu amp Ran Wei
Abstract
This study examines the effects of information-processing strategies and political discussion on the acquisition of knowledge regarding the student-led Sunflower Movement in Taiwan On the basis of framing theory two distinctive types of knowledge are measured game and substance knowledge Frame analysis of 1365 news stories in Taiwanrsquos four leading newspapers indicates that game frames were used more than substance frames in news about the student movement A survey of 1137 college students regarding their awareness and knowledge of the movement reveals that attention to student movement news was the strongest predictor of game knowledge whereas elaboration of such news was significantly associated with substance knowledge In addition the results of the survey indicate that social media discussion was a stronger predictor of the level of game knowledge than interpersonal discussion but interpersonal discussion had a greater effect on the acquisition of substance knowledge
Keywords public affairs knowledge Sunflower Movement political discussion news attention news elaboration
Zong-Ya Li is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Journalism and Information Communication School
Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Ven-Hwei Lo is Guest Professor at the School of Communication Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Hung-Yi Lu is Professor at the Department of Communication National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan Ran Wei is Professor at the School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002egt JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300730061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200064006500200066006f0072006d00610020006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020006d00610069007300200061006400650071007500610064006f00730020007000610072006100200070007200e9002d0069006d0070007200650073007300f50065007300200064006500200061006c007400610020007100750061006c00690064006100640065002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006900610064006f007300200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002000650020006f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650020007600650072007300f50065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice
