超高電容器應用、市場與材料 · 8.4 11.7 15.1 大型超高電容器 (電容量>500f)...

Copyright 2012 ITRI 工業技術研究院

超高電容器應用、市場與材料

蔡麗端

工研院材化所

2012.04.26


Where are we ?

EDLC

HighLow Energy Density

Capacitor replacement

Battery complement

Battery replacement

BatteriesLow

Pow

er D

ensi

tyH

igh

Li-ion

EDLC + Battery Hybrid System

IdealTarget

Capacitors

AdvancedAdvancedBatteriesBatteries

AdvancedAdvancedCapacitorsCapacitors

Asymmetric Electrodes Hybrid Device


Energy vs. PowerSupercapacitors bridge between batteries and conventional capacitors

Supercapacitors are able to attain greater energy densities while still maintaining the high power density of conventional capacitors.

Supercapacitors are a potentially versatile solution to a variety of emerging energy applications based on their ability to achieve a wide range of energy and power density.

Energy – the capacity to do workPower – how fast the energy is delivered

*Halper, M.S., & Ellenbogen, J.C., MITRE Nanosystems Group, March 2006Regone plot of energy storage systems*


何謂Supercapacitor?

An electrical energy storage which stores energy through the electrostatic or charge transfer processes at the interface between electrode and solution.

The capacitance is very large compared to conventional electrolytic capacitors.( on the order of several farads per gram)

同義字

Electrochemical capacitorUltracapacitorCapattery


電雙層電容器

鋁電解電容器薄膜電容器

陶瓷電容器

鉭電解電容器

1μF1nF 1mF 1F 1000F

EDLC電容量範圍從0.01F~數百F遠較傳統電容器高故謂 “超高電容器”!!

參考資料: Panasonic

各種電容器之容量比較


傳統電容器電雙層電容器

超電容與傳統電容器之比較

C =εA/d

d: thickness of dielectric d: thickness of electric double layer(


Evolution of electrochemical capacitor modeling theory


Charged

ChargedE

EDLCs store charge electrostatically at electrode/electrolyte interface as charge separation.

Cdl: 10-50 uF/cm2*

There is no charge transfer between electrode and electrolyte.

*Conway, B. E., Birss, V. & Wojtowicz, J. Journal of Power Sources 66, 1-14 (1997)

+++++

-----

++

--

+++++

-----

++

--

Electrolyte

+ -

Electrode

超電容儲能機制


Characteristic 電解電容器碳超高電容器電池

能量密度(Wh/kg)

>10000 500-10000 500000 ~1000

Vmax決定因子介電層厚度與強度

電極與電解液安定電位

相變化之

熱力學穩定性

電容量決定因子電極面積與

介電層

電極微結構與電解液

活性物質與

熱力學穩定性

儲能元件之特性比較


Laptop

UPS

Golfcar

Solar cell

Cell-phone

PCMCIA

Wind Turbine

EV

Robot

Inverter

Photo flashTrain

超高電容器應用


Power density (kW/kg)

Ene

rgy

dens

ity (W

h/kg

)

瞬間可放出的電力較高

可儲存的電量較多

Li-ion capacitor

Nano hybrid capacitor

既有活性碳EDLC

Pb-acid battery

Ni-M

H battery

Li-ion battery

HEV能量再生用途

事務機器車用電子用途建設機械、鐵道用途

Ref: 譯自K. Naoi、K. Tamamitsu簡報 (2009)

Where are we ?


投影機冷卻風扇

玩具

USB bus power 輔助

降低電池loading

影印機PPS定著滾筒加熱

建設重機械

鐵道車

電梯

Memory backup

緊急時actuator驅動

UPS LED驅動

緊急時回路驅動

風力發電變動量吸收

長壽命低阻抗

線性充放電曲線

(慢充、快放)

(快充、慢放)

(快充、快放)

(免維護、信賴性)

(省去需時間控制的麻煩)

Ref: 譯自Elna產品介紹 (2008)

超高電容器的應用


作為peak current之輔助輸出降低電源端所需負擔之輸出

作為抑制電源端變動用使輸出電力平滑化

Ref: Elna產品介紹 (2008)

輸出電力平滑化


作為能量之回收用，減少輸出電力之無效損失

Ref: Elna產品介紹 (2008)

Energy Regeneration Application


資料來源: Enerland Co., Ltd (2006)

Nissan IES

Honda GM

Ford Subaru

Saab Toyota

Supercapacitor之應用例-HEV


Supercapacitor

Supercapacitor(桿內)

Solar cell

日間 Solar cell

Supercapacitor之應用例-夜間照明


資料來源: Meidensha Co. “Advanced Capacitors World Summit 2006”

Supercapacitor之應用例-Electric Railway


•For a typical installation, each SITRAS SES system can achieve savings of 320 MWh per year.

•Based on an approximate energy cost of $100 per MWh, this means cost savings of $32,000 per station.

• On a network with 400 stations, this would work out as 128,000 MWh saved per year, or a cost saving of $12.8 million annually.

SITRAS SES

SITRAS SES was developed by the engineers of Siemens Transportation Systems


超高電容器公車

‧雖然超高電容器單位能量之成本最貴，但其具快速充放電特性，因而其使用之總能量較低(約為電池之1/30)，總價格為鋰電池之1/4.5.

‧超高電容器公車可取代無軌電車系統，節電60%。

‧在交通壅塞時段時，有不易靠站充電之危機。(需求公車專用道)


中央大學\Super-Capacitor in china 2V-20110330.pdf


普及時期容量

2008年 2012年 2015年中型大型

車用混成車用主電源 △ △ △ O

燃料電池車補助電源 X X X O

電動車用主電源,輔助電源 X X △ O

煞車備用電源 O O O O

怠速熄火機構用電源 △ △ O O X

動力系統用電源 X X △ O

產業影印機用電源 O O O O

電梯能源再生用電源 X X X O

工作機械機器人用馬達電源 △ △ △ O

動力挖土機 O O O O

電力瞬間壓降補償裝置 △ △ O O

太陽光, 風力發電 △ △ △ O O

應用領域用途別

X: 未導入△: 試驗導入階段O: 普及

Ref: 總合技研, 2009.

超高電容器應用領域普及預測

Copyright 2012 ITRI 工業技術研究院 Source:SPS

超高電容器性能分類


普及時期容量

2008年 2012年 2015年中型大型

車用混成車用主電源 △ △ △ O

燃料電池車補助電源 X X X O

電動車用主電源,輔助電源 X X △ O

煞車備用電源 O O O O

怠速熄火機構用電源 △ △ O O X

動力系統用電源 X X △ O

產業影印機用電源 O O O O

電梯能源再生用電源 X X X O

工作機械機器人用馬達電源 △ △ △ O

動力挖土機 O O O O

電力瞬間壓降補償裝置 △ △ O O

太陽光, 風力發電 △ △ △ O O

應用領域用途別

X: 未導入△: 試驗導入階段O: 普及

Ref: 總合技研, 2009.

超高電容器應用領域普及預測


超高電容器市場發展

2006年在美國的消費市場， Supercapacitors達到$500 million USD的產值，預估2012年產值會持續增加到$2.0 billion USD 。(Source: J. Chmiola, R. K. Dash, G. Yushin, and Y. Gogotsi, Drexel University,2006)


Size of China's Super Capacitors Market, 2005-2008

• The current annual demand for super capacitors is 21.5 million pieces in China, about 120 million Wh. In 2008, the size of China's super capacitor market reached RMB1.33bn, up by 55% year-on-year. Within the market, coin-size super capacitors account for RMB210m, while wound and largesuper capacitors RMB1.12bn.

• The value of the global super capacitors industry reached $6.75bn in 2008, up by 50% year-on-year. Of the value, coin-size super capacitors account for $1.53bn, while wound and large super capacitors $5.22bn.


超高電容器全球之市場規模自2001年至今不斷成長，在2008年總數量為6.23億個，預計2015年總數量可達13.73億個，2020年總數量可達20.81億個，市場持續在成長。

來源：來源：HiedgeHiedge Institute,2008Institute,2008

2001~2009市場 2008~2020市場

超高電容器市場發展


以銷售額計共約422億日圓(NT147.7億元) 以銷售數量計共約6億2255萬個

至2008年為止，所銷售之元件主要仍以1F以內之小容量產品為主來源：來源： HiedgeHiedge InstituteInstitute


小型超高電容器EDLC

(電容量500F)

鋰離子電容器LIC(電容量>1000F)

(High energy、high power)

手機電動車消費性電子建設

搬運機械不斷電系統

風力太陽能

電力

電容量特性需求用途 2008年 2015年 2020年

備用高功率

高功率

高功率高能量

手機 44.5 75.3 83.3消費性電子

車用

建設/搬運機械

能量元件(風力、太陽能、電力)

軍用

其他

總計

41.3 56.7 74.28.4 80.5 89.38.4 11.7 15.1

大型超高電容器(電容量>500F)鋰離子電容器

(電容量>1000F)

24.2 34.0 43.8

11.6 11.6 11.69.5 13.3 17.0

147.7 283.0 334.1

中大型超高電容器(電容量1~500F)

小型超高電容器(電容量


•Daily profiles of wind power projected by 7 output in April 2005 for the year 2011 in Tehachapi, California (Courtesy of ISO California)•The World Energy Council estimates that new wind capacity worldwide will total up to 474 GW by 2020.

•5 MW PV power over a span of 6 days in Spain (Courtesy of AES)

•The output from photovoltaic (PV) module installations is currently growing at 40% per year worldwide. The United States targets100 GW solar power by 2020.

再生能源之需求


再生能源儲存及穩定供電

儲能系統突破再生能源建置困境

電網提高可靠度及自由度

電網電力儲存及調節

電網電力品質提高– 電網穩定性

– 緊急用電、備用電力及獨立區域供電

再生能源儲存及穩定供電– 調節再生能源波動，減少衝擊

電網電力儲存及調節– 電力管理

– 調節尖峰與離峰電力

– 平衡日夜用電，節省契約用電容量


Power and discharge duration (or energy) requirements for varied applications

•Regulate frequency:-Storage capacity may not need to be long-lasting ( minutes can be sufficient)-a long cycle life (multiple daily discharge)-High discharge rates or high current densities are important•Energy management (load shifting):-the capacity up to MWh or GWh (discharge durations up to a few hours or more at designated power)-high round-trip energy efficiency and a long deep-cycle life, along with low operation and maintenance costs, are principal drivers


Energy Storage Options

With permission from EPRI, Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A Primer on Applications, Costs & Benefits, December 2010


Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor


超高電容器分類

超高電容器分類

Supercapacitor

Metal Oxides

Conducting Polymers

Carbon Aerogels

ActivatedCarbons

CarbonNanotubes

PseudocapacitorsElectric DoubleLayer Capacitors

AsymmetricHybrids

HybridSupercapacitors

CompositeHybrids

Battery-typeHybrids

EDLC

本部門已具備之技術


碳材之分類

石墨

天然石墨與人工石墨

石墨化碳

碳纖維

介穩相球狀碳(MCMB)

非石墨

可石墨化碳(軟碳) –焦碳

碳黑

不可石墨化碳(硬碳)

活性碳

Polyacene semiconductor (PAS)

Phenolic resin

Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP)

Polyamide resin


This diagram comprehensively models the structural changes which occur duringthe heat treatment of a graphitizable carbon, HIT 1100-3300 K

mesophase

Graphene

Graphite

碳材結構模型


製造活性碳所使用之原料

Raw MaterialsCoal or PitchWoodCoconutPalm

PetroleumPhenol ResinRayonWaste

Coal or Pitch

Wood

Coconut

Petroleum

Rayon

Palm kernel

Phenol resin

WasteRice husk Coffee husk Waste tireWaste

plastic bottleWaste paper

超高電容器應用、市場與材料Energy vs. Power超高電容器應用超高電容器市場發展儲能系統突破再生能源建置困境Energy Storage OptionsCarbon Materials for Supercapacitor�超高電容器分類碳材之分類製造活性碳所使用之原料

超高電容器應用、市場與材料 · 8.4 11.7 15.1 大型超高電容器 (電容量>500f)...

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