I.
III. PS(V) 1.21-24
PS(V)) 1 21-24 (Dignga [], ca.480-540)
(Vaieika, ) .
‘
’(tarka pugava) . PS(V) 1
,
. (2005)
PS(V) 1 .
PS(V) 1.1 - 1.12 :
PS(V) 1.13-1.16 :
PS(V) 1.17-1.20 :
(Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies)
62 (2020.3) pp. 83∼106 10.21482/jbs.62..20203.83
() 1.21-24
PS(V) 1.21-1.24 :
PS(V) 1.25-1.33 :
PS(V) 1.34-1.44 :
PS(V) 1 44 , PS(V) 1.21-24
(Vaieika)[] , ( VS)
VS 3.1.15 VS (stra)
(kutrkika) (abhimna)
.
VS ,
PS(V) .

(pratyaka), (samavya)
()(Pramasamuccaya(vtti), PS(V)) 1
() (Vaieika)
.
, ‘ ’(tarka pugava) .
(stra) PS(V)
. PS(V) 61) , 1 44
.2)
1) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 -, 5. , 6. ().
2) . Steinkellner, E. Dignga’s Pramasamuccaya, Chapter 1: A hypothetical reconstruction of the
Sanskrit text with the help of the two Tibetan translations on the basis of the hitherto known Sanskrit
() 1.21-24 85
PS(V) 1.1 - 1.12 :
PS(V) 1.13-1.16 : (, Vdavidhi)
PS(V) 1.17-1.20 : (Nyya)
PS(V) 1.21-1.24 : (Vaieika)
PS(V) 1.25-1.33 : (Skya)
PS(V) 1.34-1.44 : (Mmsaka)
PS(V) 1 13 ,
(),3)
PS(V) 1.21-24
(Kada, ca.50-150) (Vaieikastra,
VS) VS 3.1.13 VS (stra)
.
()
PS(V) Dignga, On Perception4)
42-51 134-147 ,
5) 116-130
, (Bimal K. Matilal)
6) 7) ,
fragments and the linguistic materials gained from Jinendrabuddhi’s k. 2005. Published online
(http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf).
3) (Uddyotakra, ca.550-610),
(Praastapda, ca.550-600), (Kumrila, ca.590-650)
. .
4) Hattori, M. Dignga on Perception, being the Pratyakapariccheda of Dignga’s Pramasamucchaya
form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions,(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968).
5) , , , (:
, 1974).
6) Matilal, K. B. Logic, Language and Reality: An Introduction to Indian Philosophical Studies, (Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass, 1985); PERCEPTION: An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge,
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
7) Matilal, K. B. The Character of Logic in India. ed. by J, Ganeri & H. Tiwari, (NY: SUNY, 1998); The
86 62
9) ,
710) .
PS(V) 1 Dignga’s Pram-
asamuccaya(vtti). P.5072, Ce 93b4-109a111) 2005
(Ernst Steinkellner) 12)
VS , (1968) ()
.
‘’(, Padrtha)13)
.14) (Vaieikastra, VS) 9
Word and The World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language, (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2001); Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
Epistemology, Logicand Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis. ed. by J. Ganeri, (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2005).
8) Halbfass, W. Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though, (NY: SUNY, 1991); On Being
and What There Is: Classical Vaieika and the History of Indian Ontology, (NY: SUNY, 1992).
9) Isaacson, H. Materials for the Study of the Vaieika system. (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995).
10) , (ivditya) 7(Saptapadrth), 4(: , 1994).
11) Hattori(1968), pp.174-237 .
12) 2 .
13) ‘padrtha’ ‘padasya arth’( ), (abhidheya),
(jñeya), (pramiti) .
(prama) .
14) “(dravy-a)
(gua)(karma)(smnya)(viea)(samavya)”
(abhva) 7 . 7 (rhara,
ca.1150), (Udayana, ca.1020-1050)
(ivditya). “(uddea) (lakaa) (park)” 3
. . , , pp.25-26.
() 1.21-24 87
(pthiv)(ap)(tejas)(vyu)(ka)(kla)(di
)(tman)(manas) .15)
,
.16) VS 3.1.1-16 (prasiddhi)
,17)
.
VS 3.1.15: “tmendriyamanorthasannikard yan nipadyate tad anyat”18)
( [] [
] []).
Pramasamuccayak ( PS)
.19) (ryaska)20) [
] , “ 21) ”(indriyrtha sannikar
15) VS 1.1.4 [Isaacson(1995), p.216:4] : “pthivy pas tejo vyur ka klo dig tm mana iti dravyi”
16) Chatterjee, S.C. and D.M. Datta, , (: , 1999),
pp.235-39 .
kryntarasya kraa krantarasya virodhy abhta bhtasya bhtam abhtasybhtam abhtasya
bhta bhtasya … asan sadigdha cnapadea” -x y (, sayogin),
y (, samavyin), y (ekrtha samavyin),
y (, virodhin) -x (liga) ,
(karman) (karaa) (kart)
. , (aprasiddha = viruddha[])(asat = asiddha[])
(sadigdha = anaikntika[]) .
18) Isaacson, op. cit., p.220:24. cf. Bronkhorst, J. “Once Again Vaieika Stra 3.1.13,”(Asiatische
Studien/Études Asiatiques 48(2), 1994). pp.668-70. VS 3.1.13
7 .
19) PS B 28b5-29a5 [Steinkellner et. al.(2005), Part I, pp.118-119]. cf. PS 53b5-7(60a8-60b3).
20) (Hattori, op. cit., p.135, fn.4.6) ,
(Gautama) Nyyastra ( NS) 1.1.4
(Vtsyyana) Nyyabhya (
NBh) 2.1.26 (viia kraa)
.
88 62
(, pradhna) (liga) []
(phalopabhokt) .
[] []
, “ ”(tmamana sannikara)
. []
24) .
.
VS 10.1.3-4 : “saayanirayntarabhva ca jñnntaratve hetutayor
nipatti pratyakalaigikbhy jñnbhy vykhyt”25)(
, [ ]
[ ] ).
, ‘’(saaya) (liga, )
(ligin, )
21) ‘’(object) “artha [ ] ⊃ viaya [
] ⊃ lambana [, dmigs pa, ]” .
22) 5 :
(sayoga), (sayukta samavya),
(sayukta
samaveta samavya), ([ka] ) ,
.
5 - 6
(NV, p.31:1). . Hattori, op. cit., p.137, fn.4.13.
23) PS (Steinkellner et. al.(2005), Part I, p.119:2) PS
(Rvaa, dbyangs can pa) .
, VS Vaieikabhya Rvaabhya .
24) VS 3.2.1 [Isaacson(1995), p.220:27] : “tmendriyrthasannikare jñnasybhvo bhva ca manaso
ligam”( [ ]
[] ).
() 1.21-24 89
() ,26)
‘’(niraya/nicaya)
. -‘’27) “ A
B ” , “ A
( B )”
. A ‘’
A . ,
‘
’(viaylocanamtra)28) .
.
(anubhava)
?
VS 10.1.3-4
VS 3.1.15 .
“ ”
, “ ”
, “ ”
(atidea) . ,
(saaya) “ ” []
, (samavya)
26) VS 2.2.19 [Isaacson(1995), p.219:19] : “smnyapratyakd viepratyakd vieasmte ca saaya”
27) cf. PSV 5.50c1: “yo ’ya sambandha sa eva tarhi abdasya <prameyam> bhaviyati”([] ‘
’(aya) <> ).
28) “locanamtra” (PBh, p.552:30, 553:21).
. . Hattori,
op. cit., p.136, fn.4.10. cf. 2(29, p.1020-23), “
”(
[] , .
.
, [] ).
90 62
“ ”
.29)
III. PS(V) 1.21-24
VS 8.1.4-830)
, “ ”(sm
nyaviepeka dravyaguakarmpeka ca pratyaka)31) ,
(na yujyate) PSV 1.21ab
. (indriyrthasannikarotapannasya),32)
PS 1.21ab: “viaylocanrthatvn na sandhna vieaai”([] []
[ ]
).33)
(VSV 7.2). Matilal(1986), pp.253-291 .
(avayavvayavinau, [*] ),
(guaguinau, ),
(kriykriyvantau, ),
[*](jti vyakt, ),
(vieanityadravyau, ).
30) VS 8.1.4-8 [Isaacson(1995), p.227:4-10].
31) PSV 1.21ab [Steinkellner(2005), p.10:13].
32) PSV 1.21ab [Steinkellner(2005), p.10:14].
33) , ‘
’(svarplocanamtra) ,
“ ”, “ ”, “
”, “”, “ ” (PBh,
p.553:2-5). ‘ ’
(PBh, p.553:2-23).
(nirvikalpaka pratyaka) (savikalpaka pratyaka)
.
. . Hattori, op. cit., p.138, fn.4.16. cf. PS 1.5: “dharmio ’nekarpasya na
indriyt sarvath gatisvasavedyam hy anirdeya rpam indriyagocara”(
() 1.21-24 91
‘ ’(viaylocanamtra)
, “
” .

. ‘ ’[]

(). ~
~ .
/
(matublopa) ‘’, ‘ ’ .34)
() .35)
, ‘
(surabhi) (madhura)’
,
).
34) -x -x -x
. , , (viin), (ukla),
(gacchati ) -x , -x
, -x [], [], [], [], []
. -x (tadvat)/(adhikaraa/raya) (matup; -mat,
-vat) (Pn 5.2.94: “tad asysty asminn iti matup”). sattvat,
dravyatvavat, viavat, uklavat, gamanavat , sat sattvat . -x
-x . -x
, -x .
sattvat dravyatvavat sat dravya “tattvavat tad eva”(
; [] []) . ukla
uklavat (Pn 5.2.94. Vr 3: “guavacanebhyo matupo luk”).
/ via() gamana()
viavat gamanavat . -x
. . Hattori, op. cit., pp.138-139,
fn.4.17.
35)
.
(NVT, p.125:3-12).
. .
Hattori, op. cit., p.139, fn.4.18.
92 62
. [] [ ]

()
. PS 1.21
.
PS 1.21cd: ““naika rpdyabhedo v da cen nendriyea tat”(
[ ] , []
, []
[ ] ).36)
,
,

.37) ,
,
(abhinna) .
(, abhinna-jñnam) ,
( )
() .
PS 1.22 .
36) . V 4.156: “na cnekendriyagrhyam
bhinnat pratipadyatem bhd bhinnaarrasya grhyatvd bhinnarpat”
37) ‘() ’(Vypakaviruddhopalabdhi = NB 2.39)
(PS B 31b6 [Steinkellner et. al.(2005), Part I, p.125:1-2]): “
(yad anekendriyagrhya na tad naikam).
(rpdivat). [ ](tath ca dravyam).
[ ](iti)” ‘ ’ Stcherbatsky, Buddhist
Logic , pp.96-97 .
PS 1.22ab: “aknekatvavaiyarthyt svrthe bhinne ’pi aktimat”(
[ ]
).
,
(akti) ,
(aknekatva) (vaiyarthya) .
“ ,
,
” .

(“svrthe bhinne ’pi aktimat”)
.
PS 1.22cd: “srvendriyatva pnoti na dravydau tath sati”(
() ).
(sakhy)
(rpa)
, ,
.38) ,
, (spara)

.39)
,
38) VS 4.1.6-11 [Isaacson(1995), p.221:22-28].
39) 37 . * “ . .
. .”
94 62

.
(bhinnatva) -//
(anekendriya grhyatva)40) ,
(kraa)
.
? ,
,

.41)

() []
() (tadabhvt)
(vybhicra) .42) ,
()
.43) “
?” , “
,
40) . . Hattori, op. cit., p.141, fn.4.35.
: (anekendriya grhya).
: (bhinna).
: (anekendriya grhya).
, .
41) PS(V) 1.21-22 [Steinkellner(2005), p.11:5-20].
42) VS 4.1.8 [Isaacson(1995), p.221:24] : “tadabhvd avyabhicra”
43) VS 4.1.6: [] ‘’(, magnitude)
. VS 4.1.7:
.
(paramu rpa)
, (akaramira)
(gurutva)
. . Hattori, op. cit., pp.141-142, fn.4.37.
() 1.21-24 95
” .44) ,
(vtti) .
, () () (
)
.45)

. ,
(spara) , ()
.46)
, ,
,
.47)
PS 1.23
.
[ ] ).
44) PS(V) 1.21-22 [Steinkellner(2005), p.11:21-24].
45) PS(V) 1.21-22 [Steinkellner(2005), p.11:26-27].
46) , -x y (y-tva)[y] (tadabhvt)
-x y , -x y
-x x (x-tva)[x] . .
-x x -x y (y-tva)
. ‘tadabhvt’(-x y ) ‘tadbhvt’(-x
x ) (stravirodha) .. Hattori, op.
cit., pp.141-142, fn.4.42.
47) PS(V) 1.22-23 [Steinkellner(2005), p.12:1-3]: “eva tarhi yasya rpatvam, tac caku grhyam. tasmt
spardv api tadvan niymakatvena viea. eva ca rpatvdyabhvd dravydiu niyambhva syd
iti cet,”
96 62
VS 4.1.8 “[ ]
”(“tadabhvt”) “
”(“abhvd avyabhicra”) .
,
.

. ()
(“abhvatvd agrahasya”).

() .
?
, .

.48) . “
,
?”49)
PS 1.23b ,
(“anyagocaram”).
(bhinna) .
(samudya)
‘ [] ’(smaraa jñna)
.
,
.
48) PSV 1.23 [Steinkellner(2005), p.12:10-12]: “indriynataregrahaa hi grahabhva. sa katha
rpatvdin kriyate. syt tu hetvabhvd grahabhva. tasmd rpatvdn niymakatva na
yujyate.”
() 1.21-24 97

(satt; ) (guatva) .

‘ ’(arthntara vyavaccheda)50)
()
() .
.

(kutrkika) (abhimna)
.51)
(vieaa) (vieya)] ,
).
,

. ,
VS 1.1.752)
, 53)
50) PS 5.1cd: “svrtham anypohena bhate”( [] );
PS 2.14: “guatvagandhasaurabhyatadvieair anukramtadravydivyavaccheda ekavddhyotpaldivat
”( , ,
).
52) VS 1.1.7 [Isaacson(1995), p.161:2-3]: “sadanitya dravyavatkrya kraa smnyavieavaditi
dravyaguakarmmaviea”
53) VS 1.1.14 [Isaacson(1995), p.164:1]: “kriyvadguavatsamavyikraamiti dravyalakaam”
. –vat(~) x-vat x
. (putravat) ,
(pitvat) .
98 62
. , ,
,
.
.
,
,54)
.
VS 1.2.18 , (=) (abhinna).55)

. ,
,
, .
. , “ ”
, ,
.
.

. “
”
PS 1.24 .
, (dravyavat) .
.
54) VS 1.2.8-9 [Isaacson(1995), p.169:12,15]: “dravyaguakarmabhyo ’rthntara sattekadravyavatttvn
na dravyam” ,
(adravya dravya) (anekadravya dravya) .
.
55) VS 1.2.18 [Isaacson(1995), p.171:9]: “salligviedviealigbhvccaiko bhva”; cf. VS 1.2.10
[Isaacson(1995), p.170:3]: “guakarmasu ca bhvn na karma na gua”
() 1.21-24 99
PS 1.24ab: “aneknto ’nyathokta tan na sarva sdhyam ucyate”(
[ ] , [
] ).
[] , ,

(ekendriyagrhya) ,56) ,
, (gra-
haabheda) . -x y
, -x y (kraa) .

.
, ()
. .


.57)
“ ”
,
(“na sarva sdhyam ucyate”). ,
(indriyabhedt)
56) . . Hattori, op. cit., p.145, fn.4.61.
* : (vieaa) (vieya) .
* : .
* : . ,
.
anuktatvd anaiknikatvc crthpatte”
100 62
.
.58)
PS 1.24cd: “akbhede ’pi dhbhedd bhede ’bheda kuto ’nyath”(
[
] [] , [
] [] ?)
[ ]
() ()
.
(bhinnendriya grhya)
.
‘() ’(buddhi bheda)
()
.
,
“ 59) ”
[] “ ”(indriyrtha sannikara)
PS(V) 1.17-2060)
,
58) NS 5.1.28: “asya [=upalabdhi samasya(-)] uttaramkrantard api taddharmpatter apratiedha”
59) ‘ ’(catuaydi) (=)
, (=) ,
. .
Hattori, op. cit., p.146, fn.4.67.
60) PS 1.17-20 [Steinkellner(2005), pp.7-9]: “indriyrthave nsti vyapadeydisambhavasntaragrahaa
na syt prptau jñne ’dhikasya ca17adhihnd bahir nka na aktir viayekaena sukhdhi
prameya v mano vstv indriyntaram18aniedhd uptta ced anyendriyaruta vthnicite
’rthe phalbhvo bhinnatvn na vieae19na tatra ca dvaya tac cen na vieye ’pi vartateajñndi
na sarvatra nivttir nsat phalam20”
() 1.21-24 101
.
IV.

. , ‘’
. “”(absolute spirit) ()
,
.
(lokavyavahra) (lokaprasiddhi) .
. “ ”(indriyrtha sannikara)
(prama) ,
“ ?”

,
“ ”

.
,
[]
. PS(V)
1.17c-18b (naiyika pratyaka parkym)
( “
”)
(vaieik pratyakam) .
102 62
1.
NB Nyyabindu of Dharmakrti. ed. together with NB and Dhp by D. Malvania.
Patna, 1955.
NBh Nyyabhya of Vtsyyana. ed. by G. Jha. Poona Oriental Series 58. Poona,
1939.
NS Nyyastra of Gautama. ed. by P. Shstr and H. Shukla. Kashi Sanskrit Series
43. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1970 (1st edition 1942).
NV Nyyavrttika of Uddyotakara. Kashi Sanskrit Series. Benares, 1916./ ed. by
Anantalal Thakur. Nyyabhyavrttika of Bhradvja Uddyotakara . Delhi:
Indian Council of Philosophical Research (Nyyacaturgranthik 2), 1997.
NVT Nyyavrttikattparyak of Vcaspatimira. Kashi Sanskrit Series 24.
Benares, 1925. Nyyakaik of Vcaspatimira. as published with Vidhiviveka
of Mandanamira in the Pandit, new series vols. 25-28. Benares, 1904-1906./ ed.
by Anantalal Thakur. Nyyavrttikattparyak of Vcaspatimira. Delhi:
Indian Council of Philosophical Re-search, 1996.
P Adhyy of Pini, published in Otto Böhtlingk, Pâini’s Grammatik,
herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert und mit verschiedenen Indices versehen … 2
vols. Leipzig: Haessel, 1887.
together with Skti, Setu, and Vyomavat, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series.
Benares, 1930.
PS(V) 1 Dignga’s Pramasamuccaya(vtti), Chapter 1. P.5072, Ce 93b4-109a1(
. Hattori 1968: 174-237). Ernst
Steinkellner 2005. Published online(http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf).
Pind 2015: .1*-63*.
() 1.21-24 103
PS Vilmalavat Pramasamuccayak of Jinendrabuddhi. D.4268; P.5766
PS B Jinendrabuddhi’s Vilmalavat Pramasamuccayak, chapter 1. Part:
Critical edition; Part: Diplomatic edition with a manuscript description ed.
by Anne MacDonald. Ernst Steinkellner et al. Beijing and Vienna: China
Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2005.
VS(V) Vaieikastra of Kada. ed. together with Candrnanda’s Vtti. ed. by
Harunaga Isaacson, In Materials for the Study of the Vaieika system. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995.
(29)
() , , , : , 1995.
B. K. , , , : , 1993.
S.C. Chatterjee and D.M. Datta, , , : , 1999.
, , : , 1974.
Bimal K. Matilal, Logic, Language and Reality: An Introduction to Indian Philosophical
Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1985.
______. PERCEPTION: An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1986.
______. The Character of Logic in India. ed. by Jonardon Ganeri and Heeraman Tiwari.
New York: SUNY Press, 1998.
______. The Word and The World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
______. Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2002.
______. Epistemology, Logic and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis. ed. by J.
Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Ernst Steinkellner, Early Indian Epistemology and Logic : Fragments from Jinendrabuddhi’s
104 62
Pramasamuccayak 1 and 2. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies
(Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series 35), 2017.
Harunaga Isaacson, Materials for the Study of the Vaieika system. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Leiden, 1995.
Masaaki Hattori, Dignga on Perception, being the Pratyakapariccheda of Dignga’s
Pramasamucchaya form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press (Harvard Oriental Series 47), 1968.
Wihelm Halbfass, Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though. New York:
State University of New York Press, 1991.
______. On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaieika and the History of Indian
Ontology. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.
<>
, 1994. pp.25-65.
Brendan S. Gillon, “Pini’s Adhyy and Linguistic Theory,” Journal of Indian
Philosophy 35, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 2007. pp.445-468.
George Cardona, “Some Principles of Pini’s Grammar,” Journal of Indian Philosophy
1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 1970. pp.40-74.
Johannes Bronkhorst, “Once Again Vaieika Stra 3.1.13,” Asiatische Studien / Études
Asiatiques 48(2), 1994. pp.665-681.
() 1.21-24 105
This article aims to elucidate and examine Dignga (, ca.480-540)’s criticism
on the theory of perception (pratyaka) of Vaieika school, which was presented in
his Pramasamuccaya(vtti) [hence PS(V)] 1.21-24, to some extent, referring to
his later controversial debates in the commentaries to it. As we know, Dignga
defeated various heretics in fiery debates, and therefore was called a ‘bull in debate’
(tarkapugava) at his time. According to his later work, Dignga proved his view of
perception decisively to refute other contemporary Indian schools’ views in his
PS(V) Chapter 1 one by one. The Sanskrit critical edition of the PS(V) Chapter 1
which has been newly reconstructed by Ernst Steinkellner (2005), would be divided
as follows:
PS(V) 1.1 - 1.12 : Exposition of the Theory of Perception of Dignga,
PS(V) 1.13-1.16 : Criticism on the Definition of Perception of Vdavidhi,
PS(V) 1.17-1.20 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Nyya,
PS(V) 1.21-1.24 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Vaieika,
PS(V) 1.25-1.33 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Skya,
PS(V) 1.34-1.44 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Mmsaka.
In PS(V) 1.21-24, Dignga pointed out the contradiction of Vaieika school’s
Abstract
Vaieika in Pramasamuccaya(vtti) 1.21-24
Dept. of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University
106 62
view of perception in their Vaieikastra (hence VS), especially between VS
3.1.15 and VS 10.1.3-4, namely ‘contacts of four factors [=tma, indriya, manas,
and artha]’ (catuaya sannikara) and ‘a mere manifestation of perceptual object’
(viaylocanamtra). Furthermore, he vehemently criticized Vaieika as bad
philosophers (kutrkika) having a fatuous notion (abhimna). Accordingly, in this
article, I will make a prior examination on the content of Vaieika’s perception in
VS, and then observe closely his criticism against Vaieika’s perception theory,
based on the Sanskrit Reconstruction of PS(V) Chapter 1.
Keywords
samavya