黃敏銓homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~mchuang/muscle(c)-huang.pdfsliding filament mechanism of muscle...
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
黃敏銓
基醫大樓6樓 0646室[email protected]
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MUSCLE TISSUE
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue 骨骼肌Cardiac muscle tissue 心肌Smooth muscle tissue 平滑肌
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producing body movementsstabilizing body positionsstoring and moving substances within the bodyproducing heat
Functions of Muscle Tissue
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Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Electrical excitability triggered by neurotransmitter (神經傳遞物質), hormone, pH
Contractility generating force
Extensibility can be stretched
Elasticity return to the original shape4
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Fascia: superficial fascia and deep fascia
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
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Tendon: a cord of dense regular connective tissue
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Tendon
- Epimysium肌外膜: total muscle- Perimysium肌束膜: muscle fiber bundle (fascicle肌束)- Endomysium肌內膜: individual muscle fiber
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腓腸肌
Achilles tendon
Tendon (肌腱): a cord of dense regular connective tissue
Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)
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Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon
Frontalis
Galea aponeurotica
Occipitalis
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Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon
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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)─ tubes of fibrous connective tissue
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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)
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Nucleus
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Filaments and sarcomere
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Striation of skeletal muscle: A bands and I bands
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Structure of thick and thin filaments
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Neuromuscular junction:synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
muscle fiber
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Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction
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Motor unit
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Types of skeletal muscle fibersHow rapidly the ATPase in its myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP
Slow fibers:Fiber diameter : smallestMyoglobin : large amountColor : redATP generation : high capacity by aerobicRate of ATP use: slowContraction : slowLocation : postural muscles such as those of the neck
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Cardiac muscle tissue
Intercalated discs- gap junction- desmosome
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Smooth muscle tissue
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue- walls of large arteries - arrector pili muscles (豎毛肌)- iris (虹彩)- ciliary muscles (睫狀肌) 21
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SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE- striated (橫紋) muscle- voluntary (隨意) muscle
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Attachment of muscle
Origin : muscle attached to the bone that does not move proximal
Insertion : muscle attached to the move end distal
belly (肌腹) widest part of the muscle
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Lever systems and muscle actions
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Individual and group actions of musclesA. Agonist 主動肌
prime mover; is responsible for producing a movement
B. Antagonist 拮抗肌opposes the movement of a prime mover
C. Synergist 協同肌work together with a prime mover
D. Fixator固定肌: postural muscleprovides a stable base for the action of a prime mover
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Arrangement of fascicles
(多羽狀)
(雙羽狀)
(環狀)
(條帶狀)
(紡綞狀)
(單羽狀) 28
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Nomenclature
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1. DirectionRectus (直肌), Transverse (橫肌) , Oblique (斜肌)
2. Size Maximus (大肌); Minimus (小肌); Longus (長肌); Brevis (短肌)
3. Shape Deltoid , Rhomboid , Serratus
4. ActionExtensor (伸肌); Flexor (屈肌)
5. Number of origins Biceps brachii (肱二頭肌) 2 heads; Triceps brachii 3 heads
6. Location Supraspinatus (棘上肌); Infraspinatus (棘下肌)
7. Attachment sitesSternohyoid (胸骨舌骨肌)
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Orbicularis oculi vs. Levator palperbrae superioris
閉眼
張眼
提上眼瞼肌
眼輪匝肌
Orbicularis oculi
Levator palpebraesuperioris
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皺眉頭
Corrugator supercilii─眉下壓、垂直皺紋
皺眉肌
Corrugator supercilii
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Frontalis (額肌)─眉上提、水平皺紋
Frontalis(額肌)
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Orbicularis oris (口輪匝肌) ─閉口
Orbicularis oris(口輪匝肌)
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Muscles open the mouth
(降下唇肌)
(提上唇肌)
笑肌顴大肌
(頦肌)
張口
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Buccinator (頰肌)-major muscular portion of the cheek
WhistlingBlowingSucking
Buccinator (頰肌)
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咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)─ the muscles that move the mandible
• Masseter• Temporalis• Medial pterygoid• Lateral pterygoid
關閉下顎
下顎左右移動
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Masseter (嚼肌)最大力量的咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)
(顳肌)
(嚼肌)
Masseter
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Medial pterygoid翼內側肌Lateral pterygoid翼外側肌 下顎左右移動
翼內肌
翼外肌
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Platysma (頸闊肌) ─下頷骨下拉
頸闊肌Platysma (頸闊肌)
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Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball─快速收縮與精確控制
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Muscles that move the tongue
莖舌肌
頦舌肌
顎舌肌
舌骨舌肌
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Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)
頭部轉動43
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Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)
Sternocleidomastoid(胸鎖乳突肌)
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Muscles of the male anterolateral abdominal wall
腹直肌
腹橫肌腹外斜肌
腹內斜肌
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Internal oblique腹內斜肌
Cremaster muscle(提睪肌)
Cremaster muscle(提睪肌)
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Muscles for breathingMuscles for breathing
Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, Inferior vena cava
橫膈
內肋間肌
外肋間肌
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External anal sphinctor(肛門外括約肌)
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Triangles of perineum─ Urogenital triangle─ Anal triangle
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Pelvic diaphragm─ levator ani 提肛肌: pubococcygeus (恥尾肌), iliococcygeus (髂尾肌)─ coccygeus 尾骨肌─ fascia covering internal and external surfaces
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尾骨肌
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Superficial muscles of urogenital triangle─ ischiocavernosus (坐骨海綿體肌)─ bulbospongiosis (球海綿體肌)─ superficial transverse perineus(會陰淺橫肌)
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Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: anterior thoracic muscles
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(胸小肌)
(前鋸肌)(boxer’s muscle)
(鎖骨下肌)
肩胛骨下拉
肩胛骨外旋
鎖骨下壓
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Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: posterior thoracic muscles
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肩胛骨上舉、下拉、旋轉
(斜方肌)
肩胛骨上提、內收、旋轉(大菱形肌)
(提肩胛肌)
(小菱形肌)
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Axial muscles that move the humerus (Arm)
Pectoralis major (胸大肌):上臂內收、內旋Latissimus dorsi (闊背肌): 上臂後伸、內旋
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(胸大肌)
(闊背肌)
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Scapular muscles that move the humerus (Arm)
(闊背肌)Swimmer’s muscle
三角肌
喙肱肌內收
上提
棘上肌
棘下肌
小圓肌
大圓肌
Subscapularis肩胛下肌
Rotator cuff
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Subscapularis肩胛下肌
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Muscles that move the radius and ulna (forearm)
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肱二頭肌 肱三頭肌
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肱橈肌 (brachioradialis) 掌長肌 (palmaris longus)
橈側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi radialis)側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi ulnaris)
屈腕
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橈側伸腕長肌(extensor carpiradialis longus)
尺側伸腕肌(extensor carpiulnaris)
伸指肌(extensordigitorum)
伸腕
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Muscles that move the vertebral column
豎脊肌
Erector spinae:
iliocostalis (外)
longismus (中)
spinalis (內)
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Muscles that move thigh and leg
股外側肌
股中間肌股內側肌
股直肌
股四頭肌:
內收長肌(adductor longus)
內收大肌(adductor magnus)
股薄肌 (Gracilis)
伸小腿屈大腿 內收大腿
Anterior superficial view
Anterior (extensor)compartment Medial
compartment
恥骨肌 (pectineus)
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Sartorius縫匠肌─最長的肌肉
屈大腿外旋髖關節 Sartorius
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Muscles that move thigh and leg
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臀大肌
坐骨神經
股二頭肌 (biceps femoris)半腱肌 (semitendinosus)
半膜肌 (semimembranosus)
屈小腿伸大腿
Posterior superficial view
Posterior (flexor)compartment
Gluteusmaximus
伸展大腿大腿外旋
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Muscles that move the foot and toes
脛骨前肌
腓長肌
腓短肌
足掌背屈
Lateral compartment
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Tibialis anterior
足掌外翻
足掌外翻
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Muscles that move the foot and toes
Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)
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(腓腸肌) (比目魚肌)
Soleus(比目魚肌)
Achilles tendon
足掌下壓
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM