,e;j ehfupfk; - nie.lk

1

khztu;fSf;fhd tsE}y; ,e;J ehfupfk; juk; - 12

www.nie.lk [email protected]

,e;J ehfupfk;

juk; - 12

tsE}y;(2018 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ)

rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kfufk.

i

( RESOURCE BOOK -HINDU CIVILIZATION GRADE-12 )

(tsE}y; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; Njit fUjpNa ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

gjptpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,J KOikahf G+uzkhf;fg;glhj E}y; vd;gij

ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sTk;)

(Draft Copy)

2



,e;J ehfupfk;juk; - 12

tsE}y;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2018

ISBN :


nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

k`ufk.

gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

k`ufk.

3



gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;

gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;

ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l

Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;

nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;

,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ.

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf>

fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;gjidf;

Fiwg;gjw ;fhfTk;> ghlj;jpd ; Nehf ;fq;fis kl;Lg ;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;

fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL

fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L Gjpa tsE}y;fs; E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tsE}y;fs;>

Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.

,e;j tsE}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj;

Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk;

Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf; fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa

Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa tsE}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL

cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

4



,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa tsE}y;fs;> Gjpa

ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf; fy;tpapypUe;J

t pLt pj ;J > nraw ; ghLfSld ; $ba khztu ; ikaf ;fy ;t pa pid

eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;

fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

mYty;fs; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> tsE}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufk.

5



gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;

Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>

tsE}y;fs; trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw;

Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika

kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t; tsE}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ

tsE}y;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupit. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis

miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy;

Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp

nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij

caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J

nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tsE}y;fs; Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd tsE}y;

vd;gij mwpe;J ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;ngWk;

milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd

gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t; tsE}y; mika Ntz;Lnkdg;

gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

tz fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkdujd Njuu;

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

6



tsE}iyg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtf ,e;J rkaj; Jiwapd; Clhf juk; - 12 ,e;J ehfupf

Gjpaghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Kiwhaf tsE}y; xd;iwg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpf;F

mwpKfk; nra;J itg;gjpy; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwhk;.

ghlrhiyfspy; rka ghlk; fiyj;Jiwg; ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> tho;f;ifapy;

Neubahfg; gq;nfLf;Fk; tplaq;fs; gy mjpy; cs;sd. mjdhw; fiyj;Jiw

khztu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> vy;yhj; JiwapdUk; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;ijf; fw;f Kd;tu

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F ,e;J ehfupfk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fspd;> fw;Fk; khztu;fspd;

mu;g;gz rpe;jid> Kaw;rp vd;gd Njit. mt;tifapy; ,g;ghlj;ij khztu;

tpUg;Gld; gapyf;$bajhf Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;Gk;> xj;Jiog;Gk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL

fpd;wJ. ,g;ghlk; guPl;irf;FupaJ kl;Lkd;wp KOtho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd mk;rq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

khztuplk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd fw;ww;

NgWfs;> cj;Njr tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;bfs;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;>

crhj;Jizfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,t; tsE}y; mikfpd;wJ. ,it

ahTk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Ffpd;wd.

vdNt> Mf;fg+u;tkhd Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; Ma;Tr; rpe;jidf;Fk; Vw;wjhd fw;wy; -

nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; g+uz cupik cz;L.

,t; tsE}y;; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fj; JizGuptJld;>

fw;wy; nraw;ghLfs;> Ma;Tfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> r%fj; jpwd;fs;>

jdpahs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>


Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

7



fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

gzpg ;G : - fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfugzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- tz. fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkdujd Njuu;gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU nghd; n[a&gd;cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tpla MNyhrid : - Nguhrpupau;. ,uh.it. fdfuj;jpdk;(Xa;T) jkpo;j; Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau;. gp. NfhghyfpU\;z Iau;>tho;ehs; Nguhrpupau;;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau;. vk;.Ntjehjd;jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpUkjp. rhe;jp Nfrtd;>jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.

- jp ;Ukjp ehr;rpahu; nry;tehafk;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;T)> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp kh.fUzhepjp>fy;tpg; gPlk;> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) v];. =Kuspjud;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) tp. gtNerd;.rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU.v];. KFe;jd;;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU. v];. ukzuh[h>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU. vd;. Rguh[;>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;Jehfupfk;>njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> xYtpy;.

- jpU.vd;. thkd;>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

8



vOj;jhsu; FO

cs;thup : - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>


ntspthu p - jpU. ng. Ngupd;guhrhXA;Tngw;w Mrpupau;> kl;lf;fsg;G.

- jpUkjp vk;. rz;Kfjh];>Mrpupau;;> jp;/ ,.fp. r. = NfhNz];tuh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up>

jpUNfhzkiy

- jpU. v];. fkyehjd;;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

kl;lf;fsg;G Nkw;F.

- jpUkjp. nfsry;ah fhe;j&gd;Mrpupau;> aho;;/rz;bypg;gha; ,eJf; fy;Y}up>

aho;ghzk;.

- jpUkjp . vk;. NguUs;nry;tpMrpupau;> kj;;;/`l;/Vd;gPy;l; jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;>bf;Nfhah> ̀ l;ld;.

. - jpU. v];. Nfhgpehj;>Mrpupau;> jp;/fe;p;/NguhW guNk];tuh kfh tpj;jpahyak;>

fe;jsha;.

- jpUkjp . Mu;.U\he;jd;Mrpupau;> nfh/ ghkd;fil ,uhkfpU\;zh tpj;jpahyak;

nfhOk;G-06

- jpUkjp . vk;. rptFkhud;Mrpupau;> fy;;;/ thfiu jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> thfiu

.

fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

ml;ilg;glk; - jpU. rJu kJrq;f

fhupahya cjtp - jpUkjp v];.rp.gpupaju;rdp

- jpUkjp kq;fypfh tp[aujd

- jpU..la]; mkurpq;f

9



nraw;ghLfs;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

10



1.0 : ,e;J ehfupfk;> ,e;Jg; gz;ghL

,e;Jg; gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk; ,w;iwf;F 5000 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gioik

tha;e;jitahFk;. ,jd; goikf;Fr; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; rhd;whfpwJ. ,g;gz;ghLk;

ehfupfKk; ,d;Wtiuapy; ,e;J kf;fs; xUikg;ghl;LlDk; xw;Wik czu;TlDk;

tho;tjw;F toptFg;gdthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cyfpYs;s gy;NtW kf;fspd; mUik

ngUikfisAk; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; mstpl;L vilNghl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;F ,uz;L msitfis

itj;Js;sdu;. mtw;wpy; xd;W gz;ghL (Culture) kw;wJ ehfupfk;. (Civilization)

gz;ghL

gz;ghL vd;gJ gue;j nghUSld; gad;gLj;Jk; xU nrhy;;. ,J ‘Culture’ vdMq;fpyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;Fr; rkkhdjhfNt‘gz;ghL’ vDk;

jkpo;r; nrhy; nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapNy cUthdJ. ,jid jkpOf;Fj;

je;jtu; ‘urpfkzp. D.K.rpjk;guehjd;’ mtu;fs;. MdhYk; gz;ghL vd;gJ jkpOf;Fg;

Gjpa nrhy;yd;W. ,J njhd;W njhl;L toq;fptUk; nrhy;. ,jid rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;

“rhy;G” vd;w gjj;jhy; Rl;Lfpd;wd. NkYk;> gz;G> gz;Gilik> rhd;whz;ik Kjypa

nrhw;fshYk; gz;ghL vd;gJ jkpou; kugpy; Rl;lg;gl;L te;Js;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.

,r;nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; NtW rpy nghUs;fisf; Fwpj;jhYk;> gy ,lq;fspy;

gz;ghl;ilNa fUJfpwJ.

“gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOFjy;”–(fypj;njhif)>

“gz;Gilahu; gl;Lz;L cyfk;”– (jpUf;Fws;)

vd tUtjhw; fhzyhk;.

‘Culture’vDk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypy; tUk; ‘cult’ vd;gJ topghL vd;Wk;

mUj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;gb topghNl gz;ghl;bd; %yk; vd;gu;. kw;WnkhU tifapy;>‘culture’vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy; ‘Cultura Agri’ vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jJvd;gu;. ,jd; mUj;jk; “epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;” vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb gz;ghL vd;gJ

“kdijAk; kf;fisAk; gz;gLj;JtJ”vdf; nfhs;syhk;.

‘gz;ghL’ vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;; mike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwapd;gb Nehf;fpdhy;>“gz;”

vd;w tpidabiaAk; “ghL” vd;w njhopw;ngau; tpFjpiaAk; nfhz;L cUthd

nrhy;Ny ,J. “gz;Z”– vd;gJ nra;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,t;top>“Fwpj;j Xu;,dNkh rKjhaNkh jdJ mwpthYk; mDgtj;jhYk; rpe;jidj; jpwj;jhYk;

jdf;nfd tFj;Jg; NgzptUk; nraw;ghNl gz;ghL” vdyhk;.

‘Agriculture’vd;w Mq;fpyg; gjj;jpd; Clhf cUthd xU nrhy;Ny

cultureÆgz;ghL. mjhtJ>kz;izg; gz;gLj;jy; tptrhak; vdg;gLtJ Nghy; kdpjidg;

gz;gLj;JtJ gz;ghL. kz;iz tptrhaj;Jf;F Vw;wjhfg; gz;gLj;jy; Nghd;W

tho;tpaYf;F kdpjidg; gz;gLj;JtJ gz;ghL vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

ehfupfk;

ehfupfk; vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘Civilization’ vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J ‘Civitas’vDk;

,yj;jPd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,J “efuk;” vDk; nghUs; nfhz;lJ.

,r;nrhy; civil(civilis)>city(civitas), citizen(civis) Nghd;w nrhw;fSld; njhlu;G nfhz;lJ.

,jd;gb ehfupfk; vd;gJ efuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vdyhk;.

11



‘ehfupfk;’ vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;> efu;+mfk; vdg; gFj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

,jd;gb>“efuj;NjhL njhlu;GilaJ” vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb>ehfupfk;

vd;gJ “efu kf;fspd; jpUe;jpa tho;f;if”vdg;gLfpwJ.

efupfk; vd;w nrhy; ‘efuk;’ vd;w nrhy;ypd; jpupG. efu; + mfk; = efuk; vd;Wk;

efupfk; vd;Wk; ehfupfk; vdTk; jpupgile;J te;jjhf mwpQu; ghthzu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb> vy;yh ehl;bYk; khe;ju; Kjd;Kjypy; efu epiyapNyNa ehfupfk;

mile;Js;sdu;. ,jdhy;> efug; ngaupy; ,Ue;J ehfupfg; ngau; Njhd;wpAs;sJ

vd;fpwhu;.

ehfupfk; vd;gJ jkpOf;Fg; Gjpa nrhy;yd;W. ,J Vwf;Fiwa 2000 Mz;Lfs;

gioikAilaJ. rq;f ,yf;fpakhd ew;wpizapy; ‘ehfupfk;’ vDk; nrhy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid>“Kd;id ,Ue;J el;Nlhu; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gu;

fdp ehfupfu;”vd tUtjhy; mwpayhk;. ,f;fUj;jpid gpd; te;j ts;StUk;>”ngaf;

fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;liktu; eaj;jf;f ehfupfk; Ntz;Ltu;” (Fws;-580) vd ehfupfk;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ.

gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ?

gz;ghL vd;gJ Fwpj;j ,dk; my;yJ rKjhak; jdf;nfd tFj;Jg; NgzptUk;

nraw;ghL. ,jdbg;gilapy; ,jd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpahf rkanewp> jj;JtNehf;F>

mofpay; czu;T> Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;w gyTk; ntspj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,tw;iw

mtjhdpg;Nghu; Fwpj;j ,dNkh rKjhaNkh cau;e;j gz;ghL cilaJ vd;w KbTf;F

tUfpd;wdu;.

gz;ghL vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mf czu;T tsu;r;rpapd; rPu;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

mjhtJ> kdpjd; jd; rpe;jid mwpTj; jpwj;jhYk; cs; czu;Tj; jpwj;jhYk; cs;sj;ijg;

gz;gLj;jp> md;Gilatd;> mUs; cilatd;> ,uf;fk; cilatd;> tPuk; cilatd;>

kdk; cilatd;> Cf;fk; cilatd;> kupahij cilatd;> gpwu; eyk; NgZgtd;>

gzpTilatd; vdg; ngau; vLg;gJ vd;gd ,jpylq;Fk; mjhtJ> mfj; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd;

gz;gpid czu;j;Jk; nraw;ghLfs; midj;Jk; gz;ghl;bd; ghw;gl;lit. ,it kdpj

cs;Szu;thy; Gupe;J nfhs;sj;jf;fdtd;wp> fhl;rpahff; fhzj;jf;fd md;W. gpwpnjhU

tifapy;> gz;ghL vd;gJ rka epfo;r;rpfs;> Mrhuq;fs; rhjidfs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J

Njhd;wpajhff; fUj KbAk;. ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpYk; gz;ghl;L tuyhNw Vida

tuyhWfisAk;tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;gjidf; fhzyhk;. gz;ghL vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s nghJthf %d;W %yfq;fs; JizGupfpd;wd. mit>

o ngWkhdk; (vz;zq;fs;) –tho;tpy; Kf;fpakhdJ vJ vd;gJ gw;wpa

vz;zq;fNs ngWkhdk;. mit gz;ghl;bd; Vida mk;rq;fis top

elj;Jfpd;wd.

o newpKiwfs; - ntt;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kf;fs; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;G ,J. xt;nthU gz;ghl;Lf; FOTk; ,g;nghJ

tof;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

o nghUs; - gz;ghl;bd; “ngWkhdk;”>”newpKiw” vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ,J

ngwg;gLfpwJ.vd;gd.

12



gz;ghL vd;gJ ahJ? vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; jpl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijKd;itg;gJ fbdk;. khWk; epiyAila kdpjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ gz;ghLvd;gjhy;> jpl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itg;gjpy; rpf;fy; epyTfpwJ. MapDk;mwpQu; ngUkf;fs; jk; mwpT epiyf;F Vw;g gz;ghL vd;gjw;Fg; gy tiutpyf;fzq;fisKd;itj;Js;sdu;. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gz;ghL vDk; vz;zf;fUit ehk; xUthWGupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

r%f mwpQu;fspd; (Social Scientists) fUj;Jg;gb>“gz;ghL vd;gJ tho;f;if Kiw” (way of life)

S.itahGupg;gps;is –culture vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,uz;L nghUs;fspy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. vd;whu; xd;W

kf;fspd; Mjp tuyw;wpy; xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk; mtu;fs; ,aw;wpf;nfhz;l fUtpfs;> mtu;fs; tho;e;j rKjhaj;jpd; gof;ftof;fq;fs;>ek;gpf;iffs; Kjypad ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpT epiy. kw;waJCulture vd;gJ xU nghJg; nghUs;. kf;fspd; mwpT eyk;> fUj;Jeyk;> Fz eyk;> xOf;f eyk; Kjypad nkd;NkYk; jpUe;Jfpd;wepiy.

E.P. Tylor–Fwpj;j Xu; ,dkf;fspd; mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;fk;> rl;lk;> elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj gz;ghL.Malinowsky– gz;ghL vd;gJ Xu; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupakhd gad;ghl;Lf; fUtpfs;> nghUs;fs;> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; $l;L nkhj;jNk MFk;. ,J kf;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l fUtp vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.ts;Stu; - gpwu; Nky; md;Gilik> cyfj;NjhL ,ize;j FbapNy gpwj;jy; Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; xj;J tUjNy gz;Gilik vd cyfj;jhu; nrhy;Ytu;

vd;fpwhu;.“md;Gilik Md;w Fbg;gpwj;jy; ,t;tpuz;Lk; gz;Gilik vd;Dk; tof;F” (Fws;-)

nj.ngh. kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; - “ngUk;ghYk; rpwe;j tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;w csg;ghq;fpd; ntspg;ghNl gz;ghL MFk;.”vd;whu;.vl;thl; gu;dhl; ilyu; - “gz;ghL vd;gJ mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;f newpfs;> rl;lk;> tof;fk; KjyhditAk; kdpjd; r%fj;jpy; Xu; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;J fw;Fk; gpw jpwikfSk; gof;f tof;fq;fSk; mlq;fpa KOj;

njhFjpahFk;.” vd;fpwhu;.,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gz;ghL vd;gJ xU r%fj;jpy; fw;W mwpag;gLk; eltbf;iffs;midj;ijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. mfj; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; gz;gpid tsu;f;Fk; nraw;ghLfs;midj;Jk; gz;ghL vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs;NsNa mlq;Ffpd;wd vdyhk;.

ehfupfk; vd;gJ ahJ?ehfupfk; vd;gJ khe;jdJ Gwj; Njhw;w tsu;r;rpapd; nrk;ikiaf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.

mjhtJ> kdpjd; jd; mwpTj; jpwj;jhYk; Mw;wyhYk; cs;Szu;Tj; jpwj;jhYk; Ngzptsu;j;J tUk; Ritahd czT> mofhd cil> trjpahd ciwAs;> tha;g;ghdNghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fs;>tsk; kpFe;j ehL> eyk; kpFe;j efuq;fs;> fy;tpr; rhiyfs;>fiyf; $lq;fs;> tdg;ghd g+Q;Nrhiyfs;> tpisahl;L> ,ir> ehlfk;> $j;J> ehl;bak;Xtpak;> rpw;gk; Nghd;w fiyak;rq;fs; Kjypaitfs; vy;yhk; kdpjdJ Gwj;Njhw;wg;ghl;Lf;nfhs;ifiaf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. ,it ehfupfj;jpd; ghw;gl;lit. ,t;thwhd ehfupff;$Wfis ehk; fz;zhy; fhz KbAk;. njhl;L czuKbAk;.

13



ehfupfk; vd;gJ “efuj;NjhL ,ize;jJ” vd;w mbg;gilapy;> gz;ghl;Lmk;rq;fSldhd czT> cil> tPL vd;gtw;iw trjpNahLk; moFzu;NthLk; Mf;fpg;gad;gLj;jy;> efu mikg;igj; Njitf;F Vw;gTk; Rit czu;Tf;Fg; nghUj;jkhfTk;mikj;jy;> gpwNuhL ey;y Kiwapy; goFjy;> cs;sj;NjhL cliyAk; J}a;ikahfitj;jpUj;jy;> Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; iff;nfhs;sy;>Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhdCu;jpfis mikj;jy;> nghUshjhuk;. murpay; ePjp epUthfr; nraw;ghLfis nrk;ikahfmikj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vdg; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; ehfupfj;jpDs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ehfupfk; gw;wp mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;.

lhf;lu; ,uhjhfpU~;zd; - ehfupfk; vd;gJ “xU ehl;bd; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fistoptopahfg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; gz;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOr;rpngw;wNj MFk;” vd;whu;.

Mlk; /ngu;$]d; (Adam Ferguson) An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) –ehfupfk; vd;why;>“jdpkdpjd; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;J kdpjj; jd;ikcilatdhf tsu;r;rp miltJ kl;Lky;yhJ> kdpj ,dNk Kul;Lj;jdj;jpypUe;Jgz;ghl;Lf;F Kd;NdWtJ MFk;.” vd;whu;.

My;gu;l; ];tpl;ru; (Albert Schweitzer) –“ehfupfk; vd;gJ ve;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jghu;j;jhYk; ve;jr; nray;fs; kdpj Md;khitr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wdNthmtw;wpd; xl;L nkhj;j Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;.” vd;whu;.

gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk; xg;gPL

mftakhfj; jpfOk; gz;ghl;ilAk; Gwj; Njhw;wg;ghlhd ehfupfj;ijAk; mwpQu;gyu; ,uz;Lk; xd;W vdTk; rpyu; NtwhdJ vd;Wk; ghu;f;fpd;w epiyik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.,t;tpU mk;rq;fisAk; xd;whf Nehf;Fk; mwpQu;fs;> mf tsu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhfg;Gw tsu;r;rp miktJ Nghy gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rp ehfupfk; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;,t;tpU mk;rq;fisAk; xd;nwd Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. MdhYk; cz;ikapy; ,it,uz;Lk; xw;Wikapy; Ntw;Wik nfhz;l ,U vz;zf;fUf;fs; vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.,t;tpuz;Lk; xd;wpy; xd;W njhlu;G nfhz;litahapDk; Ntw;WikAk; cs. ,J

EZfp MuhAk; NghJ ed;F Gyg;gLk;.

gz;ghL ehfupfk; Fwpj;j ehl;ltu; ehfupfj;ijj;

Nju;e;njLg;gJ gz;ghL. ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; r%fj;ij

khw;wpaikg;gJ gz;ghL. gz;ghL nkJthf tsUk;. gz;ghl;bd; Kjpu;r;rp epiyNa

ehfupfk;. gz;ghl;il ,yFthf

gpd;gw;wNth filg;gpbf;fNthKbahJ.

kdpjupd; mfta elj;ijNagz;ghL.

nraYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;mspg;gNjhL gaDf;FKjd;ik mspf;fhJ.

gz;ghL kdpjidr; nrJf;Fk;. kdpjDf;F ehfupfj;ijAk; tpl

gz;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ.

ehfupfk; ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk;.(c-k; : rpe;Jntsp>vfpg;J> fpNuf;fk;).

r%fj;ij ,af;FtJ.

Ntfkhf tsUk; jd;ikaJ gz;ghl;ilj; njhlu;tJ ehfupfk;

ehfupfj;ij ,yFthfg; gpd;gw;wyhk;>filg;gpbf;fyhk;

kdpjupd; ntspg;Gw elj;ijNa ehfupfk;.

tpisTg; gaid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.

ehfupfk; kdijr; nrJf;Fk;. ehfupfk; ,y;yhkYk; kdpjdhy; tho

,aYk;.

14



1.2 cyf ehfupfq;fspy; ,e;J ehfupfk;

,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; Muk;g epiyia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ cyfpd; gioikahd

ehfhpfq;fspy; ,e;Jkj milahsk; ,Ue;jikf;fhd gy rhd;whjhuq;fis mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. ghgpNyhdpah ehfupf fhyj;jpy; ghgpNyhdpahtpw;F Nkw;Nf fhzg;gl;l

gFjpfspy; Mupa kjf; nfhs;ifAk; rk];fpUj nkhopAk; ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. ghgpNyhdpah ehfupfk; kPJ gilnaLj;j murh; tupirapy;

ghurPfj;jpid Ml;rp nra;j irw]; vd;gij tpGyhde;jh; jdJ “Nkw;wpirr; nry;tk;”vd;Dk; E}y; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. mj;NjhL ghurPf ehl;bw;Fk; ghgpNyhdpah

gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uz;liu Nahrid J}uk; cs;snjd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ghgpNyhdpahtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; Nty> Nty; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; nja;tnkhd;iw

topgl;ljhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL #hpa topghLk; ghgpNyhdpah kf;fsplk;

,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghgpNyhdpahtpy; rpd;> \hk];> cy; vd;Dk; jpup%h;j;jpf; nfhs;if ,Ue;jjhff;

$wg;gl;Ls;sNjhL jpup%h;j;jpfSf;fhd Nfhapy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rptd; vd;Dk;

ngah; ghgpNyhdpah kf;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xUtUlj;jpd; %d;whk; khjk;

rptd; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija ,e;J gQ;rhq;f Kiwg;gb %d;whk; khjk;

gq;Fdp vd;Wk;> ,e;J nja;tkhfpa rptngUkhDf;Fupa el;rj;jpukhf gq;Fdp cj;juk;

tpsq;FtJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mq;F topglg;gl;l jpup%h;j;jpf; flTSf;Fupa

tUzidfis Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ,sk;gpiwr; re;jpuid jiyapy; #bapUe;jjhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;topghL rpttopghl;Lld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhf mikfpd;wJ.

fpNuf;f atd ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nkhopapay;

uPjpahd> gz;ghL uPjpahd njhlh;G ,Ug;gJ Ma;thsh;fshy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghgpNyhdpah ehfupfkhdJ ,e;J nja;t topghl;bd; %yhjhuq;fis cilajhf

,Uf;f ghurPf ehfupfKk; ,d;iwa ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bw;fhd epidTr; rpd;dq;fis

cilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vd “k[hk;jhh;” Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ghurPfk; vd;gJ

rpd;dhrpah vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L tl ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLtJ

vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mupa fyhrhuj;jpdJ itjPf newpapdJ Njhw;WthahfTk;

%yhjhukhfTk; ghurPf ehfupfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

Nkw;gb ghgpNyhdpa ghurPf ehfupff; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa ehfupfj;Jld; njhlh;G

gl;bUg;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjdhy; cyf ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; ,e;jpa ehfupfKk;

Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;g fl;likg;G rpe;J fq;ifr;

rkntspAld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,w;iwf;F 5000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; rpe;J fq;ifr;

rkntsp ehfhpfq;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jd. Ntjnewp ,e;jpahtpy; gutp itjPf

khh;f;fkhfg; guTKd;Ng ,e;J ehfupf kuG gutp ,Ue;jik mwpag;gl;lJ. rpt

topghl;bw;Fk; mk;kd; topghl;bw;Fkhd %yq;fis ,q;F fhz KbAk; njhy;nghUl;

rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L ,e;Jg; gz;ghL gw;wpa tplaq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jpa ehfupfk; rpe;Jntsp njhy;nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rp

ngw;whYk; njhlu;e;J ,yq;if njd;fpof;fhrpah kf;fspilNaAk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

guTk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

,e;jpa ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu rpe;J ntsp ehfupfk; Ntj ehfupfk;> Guhz

,jpfhr fij kuGfs;> tl,e;jpa tuyhW> kj;jpa ,e;jpa tuyhW> njd;dpe;jpa

tuyhW njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpuh> Nfush jkpo;ehL vd tpupT gl;ljhf

,e;J ehfupfj;jpd; gy;gupzhk tsu;r;rpia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

15



jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;iw mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ rq;f fhy jkpof ehfupfk;rk];fpUj jkpo; fyhrhuf; fyg;Gf;fs; mjw;fhd ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; vd;gitRl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tl ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsh; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Nfhtpy;fs;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ehzaq;fs;> rpd;dq;fs;> cUtq;fs; vd;git ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd;gioikiag; gpd;gw;Wtdthf cs;sd.

,e;J ehfupf $Lfs; rq;ffhyk; njhlf;fk; ,yq;ifg; gz;ghl;Lld; njhlh;Ggl;bUg;gJk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ngsj;jk; ,yq;ifapy; tUif je;jijj; njhlh;e;J,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfs; tYtile;jd. ,yq;ifg; G+h;tPff; Fbfs; kPJ ,e;jpa ehfhpfnjhlh;Gfs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd. ,yq;ifapd; nghyeWitf; fhyk; jkpofnjhlh;Gf;fhyk; ,yq;if 9Mk; kz;lykhfTk; [dehj kq;fyk; vd;Dk; ngaUlDk;tpsq;fpaJ.

Nrhouhl;rpapNy ,yq;if kl;Lky;yhJ njd;fpof;fhrpa ehfupfq;fspYk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;Lg; gutiy mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjd; %ykhf ,e;J ngsj;j gz;ghl;Lf;fyg;G Nkk;gl;lJ. rpt - Gj;j topghLk; Kjd;ikaile;jJ. fl;ll rpw;gq;fspy;,e;J ngsj;j cwTfs; tpuptile;jd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kNyrpah> fk;Nghbah>gu;kh> jha;yhe;J> ahth> Rkj;jpuh> Nghh;zpNah Kjypa jPTfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghLgutpaikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

mjidj; njhlh;e;J INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; FbNaw;w thjkhfg; gutyhapw;W.mt;Ntisapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; ,yq;if ,e;jpa ehLfSf;Fkpilapy;gz;ghl;Lj; n;jhlh;Gfs; tpuptile;jd. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;lr%f nghUshju mgptpUj;jpf; fhy fl;lj;ij mbnahw;wp Nkiy ehLfspy; ,e;jpa,yq;if fyhr;rhug; guty; Vw;gl;Ls;sikia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

kf;fs; ,dq;fs; fyhrhuq;fs;> kjq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Nru;f;ifAk; ,izg;Ggz;ghL> ehfupf tsh;r;rpia Gyg;gLj;Jk; fz;zhbfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpahy; cyf kakhjy;vd;gtw;Wf;fhd mbg;gilAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wpa rpe;jidAk; tsu;r;rpaile;Jte;jpUg;gjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

1893,y; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhf;Nfh kfhehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lijj;njhlhe;Jk; mnkupf;f kf;fis rNfhju rNfhjupfNs vd tpopj;J mioj;jijj;njhlh;e;Jk; Nkiy ehl;ltUf;F ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;il mwpAk; Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ.1895y; ,yz;ld; khefupy; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; QhdNahf gpurq;fq;fisNkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,jdhYk; Nkiyj;Nja kf;fsplk; ,e;J rkag; gz;ghL gw;wpatpsf;fk; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.

Nahfkhh;f;fk; gw;wpa cgNjrq;fNs Nkiyehl;ltuhy; tpUk;gg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; Nkiy ehl;lth;fs; ,e;J rkanewpf;F Nahfkhh;f;fk;> thOk;fiy khh;f;fk;>jpahd khu;f;fk; vdg; Gjpa tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jdh;. kf;];Ky;yu; ,jidKjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. Nghy; bArd; vd;gth; cyf Ntjhe;j kuigg; gug;Gtjw;Fg;gzpnra;jhh;. [P.A.Nghg; mth;fs; irtrpj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;jdh;.

1950fSf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; njd;dhrpa ehLfspd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;fhuzkhf ,yq;ifah; ,e;jpah;fs; Nkw;F ehLfSf;Ff; FbngaUk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.,jdhy; Nkiy ehLfspy; topghl;Lj; jyq;fis mikf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. gy;ypd fyhrhuj;jpy; ,e;J kjg; gz;ghLfspd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpa tplak;gutyhapw;W. Mj;kPf tplaq;fspy; fho;g;Gzu;itf; iftpl;L ey;y tplaq;fspy;ftdk; nrYj;Jk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

16



fdlh gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh> gpuhd;];> N[h;kdp Kjypa ehLfspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fs;>,e;J fphpiafs; nry;thf;F ngWk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa ,yq;if ehLfisg;NghyNt jpUf;Nfhtpy; topghLfs; jpUf;Nfhapy; G+ir KiwfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jd.

fdlh ehl;by; fe;jGuhz fyhrhuk; nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,yq;if> ,e;jparka mwpQh;fs; fe;j Guhz fyhrhuj;ijg; Guhz gldk; %yk; gug;gp tUfpd;wdu;.nuhwd;Nuh> nkhd;wpay; Kjypa ehfupf tsh;r;rp fz;l efuq;fspYk; ,e;J ehfupfmk;rq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;Ws;sd. tlmnkhpf;fh tiu Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhuq;fspy;,e;Jg; gz;ghL tsh;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ.

17



1.3 ,e;J ehfupfj;jpd; %yq;fs;

rpe;Jntspf; fhyk;cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; gy;NtW ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fs; Njhd;wp tsu;r;rp

ngw;wd. mt;thW Njhd;wpa Vida ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fSf;F xg;ghd rpwg;Gilajhfrpe;Jntsp ehfupfKk; mikfpd;wJ. ,e;J ehfupfk; fp.K. 3250 njhlf;fk; fp.K.2750 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;fp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij Ma;thsu;fs;;Jzpfpd;wdu;.rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,e;J rka ek;gpf;iffisf;filg; gpbj;jdu; vd;gJ tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; jUk; cz;ik. ,e;Jrkak; ,w;iwf;F5000 Mz;Lfs; gioik cilanjdf; nfhs;s ,lKz;L.

rpe;J ejp ghAk; gFjp 1922 njhlf;fk; 1930 tiuahd fhyj;jpy; Nru;. N[hd;khu;\ypd; jiyikapy; mnyf;];rhz;lu;> fd;dpq;fhk;> tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; KjyhdGijnghUsha;thsu;fshy; mfo;tha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu;fshy;nkhfQ;rjhNuh> `ug;gh Nghd;w gy efu mopghLfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.mtw;Ws;`ug;gh Nkw;Fg; gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpYk;> nkhfQ;rjhNuh ghfp];jhdpYk; cs;sd.me;efuq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fl;llq;fs;> fw;rpiyfs;> ,ypq;f tbtq;fs;> fspkz;nghk;ikfs;> rpj;jpu tbt vOj;Jf;fs; Kjypa GijnghUl;fisf; nfhz;L rpe;Jntsp kf;fspd; rkaepiy> tho;f;if Kiw vd;gdtw;iw mwpa KbAk;.

rka epiyrpe;Jntspg; gpuNjr GijnghUl;fs; ,e;J rkar; rhu;GiladthfNt cs;sd.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l GijnghUl; rpd;dq;fs; thapyhf ,k;kf;fs; ,e;Jj;nja;tq;fis topgl;ldu; vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. irtj;jpd; guk;nghUshfparptid mf;fhy kf;fs;; Kf;fpakhd nja;tkhf topgl;ldu;. Kj;jpiufs;> ,ypq;ftbtq;fs; vd;gd mf;fhy rpt topghl;il mwpa cjTfpd;wd. Kj;jpiu xd;wpy;Nahf epiyapy; mku;e;j xU tbtk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tbtk ; jiy k PJtise;j nfhk;Gfs;> ,Lg;gpy; ,ul;ilg; gl;ilahf miuf;fr;ir vd;w mq;f,yl;rzq;fSld; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. Nahfp tbtj;jpd; fPo;g;; Gwj;jpy; ahid> Gyp>vUJ> fhz;lhkpUfk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fisf; fhzyhk;. mt;tbtj;jpid Nru;. N[hd;khu;\y; Nghd;wtu;fs; rpt tbtj;Jld; ,dq;fhz;fpd;wdu;.

jw;fhyr; rf;jp topghl;Lld; ,dq;fhzj;jf;fjhf rpe;J ntsp kf;fspilNaepytpa jiug;ngz; topghL mikfpwJ. xU ngz;zpd; fUg;igapy; ,Ue;J nrb

xd;W Kisg;gJ Nghd;W nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kj;jpiuia ,jw;F Mjhukhff; fhl;Ltu;.cw;gj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhd G+khNjtpia (g+kpia) ,k;kf;fs; jhahf topgl;ldu;vdf; nfhs;tu;. Ma;thsu;fs; ,j;nja;tj;ij jiug;ngz; topghL my;yJ jha;j;nja;t topghL vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

RLkz; jhaj;njhd;wpy; Kf;fhyp xd;wpd;Nky; ghw; fpz;zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mUfpy;ghk;G jdJ glj;ij tpupj;jgb cs;sJ. ,d;Wk; vkJ rkaj;jpy; ehfj;jpw;F ghy;>gok; gilj;J topgLk; kuG ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. rpy Kj;jpiufspy; kuq;fSk;>mk;kuq;fspy; ciwAk; ngz; Njtijfspd; tbtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xUKj;jpiuapy; kuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ngz; cUtk; fhzg;gl mjd; fPo; xU ngz;mt;tbtj;jpid topgLk; tifapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. vdNt mk;kf;fs; tpUl;rq;fismy;yJ mtw;wpy; ciwAk; nja;tq;fis topgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nfhs;tu;.

#upa topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila Mjhuq;fSk; rpe;Jntspg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,d;iwa ,e;J kjj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; topghLfSf;F xg;ghd rkar; rlq;Ffs;mf;fhy kf;fspilNa epytpaij czuyhk;. caukhd Nfhapy;fis mikj;jRNkupa kf;fNshL tzpfj; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe ;j r pe ;Jntsp kf ;fs ; >epiyahd Nfhtpy;fis mikj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUj ,lKz;L. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;Nfhtpy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLk; ,lk; ,Jtiu mfo;tha;Tnra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,q;Fs;s nra;Fsj;jpw;fUNf vl;L miwfisf; nfhz;l fl;llk;xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;ntl;L miwfSk; NkNy VWtjw;Fg; gbf;fl;Lf;fisf;nfhz;Ls;sd.

18



fl;blj;jpd; mikg;ig mtjhdpj;j Ma;thsu;fs; ,q;F tho;e;jtu;fs; irtrkar;rhu;Gilatu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy; ,iwtdpd;Kd; Ml;ilg; gpbj;jpUg;gjidg; NghyTk;> xU ngz; kz;bapl;l tz;zk; ,Uf;f>xUtd; this Xq;FtJ NghyTk; fhzg;gLtJ. ,k;kf;fspilNa gypapLjy; Kf;fpakhdrlq;fhf ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fupa rhd;whf mikfpwJ.,d;iwa ,e;J rkaj;jpy; epyTk;Mya topghl;Lld; njhlu;GilajhfTs;s epNtjd topghl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk;Mjhuq;fisAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Kj;jpiunahd;wpy; ngz;fs; gilf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisVe;jpathW fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. g+irj; jl;Lfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wikapidf; nfhz;L>nja;tq;fSf;F g+irg; nghUl;fis epNtjdkhfg; gilj;J topgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf;fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy; cs;s vOj;J tbtq;fs; “gRgjp” vd;Dk; ngaiur; Rl;LtjhfNru; N[hd; khu;ry; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

Ez;fiyfs;rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpia fhzKbfpd;wJ. nkh`Q;rjhNuh>

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nkh`Q;rjNuh> `ug;gh Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW rpw;gtbtq;fSk; mf;fhy rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. rpe ;Jntspf; fhyk;rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjhf Ma;thsu; gyu; fUJtu;. Nru;. N[hd;. khu;\y;~,e;jpa rpw;gf;fiy ,e;jpahtpw;Nf cupaJ| vd;W $WtjidAk; fhzyhk;. rpe;Jntspkf;fs; rpw;gq;fSf;F ntz;fyk;> gOg;G epwf; fw;fs;> Rz;zf; fw;fs; Kjypatw;wpid%yg;nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. rpe;Jntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpw;gq;fSs;ntz;fyj;jpdhyhd eldkhjpd; tbtk;> Mltu; tbtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.ntz;fyj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s eld khjpd; tbtk; tOtOg;ghfTk; xOq;fhdeldj;jpw;Fj; Njhw;Wtha; Mfyhk;| vd;W kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; fUJfpd;whu;.

Jisfis cilajhff; fhzg;gl;l CJFoy; thrpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jjhfmwpQu; khf;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;w kl;ghz;lq;fs; kPJ ghk;Gfs;>kPd;fs;> tl;lq;fs;>rJuq;fs;> ,iyfs; vd;W gy cUtq;fs; Xtpaq;fshfj;jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. kl;ghz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tbtq;fs; mf;fhy Xtpaf;fiy gw;wpmwpa cjTfpd;wd. Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpUjq;fk;> jtpy; Nghd;w rhd;Wfs;mf;fhy ,irf; fiy gw;wp mwpa cjTtd.

tho;f;if Kiwrpe;Jntspg; gpuNjr kf;fs; ehfupfk; cila tho;f;ifia tho;e;jikf;Ff;

Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l GijnghUl; rpd;dq;fNs rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.rpe;J ntspg; gpuNjr kf;fspd; Kf;fpakhd njhopyhf thzpgNk fhzg;gl;lJ.rpe;Jntspapy; fpilj;j Kj;jpiufs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fUtpfs; Nghd;wit RNkupah>nkhrg;gNjkpah> vfpg;J Kjypa ehLfspy; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wikiaf; nfhz;Lrpe;Jntsp kf;fs; Nkw;$wpa ehl;L kf;fSld; tzpfj; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jdu;vdf; nfhs;tjw;F ,lKz;L. fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> jr;Rj; njhopy;> rpw;gj; njhopy;>iftpidj; njhopy; vd;gd Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; mk;kf;fs; <Lgl;ldu;. ,q;Ffz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kjFUtpd; Milapy;; g+Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $ba rpj;jpuj;ijf;fhzKbfpd;wJ. Mz;fs; Nkyhilfis mzpAk; mstpw;F mf;fhy kf;fs;ehfupfKilatu;fshf tho;e;jdu; vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. k p f g ;ngupa efu mikg;igAk; ghJfhg;ghd Rw;whliyAk; cila ehfupf tho;itAk;gpd;gw;wpdu;. neUf;fkhd tPl;L mikg;ghy; xUikg;ghlhd r%f mikg;Gntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

19



njhy;ypaw; rpd;dq;fs;

gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; rKjha tho;tpaYld; neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gilait. gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fshf rkak;> fiy> tho;tpay;> fphpia> ,yf;fpak;> muR> ,iwek;gpf;if

Mfpad mikAk; Nkw;gb gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ,e;J ehfupf tuyhw;wpid

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhd;Wfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. tuyhw;W %yq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba

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tpQ;Qhd G+h;tkhdjhf mtjhdpf;Fk; KiwapaiyAk; fhzyhk;. tuz;Kiwahd

tpQ;Qhdk; vd;Dk; epiyapy; ,f;nfhs;if Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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%yr;rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis Gyikahsu;fs; thrpj;J mwpAk;

NghJ gz;ghl;L Nth;fis milahsk; fhzKbAk;. ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; fhyj;Jf;Ff;

fhyk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; kuGfspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; mwptjw;F ,J ngupJk;

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,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; ffl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia milahsg; gLj;jyhk;. kd;dh;fsJ

ngUikfisf; $Wk; J}z;fs;> ];jk;gq;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ rpw;g

FwpaPLfisAk; myq;fhur; rpd;dq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

20



njhy;nghUl;rpd;dq;fspy; mlq;Fk; fl;ll kuGk; mjDld; ,ize;j myq;fhu

tbtq;fSk; ,e;J ehfupfg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;tif milahsq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;J

tdthf mike;Js;sd. xt;nthU murh; kugpdh; gpd;gw;wpa jdpj;Jtkhd fiy

tbtq;fs; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;f@lhf ntspg;gLk; xt;nthU fhyj;Jf;Fkhd fiy

tbtq;fis epUzapg;gjpy; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.

rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mfo;tha;T nra;ag;gl;l fl;llq;fs; ,e;jpaf; fl;llf;

fiyf;F Mjhukhdit. ngUkz;lgk;> tPl;L miwfs;> ePuhLk; rhiyfs;> tPjpfs;

Kjypad fl;llf;fiyf;fhd Mjhuq;fshf Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. tl,e;jpahtpd;

Nfhtpy; fl;blq;fs; mf;fhy Nfhtpy; mikAk; #oiy tpgupg;gJld;> ehfu;ghzpapyhd

kio ePh;j;Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhd cau; $k;G tbtpdjhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kiyg; ghq;fhd gFjpapy; ehw;rJukhd jsj;ij cilajhd

fl;llq;fSk; rkepyg; gug;gpNy tl;l tbtkhd fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia

fhzKbfpd;wd. Nfhtpypd; mbg;ghfk; tl;l tbtkhf mike;J fhzg;gLk; J}gp

Ntlu;ghzpf; fiyahFk;. jkpo; ehl;by; jpuhtplkhzpf;f fiytbtf; Nfhtpy;fs;

,e;Jf; Nfhtpy; fyhrhuj;jpd; njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

njhy;nghUs; nghwpg;Gfspy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; gpujhd

Mjhuq;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iw fhRfs; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLth;

ehzag;glq;fs;> ehza vOj;Jf;fs;> ehzaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyk;

vd;git ,e;J ehfupf kugpd; cWjpahd tuyhw;Wj; juTfshfr; Rl;bf;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ehzaq;fisg; NghyNt rpw;gq;fs; tpf;fpufq;fs; KjypadTk; rhfhtuk; ngw;w

tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshFk;. fy;> kuk;> cNyhfk; vd;gtw;iw %ykhff; nfhz;L

,r;rpw;gq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpw;g vOj;Jf;fs; rpw;grpj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd NgRk;

tuyhWfshfNt cs;sd. tuyhw;Wj; jlakhf kl;Lkd;wp fiy MSik> fiyurid>

,yf;fpaj; njhlh;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $bathW njhy; rpw;g tbtq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

nja;tPf rpw;gk;> Mly; rpw;gk;> mbahh; rpw;gk; myq;fhu rpw;gk; vd rpw;gf;fiy

kuG gy;tifg; gupzhkk; ngw;Ws;sJ vdf; $wKbAk;. njhd;ikahd rpw;gq;fNs

cyfshtpa epiyapy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tbtq;fisg; giw rhw;Wfpd;wd.

ntspehl;lth;fs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; Mh;tk; nfhs;tjpy; rpw;gf;fiy ngUk;gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wJ.

21



,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs;cyfshtpa ,yf;fpaq;fspNy nja;tPf G+u;tkhdJk; ,iwek;gpf;if rhu;e;jJk;

gf;jp G+h;tkhdJkhd ,yf;fpaq;fshf tpsq;Fgit ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fNs.,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if njd;fpof;fhrpah Mfpa ehLfspd;nkhopfSld; njhlh;ghditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;dhrpa> njd;fpof;fhrpaehLfs; gy;fyhrhu> gd;kj> gy nkhopNgRk; gpuNjrq;fshff; fhzg;gLtjhy; gynkhop ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;l fyhrhur; nry;thf;fpid ,g;gpuNjrq;fspNymtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

,e;Jkj %yE}y;fs; vd;Dk; tifapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tlnkhop E}y;fSk;jkpo; E}y;fSk; ngUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. tlnkhopE}y;fspNy Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Mfkq;fSk; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd.“NtjNkhlhfkk; nka;ahk; ,iwtd; E}y;” vd;gJ jpUke;jpug;ghly;tup MFk;.,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; mwpTf;fhy %yg;gpukhzq;fshf fhl;rp> fUj;J> ciu vd;Dk;%d;Wk; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd. ,jpy; ciu vd;gJ Mg;j thf;fpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;Mg;j thf;fpak; vd;gJ rhd;Nwhh; ciuahf tpsq;Fk; ,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fs;. tuyhw;WuPjpahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpukhz E}y;fs; vd;W $wg;gLk; Ntjk; Mfkk; vd;gtw;iwj;njhlh;e;J fhtpak; ( ,uhkazk;> kfhgujk;) (tlnkhopg;Guhzk;> jkpo;g;Guhzk;jyGuhzk;) jh;krhj;jpuk;> gjpfk;> jpUKiwfs; jpt;a gpuge;jk;> fd;dl> njYq;FE}y;fs; ehlf ,yf;fpak;> rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;gtw;Wld; goq;fijfs;> tha;nkhopf;fijfs;vd;gdTk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fNs. rkak;> fiy> muR> jj;Jtk;> gf;jp Mfpa gz;ghl;Lmk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.rpw;grhj;jpuq;fs;> ehl;ba rhj;jpuk;> mh;j;jrhj;jpuk;> ,irE}y;fs; vd;gdTk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd %y,yf;fpaq;fshf kpsph;fpd;wd. eldk;> ehlfk;>muq;F ,ir ehl;ba fiyQd; Mfpa midj;J tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpangUk; rhj;jpukhf gujKdptuJ ehl;ba rhj;jpuk; mikfpd;wJ.

%yg; gpukhz E}y;fisj; njhlh;e;J topE}y; rhh;GE}y; kuGfSk; Njhw;wk;ngw;Ws;sd. irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; Kjy;E}y;> topE}y;> rhh;GE}y;> kuigg;gpd;gw;Wtd. topE}y;> rhh;G E}y; tupirapy; ciuE}y;fs; jyGuhzq;fs; vd;gdTk;,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,yq;ifapd;,e;Jg; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fisg; gw;wp kfhtk;rk;> #stk;rk;> jlhtk;rk; Kjypa E}y;fSk;vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jj;Jthh;j;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; vOr;rp ,e;J jj;Jt tuyhw;iw NkYk;vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. cgepljk; gpuk#j;jpuk;> gftj;fPij vd;Dk; gpu];jhd jpuaE}y;fs; Kf;fpakhdit. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J gpu];jhd jpua E}y;fSf;fhd ciufSk;Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,uhkDrh; ciu =gh\pak; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nkw;gb ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspd; %yf;fUj;Jf;fs;. ,itkhw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltdthf mike;Js;sd. ,e;J ehfupftsh;r;rpia xg;gPl;L epiyapy; Nehf;f ,it NkYk; cjTk;. tlehl;bd; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L epiy> jkpof ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;rhd;W gfUfpd;wd. gf;jp ,yf;fpa kuG cd;djkhdJ irtg; gf;jp ,yf;fpak;itztg; gf;fjp ,yf;fpak; vdg; gf;jp ,yf;fpa kuG tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.

tuyhw;Wf; rk;gtq;fis vLj;Jf;$Wk; jyGuhzq;fSk; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;il mwpacjTk; ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fNs ,yq;ifapYk; = j\pz ifyhr Guhzk; NfhNzrh;fy;ntl;L> jpUf;NfhzhryGuhzk; Mfpad ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; Guhjd tsh;r;rpiaRl;bf;fhl;Ltdthf cs;sd.

22



Ntjq;fs;

,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Ntjk;> Mfkk; vd;gd Kjy; E}y;fs; vdTk; gpukhz

E}y;fs; vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Ntjk; vd;w nrhy; ~tpj;| vd;Dk; tpidabapypUe;J

Njhd;wpaJ. mJ mwpT vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk;. mjdhy; Ntjq;fis mwpT E}y; vdf;

nfhs;tu;. Ntjq;fs; ,iwtdhy; mUspr; nra;ag;gl;lit vd;gJ NkNyhu; kuG.

Ntjq;fis tFj;jtu; my;yJ njhFj;jtu; tpahru;. tpahru; vd;gJ xU

fhuzg;ngau;. mjw;Fj; njhFg;ghrpupau; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tu;.tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy;

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; fp.K. 1500 - fp.gp. 600 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wd vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjq;fis vOjhkiw> vOjhf;fpstp> RUjp> kiw>

mngsUNrak;> Rak;G> Mk;eak; Kjyhd gy ngau; nfhz;L miog;gu;.

Ntjq;fspd; tif

Muk;gj;jpy; Ntjq;fs; “jpuaP tpj;ah” vd %d;whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld. mit

,Uf;F> aRu;> rhkk; vd;gd. gpd;du; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j mju;t NtjKk; ,izf;fg;gl;L>

ehd;fhff; $wg;gl;ld. Ntjq;fs; ehd;F vd;gjdhy; mit rJu;kiw> rJu;Ntjk; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehy; ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; ,Uf;F Ntjk; 10

kz;lyq;fisAk; 1028 #f;jq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 101 rhiffisf; nfhz;l a#u;

Ntjk; fpU~;z a#u;> Rf;fpy a#u; vDk; ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. rhk Ntjk;

1549 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; g+u;t Mu;rpfk;> cj;ju Mu;rpfk; vd;Dk; ,U

gpupTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mju;tz Ntjk; 20 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 731 #f;jq;fisAk;>

6000 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ehd;F Ntjq;fSk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk; ehd;F gFjpfisAk; cilad.

rq;fpij> gpuhkzk;> Muzpafk;> cgepljk; vd;gd ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd. mtw;Ws;

rq;fpij vd;gJ ke;jpuq;fspd; njhFg;G. gpuhkzk; vd;gJ Nts;tpf; fpupiafSf;Fupa

tpjpfisf; $Wfpd;wJ. Muzpafk; vd;gJ thdg;gpu];jDf;Fupa rka mDl;lhdq;fisf;

$wpAs;sJ. cgepljk; vd;gJ cz;ikg;nghUs; gw;wpa tprhuizfisf; nfhz;lJ.

rq;fpij> gpuhkzk; vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; fu;k fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;jit. Muzpafk;>

cgepljk; vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; Qhd fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;jit. ,it jtpu Muzpafk;

vd;w gFjpia cghrid fhz;;lk; vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ.

Ntjfhy rkaepiy

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rka epiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wd.

Ntj fhy kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l ,aw;if topghL gw;wp ,it tpgupf;fpd;wd.

,aw;if mk;rq;fNs ehsiltpy; nja;tq;fshf cau;T ngw;wd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gLk;

33 nja;tq;fisAk; mit thOk; ,lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpz;Zyfj; nja;tq;fs;>

,ilAyfj; nja;tq;fs;> kz; cyfj; nja;tq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

nja;tq;fs; topgLNthUf;F tuq;fis nfhLg;gdthfTk; giftu;fis mopg;

gdthfTk; tpsq;fpd vd Ntjq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ls;sd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gl;l nja;tq;fNs

gpw;fhy rka tsu;r;rpapd; nja;tPf ek;gpf;ifapy; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

Ntjfhy kf;fs; nja;tq;fSf;Fr; nra;j topghLfs;> fpupiafs; gw;wp Ntjq;fs;

$wpAs;sd.

23



Ntjq;fspy; m~;tNkjk;> ,uh[#ak;> th[Ngak;> GU~Nkjk;> ru;tNkjk; Nghd;wNts;tpfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nts;tp topghl;by; GNuhfpjd;>mf;fpdp gfthd;> Nrhkd; vd;Nghu; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jdu;. Nts;tpf; fpupiafspd;NghJXkFz;lk; mikj;jy;> mf;fpdp tsu;j;jy;> jhd]; Jjp ghLjy;> gypapLjy;> jhdk;toq;Fjy;> jl;riz toq;Fjy; Kjyhd fpupiafs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nts;tpfspd; gpujhdNehf;fk; cyfpay; ,d;gq;fNsahFk;. ePz;l MAs;> Nghupy; ntw;wp> Neha; ePf;fk;Kjyhd cyfpay; ,d;gq;fis mthtp Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. rtpj;jpU vDk;Qhapw;Wf; flTSf;Fupa fhaj;jpup ke;jpu nrgk;> tpg+jp jhuzk; gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fspy;fhzyhk;.

Rf;fpy a#u; Ntjk; cUj;jpuDf;Fupa gy jpUehkq;fis E}W Kiw$wp topgLk;rjUj;jpupa topghl;L Kiwiaf; $wpAs;sJ. ,J Ntjfhy topghl;LKiwfSs;,yFthdjhf miktJld;> xU jpUg;GKidahTk; mikfpwJ. ,irahy; ,iwtidtopgLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rhk Ntjk; ,iwtopghl;bw;Fupa ,irg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; fpuhkNfa fhdk;> Muz;zpafhdk; vDk; ,Utifg; ghly;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ> ,Uf;F Ntjk; \J}a;ikahd,iwtid J}a ghly;fshy; Nghw;WNthkhf| vd;W ,irahy; ,iwtid topgLjy;gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.

mju;tz Ntjk; rhjhuz kf;fspilNa epytpa khe;jpuPf ek;gpf;iffSf;Fmjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. gpwUf;F jPik jUk; ke;jpuq;fs; ,jpy; mjpfk;fhzg;gbDk; topgLNthidf; Fwpj;J ed;ik jUtdtha; mike;jd. ngs~;bfhzp>MA];~hdp> ];jpuPfu;khzp> uh[fu;khzp Nghd;w gFjpfs; nry;tr; nropg;igAk;> epiwe;jMAisAk; ngz;fspd; RgPl;rk; gw;wpAk;> murdpd; ed;ik gw;wpajhfTk; mike;jit.

Ntjfhy kf;fspd; r%ftho;T

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk;tpgupg;gd. jdpkdpj tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfshfpa gpukr;rupak;> fpUf];jk;> thdg;gpu];jk;>re;epahrk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfis Ntjq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;cs;s gpuk;krupa #f;jk;> Kdp #f;jk;> jpUkzk; gw;wpa ghly;fs; Kjypatw;wpy;tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkzk;> fztd; kidtp cwT>FLk;g tho;T> fztupd; flikfs; gw;wpAk; mit Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. fztd; - kidtpvd;Nghiur; Rl;Lk; \jk;gjp| vd;Dk; njhlu; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;sJ. FLk;gj;jiytdpd; flikfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ Nts;tpr; rlq;fpid Mw;Wjy;.

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf> mf;fhy r%ff; fl;likg;G> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;vd;gdtw;iw mwpayhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; epw my;yJ ,d mbg;gilapyhd ,Utifr;r%f mikg;Ng epytpaJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; tYg;ngw;w ehy;tif tUzf; fl;likg;gpd;njhlf;fj;ij ,Uf;F Ntj GU~ #f;jg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;. kfhGU~dpd;clk;gpypUe;J ehy;tUzj;jhUk; Njhd;wpajhf GU~ #f;jg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,Jehd;F tUzk; njhlu;ghf rka mq;fPfhuj;Jld; $wg;gl;l Kjw;gjpthf cs;sJ. ehy;tUzj;jtUs; gpuhkzu; r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. rjgjg;gpuhkzk; \gpuhkzu;fs; mtdpapy; elkhLk; nja;tq;fs;| vd;W $wpAs;sJ. Ntl;ly;>Ntl;gpj;jy;> Xjy;> XJtpj;jy; vd;gd gpuhkzu;fspd; Kf;fpa flikfs; vdf;$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ntj fhyr; r%f mikg;gpy; rj;jpupau;fSk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpj;jdu;.Ntj fhy kf;fs; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdu;. mjid mLj;J FOj; jiytu;fs; muru;fshfcau;T ngw;wdu;. muru;fs; khspifapy; trpg;gtu;fshfTk;> cau;e;j Mil Mguzq;fs;mzpgtuhfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu vdf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; NgZk; tifapy;murdpd; Ml;rp mika Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ. murupd; kFlhgpN~fj;jpd;NghJ \kd;duhfpa ePu; ,d;W Kjy; typNahiuAk; nkypNahiuAk; rkkhf elj;JtPuhf|vd;W GNuhfpjd; Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhd;. murDld; njhlu;Gila rgh> rkpjp KjyhdepWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $wpAs;sd. murdJ md;whlr; nraw;ghLfSld;njhlu;G ciladthf ,e;epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

24



Ntjq;fspy; jj;Jt rpe;jidfs;

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J nka;apay; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilr; rpe;jidfisAk;nfhz;Ls;sd. guk;nghUs;> Md;kh> gpugQ;rk;> xOf;fk; njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs;eh]jPa #f;jk;> [k #f;jk;> tUz #f;jk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,Uf;F Ntjg ghlypy;> ~Vfk; rj; tpg;uh gFjh tje;jp| vd;Dk; njhlu; xU flTs;nfhs;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s eh]jPag; ghlypy;,e;J nka;apaypy; cs;s mj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;by; typAWj;jg;gLk; xUik thjj;jpd;Muk;gj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpugQ;rk;> Md;kh> upjk; njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfisAk;fhzyhk;. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ak #f;jk;> ,wg;G gw;wpa ghly;fs; Nghd;wgFjpfspy; Md;khtpd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpw;gl;l epiy> Md;khtpd; fd;k tpidfs;>tpidfSf;fhd gad;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. gpugQ;r cw;gj;jp> gpugQ;rg;gilg;Gf;F Kw;gl;l epiy> gilg;gpd; %yhjhuk; gw;wpa tplaq;fis ,Uf;FNtjj;jpYs;s eh]jPa #f;jj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

,Uf;F Ntjj;jpYs;s tUzd; gw;wpa ghly;fspy; tUk; tUz #f;jk; xOf;fk;gw;wpa rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. upjj;Jf;Fupa nghWg;Gilatd; tUzd;. mjdhy;upj];a Nfhgh vd;w ngau; mtDf;Fz;L. tUzd; cyf xOq;ifg; NgZgtdhfTk;>kdpju;fspd; xOf;fj;ijf; fz;fhzpg;gtdhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;shd;. Ntjq;fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahf mike;j cgeplj;jpy; gpukk;> Md;kh gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;> Kj;jp gw;wpafUj;Jf;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;ls;sd. Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd;jj;Jt rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; mit gpw;fhy nka;apay; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;Kd;Ndhb vd;gu;.

Ntjq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;J ehfupfk;rhu;e;j ,iw ek;gpf;if> jj;Jt rpe;jidfs;> murpay;> r%ftpaw; rpe;jidfs;Kjypatw;wpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. Ntjq;fs;,iw rk;ge;jKilait vd;gJld;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;if gw;wpawpacjTk; Kf;fpakhd ,yf;fpa %ykhfTk; mikfpd;wd. Ntjq;fis ,iwE}y;>nja;tPfE}y;> Kjd;E}y; vd;W $Wk; kuG ,tw;Wld; njhlu;Gilad. ,e;jpahtpy;Njhd;wpa mWtifr; rkaq;fSk; itjPf rkaq;fs; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wik,e;J rkag; gpupTfSf;Fk; Ntjq;fSf;Fk; cs;s neUf;fj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; itjPf kuGfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy Njhd;Wtjw;F Ntjq;fs;gpukhzkha; mike;jd. ehy;tif Mr;rpuk epiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Ntjq;fNsmbg;gil vdyhk;. jUk rhj;jpuq;fs;> jUk#j;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;Nghd;wtw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Ntjq;fSf;F Kf;fpakhd gq;Fz;L. ,iwtidj;Jjpj;Jg; ghba Kjy; Jjpg; ghly;fshf Ntjg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;jJjpg; ghly;fSf;F Ntjq;fNs Kd;Ndhb. ehad;khu; ghly;fs;> Mo;thu; ghRuq;fs;,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;W. ~Ntj newp jioj;Njhq;f....| vd;gd Nghd;w ghly;fs;Ntj kugpd; tsu;r;rpia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. Mo;thu; ghly;fspy; - ~mkuNthuq;fkhJk; NtjNkhu; ehd; Nkhjp| - vd njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thu; ghLfpd;whu;.

,e;J jj;Jtj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpapYk; Ntjq;fs; gq;fspj;Js;sd. RUjpg;gpukhzk; vd;w tifapy; ,e;J jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Ntjq;fs; mbg;gilahfmike;jd. gpuk #j;jpuk; Kjyhd jj;Jt E}y;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp> mj;Jitjk;Kjw;nfhz;L Njhd;wpa nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspd;gq;fspg;G kpfTk; gpujhdkhdJ.

25



Mfkq;fs;

,e;J rka kugpy; Ntjq;fs; Mfkq;fs; vd;gd Kjd; E}y;fs; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Mfkq;fs; ,e;J rakj;jpd; rpwg;G E}y;fs; vd;WNghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mfk ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; mWtif newpfspd;tsu;r;rapYk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

Mfkkk; vd;gjpYs;s M vd;gJ ghrj;ijAk;> f vd;gJ gRitAk;> f -gjpiaAk; Rl;b> irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; Kg;nghUs; cz;ikia tpsf;Fk; E}y; vd;WnghUs; $wg;gLfpwJ. Mfkk; vd;gjpy; cs;s M - rptQhdk;> f - Nkhl;rk;> k -kyehrk; vd;gdtw;iwr; Rl;b Md;khtpw;F kyj;ij ehrk; gz;zp> rptQhdj;ijcjpg;gpj;J Nkhl;rj;ij ey;FtJ vd;W nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.

rpthfkq;fspd; Njhw;wKk; njhifAk;rpthfkq;fisr; rptNd mUspdhu; vd;gJ irt rkaj;jtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.

khzpf;fthrf Rthkpfs; ~kd;Dkhkiy kNfe;jpukjdpy; nrhd;d Mfkk;.....| vdTk;~Mfkkhfp mz;zpg;ghd; jhs; tho;f......| vdTk; $wpAs;shu;;. ~NtjNkh lhfkk;nka;ahk; ,iwtd;E}y;|> ~mz;zy; mUspy; mUSk; rpthfkk;......| vd tUk; jpUke;jpughly; tupfSk; ,t;Tz;ikiaj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,iwtdpd; Ie;J Kfq;fspy;,Ue;J ,Ugj;njl;L Mfkq;fSk; Njhd;wpajhf mtw;wpd; cgNjr tupirf; fpukk;%Wg;gLfpwJ. mJ gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

- rj;jpNahrhj Kfk;- fhkpfk;> Nahfjk;> rpe;jpak;> fhuzk;> m[pjk;- thkNjt Kfk; - jPg;jk;> #\;kk;> rf];uk;> mk;Rkk;> Rg;uNgjk;- mNfhu Kfk; - tp[ak;> epr;thrk;> Rthak;Gtk;> mdpyk;> tPuk;- jj;GU\ Kfk; - nusutk;> kFlk;> tpkyk;> re;jpuh\;dk;> tpk;gk;- <rhd Kfk; - GNuhjfPjk;> yypjk;> rpj;jk;> re;jhdk;> rHNthl;rk;>

fhuhNk];tuk;> fpuzk;> thJsk;,e;jtifapy; Mfkq;fs; cgNjrpf;fg;gl;l Qhd FU guk;giu rjhrpt %Hj;jp -mde;jNjtH - =fz;l Uj;jpuH - jpUee;jp NjtH - rdw;FkhuH - KdptHfs; -khdplHfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

Mfkq;fs; Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wit vd;gJ tuyhw;WMrpupau;fspd; fUj;J mjhtJ fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;il ,Wjp vy;iyahf; nfhz;Lmjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mfkq;fs; mUsg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

rpthfkq;fSs; %yhfkq;fs; fhkpfk; Kjy; thJsk; <whf ,Ugj;njl;L.,it rptNgjk; $Wgit -10> cUj;jpuNgjk; - 18 vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rq;fpij>ghftjrhj;jpuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; itzt Mfkq;fs; 108 vd;W $Wtu;. itztMfkq;fis itfhrd kuG> ghQ;ruhj;jpu kuG> vd ,uz;lhff; $Wtu;. itfhrdk;

itjpf up\pahd tpfhz]; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it xNu jj;Jtq;fisf;

nfhz;lit. itzt Mfkq;fSs; rf];jparq;fpij> <];tu rq;fpij> fhrpg rq;fpij>

mdpUj;jrq;fpij Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rf;jp topghl;bd; rpwg;igf; $Wk; rhf;j

Mfkq;fisj; je;jpuq;fs; vdTk; miog;gu;.,it 77 MFk;. ,tw;Ws; kfhepUthzje;jpuk;>

jpupGuufrpak;> fhkfyh tpyhrk; rhujh jpyfk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rhf;j

je;jpuq;fSs; Rg Mfkq;fs;> j~pzhrhuk; (tyJ) vdg;gLk; 05 Mfkq;fs; Qhdk;>

Nkh\j;jpw;fhd topiag;gw;wpf; $Wtd. nfsy Mfkq;fs;> thkhrhuk; (,lJ) vdg;gLk;

64 Mfkq;fs; ke;jpu tpj;ij> ,lf;fuhd topghL gw;wpf; $Wtd. kprpu Mfkq;fs;

vdg;gLk; 08 - Mfkq;fSk; ,UtifAk; fye;J tpsq;Ftd.

rpthfkq;fs; xt;ntd;Wk; fu;k fhz;lk;> Qhd fhz;lk; vd;Dk; ,UngUkgpupTfis cilad. ,tw;Ws; fu;k fhz;lk; nray; (fpupia) rhu;e;j tplaq;fisAk;>Qhd fhz;lk; mwptpay; rhu;e;j jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $Wtdthf cs;sd.;o

26



rpthfkq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rupah ghjk;> fpupah ghjk;> Nahf ghjk;> Qhd ghjk;

vd;Dk; ehd;F gpupTfis cilad. mitahtd:

1. rupah ghjk;- gpuhar;rpj;j tpjp> gtpj;jpu tpjp> Mya mikg;G tpjp> Rw;W

gpufhuk;> NfhGuk;> gupghyfu; mikg;G ckhkNfRtuu; ,yf;fzk;> rptypq;f

,yf;fzk;.

2. fpupah ghjk;-ke;jpuk;> cw;rtk;> epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa> fhkpa fpupiafs;>

rptrpd;dq;fis mzpAk; Kiw.

3. Nahf ghjk;- ml;lhq;f Nahfk;> ml;lkhrpj;jpfs;> MWtif Mjhuq;fs;.

4. Qhd ghjk;- Kg;nghUs; cz;ik> Gtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.

Qhdghjk; Mfkhe;jk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mya epUkhzKk; jpUTUt mikg;Gk;

rpthfkq;fs; flTs;> Md;kh> flTs; topghL> Md;khf;fs; Mw;Wk; tpidfs;>

irt rka tho;f;if> Mya mikg;G> Myaf; fpupiafs;> rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfs;

vd;W irtnewprhu; gy tplaq;fisf; $Wfpd;wd. irthfkq;fs; irt kf;fspd;

Md;kPf tho;it Myaq;fis ikakhff;nfhz;L $Wfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

Mya topghl;ilAk;> rka mDl;lhdq;fisAk; tpjpfshf tpsf;Ftjdhy;

rpthfkq;fSf;F rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. midj;J kf;fSk; Md;k

tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w tifapNyNa Mfkq;fs; Mya topghl;il tFj;Jf;

$Wfpd;wd. Ntjq;fs; $Wk; mf;fpdp topghLk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F Vw;Gila

cUt topghLk; rpthfkq;fspy; ,izTWfpd;wd.

rpthfkq;fs; Myak; mikf;Fk; ,lk;> Mya mikg;G> Myaj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;>

mit mika Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;> mtw;wpd; msitg;gpukhzq;fs;> Nfhapw; fpupiafs;>

Mya mDl;lhdq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis tpjpfshf tpgupf;fpd;wd. rpthyaj;jpy;

,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fUtiw> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuf; Nfhapy;fs;> gpufhuq;fs;

kw;Wk; NfhGuk;> tpkhdk; vd;gd mika Ntz;ba tpjpfs; vd;gd ,tw;wpy;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. Myak; xd;wpy; mika Ntz;ba gpufhuq;fs; gw;wp fhkpf Mfkk;

~gpufhuyl;rz tpjpg;glyk;| vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpgupf;fpwJ. Myaj;jpy; vj;jpirapy;

vt;ntt; %Hj;jq;fs; mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gJk;; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf> fpof;fpy;

#upad;> njw;fpy; \z;Kfd;> Nkw;fpy; tp\;Z> tlNkw;fpy; JHf;if> tlf;fpy; rg;jkhjH>

tlfpof;fpy; rptd;> njd;Nkw;fpy; Iadhu; vDk; epiyapy; mika Ntz;Lnkd

tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhkpfhkj;jpy; Mya mikg;G> Myaj;ij mikf;fj; jFe;j

,lk;> gupthu Njtijfs;> gpufhuq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

kdpjd; xUtd; jiuapNy Neuhf gLj;jpUg;gJ Nghd;w mikg;gpy; Mfk

Kiwg;gb mike;j Myaq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ~N\j;uk; ruPug; g;u];jhuk;| vd;g

jw;F mikthf kdpj clYf;Fk; Mya mikg;gpw;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;G

$wg;gLfpwJ.

fHg;gf;fpufk; - jiyAk;

mHj;jkz;lgk; - fOj;ijAk;

kfhkz;lgk; - khHigAk;

ahfrhiy - ehbiaAk;

NfhGuk; - ghjj;ijAk;

czj;Jfpd;wd. jpU%yUk; ~cs;sk;ngUq; Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;> ts;sw;

gpuhDf;F tha;; NfhGu thry; ......| vd;W $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ clYf;Fk;

Myaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhu;gpidg; ,t;thW $wpAs;shu;. ~fhaNk Nfhapyhf...|

vdtUk; ghlYk; Nkw;Fwpj;j tplaj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhf miktijf;

fhzyhk;.

27



rpthfkq;fs; Mya mikg;gpD}lhf jpUTUt topghl;il tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.rptypq;fj; jpUNkdp> mu;j;jehuP];tuu;> ,ypq;Nfhw;gtu;> fq;fhjuu;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp Nghd;w25 %u;j;jp Ngjq;fis mikf;f Ntz;ba tpjpfis Mfkq;fNs tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.jpUTUtq;fis nrJf;Ftjw;Fupa fUq;fy;iyj; njupT nra;jy; gw;wp rpthfkq;fs;~rpyh guPl;rzk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; $Wfpd;wd. jpUTUtq;fspd; gq;f mikjpfs;>mq;fyl;rzk;> mtw;wpd; msTg; gpukhzk;> Mil Mguzk; vd;gd gw;wpAk; mtw;wpy;$wg;gl;ls;sd. fhkpf> fhuz Mfkq;fspy; rpw;gq;fs;> jpUTUtq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhdEZf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; cj;jufhuzhfkj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fspd; msTg; gpukhzq;fs;gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rf;fpu ePjp - ~jpUTUtq;fs; mstpy; kpfpDk; FiwapDk;eyKilad my;y| vd;fpwJ. jpUTUtq;fspd; gpujpkhyl;rzj;jpy; Mfkg; gpukhzk;Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rpw;gq;fs;> Myaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mikf;fpd;w];jgjpfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba jFjpfs;> gpd;gw;wNtz;ba epakq;fs; vd;gitAk;$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

Myaf; fpupiafSk; mDl;lhdq;fSk;midj;J kf;fspd; Md;k <Nlw;wk; rpthfkq;fspd; capu; ehjkhf cs;sJ.

rpthfkq;fs; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij milAk; tifapy; jpUTUt mikg;igAk; mitrhu;e;j fpupia KiwfisAk; tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. Mfkk; $Wk; cUt topghl;bd;mbg;gilapy;~xU ehkk; Xu; cUtk; xd;Wkpyhu ;f ;F Mapuk ; jpUehkk; ghbnjs;Nszk; nfhl;lhNkh| vd;Dk; kzpthrfupd; thf;F mikfpwJ. rpthfkq;fs;$Wk; fpupia Kiwfs; jpUf;NfhapiyAk; jpUTUtq;fisAk; i k a k h f f ;nfhz;lit. epj;jpa fpupia iekpj;jpa fpupia> fhkpf fpupia> g p ujhdkhdit.epj;jpa fpupiafs; 3> 6> 12 Ntisfspy; ,lk;ngWjy; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhapypy;; eilngWk; iekpj;jpa fpupiafis rpthfkq;fs; fu;\zk;> gpujpl;il>cw;rtk;> gpuhar;rpj;jk; vDk; ehd;F gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sd.

fu;\zk; - Myak; mikg;gjw;Fupa ,lj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;.gpujpl;il - Myaj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fis gpujpl;il(epWTjy;) nra;jy;.cw;rtk; - Myaj;jpy; tUlnkhU Kiw ,lk; ngWk; jpUtpohgpuhar;rpj;jk; - Mya fpupiafspd;NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Fw;w eptu;j;jpapd;

nghUl;L Mw;wg;gLk; fpupiaNfhapy;fspy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fpupiafs;> mtw;iw Mw;Wk; tpjpfs;> g+irapd;mq;fq;fs;> ke;jpu cr;rhldk;> epNtjdg; nghUs;fs; ahfq;fs;> ahfrhiy> Nkilfs;>ahf Fz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;iffs;> G+i[apd; jd;ik> fhyk;> mgpN\fk; nra;Ak;Kiw> myq;fhuk;> g+ir mikg;G> N\hl] cgrhuq;fs;> tPjpAyh> cw;rtq;fs;vd;gd gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. rpthfkq;fspy; tUk; g+[h tpjpg;glyk;> ke;jpuhtjhug;glyk; Nghd;w gpupTfs; Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;lit.

Mfkq;fs; $Wk; Nfhapw; fpupiafSs; ,Nfhw;rtk;> gpujpl;il vd;gd gpujhdkhdit. ,t;thwhd fpupiafspdNghJ ,lk;ngWk; nfhbNaw;wk; mDf;iQ> th];Jrhe;jp> kpUj;rq;fpuzk;> mq;FuhHg;gzk;> u\he;jzk;> Fk;gk; jhgpf;Fk; Kiw Fk;gj;ijNjq;fha;> t];jpuk;> kyHkhiy> $Hr;rk; Kjypatw;why; myq;fupf;Fk; Kiw> Fk;gj;jpd;jd;ik> Rw;wg;gLk; E}y;> ney;ypd; msT> jHg;ig> khtpiy> ney;> gr;irauprp>gQ;rnfstpak;> nghup> etjhdpak;> rkpj;J> gQ;rjputpak; kNfhw;rtj;jpd; NghJeilngWk; nfhbNaw;wk;> thfdj; jpUtpoh> nksd cw;rtk;> Nju;j;jpUtpoh>jPu;j;jj; jpUtpoh vd;gdtw;iw Mw;Wk; Kiwfs; gw;wp ,tw;wpy; cz;L.

Mfkq;fs; ehy;tif gpujpl;ilfs; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. mit mehtu;j;jdk;>Mtu;j;jdk;> Gduhtu;jj;dk;> me;jupjk; vd;gd. ,tw;Ws; mehtu;;j;jdk; vd;gJMyaj;ij Gjpjhf mikj;J mq;F nja;tg; gbkq;fis Gjpjhf ];jhgdk; nra;JMw;wg;gLtJ vdTk;;. G+irfs; eilngw;WtUk; Myaj;ij Gdu;epUkhzk;nra;tjw;fhf %y%u;j;jpia ghyj;jhgdk; nra;j gpd;G> Gdu;epUkhzj;ijj; njhlu;e;J,aw;wg;gLtJ Gduhtu;j;jdk; vdTk;;. ePz;lehs; fpupia eilngwhj Nfhtpypy;fpupia Mw;Wk; nghUl;L nra;ag;gLtJ Mtu;j;jdk; vdTk; Myaj;jpy; epfOk;Mrhuf; Fiwfis eptu;j;j nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; nra;ag;gLtJ me;jupjk; vdTk;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

28



irtrpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfs;rpthfkq;fs; Mya topghl;Lld; rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

rpthfkq;fspd; Nahfghjk;> Qhdghjk; vd;gdtw;wpy; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jfs;mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpuzk;> nusutk;> ngs\;fuk; Kjyhd Mfkq;fs;rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfisg; ngupJk; nfhz;lit. gjp> gR> ghrk; vDk; Kg;nghUs;cz;ik> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs; gjpapd; %tifj; jpUNkdpfs;> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;>Ie;njhopy;fs;> Md;k <Nlw;wk;> Kk;kyq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis Mfkq;fs;$Wfpd;wd. fpuz Mfkk; gjp glyk;> gR glyk;> khah glyk;> rj;;jpepghj glyk;Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; irtrpj;jhe;j cz;ikfis tpgupf;fpd;wJ. rpthfkq;fspy;rupah ghjk;> fpupah ghjk;> Nahf ghjk;> Qhd ghjk; vd;gdtw;wpy; irt rpj;jhe;jrhjidfs; FU ypq;f rq;fk topghL>rptrpd;dq;fs;> jPl;ir gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs;cs;sd. ,akk;> epakk;> Mrdk;> gpuzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk;> jhuiz> jpahdk;>rkhjp vDk; ml;lhq;f Nahfq;fs; gw;wpAk; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ml;lhq;fNahfk; %yk; if$Lk; mllkh rpj;jpfshfpa mzpkh> yfpkh> kfpkh> fupkh>gpuhg;jp>gpufhkpak;> <rj;Jtk;> trpj;Jtk; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.Md ;kht pd ;,Wjp ,yl;rpakhd tPLNgwhfpa Rj;jhj;Jtpj Kj;jp gw;wpAk; rpthfkq;fs; $wpAs;sd.

Mfkq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;,e;J rka tuyhw;wpy; Ntjq;fisg; Nghy; Mfkq;fs; KjD}y;fs; MFk;.

- rpnusjk;> Rg je;jpuk; vd Mfkk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.- Ntjq;fs; nghJ E}y; vdTk;> Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}y; vdTk; nfhs;sg;

gLfpd;wd.- Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}y;fs; vd;w tifapy;> irt Mfkq;fis rpthfkq;fs;

vd;Wk; itzt Mfkq;fis rq;fpijfs; vd;Wk; rhf;j Mfkq;fisje;jpuq;fs; vdTk;miog;gu;.

- ,e;J rka jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gytw;wpy; Mg;j thf;fpag; gpukhzkhfmikAk; rpwg;Gilait Mfkq;fs;

c-k;: Ntjnkhlhfkk; nka;ahk; ,iwE}y; XJk; nghJTk; rpwg;Gnkd;Ws;sd ehjd; ciuait.... jpUke;jpuk;

- ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapy; fl;ll> rpw;gf; fiyfis vLj;Jf; $WtJ Mfkk;khFk;. gpw;fhy rpw;grhj;jpu E}y;fSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sdMfkq;fs;

- ,e;Jf;fspd; fpupia kuGfis newpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mfkq;fs; Kf;fpakhd,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

- Mfkq;fs; ,iw topghl;il fpupia newp %yk; topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.,f;fpupia newpia vLj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;fNs gj;jjpfs;.

- Mfkq;fs; Mya topghL> rka mDl;lhdq;fs;> irt rpj;jhe;jrpe;jidfs; Nghd;w gy tplaq;fspd; Clhf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifAld;neUf;fKw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

29



,jpfhrq;fs;

Ntj newpkugpid njhlh;e;J Ie;jhk; Ntjkughf vOr;rp ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fNs,jpfhrq;fs;. ,jpfhrq;fspy; kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;.kfhghuj fhtpak; Ie;jhk; Ntjk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,jpfhrk; vd;Dk; nrhy;,t;thW ele;j fij vd;W $wg;gLk;. kdpjd; tho; thq;F tho topfhl;Lk;

cgNjrq;fis ciladthf ,jpfhrq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fjhghj;jpuq;f@lhf

mwpTiu $Wk; ghq;F ,jpfhu tuyhWf@lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

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kfhghujKk; ,e;J rkag; gz;ghLk;.

kfhghujkhdJ kpfg; ngupa fij tbtkhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rkhh; xU yl;rk;RNyhfq;fis cilajhfTk; 18gUtq;fis cilajhfTk; kpsph;fpd;wJ. gUtq;fs;vd;gJ mj;jpahaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. Mjp gUtk;> tdgUtk;>JNuhzgUtk;> tP];kgUtk; mWrhrdgUtk;> rhe;jpgUtk; vd;git gpujhdkhdit.gy ,izf; fijfis cilajhf kfhghujk; tpsq;Ffdpd;wJ. ,e;J jj;JtE}y;fspy; xd;whfpa gftj;fPij kfhghujj;jpd; xU gFjpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.kfhghujj;jpd; xt;nthU mj;jpaha Muk;gj;jpYk; ehuhazhk; ek];fpUja vd;Dk;ehuhaz ];Jjp Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kfhghuj fhg;gpak; itztr;rhu;Gilajhf Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. kfhghuj %y tbtk; rk];fpUj nkhopapyhdJgpd; jkpo; kyha> ahth nkhopfspYk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kfhghujf; fijiag; nghWj;jtiu ,e;J rka gz;ghl;L tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghfvy;yh rpe;jidfSk; kfhghuj fijapy; cs;slq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wnjdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.,q;fpy;yhj tplaj;ij Ntnwe;j E}ypYk; fhzKbahJ vd miof;fg;gl;l tplak;kpfg; gpujhdkhdJ. #jh; vdg;gLk; fij nrhy;ypfshy; muz;kidfspYk; kf;fs;tho;tplq;fspYk; Xjg;gl;l tuyhWfNs ,jpfhrq;fshf njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kfhghujj;jpd; ,e;J rka kuGfspy; rz;kj newpf; Nfhl;ghL cd;djkhdjhftpsq;fpdhYk; irtk; itztk; vd;gd Nky; epiy ngw;Ws;snjdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.tp\;Z guj;Jt gftj; fPijapy; $wg;gl;l mu;r;Rdd; jtk; nra;j Ntisapy;rptngUkhd; fpuhjh; vDk; Ntlh; tbtpy; Njhd;wp ghRgjh];jpuk; toq;fpa nra;jp,iw Mw;wy;> ,iw mUs; gf;jp kuG midj;ijAk; ,izj;j thwhfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. irtk;> itztk; kl;Lky;yhJ rhf;j> fhzhgj;a nfskhu>nrsu rkaq;fspd; tuyhW ntspg;gLk; ,yf;fpakhfTk; kfhghujk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytdpd; ngUikfis ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mNjNtis cyfpay;tho;T mwtho;T Md;kPf tho;T vd;gtw;iw ,izj;j ghq;Fk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.kfhghujk; Fwpg;gpLk; rka kugpy; nghJkf;fs; ey;topapy; tho;tjw;fhd ePjpiacgNjrk; nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk; tP\;kjUkk; ,jid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.murUf;F Ntz;ba Nts;tpfs; uh[jUkk; vd;gdTk; kfhghujj;j py ;Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. kfhghuj uh[jUkNk ey;yhl;rpf; nfhs;ifahftypAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

30



tho ;t pd ; xOf ;ft pay ; gw ; w pa fUj ;Jf ; fSk ; kfhghujj ;j py ;vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fUkNahfk;> Gydlf;fk;> mwtho;T> rkj;Jtk;> jUknewp>tPLNgW vd;Dk; tplaq;fs; cgNjr topfs; %ykhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. jUkk;>nghWik> rkj;Jtk;> fw;G> fNfhju ghrk; Kjypa tho;tpay; gz;ghLfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jUkk; xd;Nw xUtid gpd;njhlh;e;J nry;Yk; vd;Dk; Nghjid tpjpfistbtkhf kfhghuj fijfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUkk; jiyfhf;Fk; vd;gJ,jd; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jUknewp epd;w jUkd;> tPkd; mUr;Rdd;>eFyd;> rfhNjtd; vd;Dk; ghz;ltu; tho;Tk; jPa top epd;w JupNahjdd; MfpNahh;tho;Tk; gpujhdkhdit. ed;ik nty;Yk; jPik Njhw;Fk; vd;gij kfhghujtho;tpay; vOj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nfhilapd; rpwg;G fu;zd; tuyhw;wpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kfhghujk; jphp%h;j;jp topghl;il typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. Njt ,yf;fpaj;jpy;tUzpf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if Njth; topghl;il tpl rz;kj Njth; topghL Kjd;ikngw;wJ. gftj;fPijapy; mtjhu jUkk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jUkk; Fiye;J mjUkk;ngUFk; NghJ jUkj;ij epiyehl;l ehd; Afk; NjhWk; mtjupf;fpd;Nwd; vd;gJfPijapd; cgNjrk;. mtjhuf; Nfhl;ghL ,iw Mw;wy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;NljpUcUt topghL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Ntj ,yf;fpaq;spy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj jpUcUttopfhL ,jpfhrq;fspy; NkYk; nry;thf;filfpwJ.

ahfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l topghL kfhghujf; fijapy; nry;thf;g;Fngw;wJ Nts;tp jtk;> G+ir> Njhj;jpuk;> jyahj;jpiu> jPh;j;jk; vd;gd gpujhd ,lk;ngw;wd. fq;fh];Qhdk;> fhrpahj;jpiu jpahdk; vd;gdTk; ghujf; fijapy; nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wd. kfhghujf; fijapy; itzt kughfpa ghQ;ruhj;jpuk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.ghQ;ruhj;jpu itztk; tp\;Z gfthdhy; cgNjrk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd kfhghujk;vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. #upa cghrid fhaj;jpup ke;jpu nry;thf;Fk; kfhghuj fijapy;Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Fe;jp Njtpapd; tuyhW ,jw;F rhd;W. Ju;f;fh cghridAk;Jh;f;fh Nfhj;jpukhf mike;Js;sJ.

kfhghuj fijapd; mwtho;Tf; nfhs;if NkyhdJ. mfpk;ir Nkyhd jUkkhff;$wg;gLk; rj;jpak;> FNuhjkpd;ik> jhdk;> Gydlf;fk; gpwuplk; Fiwfhzhik>gpwhpy; Fiw$whik NfhgkWjy;> kd;dpg;gspj;jy;> mfGwj;J}a;ik gpwupy; gifikghuhl;lhik vd;gd caupa jj;Jtq;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. rj;jpaNk caph;vd;W kfhghujk; Nghjpf;fpd;wJ. rhe;jpgUtj;jpy; JNtrkpd;ik> rj;jpak;> Gydlf;fk;nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik guk;nghUisj; jpahdpj;jy; vd;gd mfpk;irapd; ghw;gLk;vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUFyf; fy;tp kuGld; njhlh;ghd Mrhuq;fSk;jNghtd tho;;Tk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kfhghujKk; ,e;J rka ,yf;fpa kuGfSk;kfhghujf; fijapd; ,yf;fpa kugpy; gftj;fPij Kjd;ikahdJ. gy;NtWgl;lfpisf; fij kuGfisAk; kfhghujk; cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Njthu ghly;fspYk;kfhghujj;jpd; mh;r;Rdd; jtk; nra;j itgtk; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.~mLj;jhid cupj;jhid mUr;Rdh;f;Fg; ghRgjk; nfhlj;jhid| vd;W Njthug;ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ~Ntld; jd; tpy;iy tp[aw;F <e;J ....|vd;W fpuhjhu;r;Rdd;tbtj;ij Njthug;ghly; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. rk];fpUj> njYq;F nkhopfspy; ghujf;fij Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ rhs;]; tpy;fpd;]; vd;ghh; kfhghuj fijia Mq;fpyj;jpYk;jkpopYk; ghuj mk;khid kfhghujf; fijia mbnahw;wpajhfk; itFe;j mk;khid>fk;rd; mk;khid Kjypa rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fSk; ,yf;fpa kughf vOr;rp ngw;Ws;sd.jpnusgjp Nfhtpy; gz;ghL> ghz;ltu; fij kuGld; njhlh;ghdJ gy;tif $j;Jf;fSk;ehlfq;fSk; ghz;lth; fij kuG jOtpad.

31



,uhkhazk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL

,uhkhazk; tlnkhopay; thd;kPfp up\pahy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhazk; 7fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. ghyfhz;lk; mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;fp];fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;jufhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk;> cj;jufhz;lk; vd;gd mit24000 RNyhfq;fis cila njhFg;ghf ,uhkhazk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fp.gp2Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. thd;kPfp Mjpftp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.ghq;fUk; ghjk; ehd;Fk; tFj;j thd;kPfp vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. ,uhkhazk;Mjpfhtpak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uhkhazk; ,uhkid fjhehafdhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhkdJ nja;tPfMw;wy; ,uhk topghl;bw;F mbg;gilahd kugpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. up\pfSf; nfy;yhk;kfup\pahf thd;kPfp Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;whh;. mNahj;jpakhefuk;> jrujd; fij>Kd;tpidg; gad; jz;lfhuzpajtk;> gujd; cwT rNfhju ghrk; > ,yq;ifj;njhlh;G vd;gd fijNahl;lkhf mikfpd;wd. mf;fijNahl;lj;jpy; ,uhkd; vd;Dk;ghj;jpuk; cj;jk tbtkhfTk; ,yl;rpa tbtkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

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32



Guhzq;fs;

Ntj cgepljq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tlnkhopf;fUj;Jf;fSk; jj;Jt rpe;jidfSk;

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,ay; tpuj kfpik jPh;j;j kfpik Kjypa tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy;

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miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd

rptGuhzq;fs; 10

1. rpt Guhzk; 6. tuhf Guhzk;

2. gtpgpa Guhzk; 7. thkd Guhzk;

3. khh;f;fz;Nla Guhzk; 8. kr;r Guhzk;

4. ,ypq;f Guhzk; 9. $h;k Guhzk;

5. ];fe;j Guhzk; 10. gpukhz;l Guhzk;

tp\;Z Guhzk; 04

fUl Guhzk;

ehujPa Guhzk;

itzt Guhzk;

ghftj Guhzk;

gpuk Guhzk; 02

gpuk Guhzk;

gJk Guhzk;

mf;fpdp Guhzk; 01

Mf;fpNda Guhzk;

#hpa Guhzk; 01

gpuk ifth;j;j Guhzk;

Guhzq;fs; gQ;r ,yl;rzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

1. rh;f;fk; rpUl;b

33



2. gpujprh;f;fk; mope;J kPz;Lk; cz;lhjy;

3. tk;rk; nja;t guk;giu

4. kd;te;juk; kDf;fspd; fhyk;

5. tk;rpahDrupjk; tk;rq;fspd; tuyhW

tlnkhopg; Guhzq;fs; jryl;rzq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vida 5 ,yf;fzq;fspy;

6. tpUj;jp njhopy;

7. uf;\h nja;tq;fspd; mtjhuk;

8. Kj;jp tPLNgW

9. N`J mt;af;jkhd caph;

10. mghr;ra gpuk;kk;

,t;thwhd kfh Guhzq;fs; gpukh tp\;Z #hpad;> cUj;jpud; Kjyhdth;fspd;

guj;Jtq;fisf; $Wfpd;wd. thOk; cyfpy; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; vd;gtw;iwAk;

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; GUlhh;j;jq;fisAk; $Wfpd;wd. Guhzq;fspNy

murh;fspd; ghuk;ghpaq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. (c.k;) rpR> ehftk;rk;> ee;j tk;rk;>

nksupa tk;rk; Kjypait.

Guhzq;fs; ,e;J ehfupfj;ijAk; ,e;J rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; ,e;jpa juprdq;fspd;

tuyhw;iwAk; ,akk;> epakk;> ep\;il Kjypatw;iwAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;

fUT+yq;fs; vd;gu;.

NkYk; Guhzq;fs; Nfhtpy;fisAk; gf;jpf;Fupa ,lq;fisAk; $Wtd. ehl;L

kf;fspilNa epiyahd xUikg;ghl;il tsh;g;gjpy; Guhzq;fs; ngUk; gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wd. mit ghuk;ghpakhf eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfisAk; tud;Kiwahff;

$Wtd. cUttopghL gf;jpkhh;f;fk;> fd;kk;> kWgpwg;G> cgepljf;nfhs;if> Qhdk;>

Nkhl;rk;> tpujk;> jPh;j;jk;> jtk;> ahj;jpiu> Njhj;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nja;tPf

guj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. nja;tPf guj;Jtq;fshtd

1. rptguj;Jtk; mbKb Njba fijiaAk;

2. tp\;Z guj;Jtk; ghftj Guhz mtjhuk;

3. rf;jp guj;Jtk; Jh;f;if kfplhRuid rq;fhpj;jy;

4. gf;jp kuGfs; khh;f;fz;Nlah;> gf;j gpufyhjd; fijfs; fiy>murpay;>

kuGfs; nfhz;like;jitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Guhzq;fs; gioikahditahapDk; #hpaidg;Nghd;W GJikahdit.

caph;g;Gs;sit. mit Ntjq;fspNy Kiw nfhz;lit. Guhzq;fs; nghpa tpQ;Qhd

EZf;fq;fisf; $Wtd. J}yepajp> mwepajp> mUs; epajp> thdj;jpd; cLf;fs;>

fpufq;fs;> tlJUtk;> njd;JUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpguq;fisAk; tpsf;fkhf $Wfpd;wd.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; GNuhfpjh;fs; Guhzq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp rka Nghjidfs; nra;jdu;>

nra;fpd;wdh;. MWKfehtyh; Nghd;Nwhh; vkJ rkaj;ij tsh;f;fg; Guhz gldk;

nra;jhh;fs;. jw;fhyj;jpy; fe;jr\;b tpuj fhyj;jpYk; fe;jGuhzk; gbf;fg;gl;L

nfhUs; $Wg;gLfpwJ. Gyth;fs; ,yf;fpak; fz;L ,yf;fzk; nra;jy; vd;w kugpw;Nfw;g

gQ;ryl;rz> jryl;rzq;fis nfhz;L ,d;Wk; tpsf;fk; $Wfpd;whh;fs;.

MWKfehtyh; Nghd;Nwhh; vj;Jizf; fhyk; jpUg;gpj; jpUg;gpg; gbg;gpDk; njtpl;lhJ

jpj;jpj;J mKJ Cl;Lk; mjpjpt;tpa mjpkJuj; Njd; vd;W tUzpj;jpUg;gJ

fe;jGuhzj;jpd; rpwg;igf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.

34



Guhzf;fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ml;ltPuj; jytuyhW $wg;gl;lJ.

jpupGunkhpj;j fij ,jpy; rpwg;ghdJ. jpUkhypd; mtjhuj; jj;JtKk; ,jpy; rpwg;ghf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J irt itzt kugpw;Fr; rhd;whdJ.

itaj;J tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk; nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk; vd;w thf;fpw;F

,zq;f kdpjid ey;topg;gLj;Jk; rpwe;j fUT+yq;fshfTk; ez;gidg; Nghd;W

mwpTiu $wp topg;gLj;Jk; rpwe;j fiyf;fsQ;rpakhfTk; Guhzq;fisf; nfhs;syhk;

vd;gjpy; ve;j tpj IaKk; ,y;iy.

Guhzq;fSk; gpw;fhy ,e;Jrka kuGfSk;

gpw;fhy Njhj;jpu kuGfSf;F Guhzf; fijfs; rhd;whdit rf];u ehk Njhj;jpuk;

m];Nlhj;ju ehkhh;r;rid vd;git Guhzq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sd.

mbKb Njbafij vd;gd gpujhdk;.

Guhzq;fis jOtpa tifapy; ,yf;fpa kuGfs; vOr;rpngw;wd. rhj;tPf> jhkr>

uh[r mbg;gilapy; Guhzf;fijr; nry;thf;if fhzyhk;. fupgpurhj; rh];jphp

mth;fs; Guhzq;fis gpd;tUkhW gphpj;Js;shu;; mit.

1. fiyf; fsQ;rpaGuhzq;fs;.

2. tpuj jPh;j;j kfpik $Wk; Guhzq;fs;

3. tuyhw;Wf; fijg;Guhzq;fs; vd;gd.

Njthug; ghly;> Mo;thh;ghly;fspYk; Guhzf;fij kuG cz;L. jhdk; tpujk;

gf;jp> Nfhfk;> fiy kuG vd;gd gpujhd cs;slf;fq;fs;.

jkpo;g;GuhzkuG> jyGuhz kuG> Guhzgld kuG> Guhzq;fs; njhlh;ghd ehl;lhupay;

fiyfs; vd;git gpujhdkhdit. $j;J ehlf tbtq;fSk; Guhzq;fisj;

jOtpadNt.

35



1:4 jkpofg; gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; - mwpKfk;

tl ,e;jpahitg; NghyNt njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,e;J rkak; njhd;ikahdtuyhw;Wg; toik nfhz;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fpwp];JTf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L kuGfspd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;. vdpDk; fpwp];J rfhg;gj;jpypUe;Njjkpofj;jpd; njspthd tuyhW Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fpwp];J rfhg;jk;njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 3 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp rq;ffhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ>

gz;ila jkpofk; vd;gJ ghz;ba ehL> NrhoehL> njhz;il kz;lyk;>Ntq;fp ehL Kjyhd gFjpfis cs;slf;fp gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;Nru Nrho ghz;bau; vDk; %Nte;ju;fs; jkpofj;ij Mz;lik gw;wp mwpa KbfpwJ.,f;fhy gz;ghl;L tsu;;r;rp gw;wp gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak; kw;Wk;gpw rhd;Wfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,f;fhy kf;fs; Gtpapay; mikg;Gf;F Vw;gjkJ tho ;f ;ifiaAk ; > gz;ghl ;ilAk ; ,aw ;ifAld ; ,ize;jthWmikj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. mJ

rq;ffhyk;

rq;f fhyj; jkpofk; Gtpapay; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Itif epyq;fshftFf;fg;gl;ld. mt;thW fhzg;gl;l epyq;fSf;Fupa nja;tq;fs; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpau;kUjj;jpw;F ,e;jpud;> Ky;iyf;F khNahd;> FwpQ;rpf;F NrNahd;> ghiyf;Ff; nfhw;witnea;jYf;F tUzd; vd;W tFj;Jf; $wpdhu;. ,jid

khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;tUzd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;

vdtUk; ghly; %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,t;thW njhy;fhg;gpau; ,e;J rkaj;nja;tq;fis xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; cupajhf tiuaiw nra;jhu;. ,t;thW Itifepyq;fSf;FKupa nja;tq;fspd; tupirapy; rptd; $wg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; vy;yhepyj;J kf;fshYk; topglg;gLk; guk;nghUshf rptd; tpsq;fpapUf;fNtz;Lk;.

rq;ffhyj; njhif E}y;fSs; rptd;> jpUkhy;> Kjypa flTsiug; gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> kJiu> tQ;rp Kjypa ngUefuq;fspy;,f;flTsh;f;Fhpa Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jd. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; mfehE}W> GwehE}W>Iq;FWE}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> fypj;njhif Mfpa Ie;J E}y;fspd; flTs; tho;j;Jg;ghly;fs; rptidg; gw;wpNa mike;Js;sd. Mapd; ,g;ghly;fs; gpw;fhyj;ijr;rhh;e;jit. rq;f E}y;fspy; rptidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tphpthf te;Js;sd. gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif ,yf;fpaq;fs; vjpYk; irtk;> rptd; vDk; gjq;fisf;fhzKbatpy;iy. Mdhy; gpw;fhy irtrka kugpy; rptDf;Ff; fw;gpjk; nra;ag;gLk; Njhw;wg;nghypTfs; njhlu;ghd milnkhopfs;> rptdpd; jpUtpis ahly;fs;>tPur;nray;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. Fwpj;jfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; gy nja;tq;fis topgbDk; rptNd jiyikf; flTshftpsq;fpdhd; vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jid ~kOthnebNahd; jiytdhf| vdtUk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpg; ghly; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.NkYk; me; E}ypy; rptngUkhDf;F Kjd;ik je;J mtNd Ie;J G+jq;fisj;Njhw;Wtpj;jtd; vd;Wk; ehd;F gphpTfisAk; MW mq;fq;fisAk; nfhz;l Ntjq;fs;jdpKjw; flTspd; thapypUe;J ntspte;jd vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rilKbcilatd; Kf;fz;zd; ePykzpkplw;wtd;> KOKjw; flTs;> khnjhUghjpad;>fq;if mzpe;jtd;> mopj;jw; flTs;> Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; mkh;e;jtd;> ths; Ve;jpatd;>vd;W ,e;E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

36



rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fupa jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> fypj;njhif> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>GWehD}W> Iq;FWE}W Kjyhd E}y;fspy; rpt topghL njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf gupghlypy; ~rljhup| (rilapy; fq;ifia mzpe;jtd;)~Gq;f%u;gtd;| (,lg thfdj;jpy; nry;gtd;) ~fha;flTs;| (fhkNjtid vupj;jtd;)Kjyhd milnkhopfSk;> mNjNghy; vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whfpa fypj;njhifapy; ~Kf;fzhd;| (Kf;fz;fis cilatd;) ~Myku; nry;td;| (fy;yhykuepoy; ciwgtd;) Kjyhd milnkhopfSk; ,lk;ngWtjidf; fhzyhk;.rptd; gw;wpa ,t;thwhd cUt tUzidfs; rptd; gw;wpa ,jpfhr Guhzf;fijfSld; njhlu;G iladthf mikfpd;wd. tl ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd gz;ghl;L uPjpahd cwitf; fhl;LtJld;> ,jpfhr Guhz kuGfs; jkpofj;jpd; rka ek;gpf;if fspy; ,izTwj; njhlq;fptpl;likf;Fk; ,itrhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; kpFjpahff; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; nja;tkhfj; jpfo;gth;jpUkhy;. njhy;fhg;gpah; ehd;F epyq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd nja;tq;fisAk; gw;wpf;$Wkplj;J>

~khNahd; Nka fhLiw AyfKk;|~khNahd; Nka kd;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;..|

vd;W ,U E}w;ghf;fspy; jpUkhy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; mfj;jpizf;Fhpa nja;tkhdkhNahidj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gilapd;jiytdhd njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;> ,Uepyk; fle;j jpUkW khh;gpd; ..............vd;W jpUkhy; kugpy; te;j kd;ddhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whd;. Ky;iyg; ghl;bYk;kJiuf;fhQ;rpapYk; jpUkhy; topghL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhh;> ehd;kbr;Nru kd;didj; jpUkhy; gf;jpAilatdhff; rpwg;gpj;Jg;ghbAs;shu;. ew;wpizapy; tUk; xU fhl;rp> nghpakiyapNy mUtp gha;e;NjhLfpwJ.fhpa epwKila ghiwAk; mjdpilNa ntz;ik epwKila mUtpAk; gha;e;NjhLtJjpUkhiyAk; gyuhkidAk; fz;Kd; epWj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. GwehDW jpUkhypd;jpUtpisahly; xd;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

~mzq;Fil atzh; fzq;nfhz;nlhspj;jdh;nrz;tpsq;F rpwg;gpd; QhapW fhzh........| vd tUk; ghlypy; fhzyhk;.

vd;W Njth;fSk; mRuh;fSk; Nghhpl;l epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fypj;njhifapy;fz;zdpd; nray;fs; tphpthfr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd.

~Nkthh; tpLj;je;j $e;jw; Fjpiuiatha;g; gFj;jpl;L Gilj;j Qhd;wpd;dd;nfhd; khNahndd;W.....|

vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;whd ghpghlypYk; jpUkhy; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kpFjpahff;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkhy; Ntjq;fshy; ghuhl;lg;gl;lij

~eP nad nkhopT kyh;e;jz uUkiw|vd;W $WfpwJ. NkYk; mjpy; jpUkhYk; gyNjtDk; xUtNu vd;gJ

~ePNa tidnahU GiuAk; thypNahh;f;ftd;.............| vd;W ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tl nkhop E}y;fspy; $wg;gLk; ];fe;jDld; njhlu;Gila nja;tkhfrq;ffhy FwpQ;rp epy kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l Ntyd; my;yJ KUfd; tpsq;Ffpwhu;.N rNahd ; Nka iktiu cyfk ; | vd ;W njhy ; f hg ; g pau ; ,jidmilahsg;gLjjpAs;shu;.

gupghlypy; KUfDf;F vl;Lg;ghly;fs; cs;sd. mg;ghly;fspy; KUfd;:d;dpU rpuq;fs;> MW fuq;fs; cilatdhfTk;> gj;kh#uid Nghupy;ntd;wtdhfTk; ts;sp nja;tahidia kzk; Gupe;jtdhfTk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wpy;Nfhapy; nfhz;ltdhfTk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. KUfd; FwpQ;rp epykf;fspd;Nghu; flTshf tpsq;fpdhd; vd;gJ kiygLflhkpy; \nty;Yk; NghNu ty;yKUfd;| vdtUk; ghly; %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,td; nfhw;witapd;kfdhfTk; rq;f E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;.

37



rq;ffhy kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l ngz; nja;tk; vd;w ngUik nfhw;wit

vd;Dk; flTSf;Nf cz;L. rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpy; tuz;l epyg;gpuNjrkhd

ghiy epyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fshy; topglg;gl;l nja;tkhf nfhw;wit mikfpwhs;.

fypj; njhif> FWe;njhif> neLey;thil kw;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjyhd E}y;fs;

nfhw;wit gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; $wpAs;sd. fypj;njhif ,tis vy;yhk;

czu;e;jtshfTk;> ngUq; fhl;bil tho;gtshfTk;> N ga ; f ; fzq ; fis

cila tshfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ghiy epykf;fs; ifapy; E}w; fhg;gzpe;J

nfhw;witiaf; Fwpj;J tpujk; ,Ue;jik gw;wpAk;> gpupe;jtu; Nru;e;j gpd; kPz;Lk;

gpupahky; ,Ug;gjw;F mUSkhW Ntz;b topgl;lik gw;wpAk; FWe;njhifapy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

topghl;L Kiwfs;rq;f fhy kf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topghl;L Kiwfs;> mit rhh;e;j

rka tpohf;fs; gw;wp rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s rhd;Wfshy; mwpayhk;.

mk;kf;fs; nja;tq;fisf; Fwpj;J Fuitf; $j;J> Ntyd; ntwpahly; Kjyhd

topghLfisAk;> fhh;j;jpiftpoh> Mjpiutpoh> ijtpoh> KUftpoh vd gy;NtW

tpohf;fisAk; elhj;jpdu;.

rq;f fhy kf;fspilNa epytpa Nfhapy; topghL gw;wp mwptjw;F njhy;nghUl;

rhd;Wfis tplTk; ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. rq;f fhyj;jpd;

Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa GwehD}W rptd; Nfhapy; gw;wp

gzpapdu; mj;ij epd;FilNaKdptu;

Kf;fl; nry;tdhh; efh;tyk; nraw;Nf|

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,q;F ‘efu;| vd;gJ rptd; NfhapiyNa Rl;LfpwJ.

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; KUfdpd; mWgil tPLfs; gw;wpAk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

fhQ;rpapy; ,Ue;j jpUkhy; Nfhapy;> mq;F jpUkhy; ghk;gizapy; gs;sp nfhz;Ls;sik

vd;gd gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jtpu rpWghzw;Wg;gil gl;bdg;ghiy> kiygLflhk;

Kjyhd E}y;fspYk; Nfhapy; topghL njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; cs;sd.

Nfhapy;rhu;e;j jpUTUt topghl;Lld; njhlu;Gilajhf rq;ffhy kf;fshy;

nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eLfy; topghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghupy; ,we;j Nghh; tPuh;fSf;Fr;

nra;agl;l ,e;eLfy; topghL gw;wpa nra;jpfs; GwehD}W> gl;bdg;ghiy> gupghly;

Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd. Nghupd;NghJ ,we;j tPudpd; epidthf fy;el;L

ngah; nghwpj;J gPyp #l;b topgl;lij GwehD}W

mzpkapw; gPyp #l;b ngah; nghwpj;J

,dpJ el;ldNu fy;Yk;|

vd;fpwJ. NkYk; mij ePuhl;b myq;fhpj;J topgl;lik gw;wpa nra;jpAk; cs;sJ

cz;L.

rq;f fhy kf;fs; nra;j topghLfSs; Kjd;ikkpf;fJ Fuitf; $j;Jk;

mjDld; ,ize;j Ntyd; ntwpahlYkhFk;. FwpQ;rp kf;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l

,t;topghl;by; ngz;fs; ifNfhh;j;J MLk; NghJ KUfd; Nghy Ntlkpl;l xUtd;

Ntydhf ntspg;gl;L MLthd;. mt;Ntis KUfDf;F ,uj;jk; fye;j NrhW

epNtjdkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;topghl;ilr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fd;wf;Fuit vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Ky;iy

epykf;fs; kNahid epidj;J Mba Fuitf;$j;J Mr;rpah;Fuit vdg;gl;lJ.

,Jgw;wp GwehD}W gujt kfspu; Fuitnahnlhypg;g|

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; ghiy epy kf;fs; ngz;izj; Ju;f;ifahf myq;fhpj;J

Ch;tykhfr; nrd;W Jh;f;if tpohit nfhz;lhbaik gw;wp rpyg;gjpfhu Ntl;Lt

tupapy; fzyhk;.

38



kUj epy kf;fs; ,e;jpuidf; Fwpj;J Mz;L NjhWk; vLj;j ,e;jpu tpohitf;

nfhz;lhbdu;. gupghly; khh;fop khjj;jpy; ele;j Mjpiu tpoh gw;wpAk; ew;wpiz>

fypj;njhif Kjyhdtw;wpy; ijj;jpUehs; tpoh GdpjePuhl;L tpoh vd;gd gw;wpAk;>

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil MWgil tPLfspy; eilngw;w KUfDf;Fupa gy tpohf;fs;

gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

rq;ffhy ,Wjpapy; tl ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gfs; fhuzkhf rka rKjha hPjpapy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Mhpa kakhf;fk; kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;ifapYk;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf itjPfkuG jOtpa topghLfs; jkpof kf;fspd;

tho;tpaYld; gpizg;Gw;w epiyapy; Nts;tp topghLk; Kjd;ik ngwyhapw;W

njhy;fhg;gpak; me;jzUf;Fhpa njhopy;fs; gw;wpf; $Wifapy; Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy;>

Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> <jy;> Vw;wy; vd;W mtw;iw tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ. ,it

NtjqfspYk; mtw;wpd; topte;j ];kpUjpfspYk; gpukhzu;fs; njhlu;ghff; $wg;gl;l

tho;tpay; epakq;fshf miktijf; fhzyhk;.

39



mwnewpf; fhyk;

,e;Jg;gz;ghL rpyfhyk; eype;Jk; rpy fhyk; tshe;Jk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wpUg;gijf;

fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapy eypT Vw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; mg;gz;ghl;il

Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; muru;fs;> Gyth;fs; rka mgpkhdpfs; gy gzpfis

Nkw;nfhz;L te;jpUg;gjidAk; Nehf;f KbAk;. jkpo;ehl;bNy fp.gp.3k; E}w;whz;bd;

gpd;dh; jkpo; %Nte;juhl;rp KbTf;F te;jNghJ fsg;gpuh; Mjpf;fKk;> ngsj;j kjr;

nry;thf;Fk; fhzg;gl;likf;fhd gy;tif rhd;Wfis Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk;

rkar; rhh;ghd tplaq;fis $Wk; mNjNtis kzpNkfiy ,e;J jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;

Vida jj;JtQhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy Vw;gl;l thjq;fs;> jkpo;ehl;by; rq;ffhyj;jpy;

fhzg;gl;l Nghh; xOf;fk;> fhjy; xOf;fk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w rKjha

rPh;NfLfisr; rPh;nra;Ak; Kfkhf mwnewpg; Nghjidfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; E}y;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. rkar; rhh;ghf r%f rPh;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Nghf;F rq;fk;kUtpa

fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypa fhg;gpaq;fs; ,jw;Fr;

rhd;W.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy gpwthahf;ifg; ngupNahd; Nfhapy; vd;gJ rpthyaj;ijf; Fwpf;f

MWKf nrt;Nts; mzpjpfo; Nfhapy; vd;gJ mzpfshy myq;fupf;fg;gl;l KUf

Myaj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; gjpndhUtif Mly;fs; rptngUkhd;> jpUkhy; Mba

Mly;fshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. khNahd;> ePyNkdpnebNahd;> nrq;fz; nebNahd;

vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlh;fs; jpUkhy; topghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLtdthf cs;sd.

Guhzf;fijfspd; ,e;J rka rpe;jidfs; mwnewpf; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Mokhfg;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. rptngUkhdpd; ml;ltPuf; fijfSld;

njhlh;ghd Mly;fis khjtp Mbajhf rpyg;gjpfhuk; $Wfpd;wJ. ngz; nja;tq;fspd;

cghridfSk; rq;fk; kUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;WfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khNahd; Jzq;ifad; nry;tp vd;Dk; nrhw;gjq;fs; ,jw;Fr;

rhd;W khatd; Mba kuf;fhyhlYk; vd;Dk; ghlyb jpUkhy; Mba $j;jpd;

rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

rpyg;gjpfhug; ghlypNy Jh;f;if rpk;kthfpdpahf epw;Fk; epiy gpd;tUk; ghlyb

%yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

fupajpupf; Nfhl;Lf;fiy kpirNky; epd;whahy;

nrq;fz; mupkhd; rpdtpilNky; epd;whahy;

vd;Dk; ghly; tupfspy; Ju;f;ifapd; tbtk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhw;witia

njhlh;e;J GfOk; NghJ

“tyk;gL nfhw;wj;J tha;thl; nfhw;wit” “,uz;L NtW cUtpy; jpuz;l Njhs;

mTzd; jiykpir epd;w ijay;”

vd;gJ kfp\hRu tjj;ij epidTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

jj;Jthu;j;j rpe;jidia Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;Jf;fspd; Co;tpidf; Nfhl;ghl;il

mbnahw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

40



“Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;” vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; ghl rhq;fpa nfhs;ifapdUk;

irt jj;JtthjpfSk; mwnwepf; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;gjid

kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;jpy irtthjp vd;Dk; jj;Jtg; gpuptpdh; fhzg;gl;ljhff;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J irtrpj;jhe;j kugpdiuf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. mNj fhy fl;lj;jpy;

vOe;j jpUke;jpug ; ghly;fspYk; Mfk kuG jOtpa irtrpj;jhe ;jk ;

nry;thf;file;Js;sJ. Nkyhd jw;guk; fz;Nlhh; irtrpj;jhe;jNu vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf jkpopy; ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpNy ,e;Jrka ehlf tsh;r;rpf;fhd mbg;gilfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nfhw;wit topghl;Lld njhlh;ghd Ntyd; ntwpahly; $j;J ,e;J rka Mly;

fiyapd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;Jld; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; 11 tif

Mly;fSk; ,jd; ngUikiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

41



gy;yth; fhy ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpjkpof tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; 9k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd

fhyg;gFjp gy;ytu; fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpofj;ijgy;yt> ghz;ba muru;fs; Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. vdpDk; jkpofj;jpd; mNefkhd gFjpfs;gy;ytu;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpNyNa ,Ue;jd. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; gf;jp ,af;fj;ij ikakhff;nfhz;l irt itzt newpfspd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;Lf;F tlf;Nf rhjthfd tk;rj;jthpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;bUe;j rpykhfhzq;fSf;Fj; jiyth;fshf ,Ue;j gy;yth;fs; rhjthfd NguuRepiy jsujhk; jiyik tfpj;j khfhzq;fSf;F jhNk murh;fshfp jkpofj;jpd; tlghfj;ijf;ifg;gw;wp fp.gp. 575y; fsg;gpdiu ntd;wdh;. fsg;gpdiu Njhw;fbj;J rpk;ktp];Zfp.gp 575 Kjy; njhz;il kz;lyj;ijak; mjd;gpd; Nrho kz;lyjijAk; ifg;gw;wpmguh[pj th;kid Nrhokd;ddhd Mjpj;a th;kd; Njhw;fbj;J fp.gp. 890k; Mz;Ltiu gy;yth; Ml;rp epytpaJ.

gy;yt murh;fSk; gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpAk;gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Mz;l gy;yt muru;fSs; Kw;fhy gy;yt

kd;dh;fshf gg;gNjtd;> Fkhutp];Z> ];fe;jth;kd;> rpk;kth;kd;> ee;jp th;kd;Kjypatu;fisAk; ,ilf;fhy gy;yt kd;du;fSf;F kNfe;jputh;kd;> eurpk;kth;kd;>uh[rpk;kd; KjyhNdhiuAk; gpw;fhy gy;yt muru;fSs; ee;jptUkd;> 2k;guNk];tuth;kd;> 3k; kNfe;jputh;kd;> 2k; ee;jpth;kd; Nghd;wtiuak; Fwpg;gplyhk;.,f;fhy muru;fs;Myaq;fis mikj;jJld;> mitrhu;e;j gzpfspYk; <Lgl;ldu;. Myaq;fSf;Ff;fpuhkq;fisj; Njtjhdkhf toq;fpdu;. fiyQu;fs;> rpw;gpfs;> GNuhfpju;fs; irtitzt rkag; gzpfspy; <Lgl tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. Myaq;fs; fy;tp>gz;ghl;L epiyaq;fshf tpsq;fTk;> Ntjf;fy;tp> ,jpfhr Guhzf;fij kuG vd;gdgug;gg;gLtjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpdu;.

gy;yth;fhy ,e;J gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpapYk; gf;jp newpapd; kWkyu;r;rpapYk;ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jtd; rpk;ktp];Z kd;dd;. MapDk; ,tdJ kfdhd kNfe;jputh;kd;fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jkj kWkyh;r;rpapy;> GJikfSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,jd; gpd;dh; thjhgprhSf;fpaUld; Nghuhb jkpofj;ij kPl;l ngUik khky;yidr; rhUk;. ,tidmLj;J uh[rpk;kd; 4k; Mz;L Ml;rpnra;jhd;. ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; mitjPf rkak;tPo;r;rp mile;J itjPfrkak; cah;epiy ngw;wJ.

jkpofj;jpy; gy;yt muru;fspd; Ml;rpia epiyahf Vw;gLj;jpatd; vd;wngUik kNfe;jputUkDf;Nf cz;L. rkz rkaj;ij Mjupj;j ,td; mg;guhy;irtj;jpw;F kjk; khw;wg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,td; irtj;ij jOtpaijaLj;Jirt newpapd; tsu;r;rpapy; ngUkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,td; jd; rkag;gw;iwntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;> jd; ,iw ek;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpYk;gy Filtiufis ,e;J nja;tq;fSf;fhf cUthf;fpdhd;. ,td; kz;lfg;gl;Lvd;w ,lj;jpy; Kjy; Filtiuia mikj;j gpd; kNfe;jputhbak;> khkz;^u;>ty;yk;> gy;yhtuk; Kjyhd Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;jhd;. kNfe;jputh;kdpd;tpaj;jF jpwj;Njhd;> rq;fPh;z[hjp> Fzgud;> kj;jtpyhrd> rpj;jpufhuGyp> N\jhfhhpMfpa tpUJg;ngah;fs; mtdJ gy;Jiwg; ghz;baj;Jtj;ijAk;> ,e;J rka<Lghl;ilAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

gy;yt fhy muru;fSs; khky;yd;> ~Kjyhk; eurpk;k gy;ytd;| vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhd;. jkpofj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j thjhgpr; rhSf;fp;aupd; Mjpf;fj;ij

jLj;J jkpofj;ij kPl;l ngUikf;Fupatdhf eurpk;kd; tpsq;Ffpwhd;. thjhgpia

ntw;wp nfhz;lij mLj;J> thjhgpapypUe;J fzgjp topghL jkpo; ehl;bw;F

guTtjw;Ff; fhuzkf ,Ue;jhd;. ,td; khgy;yGuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp

mikj;j ,e;J Myaq;fs; ,tdJ ,e;J rkag; gw;Wf;Fr; rhd;W.

42



khky;yGuf; fiyf;$lj;ijAk; FlNghf kz;lgq;fisAk; xw;iwf;fy;ujf;Nfhapy;fisAk; mikj;jhd;. jpup%u;j;jp kz;lgk;> Mjptuhf kz;lgk;> kfp\hRuku;j;jpdp kz;lgk;> jUkuh[ kz;lgk;> khky;yGuk; Nghd;wit ,td; mikj;jkz;lgq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;. khky;y Guj;jpy; eurpk;kdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lkiyjspfs;> kfhghujf; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fshYk; fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fspd;ngau;fshYk; miof; fg;gLfpd;wd. mit jUkujk;> tPkujk;> fNzrujk;> rfhNjtujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> nfhw;witujk;> tlf;Fg; gplhupujk;> njw;Fg; gplhup ujk;>tiyahd; Fl;il ujk; vDk; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Guhz ,jpfhrf;fijfisr; rpw;gq; fshf tbj;jhd;. khky;yGu xw;iwf;fw; Nfhapy;fSs; mUr;Rdd;ujk;> ju;kuh[ujk; Mfpait rptDf;Fupait.

gy;ytu; fhy muru;fSs; kw;nwhUtdhfpa guNkRtutu;kd; tpj;ahtpePjd;vDk; tpUJg;ngaiuf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,td; $uk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; rptd;Nfhapnyhd;iw mikj;jhd;. mf;Nfhapw; g+irfSf;nfd 108 rJu ;Ntjpfl ;Fepykspj;jhd;. ,td; jdJ jpUKbapy; cUj;jpuhl;rj;jpyhd kfh rptypq;fj;ijj;jupj;jpUe;jhd; vd;gjw;F mwpQu;fs; rhd;Wfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;;. k h k y ; y G u f ;fNzru; Nfhapw;fy;ntl;L> guNkRtutu;kdpd; Mo;e;j rptgf;jpapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.mf;fy; ntl;by; ~rptDf;F Nky; nja;tk; ,y;iy@ mtNd KOKjw;flTs;@ rptidepid ahNjhu; MW Kiw rgpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;| vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; vd;w ngau;nfhz;l ,uhrrpk;kd; 40 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rpnra;jtd; vd;w ngUikiag; ngWfpd;whd;. ,tDila fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by;mikjp epytpaJ. rpt gf;jdhifahy; ,td; fhyj;jpy; irt newp rpwg;ghftsu;r;rp fz;lJ. rpt#lhkzp rq;fugf;jd;> Mfkg;gphpad;> rp\yhQ;rdd;> irtrpj;jhe;j khh;f;fd; vDk; tpUJg;ngah;fSk; fypAfj;jpy; mrhPhp Nfl;ltd; vd;wtpUJg;ngaiuAk; nfhz;bUe;j uh[rpk;kd;> G+ryhhpd; tuyhw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;lkd;ddhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. kfhgypGuj;jpYk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpYk; irt Myaq;fisAk; itzt Myaq;fisAk; mikj;jhd;. kfhgypGuj;jpy; eugjprpk;;k tp\;ZMyak;> rj;jpua rpk;Nk];tuk; KjyhdNfhapy;fis mikj;jhd;. fhQ;rpf; fbifiakWrPuikg;Gr; nra;J> tlnkhopg; gz;ghl;ilg; gug;gpdhd;. g+ryhu; ehadhu; tuyhw;Wld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk; kd;ddhf ,td; $wg;gLfpwhd;.

,uh[rpk;kdpd; Ml;rpapd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy;ytu; ghz;bau; njhlu;G tYg;ngw;wJ.jkpofj;jpd; tlf;fpy; gy;ytu;fSk; njw;fpy; ghz;bau;fSk; Ml;rp nra;jdu;.mtu;fspilNa rkag; gz;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; xUikg;ghL epytpaJ. N k w ; g bmuru;fs; Kjypy; njhz;il kz;lyj;ijAk; mjidj; njhlu;e;J Nrhokz;lyj;ijAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jpdu;. Me;jpu kz;lyj;jpd;njd;gFjpfSk; gy;ytu; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jd. ,t;turu; fhyj;jpy; irtitzt Myaq;fSf;F jdpj;jdpr; nrhj;Jf;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. rpthyaq;fSf;Fr;nrhe;jkhd epyGyq;fs; Njtjhdk; vd;Wk; itzt Myaq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdepyq;fs; jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld.

,f;fhyj;jpy;> tl,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j itjPf fyhrhuk; jkpo; fyhrhuj;Jld;fye;jJ. rJu;Ntjp kq;fyq;fSk; fpU\;z kq;fyq;fSk; ngUfpd. itjPff; fy;tpgutpaJ. Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfSk; Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; Guhz,jpfhrf; fijfis mwpAk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. irtk;> itztk; vd;gtw;Wld;ghRgjk;> fghypfk; vd;Dk; irtg; gpupTfSk; itNrbak;> rhq;fpak; Kjypa jj;Jtf;Nfhl;ghLfSk; gutyhapd. ,uhrrpk;k murd; mikj;j ngupa jpUf;fw;wsp -fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;> jkpofj;jpd; ngupa fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy; vd;wngUikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

43



ehad;khu; Mo;thu;;fspd; gzpfs;jkpofj;jpy; gy;ytu; fhyk; Kd;ida fhyq;fis tpl irt itzt newpfs;

kpfTk; jioj;Njhq;fpa fhyg; gFjpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. mitjPf rkaq;fspd; JwT>mfpk;ir gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fshy; miyg;Gz;bUe;j jkpof kf;fs; irt> itztnewpfs;rhu;e;j rka mDgtq;fisAk; jj;Jthh;j;j cz;ikfisAk; czuj;njhlq;fpa fhyfl;lkhf ,J mikfpwJ. gbj;jtu;fSld; rhjhuz kf;fisAk;,yf;fhff; nfhz;L irtkaj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia Gjpa ghzpapNy ntspg;gLj;Jk;Kiwahy; fiy> ,yf;fpa jj;JtuPjpahd jhf;fk; epiwe;j fhykhf gy;ytu;fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. irt rkak;> itzt rkak; vd;Dk; ,UngUk; newpfisikag;gLj;jpajhf gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jp ,af;fk; ,U jsq;fspy; nraw;gl;lJ.

gy;ytu; fhy Mo;thu;fSk; ehad;khu;fSk; gy epiyg;gl;l tifapy; jkJ gzpfisKd;ndLj;jdu;. Gwr; rkaf; fz;ldk;> irt rka kPl;LUthf;fk;> ,iwtidmd;Gtopapy; topgly;> Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs; Njhd;Wjy;> gjpfk; ghly;> ,irAld;ghly; fiyQu;fis ,izj;jy;> irtg; ngz;fisg; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; ,izj;jy;>kd;du;fis irt rkaj;jpy; Nru;j;jy;> rptrpd;dq;fisg; NgZjy;> gQ;rhl;ruke;jpuk; XJjy; Nghd;wtw;iw irtgf;jp ,af;fj;jpdu; filg;gpbj;jdu;. Myaj;njhz;Lfisr; nra;jdu;. Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;W> Guhzf; fijfisf; $wpdu;. Mbg;ghbtopghL nra;jdu;. rptdbahu; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J nraw;gl;ldu;. nghJkf;fs;ehad;khu;fSld; Nru;e;J topghl;by; <Lgl;ldu;. itzt irt rkaq;fNsnka;r; rkaq;fs; vd typAWj;jg;gl;ld.

,e;J rkaj;jpd; capu;ehjkhf tpsq;Fk; gf;jpia kf;fspilNa epiyngwr;nra;j ngUik gy;ytu; fhy mbatu;fSf;Fz;L. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; nry;ythf;Ff;fhuzkhf ghzh;> $j;jh;> nghUeh;> tpwypau; vdg;gl;l fiyQh;fs; rKjhaj;jpypUe;JXJf;fg;gl;ldu;. ngsj;j Jwtpau;fs; Mly; ghly;fis ntWj;jik ,jw;Fg; gpujhdfhuzkhFk;. Mly;> ghly; jOtpa ,k;kuG ehad;khh; Mo;thu;fspd; vOr;rpapdhy;kPz;Lk; rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpak;; ngwyhapw;W. mtu;fs; ,tw;iw gf;jpAld; ,izj;Jrkaj;ij epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhd Xu; cghakhff; ifahz;ldu;. Nfhapy;fspy;mOjy;> tpOjy;> njhOjy; vd;Dk; epiyapy; kl;Lky;yhJ> MLjy;> ghLjy;>$Ljy; %ykhfTk; gf;jp newpia tsu;j;jdu;. jpUehTf;furUk;

~jiyahuf; Fk;gpl;Lf; $j;Jkhb rq;fuh raNghw;wp.....|vd;W Myaj;jpy; nka;kwe;j ,iw mDgtk; MlyhfTk;> ghlyhfTk; ntspg;gLtjidg; ghLfpwhu;.

gy;ytu; fhy mbatu;fs; tlnkhopf; fyhrhuk; jOtpa Guhz ,jpfhrf;fijfis jkJ ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa Mo;thu;> ehad;khu;fs; mjd; thapyhfkf;fspilNa jkJ rkaj;ij epiyngwr; nra;tjw;F Kide;jdu;. rptd;> tp];Zvd;Nghupd; tPujPur; nray;fs;> mbatu;fSf;F mUSk; jpwd;> mbatu;fspd; gf;jpituhf;fpak; Kjyhd tplaq;fis kf;fSf;F czu;j;Jk; tifapy; Guhz ,jpfhrf;fijfis Mjhuk; fhl;bdu;. rptd;> akid cijj;jik> kd;kjid> jphpGuj;ijvhpj;jik> Kjypa nray;fisf; $wpdu;. Mo;thu;fs; tp];Ztpd; gj;J mtjhuq;fisjkJ ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. khzpf;fthrfu;> rptd; Mjpae;jk; mw;wtu;vDk; cz;ikia kf;fSf;F czu;j;Jtjw;fhd mbKb Njba fijiavLj;jhz;Ls;shu;. mtuJ

~khywpah ehd;KfDk; fhzhkiyapid ehd;NghywpNthk; vd;Ws;s nghf;fq;fNs NgRk;|

vd tUk; ghly; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. mNjNtis ,uhtzd; fapiy kiyiag;ngau;;j;jNtis mtDf;F mEf;fpufk; nra;j tuyhWk; rptd; mupr;RdDf;FghRgjh];jpuk; toq;fpa fijAk; kf;fspilNa gug;gg;gl;ld. ,yq;if murdhfpa,uhtzd; fapiy kiyiag; ngau;j;jikapidAk;> mjidj; jLj;j rptngUkhd;,uhtzDf;F mUs; Gupe ;jikapidAk; jpUQhdrk;ge ;ju ; kf ;fSf;FvLj;jpak;gpAs;shu;. ~Fd;wk; Ve;jp Fspu;kio fhj;jtd; md;W Qhyk; mse;jgpuhd;gud;| Kjyhd Mo;thu;ghly;fspy; tp\;Ztpd; guhf;fpukk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

44



gpuhd; gud;| vd;W tp~;Ztpd; mtujhug; ngUikia Mo;thh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Md;kPf <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjidfs; gy;ytu;fhy mbatu;fspd; gzpfs; thapyhf

nray; tbtk; ngw;wd. ,jpy; ehw;ghjq;fSk;> itztk; $Wk; MW tifahd cwT

KiwfSk; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. gy;ytu;fhy mbatu;fs; rupia> fpupia> Nahfk;>

Qhdk; vDk; ehw;ghjq;fspd; top tho;e;J> kf;fSf;F topfhl;bdu;. jpUehTf;fuuu;

cothuq;nfhz;L rupiaj; njhz;Lfs; Gupe;jhu;.

\epiyngWkhnud;DjpNa neQ;Nr eP th

epj;jYk; vk;gpuhDila Nfhapy; Gf;F………. |vd;W rupia newpahsd; Myankhd;wpy; Mw;Wk; rupiaj; njhz;Lfs; gw;wp mg;gu;

ghbAs;shu;. Re;juh; Nahf newpia Njhoik czu;Tld; gpd;gw;wpaikia mtupd;

ghly;fshy; mwpaKbfpwJ. Qhd khu;f;fj;jpy; jdJ ,iw mDgtj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jpatuhf khzpf;fthrfu; tpsq;Ffpwhu;. ,tuJ jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; Qhd

newpapd; tpsf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. Mz;lhs;> ngupaho;thu; Kjyhd Mo;thu;fs;

jhfpak;> rfpak;> thr;rypak;> kJuk; Kjyhd cwT epiyfspy; epd;W tp~;Ztpd; kPJ

nfhz;l gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jp dhu;fs;. Mz;lhs; kJu ghtidapy; jd; ,iw

md;ig ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ kj;jsk; nfhl;l tuprqfk; epd;W}j .....|vd tUk;

ghly; ,tuJ kJu ghtidf;fr; rhd;W.

gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf tpsq;fpait gf;jpg; ghly;fNs. gf;jp

newpia epiy epWj;jpa Clfk; vd;w tifapy; ,irg; ghly;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg;

ngw;wpUe;jd. mit nja;tg; ngUikfisg; $Wk; mNjNtis nja;tPf ek;gpf;ifAila

mbahu;fspd; gf;jp czh;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf ,Ue;jd. mbatu;fshy;

mUsg;gl;l ghly;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. Njthu Kjypfs; mUspa Njthuj; jpUKiwfSk;>

Mo;thu;fspd; ehyapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jq;fSk; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpNyNa mUsg;gl;lit.

jkJ ,iwAzu;it ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> rptdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypTfis kf;fs;

kdf; fz;zpy; epiyngwr; nra;tjw;Fk;> kf;fSf;F ,iw ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

kf;fSf;F rka cz;ikfs;> rka mDl;lhdq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;> jyahj;jpiufis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,t;tUl;ghly;fs; ngupJk; cjtpad. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;

\NjhLila nrtpad; tpilNawpNahu; ......|

vdj;njhlq;Fk; jdJ Kjy; ghlypNyNa rptdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypit ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

mg;gu; jpUj;jhz;lfj;ij rpwg;ghff; ifaz;likahNyNa mtu; \jhz;lf Nte;ju;|

vDk; ehkj;ijg; ngw;whu;. ,JNghyNt \gr;irkhkiyNghy; Nkdp............| vdj;njhlq;Fk;

njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thupd; ghly; tp~;Ztpd; jpUTUt moif kf;fspd; kdf;fz;

Kd; nfhz;L epWj;JfpwJ.

ehad;khu;fs;> Mo;thu;fs; vd;Nghuhy; Mw;wg;gl;l mw;Gjq;fs; Fwpj;j fhy rka

tsu;r;rpf;F ngupJk; cjtpd. gy;ytu; fhy gf;jp ,af;fk; nghJ kf;fs; ,af;fkhf

GJ tbtk; ngWtjw;F ,J ce;Jrf;jpahf mike;jJ. jkf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fs;

Vw;gLk; re;ju;gq;fspYk;> gpw rkaj;jtu;fSld; thjq;fspy; <LgLk; NtisfspYk;

,tu;fshy; gy mw;Gjq;fs; Mw;wg;gl;ld. ehad;khu;fs; Mz; gidfis ngz;

gidfshf;fpaik> gbf;fhR ngw;W gQ;rk; jPu;j;jik> vYk;igg; ngz;zhf;fpaik

Mw;wpypl;l nghd;id Fsj;jpy; vLj;jik Kjyhd mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jpdu;. jpUf;

fspw;Wg;gbahu; irt ehad;khu;fspd; mw;Gjq;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. rk;ge;ju; rkzu;fSld;

Gd;y;thjj;jpy; <Lgl;lNghJ \tho;f me;jzu; thdtu; Mdpdk;...............| vDk; ghliyg;ghb

irtNk cz;ikr; rkankd czu itj;jhu;. Mo;thu;fs; ,it Nghd;w mw;Gjq;fis

Mw;wp itzt newpia epiyngwr; nra;jdu;.

45



Nrhou; fhyk;

jkpof mur tk;rq;fspy; Nrho murh;fs; rq;ffhyk; Kjy Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;jpdhYk; Nrhog; NguuR vd;gJ fp.gp. 850 njhlf;fk; jkpofj;jpy; epiy

ngw;wJ. fp.gp.850 fp.gp.1015 tiuapyd fhyg;gFjpapy; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd; Kjyhk;

guhe;jfd; fz;luhjpj;jd; 2k; guhe;jfd; Kjypa kd;dh;fs; Mz;L te;jhh;fs;.

,t;turh;fisj; njhlh;e;J ,uhruhr Nrhod; ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; MfpNahUk; Ml;rp

nra;jdh;. fp.gp.1229 -1280 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1k; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk;

,uhNre;jpud; MfpNahUk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.

Muk;gfhy Nrhog; Nguurh;fs; tprahya NrhNs];tuk; nfhLk;gh&h; %th;

Nfhapy;> fz;zD}h; ghyRg;gpukzpah; Nfhapy; vd;gd nry;thf;file;jd. Nrhoh;

Ml;rpf;fhyk; ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhykhfTk;> fhtpa fhykhfTk;> ngUk;

jj;Jtkhfpa irtrpj;jhe;j vOr;rpf; fhykhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. Nrho murh;fs;

jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkd;wp njd;fpof;fhrpah> tl,e;jpah> ,yq;if Kjypa gpuNjrq;fspYk;

jkJ gz;ghl;ilg; gug;gpdhh;fs;. ,jdhy; Nrho murh;fis fq;if nfhz;lhd;

flhuk; ntd;whd; vd;Wk; Gfo;e;jdh;. Nrho kz;lyk;> <okz;lyk; Ntq;if kz;lyk;

midj;Jk; Nrho mruh; iftrkhfpaJ.

Nrho murh; gz;ghl;il typAWj;Jtjw;F gy;tifr; rhd;Wfis Mjhukhff;

fhl;Lth;. fy;ntl;L> nrg;Gg;gl;lak;> Kd;ida fl;llq;fs;. ,yf;fpak; nghwpg;Gfs;

vd;gdTk; Nrhoh; fhy gz;ghl;il mwpAk; rhd;Wfshf mike;Js;sd.

Nrho murUk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpAk;

Nrho murh;fs; irt itzt kuigg; gpd;gw;wpath;fshth;. rptNdrr;

nry;th;fshf tpsq;fpdh;. jpUePw;Wr;Nrhod; jpupGtdr; rf;futh;j;jp> rptghjNrfud;

vdg; Gfog;gl;lik mtuJ irt <Lghl;bid Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ NrhoturuJ

uh[;arpd;dkhf eluhr tbtKk; ee;jpf; nfhbAk; tpsq;fpd. gy;yth;fhy gz;ghl;Lj;

njhlh;gpy; Nrho muR tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. gy;yt - ghz;ba Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;Nj

tprahya Nrhod; jdJ Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;gpdhd;. guhe;jfdJ Mjpf;fj;ijj; njhlh;e;J

gy;yt rhk;uhl;rpak; tPo;r;rp fz;lJ. gy;yt tPo;r;rpia njhlh;e;J njhz;il

kz;lyj;jpYk; Nrhouhjpf;fk; gutpaJ.

Nrhouhl;rpapNy tlehl;by; ,Ue;J tlnkhopg; Gyik kpf;f GNuhfpju; tUif

fhzg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; jkpo; ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,Uj;jg;gl;ldu;. rJh;Ntjp

kq;fyq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

- Mjpj;j Nrhod;- ghly; ngw;w jyq;fis GJg;gpj;jhd;. ,jpy; jpUthtLJiw>

jpUthyq;fhL Kjypa Nfhapy;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

- tprahya Nrhod; - tprahya NrhNo];tuj;ijAk; epRk;g#jdp

NfhapiyAk; mikj;jhd;.

- guhe;jfd; - fhtpupf;fiuf; Nfhapy;fisg; GJg;gpj;jhd;.

- ,uhNre;jpuNrhod; - fq;if nfhz;lNrhNo];tuj;ijAk; ,yq;ifapy;

thdtd; khNjtp <];tuj;ijAk; mikj;jhd;.

- 2k; uh[uhrd; - juhRuk;NfhapiyAk;

- FNyhJq;f Nrhod; - jpupGtdk; NfhapiyAk; mikj;jjhf tuyhW

$Wfpd;wJ.

46



Nrho murpah; epidthfTk; Nfhapy;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Nfhapy;fspy; murh;fsJ jpUel;rj;jpu ehl;fSk;> gpwe;j ehs; tpohf;fSk;

nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. Ig;grp rja tpoh ngUtpohthf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. Mfk

Kiwahd G+irfSf;F ,yf;fzkhf jQ;irf; Nfhapy; tpohf;fs; mike;jd.

Nfhapy; topghl;bw;fhf rptdbahh; jpUTUtq;fSk; jpUNkdpfSk; gpujp];il

nra;ag;gl;ld. 12 khjq;fSf;Fk; 12 tpohf;fis nfhz;lhLk; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ

ijg;G+rk;> gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;> itfhrp tprhfk;> Gul;lhjp tpoh khh;fopj; jpUthjpiu

Mfpatw;Wld; fpufz ehl;fspYk; ngUtpohf;fshff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. Nrho

murh;fs; jpUf;Nfhapy; fisNa muz;kidfshff; fUjpdh;. mq;F gpuhkzh;fSf;Fk;

fiyQh;fSf;Fk; Gyth;fSf;Fk; tpUJfis toq;fpdh ; . cjhuzkhf

jiyf;Nfhypgl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

irt ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpid murh;f@lhf Nfhapy;fs; ghJfhj;jd.

jpUKiwg; ghly;fs; Njlg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fspNy ghlg;gl;ld> gz;tFf;fg;gl;lJ

jpUKiw XJthh; kuGk; Nfhapypy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ XJthh;fis gplhuh;fs; vd;W

mioj;jdh;. jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; 48 gplhuh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Nfhapy;fSf;fhd

epte;jq;fspy; mtpg;Gwk;> mh;r;rdh Nghfk;> tPizf;fhzp> jpUg;gjpafhzp> ctr;rfhzp>

jpUf;iff;Nfhl;b> jpUnkOf;Fg;Gwk;> jpUtpsf;Fg; Gwk; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.

Nfhapy; gzpahsh;fSf;F Njtubahh; up\gj;jspapyhh; epUf;j tplf;fpah;

KjyhNdhUk; Njthu KjypfSk; Njthu Njth;fSk; gzp nra;ayhapdh;. Nfhapy;fs;

fy;tpf; $lq;fshfTk;> MJyh;rhiyfshfTk; tpsq;fpd. muru; murpah; epidthf

MJyh; rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

Nrhoh; fhyj;J Nfhapy;fSk; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpAk;

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tpUj;jpf;fhd ika ,lq;fshf Nfhapy;fs; tpsq;fyhapd.

Nfhapy;fspy; NtjtpUj;jp Guhz tpUj;jp> ghuj tpUj;jp Kjypatw;Wf;fhfg; guprpy;fs;

toq;fg;gl;ld. Myaq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; klq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpUKf;$ly;

vDkplj;jpy; tzpfu;fs; mikj;j klq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapy;fspy; tf;fhzpg;G

kz;lgk;> Njthu Rw;W kz;lgk; vd;gdTk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fspy; fzf;F

nghj;jfk;> E}yfk;> fiyf;$lq;fs;> itj;jpa rhiy vd;gtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.

ngUq;Nfhapy;> ngUtpkhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; tsh;r;rpAld; ngUk; fhg;gpaKk;; njhlh;Ggl;ld.

Nfhapy; rhh;e;Nj gjpfq;fs; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; vOr;rp ngw;wd. jpUtpirg;gh>

jpUg;gy;yhz;L ghly;fs; ,jw;F rhd;whdit. Nfhapy;fspy; mk;kd; topghl;bw;fhd

jpUf;fikf; Nfhl;lk; Kf;fpakhd ,lkhFk;. jpUf;fikf; Nfhl;lk; mk;kd; re;epjpahf

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy;fspd; Rw;Wg;gpufhu mikg;GfSk; tpuptile;jd. NjNuhLk;

tPjp Njh;tpoh vd;gdTk; NfhapYld; njhlh;ghf tsh;r;rp ngw;wd. Myaq;fspy;

ehad;khh; topghL> ehad;khh; FUG+ir> ehad;khh; tho;tpaiy Mw;Wif nra;jy;

vd;gdTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

47



Nrhoh; fhy itztKk; Ntjhe;j kuGk;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; kq;fyhrdk; ngw;w itztf; Nfhapy;fs; Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy;

tpz;zfuk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wd. itztj;jpw;F kd;dh;fs; MjuT toq;fpdh;.

Mo;thh; ghly;fSf;Fk; ciu tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ehj Kdpth;> aKdhr;rhupahh;>

,uhkhDrh;> kj;Jth;> fk;gh; KjypNahh; itzth; gzp nra;jdh;. Mo;thh; kuG

Mr;rhhpahhh; kughf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhk topghL

typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mo;thh; ghly;fspd; rhuhk;rkhf mike;jd =uq;ff; Nfhapy;

itzt jiyikgPlkhf mike;jJ. ,uhkhDrh; Ntjhe;jk; ek;kho;thh; ghly;

rhuhk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ. tp\pl;lhj;itj Ntjhe;jk; tpupthd tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.

,uhkhDrupd; itzt ifq;fhpaq;fshy; itztk; vOr;rpAw;wJ. ek;kho;thh;

tuyhw;wpid rlNfhgue;jhjpahf fk;gu; ,aw;wpdhh;. Mo;thh; ghly;fs; itzt

Nfhapy;fspy; ghlg;gl;ld. NjlUk;jpwy; vd;Dk; ghly; jpdKk; ghuhazk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mo;thh; ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. Mo;thh; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;J

ehlfkhf ebf;Fk; tpohTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;tpoh gpuge;j mj;jpaadk; vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. mehah; vd;Dk; fiyQh;fs; ;,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpdh;.

48



tp[a efu ehaf;fu; fhyk;

njd;dpe;jpa ,e;J rka tsh;r;rpapYk; jkpof ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapYk; ngUk;

gq;nfLj;j fhyfl;lkhf tp[aefuh; Ml;rpiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fp.gp.1336,y; fh;ehlf

khepyj;jpy; tp[aefug; NguuR epWtg;gl;lij njhlh;e;Jj; jkpofj;jpNy fp.gp 15k;

E}w;whz;by; ehaf;f kd;dh; Mjpf;fk; gutpaJ tp[a efu murh;fs; jkpofj;jpy;

gutpa mNjNtisapy; ,];yhkpauJ Mjpf;fKk; njd;dpe;jpahit Nehf;fpg;

gutpapUe;jJ.

kuG topahd ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; ,];yhkpah;fs; jhf;Fjy;fis elhj;jpdh;.

,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fisr; rpijj;J ,e;Jr; rpw;gq;fs; Vida fiyg; ghuk;gupaq;fisAk;

rpijj;jdh;. ,jdhy; fh;ehlf Njrj;jpy; Nkyhd epiy ngw;wpUe;j ,e;Jg; ghuk;gupak;

jsh;TWk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. by;ypr; Ry;jhdpah;fNs fu;ehlf ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by;

ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdu; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bidg; ghJf;Fk; KfkhfNt tp[aefug;

NguuR vOr;rp ngw;wJ.

tp[aefug; NguuR gw;wp mwpag; gy %yhjhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;

mtw;iw njhFj;J mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ

1. ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs;

2. njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs;

3. may; ehl;lth; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vd %d;W tifahf Nehf;f KbAk;.

,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fspy; tlnkhop> jkpo; fd;dl nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs; tp[aefuhl;rp

gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd. rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kJuh tp[ak; vd;gJ

tp[aefu Njhw;wk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ ,e;E}ypy; tp[aefu kd;duhl;rpf;F Fkhu

fk;gzh; vd;Wk;rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l gpugd;dhkpu;j; vd;Wk; E}y; Mde;juhah;

vd;gtyhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. jpURuq;ff; Nfhapy gz;ghl;il ,];yhkpa gil vLg;gpy;

,Ue;J ghJfhjj tuyhw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; khjtu;> rhadh

vOjpa ciu E}y;fSk; tp[aefu murh; tuyhw;wpid vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

rhadhr;rhupahh; vOjpa ciu khjt;a jhJ tpUj;jpahfk;. khj;thr; rhupahh;

vOjpaJ Ntjgh\pak; vd;Dk; E}yhFk;. ,jdhy; itjPf kuGf;fyhrhuk; tp[aefuh;

Ml;rpapy; kPSUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.

njYq;F nkhopapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w E}y;fspy; MKf;j khy;ajh vd;Dk; E}y;

fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; gilvLg;G gw;wpAk; mtuJ ,e;J rka Mr;rhu;aj;ijAk;

,iwtopghl;ilAk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. Vfhjrptpujk; fpU\;z Njtuhauhy;

mD];bf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; ehd;Fahkg; ahkg; G+irfs; ,lk; ngw;wjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,];yhkpa jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhf fpU\;zNjtuhah; Nkw;nfhz;l vjph; eltbf;iffSk;

,e;E}ypy; tpyhthupahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

kJiuj; jytuyhW> NfhapnyhOF Kjypa E}y;fs; tp[aefu mur gw;wp

Njhw;wk; ngw;w jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;. NfhapnyhOF vd;Dk; E}y; tp[aefuhl;rpapy;

jpUtuq;ff; Nfhapy; ngw;w gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jdpg;ghly;

jpul;L fupjhrupd; ,U rka tpsf;fk;> Vfhk;gehjUyh Kjypa E}y;fSk; tp[aefu

ehaf;fh; gz;ghL gw;wp rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

49



tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; eilngw;w gz;ghl;lk;rq;fspd; tpUj;jp gw;wpa njhy;

nghUl;fis mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; nrg;NgLfSk rhd;whf mike;jd.

,f; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; jkpo;> tlnkhop> njYq;F nkhopfspy; nghopag;gl;Ls;sd.

tp[a efu murh;fshfpa mupfudpd; nrg;NgLfs;> tpUg;gd;d cilahh; nrg;NgLfs;

Mfpad murh;fsJ gzpfisf; $Wfpd;wd. tp[aefuk; tpUyhl;rfu; Nfhapy; mth;fs;>

NfhGuk;> Nfhl;il> njg;gf;Fsk;> rpw;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; vQ;rpa ghfq;fSk; njhy;nghUl;

rpd;dq;fshf rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kd;dh; jpU cUtk;> ehzak; vd;gdTk; tp[aefu

Ml;rpf;fhy vr;rq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. epf;nfhy]; nfhz;b vd;Dk; gpwehl;L

mwpQUk; tp[aefu Ml;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Njhw;w #oYk; jkpo;ehl;by; mjd; nry;thf;Fk;.

tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; rq;fkh;> rhUth; JSth vd;Dk; murtk;r Ml;rp

,lk;ngw;wJ. 1323k; Mz;L rq;fk kugpdh; tp[aefu Ml;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;.

mupfud;> MfpNahUk; rq;fk kugpy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. fupfuh; Gf;fNu tp[aefu

Ml;rpapy; Kjd;ik muruhth;. rhSt kugpy; Ml;rp nra;j rhSt eurpk;kd;

gzpfspy; mf;fhy itzt rka tsh;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rhSt murtk; rj;jth;fs; fp.gp.1485Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.

JSt kugpdh; fp.gp.1500 Ml;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;. JSt mur tk;rj;jpdupy;

xUtuhfNt Kjyhk; gpU\;z Njtuhah; gzp nra;jhh;. JS tk;rj;jpy; mr;Rj;

Njtuh> ,uhkuhah;> rjhrptuhth; KjypNahUk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. tjahuz;ah; vd;Dk;

mikr;rh; ,t;thl;rpia Muk;gpj;jjhfTk; mtNu rq;f Fyj;jhUf;F ,t;thl;rpia

xg;gilj;jhh; vdTk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

tpj;ahuz;lh Jq;fgj;jphp ejpf;fiuapy; tp[a efuj;ij Jq;fyj;jpuh ejpf;fiu

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gk; Guhzg; ngUikAk; cila ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,uhkhzaf;

fijapd; fskhf fp];fpe;ij tpsq;fpanjdTk mt;tplNk tp[aefukhf

mike;jjhfTk $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; fupfud;> Kjyhk; Gf;fd; MfpNahiuj;

njhlh;e;J Gf;fspd; kfdhfpa Fkhufk;gid tp[aefug; NguuR jkpof;jpw;F gug;gpa

KjyhtJ murd; Mthh;. jkpo; ehl;by; tp[aefu NguuR gutpaikf;F Fkhu

fk;gzd; vd;Dk; murNd fhuzk; vd;gu;.

Fkhufk;gzd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; gy;tif ny;thf;if ntspg;gLj;jpdhd;;. ,jdhy;

kJiu> jpUtuq;fk;> jpUthidf;fh> jpy;iy Kjypa Myaq;fspy;k; jilg;gl;l

topghLfs; kPz;Lk; ,lngw tha;g;Ngw;gl;lJ. Fkhu fk;gzd; ghz;b ehl;ilAk;

jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jhd;. Fkhufk;gzd; Ml;rp kz;lNyRtuh; Ml;rp

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. kz;lyq;fis Ml;rp nra;jikahy; kz;Ny];tuh;fs; vd

murh;fs; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

,t;turh; Ml;rpapy; Njh;j; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;wd . Njtubahh;fs; Nju;fspy;

mkh;e;J gy;tif ,irf; fUtpfis ,irj;jdh;. jpUf;fhu;j;jpifapy; jPgNkw;wp

kQ;rs; ePh; njspj;J topghL nra;jdh;.

50



tp[aefu kd;dh;fSk; ,e;J rka tpUJfSk;.

tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; jkJ clypy; tpUghl;rfh; vd;Dk; FwpaPl;il nghwpj;jdh;.

irt kf;fs; tpUghl;rfu; nghwpg;igf; Fwpg;gpl itzth;fs; =uhk yl;rpiziag;

nghwpj;jdh;. kz;lNy];tuh; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. rhSt eurpk;kh murh;

=kd; ,uh[hjpuh[h uh[guNk];tuh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,uz;lhk; fupfhuh;

uh[tpahrd;> uh[ thd;kPfp Mfpa tpUJg; ngah;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf mf;fhy

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; fupfud; mth;fNs tp[aefuj;jpy; irtnewp

tsh;r;rpAk; itztKk; NtWgl;l rka newpfs; vd;gijak; mtw;Wf;fhf jdpj;jdp

gf;jp khh;f;fq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhh;. jpUf;fhshj;jp> jpUg;gjp> rpjk;guk;> =uq;fk;

Kjypa Myaq;fSf;F gy epge;jq;fis toq;fpa muruhfTk; ,uz;lhk; mjpfuiu

Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

fpU\;zNjtuhaUk; ,e;J rkaf; Nfhl;ghLk;.

fpU\;z Njtuhah; itzth; ml;ljpf;f[k; vd;Dk; mitf;fsg; Gyth;fs;

vz;kiuf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mg; Gyth;fs; irtthjpfshfTk; mj;itj nfhs;ifAil

Nahuhak; ,Ue;jdh;. itztuhf ,th; tpsqfpa NtisapYk; tp[a efuk;

tpUghl;rfiuNa topgl;lhh;. tpl;lhyh Nfhapyikj;J tpl;lhyh topghl;ilAk;

gug;gpdhh;. jyahj;jpiu nra;J jyq;fSf;fhd jhdjUkq;fisAk; toq;fpdhh;.

Myaq;fSf;F gjpdhapuk; tuhfd; toq;fpdhh; vd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

uh[NfhGuq;fs; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fisAk; mikj;jhh;. fypq;f ehl;il ntw;wp

nfhz;l gpd; rpjk;guk; tlf;Ff; NfhGuj;ij ntw;wpr; rpd;dkhf mikj;jhh; vd

mtUila nrg;NgLfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

fpU\;z Njtuh[h; muruhf kl;Lkd;wp GytuhfTk; gzp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ M

Kf;j khy;ajh Mo;thh; tuyhWfisAk; itzt nry;thf;ifAk; $WtjhFk;.

mtUila mitf;fsg; Gyth;fs; vl;Lg; Ngupy Jh;[hjp vDk; Gyth; fshj;jp

kfhj;kpak; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j fupjhrh; ,Urka

tpsf;fk; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhh;. tp[a efuhl;rpapy; itztNk Nkyhd rf;jp

cilajhf tpsq;fpAs;sikia fhz;fpNwhk;.

fpU\;z Njtuhah; Ml;rpAld; ,ize;jjhf mr;Rjuhah; ,uhkuhah; vd;Dk;

murh;fs; tp[aefuj;ij Ml;rp nra;jdh;. mr;Rjuhah; Ml;rpapNyNa njd;dpe;jpah

kPJ gil vLg;G ,lk; ngw;wJ. mr;Rjuhah; ghz;b ehl;by; ,e;J fyhrhuk; gutg;

gzp nra;jhh;. mr;Rjuhah; fhyj;jpNyNa kJiu ehff;fh; nrQ;rpehaf;fh;> jQ;ir

ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; Ml;rp Muk;gkhapw;W. tp[aefuh; gil vLg;Gf;fspd; ,Wjp

epiyapy; jiyf; Nfhl;ilg; Nghh; Kjd;ik ngw;wJ. mjd; ngWNgwhfNt jkpofk;

ehaf;f mur tk;rj;jpdh; iftrkhdJ. tp[aefuh; ehaf;fiu jkJ FWepy kd;duhf

epakpj;jhh;.

tp[aefu fhy gz;ghl;L tpUj;jp

tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; tUzhr;rpuk jUkk; Nky; epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ. itzt topghLfs;

Mo;thh; ghRu mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;wd. me;jzh;fSf;fhf murh;fs;

irthyaq;fSf;F toq;fpa jUkk; gpukNjak; vd;Wk; itzt Nghapy; epge;jk;

jpUtpilahl;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. A+ irtk; itzt klkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

jpUthtLJiw> jUkGuk;> jpUg;gde;jhs; Kjypa MjPdq;fspy; me;jzh;fs;

jq;fpapUe;J Nfhapy; gupghydq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. tPu irt klq;fspy;

me;jzuy;yhNjhh; gzp nra;jdh;.

51



irnewp Rkhh;j;jirtk;> irtrkak;> tPuirtk; vd tpuptila itztk;

tlfiyitztk;> njd;ifiy itztk; vd tpupTgl;lJ. itztg; gpuptpdupd;

gf;jp KiwikfSk; NtWgl;ld. gps;is NyhfhRrhupaq;fs; Ntjhw;j Njrpfh;

,g;gf;jpKiwikfis mwpKfk; nra;jdh;. khh;f;fl epahak;> khr;rhh;a epahak;

vDk; gf;jp cwtpy; itztk; gutpr; nrd;wJ.

Rkhh;j;j irtk;- rz;kj Njtiu topgl;lJld; mj;itj

Nfhl;ghLilNahuha; tpsq;fpdh;.

irtrkak; - njd;dhl;L irtk;> irtrpj;jhe;jk; tsuf; fhuzkhapw;W.

ghRgj fis Kfg; gpuptpdh; ,izf;fg;gl;ldh;.

tPuirth; - ypq;ftopghL> kNfRu topghLilNahuhf tpsq;fpdh;.

tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; fiykuGk; Nkyhd epiy ngw;wJ. irtitzt Myaq;fs;

Kjd;ik ngw;wd. uh[NfhGuk; fy;ahz kz;lgk;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;> mk;kd;

re;epjhdk; vd;gd; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. Fjpiu aho; J}z;fs; NjNuhLk tPjpfs;

Rw;Wg; gpufhuq;fs; uh[NfhGuq;fs; rpw;gkhlq;fs; Guhz ,jpfhr fijr; rpw;gq;fs;

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. Mya tpohf;fSld; njhlh;ghd fiykuGfs; tsh;r;rp ngw;wd.

fy;ahz kz;lgk;> njg;gf;Fsk;> Njh;mikg;G Kfg;Gf; NfhGuk;> jpUtpisahly;

rpw;gq;fs; NkNyOe;jd.

ehl;lhupay; fiy tbtq;fSk; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. guj ehl;baj;Jld;

Nfhyhl;lk;> gs;S> rpe;J Kjypa fPh;j;jid tbtq;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld. jpup$l

,uhrg;g ftpuhaupd; jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ,ir ehlf tbtkhf mika

mUzfphpehjhpd; jpUg;Gfo;> fe;jue;jhjp> fe;juDG+jp vd;gd ,irr; re;jg; ghf;fshf

tpsq;fpd.

rka ,y;f;fpaq;fspd; vOr;rp

irtrpj;jhe;j uPjpahf Nehf;Fifapy; ckhgjp rpthr;rhpahupd; rpj;jhe;j ml;lf

E}y;fs; Kjd;ik ngw;wd. rptg; gpufhruJ gpuGypq;fyPiy tPuirt tuyhw;wpyf;fpakhf

mike;jJ. Fku FUguupd; rfyfyh ty;ypkhiy> kPdhl;rpak;kd; gps;isj;jkpo;>

fe;jh; fypntz;gh> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo; vd;gdTk; gpujhdkhdit.

jyGuhz vOr;rpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nfhapw;Guhzk; ckhgjpahy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

jpUthidf;fh Guhzk; NrJ Guhzk; fhQ;rp Guhzk; vd;gtw;Wld; rpthf;fpuf

Nahfpfs; jhAkhdth; ghly;fSk; mUzfpupehjhpd; Njhj;jpuq;fSk; gpujhdkhdit.

ehad;khh; topghl;bw;fhd ehy;th; ehd;kzp khiyAk; Kf;fpakhf ,lk;ngw;wJ.

MjPdq;fSld; njhlh;ghf jrfhhpak; rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp> ekrpthakhiy vd;gdTk;

irtrpj;jhe;j ciufSk; vOe;jd. rhadh; > khjth; MfpNahh; Ntjq;fSf;F

ciu vOjpdh;. KUf topghL> rpj;jh; kuGfs;> mk;kd; topghL vd;gd nghJkf;fs;

topghlhf vOr;rp ngw;wd. tPugj;jputopghL> tPu ehuhazh; topghL> tPueurpk;kh;

topghL tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. Nfhapy; kuGfSk; ftpd;fiy kuGfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jd.

Nfhapy; kuG fiy kuigAk; topghl;L kuigAk; cz;lhf;fpaJ. ,ireld tsh;r;rp

nghJkf;fs; rhh;e;jjhfTk; gf;jp G+h;tkhdjhfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

Kjyhk; Gf;fd; rhadUf;F cjtp nra;jhd;. mtdhy; ehd;F Ntjq;fs;gpuhkzq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ciu vOjg;gl;lJ. ,uhkhaz ciuia ];tujPl;rpju;vOj fpU\;zNjtuhau; cjtpdhu;. fpU\;zNjtuhaupd; muz;kidg; Gytuhfparhdhtjpk;ku; kfhghujj;jpw;F fpU\;zre;jk; vd;Dk; ciuia vOjpAs;shu;.

tp[aefuhl;rpapy; ehlf E}y;fSk; vOe;jd. jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rpnra;j ehaf;fu; mitapy;

52



mg;igajPl;rpju; tlnkhop ,yf;fpaj;Jiwf;F ngUk;gzp nra;jhu;. rk];fpUjk;>jkpo;> njYq;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,q;F rpwg;gplk; ngw;wd. fpU\;zNjtuhau;MKf;jkhy;ajh vd;Dk; Mz;lhs; fijia ,aw;wpdhu;. irt rka kuG jOtpa,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf rpj;jhe;j ,yf;fpak;>jyGuhzk;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs;> ciuE}y;fs; vd;W gy;Jiw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jyGuhzq;fSs; ckhgjp rptk; rpjk;guf; Nfhapy; gw;wpg;ghba Nfhapw;Guhzk;> fkiy Qhdgpufhrupd; jpUthidf;fh Guhzk;> epuk;g mofpaNjrpfupd; NrJGuhzk;> vy;yg;g ehtyupd; mUzhry Guhzk;> rptQhd Kdptupd;fhQ;rp Guhzk;> fr;rpag;g Kdptupd; jzpifg; Guhzk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.;

gy;yt Nrho fhyq;fspy; mUsg;gl;l Njhj;jpuq;fSf;F epfuhf rf;jp> KUfd;Kjyhd nja;tq;fs; kPJ gy Njhj;jpuq;fs; mUsg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; FU ekr;rpthauJrpjk;gu ntz;gh> FkuFUguupd; fe;ju;fyp ntz;gh> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> rfyfyhty;ypkhiy> mUzfpupehjupd; jpUg;Gfo;> kapy; tpUj;jk; KjyhditAk;> jhAkhd Rthkpfs; mUspa Njhj;jpuq;fs; vd;gdTk; gpujhdkhdit.,f;fhyj;jpy; Mfkq;fSf;F vOjg;gl;l ciufSs; re;j Mfk tpUj;jp> ngsfuMfktpUj;jp> rptjUNkhj;jpuk; Kjhyhtw;iwf; $wyhk;. jpu$luhrg;g ftpuhaupd;jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp fPu;j;jid ,irehlf E}yhf miktJld;> mUzfpupehjupd;re;jf;ftpijfSk; ,e;jtifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

irt rpj;jhe;j Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpa rhj;jpu

E}y;fSs; jrfhupak; rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp> ekr;rptha khiy Kjypait Fwpg;gplj;

jf;fit. ehy;tu; ehd;kzp khiy irtrka ehad;khu;fs; gw;wpa Njhj;jpukhf

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. -

tp[aefu Ml;rpapy; ,];yhkpau;fs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghLfis mopj;jdu;. ,e;Jf;fiskjk; khw;wpdu;. Nfhapy; fisAk; gbkq;fisAk; rpijj;jdu;. mj;Jld; ,e;Jf;fis,opthff;fUJk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpdu;. ,t;Ntisapy; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; vjpu;f;fj;Njhd;wpaNj tp[aefu muR nfha;ry (nfsry) murpd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt tp[aefumuR tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ. tpj;ahuz;au; (1305-1387) vd;Dk; muritj; jiytu; ,jidcUthf;fpdhu;.

tp[aefu muru;fspy; xUtuhd fupfuu; fhsf];jp> rpjk;guk;> jpUg;gjp> jpUtuq;fk;Kjypa Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzp nra;jhu;. ,tw;wpD}lhf fupfu muruJ irt>itztg; gzp ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. tp[aefuj;jpd; Muk;gfhy muru;fs; irtrkaj;ijr;Nru;e;jtu;fs;. tp[aefu muru;fs; rq;fuupd; rpUq;Nfup klj;jpw;F $Ljy; khdpaq;fistoq;fpdu;. rhSteurpk;kDf;F gpd;G Ml;rp nra;j muru;fs; itzt muru;fshtu;.mtu;fs; irt> itzt Myaq;fSf;F NtWghbd;wp jhdq;fis toq;fpdu;.

rpj;jhe;j irtk;> tPu irtk;> fh\;kPu irtk; vd;gtw;wpd; tsu;;r;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.grtGuhzk; gpujhd E}y;. ,J tPuirtf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $Wfpd;wJ. gpuGypq;fyPiy>tpUghl;rfu; Nfhapy;> tpUghl;rk; nghwpj;jy; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. irtrkanewpapy; tpUghl;rfu; topghL gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ. itztk; gw;wpj; njYq;F>fd;dl nkhopg;ghly;fs; vOe;jd. fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; njYq;F ,yf;fpaKk;Kjd;ik ,lk;ngw;wJ. fpU\;zNjtuhaNu tp\;Zrpj;jPak; vd ;Dk ; E }iyvOjpAs;shu;. ,Jrpwe;j vspaeilf; fhg;gpak;. ml;ljpf;f[k; vd;Dk; vl;LE}y;fis vOjpa Gytu;fs; gpujhdkhdtu;fs;.

53



irtrkaj;jpy; fhsj;jp kfhj;kpak; fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,];yhkpakjj;ijf; fz;ldk; nra;jjd; %yk; tp[aefuj;jpd; Gfo; gutpf; fhzg;gl;lJ.itztk; tlfiy itztk;> njd;fiy itztk; vd tpuptile;jJ. jpUtuq;fj;jpy;tho;e;j kj;Jtu; Ntjhe;jj;ijg; Nghjpj;jhu;. mUzfpupehju; ghly;fs; KUftopghl;il vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltd. fhsKfu;> ghRgju; Kjypa irtrkag; gpuptpdu;fSk;fhzg;gl;ldu;.

54



2.1 : tl ehl;L itzt gf;jp newp

mwpKfk;

njd;dhl;by; Vw;gl;l gf;jp ,af;f tsHr;rpiaj; njhlHe;J tl ,e;jpahtpYk; gf;jpnewp

tsHr;rp fz;lJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy; 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,g;gf;jp newp tsHr;rpailaj;

njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; tl,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpaHfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy;

,e;Jrkak; jsH;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ. ,jid eptHj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba Njit mf;fhy

mwpQHfSf;Fk; ,e;Jkj Ml;rpahsHfSf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthfNt

tl,e;jpahtpy; gf;jpnewp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

tl,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyr; #oy;

,e;J rkak; rka cl;G+ry;fshYk; me;epah;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fshYk;

kj;jpa fhyj;jpid mLj;Jte;j fhyg;gFjpfspy; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tl

Njhoik ehlhd ngu;rpahtpd; kPJ mNugpau;fs; gilnaLj;j NghJ> ehfupfj;ijAk;>

itu Ruq;fq;fisAk;> ntspehl;L thzpfj;jpYk; nropj;Njhq;fpa ,e;jpahitAk;

mtu;fs; fz;Zw;wdH. rpwpa fhy Nghuhl;lj;jpw;FG; gpd;dH ,e;jpahit ,];yhkpa

Ry;jhd;fs; ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j JUf;fpaupd; gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd;du;

,];yhkpau;fs; ,e;jpa flNyhu gFjpfSld; thzpfk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

mtu;fs; ,e;J kfh rKj;jpuk; top mNugpahtpypUe;J Nfush te;jdu;. ,t;thW

,t;tpU tifahd ,];yhkpaHfSk; ,e;jpahtpy; 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; mjpf

nry;thf;FilatHfshf khwpdH.

,tHfspd; gilnaLg;Gf;fshYk; Ml;rp KiwfshYk; ,e;jpa fyhrhuj;jpy; ngUk;

ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glyhapd. ,J kjk;> fl;blf; fiy> ,ir> cil Mfpatw;wpy;

mopahj khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. by;yp Ry;jhd;fs; fhyj;jpy; ehNlhb ,dk;

my;yJ Kfhk; vd;w nghUis nfhz;l cUJ nkhop gpwe;jJ. ,J rk];fp;Uj

gpufpUjp> JUf;fp> muG nkhop Mfpatw;wpd; fyg;gpdhy; cUthfpaJ. ,jdhy;

RNjr nkhopfs; nry;thf;fpof;fj; njhlq;fpd.

1600 fspy; Kfyha mur kuG ,e;jpa Jizf;

fz;lj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfis Mz;lJ. rpy ,];yhkpa kd;du;fs; ,e;J

kjj;ijAk; mjdJ fyhrhuj;ijAk; Mjupj;jdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mf;gu;

,e;Jf;fSld; ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;j Kw;;gl;lhu;.,Ug;gpDk; Kfyha fhyj;jpy; Kfyha

rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; murpay; mikg;Gfs; kpfTk; typikahf ,Ue;jd> Kfyha

kd;du;fs; ,e;jpa kd;du;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;J nfhz;ldu;> ,e;jpa uhzpfis

kze;J nfhz;ldu;> mtu;fs; jq;fsJ JUf;fpa ngu;rpa fyhrhuj;ij ,e;jpa

KiwfSld; ,izj;J ,e;Njh-rhuhnrdpf; fl;llf; fiyia cz;lhf;fpdhu;fs;.

,jd; %yk; ,e;Jkjj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk; rPuope;jJ.

gpd;du; te;j mTuq;frPg; Nghd;w kd;du;fSk; ,];yhkpa

Mjpf;fj;ijj; jpzpj;jdu;. ,];yhkpa Mjpf;fKk;> kf;fis nfhLikg;gLj;JjYk;

xd;W Nru;e;J ,e;J rhk;uh[;[paj;ij tY ,of;fr; nra;jd. mTuq;frPg; kw;w

muru;fisg; Nghy; my;yhJ nghJkf;fs; ngupJk; tpUk;ghj gy nfhs;iffis

ifahz;lhu;. gy Nfhtpy;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,];yhkpau;fs; my;yhjtu;fs; ngUk;

tupfisf; fl;bdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;Jf;fs; ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLf;f

Ntz;batHfshdhHfs;.,j;jifa #o;epiyapNyNa tlehl;by; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd;

Njhw;wj;jpidf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

55



tl,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; nghJthd nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwfSk;

,e;Jrkaj;ij Fwpg;ghf itzt rkaj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf tl ,e;jpag;gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; nraw;ghLfSk; mike;jd. nghJthf tl ,e;jpagf;jp newpahsHfs; md;Gk; mUSk; epiwe;j Kjy;tdhd tp\;Z kPJ ek;gpf;ifnfhz;bUe;jdH> Md;khf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdpahdit vdTk; mit gukhj;khvDk; ,iwtdpd; gFjpahfhik vdTk; ek;gpdH. gf;jp khh;f;fk; %yk; Kj;jpvd;Dk; tpLjiy ngwyhk; vdTk; gf;jp vd;gJ fh;kk; Qhdk; fphpiafs; rlq;Ffspy;NkyhdJ vdTk; ,tHfs; fUjpdH.

FUNjtUf;Fj; jdp khpahij vDk; gzpitf; fhl;Ljy; ,tHfsJ xU nghJkughf cs;sJ. ,tHfsJ nraw;ghLfshy; rk];fpUjk; ngw;wpUe;j nry;thf;F,oe;J `pe;jp nkhop cUthdJ.,];yhkpa kjk; gpd;gw;wpa Rgprk; vDk;,iwf;nfhs;ifAk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. ,tHfsJ topghl;L Kiwfspy; “ehkrq;fPh;j;jd Kiw” gpugy;ak; ngw;wnjhd;W. tl,e;jpa gf;jp newpahsHfs; jkpofj;Jgf;jp newpahsHfisg; Nghd;W rhjpg;gphpit jfh;j;J vy;NyhUk; xUth; vDq;Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf QhNd];tuH> gpuhkzH>Nrdh>ehtpjH> JHf;fhuhk; - tHj;jfH>Nfhuh>FatH.

tl,e;jpa gf;jp newpahsHfs; jpUehk cgNjrj;ijj; jPl;ir %yk; ngWtijtof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,tHfsJ nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf ,e;JkjKk;,];yhk; kjKk; ,ize;J rPf;fpak; cUthdnjdyhk;. ,e;Jkjj;jpy; ,Jtiumjpf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j Ntjhfk tpjpKiwfis ,tHfs; tpsq;fg;gLj;jtpy;iy.khwhf gf;jpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdH. me;j gf;jp mbg;gilahdfijak;rq;fisf; nfhz;l ,jpfhr> Guhzq;fSf;Nf mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdH.Fwpg;ghf ghftj Guhzk;>tp];ZGuhzk; Nghd;wit Kf;fpak; ngw;wd. nghJthf,tHfs; jhk; ghLk; gf;jpg;ghly;fis jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; toq;fpa RNjr nkhopfspy;ghbAs;sik Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$baJ. `pe;jp> kuhj;jp> tq;fhsp> F[uhj;jp Nghd;wnkhopfspy; ,g;gf;jpg; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tHfs; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhs;Sk;gf;jp ghtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,g;gz;gpid njd;dpe;jpa gf;jpnewpahsHfsplkpUe;J ,tHfs; ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;. mjhtJ cwTKiwapy;,iwtDld; ,ize;J nfhz;L topghL ,aw;WtJk; ,tHfsJ nghJthdnfhs;ifahf mikfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> JsrpjhrH `jhrpa ghtk;> kPuhgha; -kJu ghtk;.

56



(01)= irjd;ah;irjd;aupd; gpwg;G

fp.gp. 1486,y; irjd;aH ehjpah khtl;lj;jpYs;s khahg;G+upy; re;jpu fpufzj;jpd;NghJ ,tu; gpwe;jhu;> ,tuJ je;ij> Ntj fyhrhuj;ijr; rhu;e;j gpuhkzuhd[fe;ehj kp];uu;; ,tuJ jha; rrP Njtp. gpugy N[hjpluhd gz;bju; ePyhk;gurf;utu;j;jp mtu;fs;> ,f;Foe;ij tUq;fhyj;jpy; xU kfhGU\uhf tUthu; vd;gijKd;Diuj;jhu;. mjd; fhuzj;jpdhy; Foe;ijf;F tp\;tk;guu; vd;W ngau; R+l;bdhu;.mtuJ nghd;dpw Nkdpiaf; fz;l mf;fk;gf;fj;Jg; ngz;fs; mtiu nfsup vd;Wmiof;f> mtuJ jhNah Ntg;g kuj;jpd; (epk;g kuj;jpd;) mbapy; gpwe;jjhy; mtiuepkha; vd;W mioj;jhu;.

fy;tpkhahg;G+Uf;F mUfpypUe;j fq;fhefuj;jpy; fq;fhjh] gz;bju; elj;jpte;j gs;spapy;vl;L tajpy;> ,tu; Nru;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,uz;L tUlj;jpy; ,tu; rk];fpUj ,yf;fzj;jpYk;myq;fhuj;jpYk; ty;Yeuhdhu;. mjd; gpd;du; ,tuJ fy;tp ngUk;ghYk; Rafy;tpahfmtuJ tPl;bNyNa mike;jJ> gz;bjuhfj; jpfo;e;j jdJ je;ijf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdgy Gj;jfq;fis mtuhy; mq;F gbf;f Kbe;jJ. Gfo;ngw;w gz;bjuhd uFehjrpNuhkzpaplk; ghlk;gapd;w jdJ ez;gu;fSld; Nghl;bapl;lgb> mtu; ];kpUjpiaAk;epahaj;ijAk; jhdhfNt gapd;whu;. gj;J tajpw;Fg; gpd;> irjd;au; ,yf;fzk;>myq;fhuk;> ];kpUjp> epahak; Mfpatw;wpy; kjpf;fj;jf;f gz;bjuhdhu;.

,y;yw tho;T

gjpdhd;F tajpy; ty;yghrhupaupd; kfshd yf;\;kpNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;jhu;.fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ,tu; trpj;j fhyj;jpy;> ,tuJ kidtp ghk;G fbj;jjhy;,t;Tyfpid tpl;Lr; nrd;whs;. tPL jpUk;gpa ,tu;> jdJ jha; tUj;jk; Njha;e;jkdJld; ,Ug;gijf; fz;lhu;. kdpj tho;tpd; epr;rakw;w jd;ikiag; gw;wpa ePz;lciuapd; %yk; jdJ jha;f;F MWjy; $wpdhu;. jhapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fp>uh[ gz;bju; ]ehjd kp];uupd; kfshd tp\;Zgpupahit ,tu; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhu;.

jPl;ir ngwy;gjpdhW tajpy; ,tH fhahtpw;Fr; nrd;w NghJ Gfo;ngw;w khjNte;jpu G+upapd;rPlUk; it\;zt re;epahrpAkhd <\;tu G+upaplkpUe;J Md;kPf jPl;iria Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du;> mtu; xU thjkpLk; gz;bjuhfNth> rz;ilapLk;];khu;j;juhfNth> Fw;wq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; myq;fhu tpj;thdhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy.fpU\;zupd; jpUehkj;ij cr;rupj;J gutrj;jpy; %o;fpatuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;> gf;jpg;gutrj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; cw;rhfkile;j eguhf tpsq;fpdhu;.

gf;jp ,af;fg; gzpfs;

(m) tPLNjhWk; nrd;W ,uhkehkj;ijr; ghlr; nra;jy;irjd;aH jdJ rPlHfSf;F> nry;Yq;fs;! efuj;jpd; tPjpfSf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs;> tPLtPlhfr;nrd;W xt;nthU kdpjidAk; re;jpAq;fs;> mtid J}a tho;Tld; `upapd;jpUehkj;ijg; ghlr; nrhy;Yq;fs;> gpd;du; jpdrup khiy Neuj;jpy; cq;fsJ gpur;rhug;gzpapd; gyd;fis vdf;Fj; njuptpg;gPuhf vdg; gzpj;jhH. ,f;fl;lisiar; rPlHfs;Vw;W mjid jpdKk; epiwNtw;wpdu;. xUKiw [fha;> kjha; vd;Dk; ,uz;Legu;fs; kfhgpuGtpd; fl;lisiaf; Nfl;L rPlHfis mtkjpj;jdu;> ,Ug;gpDk; gfthd;mspj;j gf;jpapd; Nghjidfshy; ftug;gl;L tpiutpNyNa khw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy;Mr;rupaKw;w ehjpahtpd; kf;fs;> epkha; gz;bju; kpfr;rpwe;j gz;bju; kl;Lky;y>mtu; epr;rakhf ty;yik nghUe;jpa flTshy; mDg;gg;gl;l J}jNu> vd;W $wpdu;.

57



(M) fpuhkk; NjhWk; nrd;W nfhs;iffis gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;jdJ ,Ugj;jp%d;W taJ tiu ,tu; jdJ nfhs;iffis ehjpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wpmjidr; Rw;wpAs;s ,ju fpuhkq;fspYk; efuq;fspYk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;. jd;idg;gpd;gw;WNthupd; ,y;yq;fspy; mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jpf; fhl;bdhu;> gf;jpapd; me;juq;fnfhs;iffisf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;> NkYk;> ,ju gf;ju;fSld; rq;fPu;j;jdj;jpy;<Lgl;lhu;. ehjpah efuj;jpypUe;j ,tuJ njhz;lu;fs; ùpapd; jpUehkj;ijfiltPjpfspYk; ,ju tPjpfspYk; ghlj; njhlq;fpdu;. gf;ju;fs; kpfTk;kfpo;r;rpaile;jdu;> ];khu;j;j gpuhkzu;fNsh epkha; gz;bjupd; ntw;wpapdhy; nghwhiknfhz;L> irjd;aupd; Fzk; ,e;Jf;fisg; Nghd;W my;y vd;W kd;dd; re;j;fh[paplk; Fw;wk; rhl;bdu;. kd;dDk; gyj;j vjpHg;ig fhl;ba NghjpYk; mtidAk;ftHe;jpOj;J kdkhw;wpdhH irjd;aH.

(,) mikjpg; Gul;rp nra;jy;ùp ehk rq;fPu;j;jdk; cldbahf epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ahuhtJ njhlu;e;jhy;mtu;fs; guhgl;rkpd;wp jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; kd;dd; fh[p fl;lisapl;lNghJ irjd;au; cldbahf xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; xd;wpid Muk;gpj;jhu;.mikjpahd Kiwapy; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; epfo;e;j ,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;Kjyhtjhf ,lk; ngw;wJ. irjd;aUk; ,tiug; gpd;gw;wpa ,yl;rf;fzf;fhdgf;ju;fSk;> tPjpfspy; Njhd;wp gy fPu;j;jdf; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;jdu;. efuk; KOtJk;`Nu fpU\;z ke;jpuj;ijg; ghbagb midtUk; fh[papd; tPl;bd; Kd;ghff; $bdu;.

$l;lj;jpidf; fz;L gae;jgb cs;NsNa ,Ue;j fh[papid gfthd; md;Gld;miof;f> ntspNa te;j fh[p mtUld; rkag; gapw;rpfs; Fwpj;J ePz;l thjj;jpy;<Lgl;lhu;. ,Wjpapy; fh[pAk; irjd;aiug; gpd;gw;Wgtuhf khwp> rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fj;ijg;ghJfhj;Jg; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,d;Wk;$l gf;ju;fs; re;j; fh[papd; rkhjpf;Fr;nrd;W jq;fSila kupahijiar; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. fh[p tho;e;j fhyj;jpypUe;J,d;Wtiu etj;tPgj;ijr; rhu;e;j ,];yhkpau;fs; ùp ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdj;jpw;FMjutspg;gtu;fshf cs;sdu;.

(<) rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fk; Muk;gpj;jy;

irjd;au; rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;j FWfpa fhyj;jpy;> gyUk; mtiug;gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;;. tPLfspYk; tPjpfspYk; fPu;j;jdk; fhl;Lj; jPiag; Nghyg;gutpaJ. me;j rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fk; tq;fhsj;ij Mz;L te;j ,];yhkpau;fisAk;>[hjpapd; mbg;gilapy; GNuhfpju;fshf ,Ue;j ,e;Jf;fisAk; mr;RWj;JksTf;FvOr;rp fz;lJ. gfthd; = irjd;au; ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdk; Fwpj;J> jdJ rpf;\h\;lfj;jpy;$WtJ ahnjdpy;> ,e;j ]q;fPu;j;jd ,af;fk; fhyq;fhykhf ek; ,jaj;jpy; gbe;Js;svy;yh mOf;ifAk; Rj;jg;gLj;jp> fl;Lz;l tho;tpy; njhlUk; gpwg;G> ,wg;G vd;Dk;jPia mizf;fpwJ. epyT jd; Fspu;e;j xspapdhy; vy;yhUf;Fk; ed;ikaspg;gijg;Nghy> ,e;j rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F khngUk; tug;gpurhjk;;. ,Jnja;tPf Qhdj;jpw;F cap&l;LfpwJ> Nguhde;jg; ngUq;fliyg; ngUfr; nra;fpwJ>vg;nghOJk; ehk; tpUk;Gk; mkpu;jj;ij KOikahfr; Ritf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

mjidj; njhlu;e;J tq;fhsj;ij mg;NghJ Mz;L te;j re;j; fh[p vd;w ,];yhkpakd;duplk; mtu;fs; Gfhu; nfhLj;jdu;. mtu;fspd; Gfhiuf; Nfl;l fh[p> tsu;e;JtUk; rq;fPu;j;jd ,af;fj;jpidj; jLf;f Kad;whu;. mtuJ fl;lisapd; Ngupy;>irjd;aiug; gpd;gw;WNthu; xUtupd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;w fhtyu;fs; mtu;fspd;kpUjq;fj;jpid cilj;jdu;. ̀ up ehk rq;fPu;j;jdk; cldbahf epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;vd;Wk;> ahuhtJ njhlu;e;jhy; mtu;fs; guhgl;rkpd;wp jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;fh[p fl;lisapl;lhu;. ,t;thW kd;dd; gyj;j vjpHg;ig fhl;ba NghjpYk; mtidAk;ftHe;jpOj;J kdkhw;wpdhH irjd;aH.

58



(<) gf;jpr; nraw;ghl;bw;F ,y;ywj;ijj; Jwj;jy;

FLk;gk;> [hjp> ,dk; Mfpatw;Wld; jdf;Fs;s njhlu;ig Jz;bj;Jtpl;L> cyfj;jpd;Fbkfdhf Mtjw;F cWjp G+z;lhu;;. ,e;j jPu;khdj;Jld; jdJ 24tJ tajpy;>fl;thtpypUe;j Nfrt ghujpapd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb ,tu; re;epahr M];ukj;ijVw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tuJ jhAk; kidtpAk; ,tuJ gpuptpw;fhff; fjwp mOjdu;>,Ug;gpDk; irjd;aH FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa cyfpidj; Jwe;J> fpU\;zupd;vy;iyaw;w Md;kPf cyfj;jpw;fhf nghJkf;fSld; Nru;e;jhu;. irjd;au; NfhtzKk;ntspahilAk; kl;LNk mzpe;jhH. ,tuJ jiyapy; Kb ,y;iy> iffs; re;epahrjz;lj;ijAk; (Fr;rpiaAk;) fkz;lyj;ijAk; jhq;fpapUe;jd.

(c) thjq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sy;gy ,lq;fs; ahj;jpiu nra;j irjd;aH G+up vDk; ,lj;ij mile;j NghJ mq;FGfo; ngw;w ]hu;tngskUld; thjj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhH. jd;dplkpUe;J Ntjhe;jR+j;jpuq;fisf; Nfl;Fk;gb ]hu;tngsku; k`hgpuGtplk; Ntz;L Nfhs; tpLf;f>mtu; nksdkhfr; rk;kjpj;jhu;. ]hu;tngsku; VO ehs;fs; fk;gPuj;Jld; ciuj;jtp\aq;fis irjd;au; nksdkhff; Nfl;lhu;. mjd; ,Wjpapy;> ]hu;tngsku;>fpU\;zirjd;aNu! vd;Dila ghuhazj;ijAk; tpsf;fTiuiaAk; Nfl;l jhq;fs; VJk;$whJ ,Ug;gjhy;> jq;fSf;F Ntjhe;jk; Gupatpy;iy vd;W ehd; epidf;fpNwd;vd;W $wpdhu;. jhd; R+j;jpuq;fis kpfTk; ed;whfg; Gupe;J nfhz;ljhfTk;> Mdhy;rq;fuhrhupau; mspj;j tpsf;fTiuia Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy vd;Wk; irjd;au;gjpyspj;jhu;. ,jdhy; Mr;rupaKw;w ]hu;tngsku;> R+j;jpuq;fspd; mu;j;jq;fisg;Gupe;Jnfhz;l jhq;fs; me;j R+j;jpuq;fis tpsf;Fk; tpahf;fpahdj;ijg;Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iyah? R+j;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fs; Gupe;Jnfhz;Bu;fs; vdpy;> jq;fsJtpahf;fpahdj;ij ehd; mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;> vd;W $wpdhu;.

mjd; gpd;du;> k`hgpuG vy;yh R+j;jpuq;fisAk; jdJnrhe;j topapy; rq;fuupd; mj;itj ciuiaj; njhlhky; tpsf;fpdhu;. irjd;au;toq;fpa tpsf;fq;fspy;> nka;g;nghUs;> moF> thjq;fSf;F ,ilNa ,Ue;jnghUj;jk; Mfpatw;iw ]hu;tngsku; ed;F Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;> mt;tpsf;fq;fs;>gpuk;k R+j;jpuq;fis ,t;tsT vspikahf tpsf;ff;$ba egiu jw;NghJjhd;Kjd;Kjypy; fhz;gjhf mtiu xg;Gf;nfhs;s itj;jd. NkYk;> Ntjhe;j R+j;jpuj;jpw;Fk`hgpuGtplkpUe;J ngw;w tpsf;fq;fis Nghd;w ,aw;ifahd tpsf;fq;fis rq;fuupd;tpahf;fpahdk; xUNghJk; toq;fpa jpy;iy vd;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du;>k`h gpuGtpd; njhz;luhfTk; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;Diug;g tuhfTk;]hu;tngsku; khwpdhu;. FWfpa ehs;fspy; mtu; mf;fhyj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;jit\;ztu;fspy; xUtuhdhu;.

(C) ahj;jpiufs; %yk; gf;jp gw;wpa ciuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;njd;dpe;jpah gazkhd irjd;aH ,uhkhde;juhaiu Nfhjhtupf; fiuapy; re;jpj;J>mtUld; gpNuk gf;jpiag; gw;wpa jj;Jt ciuahliy Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; jdJgazk; KOtJk; it\;zt jUkj;ijAk; ehk rq;fPu;j;jdj;ijAk; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;.kiof;fhyj;ijf; fopg;gjw;fhf =uq;fj;jpy; Ntq;flgl;lu; vd;gtupd; tPl;by; ehd;Fkhjq;fs; jq;fpdhu;. mf;FLk;gk; KOtijAk;> Ntq;flupd; gj;J taJ kfdhdNfhghyd; cl;gl midtiuAk; mtu; ,uhkhD[ it\;ztj;jpypUe;J fpU\;zgf;jpf;F khw;wpdhu;. fd;dpahFkup tiu njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gazk; nra;j irjd;au;gPk ejpf;fiuapYs;s gz;lupG+upd; topahf ,uz;L tUlj;jpy; G+upf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;.jdJ gazj;jpd; NghJ> ,tu; Gj;jkjthjpfs;> i[du;fs;> khahthjpfs; KjypNahiugy;NtW ,lq;fspy; re;jpj;J> jd;id vjpu;j;jtu;fis it\;zt jUkj;jpw;F khw;wpdhu;.

59



(v)mj;itjpfis vjpHj;jikflTSf;F cUtk; ,y;iy vd;W epidj;J> mjid ep&gpg;gjw;fhd tPz; Kaw;rpapy;<Lgl;L> Ntjq;fspd; mu;j;jq;fis jpupj;Jf; $wf;$ba khahthjpfs; (mj;itjpfs;)gyiuAk; irjd;au; jdJ gazj;jpd;NghJ vjpu;nfhz;L ntd;whu;. Md;kPfj;jd;Dzu;tpid mila rk];fpUj nkhopapy; Ntjhe;j R+j;jpuj;jpidg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;j mtu;fisj; jdJ gpurhuj;jpd; typikahy; gf;jpj; njhz;ilVw;fr; nra;jhu;. ]hu;tngsk gl;lhrhupau; vd;w gpurpj;jp ngw;w khahthjpapidrh];jpu thjj;jpdhy; irjd;au; ntd;whu;. irjd;au; jdJ fhuzkw;w fUizahy;>]hu;tngsk gl;lhrhupaupd; Kd;G jdJ MW fuq;fisf; nfhz;l cUitntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,U fuq;fspy; ,uhkupd; tpy; kw;Wk; mk;gpidAk;> ,U fuq;fspy;fpU\;zupd; Gy;yhq;FoiyAk;> ,U fuq;fspy; irjd;aupd; fkz;lyk; jz;L vd;gtw;iwVe;jpagb> jhd; KOKjw; flTs; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jpdhu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.mJtiu kpfg;ngupa khahthjpahf ,Ue;j ]hu;tngsku; mg;NghJ ];uP irjd;aupd;jhkiuj; jpUtbfspy; ruzile;J> kpfg;ngupa gf;juhf khwpdhu;.

thuzhrpapy; jq;fpa irjd;au; ̀ up ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdj;jpd; %ykhf Mapuf;fzf;fhdkf;fisf; ftu;e;jhu;. ,tw;iwf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l khahthjpfspd; jiytuhd gpufhrhde;jru];tjp> Xu; cz;ikahd re;epahrp> ,JNghy vy;yh jug;gl;l kf;fSlDk; ,ize;Jghb MLtJ jtW> vd;W jdJ fUj;ijj; njuptpj;jhu;. khahthjpfspd;,f;Fw;wr;rhl;Lfspd; fhuzj;jpdhy;> kpfTk; Ntjidg;gl;l irjd;aupd; rPlu;fs;> xUfUj;juq;fpw;F Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. mjpy; fye;Jnfhs;s te;j irjd;au;> thrypy;kf;fs; fhy; fOTk; ,lj;jpd; mUfpy; mku;e;jhu;. jdJ rf;jpapdhy; clypypUe;JR+upaidf; fhl;bYk; gpufhrkhd Md;kPf xspapid ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mjidf;fz;l khahthjpfs; cldbahf mtUf;F kupahij nrYj;jj; njhlq;fpaNghjpYk;>gpufhrhde;j ru];tjp irjd;a k`hgpuGtplk;> Ntjhe;jj;ijg; gbf;fhky; tPjpfspy;,t;thW ghb MLtJ Vd;? vd;W tpdtpdhu;. irjd;au;> ehd; kpfg;ngupa Kl;lhs;vd;gjhy;> Ntjhe;jj;ijg; gbf;fhky; ehk ]q;fPu;j;jdj;jpy; <LgLk;gb vdJ FUvdf;Ff; fl;lisapl;Ls;shu;. vd;W gjpyspj;jhu;. Ntjq;fisg; gbj;J jw;ngUikAld; tpsq;Fk; khahthjpfisgfthd; kiwKfkhfj; jhf;fpdhu;. NkYk;> jdJ Md;kPf FU jd;idg; gpd;tUk;];Nyhfj;ij vg;nghOJk; epidtpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpajhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.“rz;ilAk; rr;ruTk; epiwe;j fyp Afj;jpy;> Md;kPf Kd;Ndw;wkila ̀ up ehkj;ijj;jtpu> ̀ up ehkj;ij jtpu> ̀ up ehkj;ij jtpu> NtW topapy;iy> NtW topapy;iy>NtW topapy;iy.” (gpU`d; ehujPa Guhzk;) gy;NtW thjq;fspd; ,Wjpapy;>kpfg;ngupa gz;bjuhd gpufhrhde;j ru];tjpAk; mtuJ rPlu;fSk; irjd;auplk;ruzile;J kpFe;j cw;rhfj;Jld; `Nu fpU\;z ke;jpuj;ijg; ghlj; njhlq;fpdu;.,e;j khngUk; khw;wj;ijf; fz;l thuzhrp kf;fs; Kd;ig tpl mjpfkhf irjd;aupd;]q;fPu;j;jd ,af;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.

(V) Ngjkw;w gf;jp epiyia ntspg;gLj;jy;kpfTau;e;j gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jNghjpYk;> gfthd; irjd;au;> mj;jifantspg;Gw milahsq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. r%f me;j];ijg;gw;wp fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;> xUtu; gf;juhf ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;> mtu; jho;e;jgpuptpduhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;> mtu;fspd; tPl;by; jq;fp czTk;mUe;jpdhu;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,iwad;gpd; kpfTau;e;j cgNjrq;fis jho;e;j Fbapd;cWg;gpduhd ,uhkhde;juhauplk; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. irjd;aupd; kw;WnkhU rPluhd`upjh]; jh$u; ,];yhkpa FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;; ,Ug;gpDk;> mtiu “fpU\;zupd;jpUehkj;ij toq;Fk; Md;kPf FU>” my;yJ ehkhrhupau; vd;Dk; kpfTau;e;jepiyf;F cau;j;jpdhu;. r%f epiy Kf;fpaky;y> Md;kPf Kd;Ndw;wNk Kf;fpak;vd;gij irjd;au; epiyehl;bdhu;.

60



(x) irjd;ahpd; Nghjidfspd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs;FUtplk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; gzpTk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;> mwnewpiaf; filg;gpbf;f

Ntz;Lk;> mwg;gz;ig tsh;j;jy;>mikjp nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;> rj;jpanewpapy; epw;wy;vd;gd ,tH Nghjpf;Fk; mbg;gilfshFk;. irjd;aH kdpjDf;F kdpjd; vt;tpjNgjKk; ,y;iy flTswpitg; ngw;wtd; vtdhapDk; mtd; gpuhkzdpYk; nghpatd;vDk; nfhs;if cilath;. Jsrpapd; kfpik gw;wpj; jdJ ghly;fspy; Nghw;wpAs;shH.,tuJ gf;jp ,af;fj;ij gug;gpa rPlh;fSs; Kjd;ikahdth;fs ;epj;jpahde;jh;>[PtNfh];thkp>gyNjth;>fhpjh]; MfpNahuhtH.

61



(02) ,uhkhde;ju;

,uhkhde;jUk; itztg; gf;jpnewpAk;

itztgf;jpkhh;f;fk; ,U gpuNjrq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. tl ,e;jpa

itzt gf;jpahsh;fSk; njd;dpe;jpa itztg; gf;jpahsu;fSk; ,t;tifapy;

mlq;Fth;. tl,e;jpag; gf;jp newpahsh;fspy; ,uhkhde;jh;> fgPh;jhrh;> kPuhgha;>

Jsrpjhrh; KjypNahh; gpujhdkhdth;fs;. njd;dpe;jpa itzt gf;jpahsh;fspy;

Mo;thh;fs;>aKdhr;rhupahh;> ahjtg; gpufhrh ,uhkhDrh; Mfpnahh; mlq;Fth;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Mo;thh;fs; itzt gf;jp newpiaj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jkhfg; ghl

,uhkhDrh; mg;gpuge;jf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gf;jp newpahfg; gug;gpdhh;. ,uhkhDrh;

jkpo; ehl;ilr;Nrh;e;jth;. mj;jifa ,uhhDruplk; itztg; gapw;rp ngw;wtNu tl

,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhfpa ,uhkhde;jh;. ,e;j itzt kuG

uPjpahd tsh;r;rpNa njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Cw;nwLj;j gf;jp newp tl,e;jpahtpy; gutpa

tuyhwhf cjpj;jJ.

tl,e;jpa itzt gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; kfhghftjuhfTk;

tpsq;fpath; ,uhhde;jh;. jpUkhy; kPJ mjPj gf;jpAilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhk

gf;jpNa epue;jukhdJ vd;gJ ,tuJ nfhs;if. itzt newpapy; gpujhdkhd

rkur rd;khh;f;fj;ijf; filg;gpbj;jth;. ,uhk uh[;[paj;ij cyfpy; Njhw;Wtpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAilatuhf tho;e;jth;. ,uhk Ml;rp> Vfgj;jpdptpujk;>

xU flTl; nfhs;if vd;Dk; %d;W Nfhl;ghLfisAk; itzt newpAld;

,ize;jtuhf ,uhkhde;jh; tpsq;fpdhh;. murpay; r%f Nfhl;ghLfSld; itzt

newpiaAk; ,uhk gf;jpiaAk;,izj;jhh;. jtW nra;gth;fis jz;bg;gJ ghtkhd

fhupakhFk; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAilatuhf ,uhkhDrh; tpsq;fpdhh;. jtW nra;gth;fs;

kd;dpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,tuJ tho;tpay khh;f;fk; ,uhtz tuyhw;Wld;

njhlh;GilaJ. ,uhtzd; Fw;wk; nra;j NghJk; ,uhkgpuhd; ,uhtzidg;

ghh;j;J,d;W Ngha;g; Nghu;f;F ehis th vd;W $wpa ,uhk jUkjij cyfwpar;

nra;jtNu ,uhkhde;jNu. mjdhy; ,uhkjhrh; vd;Dk; tpUJilatuhf ,uhkhde;jh;

tpsq;fpdhh;.

tl,e;jpahtpy; myfhghj; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,uhkhDrh; Njhw;wk; ngw;whh;.

,uhkhDrupd; Neubr; rPluhfTk; khdrPf rPluhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhk juprdk;

ngWtJk; ,uhk ehkk; XJtJk; ,tuJ jpdrupf; flikfs;. tl ,e;jpag; gf;jp

,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. Mj;kPf mDG+jpkhdhf tpsq;fpa ,uhkhde;jh;>

ehkn[gk; g[id> gpuhh;j;jid> gf;jpapd; G]; khu;f;fk; vd;gtw;Wld; jyahj;jpiu>

mDkd; Mya mikg;G> MQ;rNea topghL vd;gtw;iw itzt ifq;fupakhf

Vw;whh;.

,uhkhde;juJ itztr; rPlh; kunghd;Wk; fhzg;gl;lJ. rpth[p kd;did

,uhkhde;jh; jkJ rPluhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. kd;dh; gil vLg;gpd; NghJ mw;Gjq;fs;

%yk; gil vLg;ig gpd;thq;fr; nra;jhh;. mj;NjhL fgPh;jhriuAk; ,uhkhde;jh;

jkJ rPluhf Vw;whh;. ,t;NtisapNy fgPh; jhrUf;Fk; ,uhkhde;jUf;Fk; ,ilapy

Md;kPf tpthjk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. Nfhapw; NfhGug; gf;fk; fhy; ePl;b cwq;f $lhJ

vd;w fUj;Jf;F ,iwtd; ,y;yhj gf;fk; vJ? mg;gf;fj;jpw;F ehd; fhiyj; jpUg;gp

ePl;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd; vd;Dk; Mj;kPf tpthjq;fs; fgPh; - ,uhkhde;jupilNa

,lk;ngw;wik rka rpe;jidfSf;Fk; jj;Jt rpe;jidfSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpd.

tl,e;jpahtpy; itzt gf;jp ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;J itj;j ngUik ,tiur;

rhUk;. mj;NjhL gQ;rhg; ehl;bYk; tq;fhsj;jpYk; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,af;fj;ij

Cf;Ftpj;j ngUikAilatuhfTk; ,uhkhde;jh; tpsq;fpdhh;. ,uhkgpuhd; ngw;w

mUis ,t;Tyfpy; epiyngwr; nra;jth; ,uhkhDrh; mJNt ,uhk ,uhr;rpak;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

62



(03) kPuhgha;,tu; tho;e;j fhyk; fp.gp 16k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp Nkh;j;jh vDk; rk];jhdj;jpy;1498 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. je;ijapd; ngau; uzh uj;drpq;. fztupd; ngau;Ngh[;uh[;. ,th; uh[];jhd; khepyj;J ftpQhdr; nry;tp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. rpWtajpNy rq;fPjQhdk; ngw;wth;.FLk;gge;jq;fis jfh;j;Jtpl;L mr;rkpd;wp Rje;jpukhffpU];zgf;jpia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.1521k; Mz;by; fztd; Nghhpy; ,we;jJk; ,th;ifk;ik Nehw;W Jwtpf;Nfhyj;jpy; tho;e;J jdJ gf;jpia mjpfhpj;jhh;.kPuh fpU];zNdjd; fhjyd; vd;W ghbdhh;.kPuhgha; 400 ghly;fis ghbAs;shh;.

,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; Kf;fpakhdit

1. fPjNfhtpe;jBfh2. uhfN]hul;3. uhfky;fhh;4. uhfNfhtpe;5. kPuhzpfh;gp6. Uf;kpzpkq;fsk;

,thpd; ghly;fs; thj;ry;a gf;jp>jh];agf;jp vd;gtw;NwhL ehafd;> ehafp ghtidAld;mike;jit.,thpd; gf;jpapy; kJughtk; mjpfk;. gf;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; rputzk;>];kuzk;> ghjNrit> mh;r;rid> jh];ak;> ]f;]k;> Mj;kepNtjdk; vDk; 9 tifahdepakq;fSk; ,thpd; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(m) muz;kid tho;T

kPuhgha; N[hj;G+u; muir epUkhzpj;j uht;N[hjhtpd; kfdhd uht;J}jhtpd;,isakfdhd uj;jd; rpq;> tPuFkhup jk;gjpfspd; kfshf xU itztf;FLk;gj;jpy;gpwe;jhu;. jd;Dila Vohk; tajpy; jd; md;idia ,oe;j kPuh gpd;du; jd;ghl;ldhuhd uht;J}jhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;L fy;tpAk; gapd;whu;. mur FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;j,tu; itzt rka kugpy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. Foe;ijg; gUtk; KjNy fpupju Nfhghyd;vDk; fpU\;zu; rpiy kPJ njhlq;fpa <LghL ehsiltpy; Mz;lhs; Nghy fz;zidjd; kzthshdhf tupj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. FLk;gj;jpd; tw;GWj;jypd; Ngupy; 1516-y;gjpndl;L tajpy; Ra tpUg;gkpd;wp Ngh[uh[d; vDk; rpj;Njhu;fu; ,sturDf;FkzKbj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhu;.

Ngh[uh[d; FLk;gj;jpd; Fynja;tkhd Js[ gthdp vDk; Ju;f;if topg;ghl;ilNkw;nfhs;shj kPuhghapd; fpU\;z topghl;bw;F vjpu;g;G fpsk;gpaJ. 1521 ,y;jpy;yp Ry;jhdpd; ,Ryhkpa rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; xd;WNru;e;JNghu;Gupe;j NghJ ,we;j muru;fspy; kPuhtpd; fztu; Ngh[uh[Dk; xUtu;. khkdhu;mutizg;gpy; muz;kidapy; tho;e;j kPuh> gpd;du; mtiuAk; ,of;f fz;zd;xUtNd Jiznad rpj;Njhu;fu; muz;kidapNyNa tho;e;J tuyhdhu;.

(M) nfhiyKaw;rp

Muk;gk; KjNy ,tupd; fpU\;z gf;jpf;F ,Ue;Jte;j vjpu;g;G> mLj;J gjtpf;Fte;j Ngh[uh[d; jk;gpahd tpf;ukhjpj;ahthy; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. me;juq;fkhd,tupd; gf;jp ehsiltpy; muz;kidtpl;L rhJf;fspd; $l;lj;NjhLk; rhkhd;au;fNshLk;jd;idkwe;J MLtJk; ghLtJkhd Nghf;fpdhy;> murFLk;g kjpg;gpw;F fsq;fk;tUnkd vz;zp tpf;ukhjpj;ah jd; jq;ifahd cjhghNahL Nru;e;J gyKiwkPuhit nfhiynra;a Kaw;rpj;jhd;.

63



1. fz;zDf;F epNtjdk; (gilj;j) nra;j gpurhjj;jpy; eQ;irf; fye;J> mjidkPuhit mUe;JkhW nra;jhd;. gpd;du; fz;zd; mUshy; eQ;R ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. kPuhtpd; gLf;ifapy; ,Uk;G Kl;fis epiwf;f> fz;zd; mUshy; mitfs;Nuhrhkyu; ,jo;fs; MdJ.

3. nfhba ghk;G milj;j G+f;$ilia nfhLj;J fz;zDf;F mu;g;gzpf;FkhWnfhLf;f> myq;fupg;gjw;F kPuh mg;G+f;$ilia jpwe;j NghJ mJ mofpaG+khiy Mapd.

(,) gf;jp ntspg;ghL

,thpd; ,iwgw;wpa fUj;jpy;,iwtd; xUtNd rj;jpak;> fpU];zh; vq;Fk;

epiwe;jth;>vy;yhk; ty;yth;>gf;jh;fsplk; ngUq;fUiz itj;jth;>mth;fis

Mgj;Jf;fspy; fhg;gth; vd ciuf;fpd;whH.Mz;lhisg; Nghy kPuhghAk;; fpupju

Nfhgyd; kPJ gf;jp nfhz;bUe;jhH. fz;zid kzhsdhfNt ,tH fUjpdhH.

cyf [Ptuhrpfs; vy;yhk; Mj;kh vd;Wk; gukhj;kh mtd; xUtd; jhd;> mtd;

jhd; fpU\;zd; vd;gNj kPuhtpd; NjlyhFk;. uh[Gj;jpu FLk;gq;fspy; ,d;iwa

uh[];jhd; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapYk; njhlu;e;J tUk; FyNjtp topghL kpf

Kf;fpakhdJ. mjhtJ jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd; tiu xU ngz; mts; je;ij tPl;L

Fy Njtp topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJk; jpUkzk; Mdgpd; jd; fztd; tPl;L FyNjtp

topghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tJk; mtu;fs; tof;fk;. mij cilf;fpwhH kPuhgha;. Nfhgyid

kl;LNk Fk;gpl;l mtSf;F NtW ve;j cUt topghLfSk; xj;Jtutpy;iy. fztd;

Ngh[uh[d; Nghupy; ,we;j gpd; mur tk;r tof;fg;gb kPuh cld;fl;il Vwp ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kPuhNth muz;kidapy;. jd; NfhgyDld; ciuahbf; nfhz;Lk;

rhJf;fSld; ghbf;nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhs;. ,it ahTk; kPuhghapd; gf;jpapd;

ntspg;ghLfNs. .

gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; fpU\;z irjd;a kfhgpuGtpd; rPluhd &gNfh];thkp ,Ue;jhu;.

kPuh mtiug; ghu;f;f tpUk;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mtUf;F mDkjp fpilf;ftpy;iy.

jd;Dila ,lj;jpw;F ve;j xU ngz;izAk; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy vd;W kPuhtpw;F

mtu; gjpyspj;jhu;. Nfhgj;jpy; kPuh>”gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midtUk; ngz;fNs.

fpupjudhd Nfhghyd; kl;LNk Gz;zpa GU\d;. mtidj; jtpu> ,d;ndhU fpU\;zd;

gpUe;jhtdj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ vdf;F ,d;Wjhd; njupAk; vd;W” gjpyspj;jhu;. [Pth

nfhird; jd; nra;iff;fhf ntl;fg;gl;lhu;. kPuh xU rpwe;j gf;ij vd;gijg; Gupe;J

nfhz;lhu;. jhNd kPuh ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W> mtUf;F kupahij nra;jhu;.

kPuh tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; Kfyha kd;du; mf;gupd; Ml;rp eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.

gy muRfs; mtUf;F fl;Lg;gl;L fg;gk; nrYj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mf;gu; rpwe;j

fyhurpfu;. mtu; muz;kidapy; “jhd;Nrd;;” vd;w kpfr;rpwe;j ghlfu; ,Ue;jhu;.

xUKiw jhd;Nrd; ghl> mjpnyhU ghlypy; nka;k;kwe;j mf;gu;> “,J ahUila

ghly;? vd;W Nfl;lhu;. “,J rpj;J}u;fl; uhzp kPuhghAilaJ. mts; rpwe;j fpU\;z

gf;ij vd;whu; jhd;Nrd;. “kPuhtpd; ghliy ehd; Nfl;fNtz;Lk;;” vd;W mf;gu;

nrhy;y> mts; muz;kidapy; ,Ug;ghs;. uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; ekf;F vjpupfsy;yth?;”

vd;whu; jhd;Nrd;. “khWNtlj;jpy; nry;Nthk;;” vd;whu; mf;gu;.

64



mf;gUk; jhd;NrDk; Fjpiufspy; Gwg; gl;Lr; nrd;W> xU mlu;e;j fhl;by; re;epahrpNtlkpl;Lf;nfhz;L rpj;J}u;fl; muz;kid nrd;wdu;. mq;F kPuhghapd; neQ;RUFk;ghliyf; Nfl;L nefpo;e;jdu;. midtUk; nrd;wgpd; mf;gu; kPuhtpd; ghjk; gzpe;J>jd; fOj;jpypUe;j Kj;Jkhiyia vLj;J kPuhtplk; nfhLj;J> ,ij cq;fs;fz;zDf;F mzptpAq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yp tpilngw;whu;.

mtu;fs; fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;W Ntlk; fiyj;J FjpiuNawpr; nry;y> jw;nrayhf,ij rpyu; ghu;j;Jtpl;ldu;. tptukwpe;j uh[FLk;gk; gupjtpj;J> kPuhitrpiwapyilj;jdu;. re;epahrpfs;> gf;ju;fs; tUtijAk; epWj;jpdu;. mg;NghJk; mts;fz;zidg; ghLtij epWj;jtpy;iy. ghypy; tp\k; fye;J nfhLj;jdu;. ghiyf;Fbj;jhs;. mtis tp\k; vJTk; nra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; fz;zd; tpf;ufk; fUePykhfkhwptpl;lJ. ghu;j;jtu; mjprapj;jdu;. gpwF xUKiw G+i[f;fhd khiy ,Ug;gjhfr;nrhy;yp xU gpuk;Gg; ngl;bia mtsplk; nfhLj;jdu;. mts; rhfl;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;mjpy; fUehfg; ghk;ig itj;jpUe;jdu;. fz;zDf;F kzKs;s ky;ypif khiygpbf;FNk vd;nwz;zpagb mts; ngl;biaj; jpwe;jhs;. mjw;Fs; mts; tpUk;gpagbNaky;ypif khiy ,Ue;jJ! ghk;G khiyahapw;W! Ngh[uh[d; ,we;J> mtdJ jk;gpMl;rpnra;J nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Nkw;fz;l rjpNtiyfisr; nra;jts; murdpd;jq;ifjhd;. fz;zid topgl ,j;jid jilNaw;gLfpwNj vd;W tUe;jpdhs; kPuh.

xUehs; ,uT fz;zd; cUtj;ijg; ghu;j;J kdjhug; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. fz;zDk;Ngrpdhd;. murdpd; jq;if Cjh ufrpakhf mq;Fte;jhs;. rpiwf;Fs; Ngr;Rf;Fuy;Nfl;fpwNj vd;W> ,Uspy; this tPrpdhs;. fz;zd; kiwe; jhd;. ,utpy; NtnwhUMltDld; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhNa” vd;W kPuhit ehL flj;jpdu;. mts; fpU\;ztpf;ufj;Jld; rhJf;fs; rq;fq;fisj; Njbr;nrd;W Mbg;ghb> rhJf;fs; nfhz;LtUk;gpurhjj;ij cz;L tho;e;J> fz;zd; Mizg;gb gpUe;jhtdk; te;JNru;e;jhs;.fpupju Nfhghyd; vd;w ehkk; mtSf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhdJ.

(<) ehafd; ehafp ghtid

khDlf; fhjy; xU MizAk; ngz;izAk; te;jilfpd;w NghJ Vw;glf; $baczHtiyfis kPuhgha; fz;zgpuhd; kPJ nfhs;fpd;w fhjypy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whH

“cz;Zk;NghJk; cd;epidNt vdf;Fj; je;jha;cwq;Fk;nghOJk; fdtha; te;J mizj;jha;capupy;yh clyha; vd;id elf;f tpl;lha;cd;ehkNk nrhy;yitj;jha; vd;id fz;zh...”

Njtfp tapw;wpy; [dpj;jtd; ePNa>NfhFyj;jpy; yPiyfs; Gupe;jJk; ePNa>ghQ;rhypapd;Jau; jPu;j;jJk; ePNa>vd;fhjy; vd;W czu;tha; fz;zh? Vd fz;zid Nehf;fptpdh vOg;Gfpd;whH. kd;dDld; tho;f;if vd;W MdNghjpYk; kdjpy; vd;Wk;epiyj;J ,Ug;gtd; ePNa vdf; $Wk; kPuhgha; cz;ikapy; kd;did kdjhukze;jpUf;ftpy;iy. cwtpdHfspd; gpbthjj;jpdhNyNa jpUkz ge;jj;jpDs; EioaNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ.

“khatNd cd;kdjpy; ,lKz;lh vdf;FkPuhtpd; fhjy; kWg;gJ Vd; fz;zh?” vd Vq;fpj; jtpf;fpd;whH.

fz;zid Nehf;fp>cd; tprpj;jpukhd tpNehjkhd cyfk;vdf;F tpUg;gkpy;iy>mq;Nf Fg;igfs; epiwe;jpUf;fpwJ>,Uf;Fk; vtUk; Gdpjkhdtuha; ,y;iy> ve;jeiffisAk; ehd;,dp> mzpag;Nghtjpy;iy>fz;Zf;F ikapNld;>fhu;$e;jy;KbNad;>kq;fyg; ngz;fspd;>myq;fhuq;fs; fise;Njd;>kiyfis Ve;jpa fpupjuNfhghyd;>vd; jiytd;.,dp>vdf;F ve;j kzkfDk;Njitapy;iyvd kJu ghtj;jpd;cr;repiyf;Nf nrd;W jd; gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdhH. mtuJ kJughtk; epiwe;jgf;jpAzHr;rpg; ghly;fSs; rpy:

65



“Nghuhl;lNk vd; tho;f;if vd;whdNghJk;NghuhJ ,d;Dk; ,d;dy;fs; je;jNghjpYk;NfhzhJ vd; kdk; mwpthNah ePAk;NfhghyNd kdk;ftu; fs;tNd fz;zh”

cz;Zk; ftsk; vd; cs;spwq;ftpy;iycs;spUe;J ePAk; vid cz;zitg;gjpy;iycd;Dapuha; ehd; thoNtz;bj; jhNdcdf;fha; n[d;kk; vLj;NjNd fz;zh”

“kyUk; kyu;fspd; cs;spYk; capuha; ePfdtpd; fw;gidapy; fhjy;,izaha; ePkjpkwe;j NtisapYk; vd;kdjpy; ePvd;Ds; cau;e;j cj;jkNd fz;zh”

“frby;yh ntz;izaha; cUfpNdd; ehDk;fs;skpd;wp fhjiy tsu;j;jpl;Nld; ehSk;fglkpy;yh kdjhy; trpak; nra;jtNdfhe;j fz;zofNd kd;dNd vd; fz;zh”

“cyfNk vd;id gopj;jpl;l NghJk;cdf;fha; capu; tho;Ntd; ehDk;cdjd;ig ngwNt ,j;jid jtKk;cd;kdjpy; ciwaNt fhj;jpUg;Ngd; fz;zh”

(c) ,Wjpf; fhyk;

gpd;dhl;fspy; FU utpjhrUf;F rPluhd ,tu;> mur FLk;gj;jpd; njhy;iyfs; jhshJgy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Wk; epiwTg;ngwhJ ,Wjpapy; fz;zd; tho;e;j gpUe;jhtdj;ijte;jile;jhu;. mq;F jd;id Nfhgpau;fspy; xUtuhf czu;e;j mtu; tl ,e;jpahKOJk; ahj;jpiuahf nrd;W jk; fUj;Jfis ghly;fs; %yk; tl;lhu kf;fs;nkhopahd tpu[ nkhopapy; gug;gpdhu;. gpwg;G> ,wg;G vd;Dk; Row;rpapdpd;W tpLgl;LNgupd;g epiyia mila fpU\;zgf;jp mtrpak; vd;whu;. ,tuJ gf;jpg;ghly;fs;,dpikahdit. gf;jp newpiar; Ritahd ghly;fs; thapyhfg; gug;gpdu;. vspagf;jpAk;> ek;gpf;ifANk tPL Ngw;wpid mila ey;top vd;whu;. gpwg;ghy; vtUk;cau;e;jtu; ,y;iy. cau;tpw;F fhuzk; nray; vd;Dk; fUj;ijg; gug;gpdhu;.

,Wjpf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; kPuhgha; fz;zd; muR Gupe;J kiwe;j Jthuif te;J>fz;zd; tho;e;jpUe;j gFjpfisf; fz;L Mbg;ghbdhs;. mg;NghJ rpj;J}u;fl;bypUe;Jmur tk ;rj ;j pdu ; k Puhtplk ; te ;J> k Puh nrd ;wg pwF ehl ;bd ; tsk;rPu;Fiye;Jtpl;ljhfTk;> kPz;Lk; ehL jpUk;gNtz;Lnkd;Wk; mtsplk; Ntz;bdu;.“ehd; fz;zidf; Nfl;fpNwd;” vd;W Jthuif Mya fu;g;gf;fpufk; nrd;whs;.mg;gbNa fz;zd; tpf;ufj;Jf;Fs; fye;Jkiwe;jhs;.

66



(04)fgPh;jhrh;

(m) gpwg;G

fhrpapy;> nerTj; njhopy; nra;J te;j> ,];yhk; kjj;ijr; Nru;e;j Ehh; myp> epkhjk;gjpau;. fpilg;gjpy; kdepiwT nfhz;L> tUNthu;f;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;Jey;ywk; elj;jp te;jdH. me;jj; jk;gjpf;F gyfhyk; fle;Jk; gps;isg;NgW fpl;ltpy;iy.xU rkak; tPl;bw;F te;j xU nghpatUf;F tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;jdH. mjidkfpo;r;rpAld; Vw;w mtu;> “,e;j ew;nray; njhlu cq;fSf;F xU kfd; fpilf;Fk;”vd;whu;. “taJ Kjpu;e;j fhyj;jpy; gps;is ghf;fpak; vt;thW fpl;Lk;? ” vd;wdu;.mtNuh> “vd; MrPu;thjk; ngha;f;fhJ “ vd;W $wpr;nrd;whu;.

xUehs; Ehh; myp fq;iff; fiuf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mtuplk; gl;L E}YUz;il xd;W,Ue;jJ. mJ if jtwp fq;ifapy; tpOe;J mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. mij vLg;gjw;fhfXbdhu;. Mdhy; Kbatpy;iy. rw;W J}uk; nrd;wtu; Xbte;j fisg;ghy; xUkuj;jbapy; mku;e;jhu;. mg;NghJ xU Foe;ijapd; mOFuy; Nfl;lJ. Fuy; te;jjpf;fpy; Nehf;fpaNghJ mofhd Mz;Foe;ijnahd;W gLj;jpUg;gijf; fz;lhu; jkhy;.mf;fk;gf;fk; kdpju;fNsh tPLfNsh ,y;iy. ,Jjhd; ,iwtd; je;j Foe;ij vd;Wkfpo;e;j mtu;> Foe;ijia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,y;yk; te;JNru;e;jhu;. me;jf; Foe;ijNafgPu;jhru;. ,e;jf; Foe;ij ,e;J tpjitg; ngz; xUj;jpf;Fg; gpwe;jJ vd;fpd;wfUj;Jk; cz;L.

,NjNtis fgPHjhrhpd; gpwg;G njhlHghf> NtW rpy fUj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.itFz;lj;jpy; kfhtp\;Z RfKdptiug; ghu;j;J> “Rfh> G+Tyfpy; mju;kk;jiyJ}f;FfpwJ. vdNt eP mq;F gpwe;J ehk kfpik> kj xw;Wik Nghd;wtw;iwtsu;f;fNtz;Lk;’’ vd;whu;. mjw;F Rfu;> “Rthkp> ehd; fu;g;gk; Gfkhl;Nld;’’ vd;whu;.“eP fhrpapy; Foe;ijahfNt mtjup’’ vd;whu; kfhtp\;Z. mt;thW te;j RfKdptNu fgPu;jhru; vd;gu;. fgPu;jhrupd; fhyk; fp.gp. 1440 Kjy; 1518 tiu vd;gu;.,jpy;rpy Kuz;ghLfs; cs;sd.

(M) FUgf;jp

fgPu;jhru; rpWtajpy; tsu;g;Gj; je;ijapd; kuGg;gb kR+jpf;Fr; nrd;W my;yhitj;njhOthu;. m];jhde;jh; vd;Dk; nghpahh; ,tUf;F ,e;J kjj;ijg; Nghjpj;jikahy;,th; ,];yhk; rkaj;NjhL ,e;J rkaj;jpidAk; mwpe;J te;jhh;. ,tUf;F,aw;ifahfNt uhkgf;jpAk; ,Ue;jJ. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; uhkhde;ju; vd;gtu;kfhFUthf tpsq;fp te;jhu;. mtuplk; uhkehk cgNjrk; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gJfgPupd; Mir. Mdhy; mtu; ,];yhkpau; vd;W> uhkhde;jupd; rPlu;fs;mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. uhkhde;ju; mjpfhiyapNyNa fq;ifapy; ePuhLk; tof;f Kilatu;.,ijawpe;j fgPu;jhru; xUehs; uhkhde;ju; nry;Yk; ghijNahuk; gLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.mt;topNa te;j uhkhde;jupd; ghjk; fgPu;kPJ gl’’uhk; uhk;’’ vd;whu; uhkhde;ju;.rl;nld vOe;j fgPu;jhru;> “Rthkp> jq;fspd; ];gupr jPl;irAk; fpilj;jJ; uhkehkcgNjrKk; ngw;Nwd;” vd;W nefpo;e;jhu;. uhkhde;jUk; kfpo;e;J>“uhkehkk; n[gpj;JNkd;ikailthahf” vd;W MrPu;tjpj;jhu;.

67



(,) thjj;jpy; <Lgly;

kr;Nre;jpuehju; vd;gtupd; rPluhd Nfhuf;fu; vd;gtu; kfhrpj;jp ngw;wtu;. mNjrkak;mfe;ijAk; ,Ue;jjhy; kw;wtu;fis thjpy; nty;y Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;whu;. mg;gbmtu; fhrpf;F te;jNghJ uhkhde;jiu thJf;F mioj;jhu;. uhkhde;jupd; rPlu;fs;>“,tu; kpFe;j mfe;ij nfhz;ltu;. ,tUld; thjpl Ntz;lhk;” vd;W FUitj;jLj;jdu;. mg;NghJ mq;Fte;j fgPu;jhru; uhkhde;jiu tzq;fp> “FUNt> ehd;thjhl mDkjp jhUq;fs;” vd;whu;. uhkhde;ju; mikjpahf ,Uf;fNt> mijNamDkjpahf vz;zp ntspNa te;j fgPu;jhru; “Nfhuf;fNu> thjhl thUk;” vd;whu;.“ckJ khatpj;ij vd;dplk; Ntz;lhk;. fPNo ,wq;fp th’ vd;whu; Nfhuf;fu;. fgPu;fPNo tu> Nfhuf;fu; uhkhde;ju;Nghy fgPUf;F fhl;rp je;jhu;. ,ijf;fz;l cz;ikahd uhkhde;ju;> “uhkr; re;jpuh! ePjhd; fgPiuf; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Ntz;bdhu;.mg;NghJ fgPUf;F xU Gj;Jzu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. mtu; Nfhuf;fupd; FU kr;Nre;jpuiug;Nghyfhl;rp je;jhu;. tpag;gile;j Nfhuf;fu; kfhtp\;ZNghy fhl;rp je;jhu;. clNd fgPu;rug%u;j;jpahf fhl;rp je;jhu;. ,g;gb gw;gy rpj;Jtpisahly;fs; ele;jd. Nfhuf;fu;fgPupd; FU gf;jpia czu;e;J> “uhkhde;jupd; cau;e;j rPld; eP. Qhdk; ngw;WeP^op tho;thahf” vd tho;j;jp mq;fpUe;J mfd;whu;

fgPHjhrhpd; r%f Nkk;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidfs;(m) rkaq;fSf;fpilapyhd ey;YwT

fgPu;jhru; ,e;J> ,Ryhkpak; Mfpa ,Ukjq;fspd; rlq;FfisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk;ntWj;J mtw;wpd; kPJ Nfs;tpfis vOg;gpatu;. fgPu;jhru; uhk;-uhPk; vd;w mbg;gilapy;xUtiuAk; NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;j;jtu; my;yu;. ,tuJ rpe;jidfspd; ntspg;ghLfs;,iwtidg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;> ,iwtopghl;ilg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; vd ahTk;,e;J-K];yPk; kjf; Nfhl;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;Nj ntspg;gl;ld. mit ,e;JK];ypk;ey;Ywit tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fkhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,tuJ ghly;fspy; rpy rPf;fpakjj;jpd; Mjpfpue;jj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. nerthsuhf tho;e;J> rkaey;Ywtpw;FngUk;gq;fhw;wpa rpwe;j ftpQuhd fgPu;jhrupd; ngaupy; mtuJ epiditg; Nghw;Wk;tz;zk;“re;j; fgPu;’ vd;w rpwe;j nerthsUf;fhd tpUij kj;jpa muR fle;jIk;gJ Mz;Lfshf (1965,y; ,Ue;J) toq;fp tUfpwJ.

jdJ rpe;jidfis ,Urkaj;jhiuAk; Nehf;fpNa vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhu; fgPu;jhru;.,tu; ghu;itapy; kjNtWghLfs; kiwe;J Nghfpd;wd. ,iwtd; xUtNd> cUtkw;wmtid czur; rlq;FfSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk; Njitapy;iy> ,iwtid ntspapy;NjLtJ mwpahikapd; tpisT. ,iwtd; ek;Ks;Nsjhd; ,Uf;fpwhd;> mq;Fj;NjbdhNy mila KbAk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gy ghly;fspYk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

“X! gzpahsNd> vd;id eP vq;Nf NjLfpwha;?,Njh> ehd; cd; mUfpNyNa ,Uf;fpNwd;.ehd; jpUf;NfhapypYk; ,y;iy; kR+jpapYk; ,y;iy;fh/ghtpYk; ,y;iy; ifyhaj;jpYk; ,y;iy”

(M) rlq;FfSk; rk;g pujhaq;fSk;:,iwtopghl;bw;fhd rlq;FfspYk;>rk;gpujhaq;fspYk; cld;ghby;yhjtu; fgPu;jhru;. ,iwtd; ek; cs;Nsjhd; cs;shu;.mtiu ntspapy; NjLtJ mwptPdk; vd;gijg; gy ghly;fspYk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.md;gpd; topNa ,iwtid milAk; top vd;gJ fgPu;jhrupd; ,iwf;nfhs;if.md;gpd; Ngnuhspia fz;ltNu ca;T ngw ,aYk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.“ehd;rlq;FfspNyh mit rhu;e;j rk;gpujhaq;fspNyh ,y;iy. Nahfg; gapw;rpapNyhJwtpNyh ,y;iy. eP vd;id ehLk; cz;ik Mu;tydhf ,Ug;gpd; cldbahff;fhzKbAk;. fz;zpikg; NghjpNyh ifnehbg; NghjpNyh vd;idr; re;jpf;f KbAk;“vd,iwtd; vLj;Jiug;gJ Nghy; ghly;fisg; ghLfpd;whH fgPHjhrH.

68



G+e;Njhl;lj;jpw;F eP Nghf Ntz;lhk;.vd; ez;gNd> mq;Nf NghfhNj.cd; clk;gpNyNa kyu;tdk; cs;sJ.Mapuk; ,jo;j; jhkiu kPJ eP mku;e;J nfhs;.mq;fpUe;jgbNa vy;iyaw;w Nguoifmff;fz;zhy; fz;L ePz;l Neuk; cw;W Nehf;F”

(,) tho;tpay; mwpTiufs;:

fgPu;jhrupd; ghly;fs; tho;tpay; mwpTiufs; gytw;iwAk; vspa tifapy;$wpr;nry;fpd;wd. “ehd” vd;Dk; mfq;fhuKk; “vdJ” vd;Dk; kkfhuKk; ,Uf;Fk;tiu> nra;Ak; tpidfs; gadpd;wpNa xopAk;. nrUf;Fzu;Tk;> cilikg; gw;Wk;kuzpf;Fk; NghJ nray; KbTf;F tUfpd;wd vd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH.

“ghu;! tho;itAk; kuzj;ijAk; ghu;!mtw;Wf;fpilNa Ngjkpy;iy; gpuptpid ,y;iy.tyf;ifAk; ,lf;ifAk; xd;Wjhd;. xd;Nwjhd”

vd tho;tpy; Kuz;gl;Lj; jphpAk; kdpjHfSf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLf;fpd;whH. “jtWfs;fjit milf;fpd;wd. mg;G+l;bid md;ngDk; rhtpahy; jpw” vd tho;tpy; md;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cgNjrpj;jhH. kdpj tho;tpy; Jd;gq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F MirNafhuznkd fgPHjhrH vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH. kuzkpyhg; ngUtho;T vd;Dk; Mo;flypy;miye;J jpupAk; me;j ,d;ghDgtk; vd; Ntz;Ljy;fisnay;yhk; mbNahLmfw;wptpl;lJ. tpUl;rk; tpj;jpDs; mlq;fp apUg;gJ Nghy; vy;yh tifahd gpzpfSk;Mirapy;jhd; mlq;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhH.

(<) cld; fl;il VWjiy kWj;jy;

,we;j fztDld; cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;w ngz;nfhiyfs; mf;fhyj;jpy; gutyhf,Ue;jJk;> mr;nraypd; mtyk; GupahJ mJ cau;thff; fUjg;gl;l r%fj;jpd;kdepiyAk; fgPu;jhrupd; gy ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. “,we;Jtpl;l fztdpd;cly; mUNf ifk;ngz; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;fpwhs; mts; rpijiaf; fz;L mQ;Rtjpy;iy,e;j mw;g clk;igg; gw;wpa vy;yh mr;rq;fisAk; tpl;nlhopg;ghahf” vd tpjitg;ngz;iz ijhpa%l;Lfpd;whH.

“fztid ,oe;j fhupifaplk;>cld;fl;il Vwpj; jd;id vupj;Jf;nfhs;SkhWahu; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jhu;fs;?gw;ww;w epiyapy; Ngupd;gk; fhz;vd ahuhtJ nrhy;ypj;ju Ntz;Lkh vd;d?

,iwtid milAk; Ngupd;gg; NgW milAk; epiy> ifk;ngz; fztDld;cld;fl;il Vw;wg;gLtJld; xg;gplg;gLtJ ngz;fs; vj;jifa Jd;gk;mDgtpj;Js;sdu; vd;gijAk;> ve;j msT kf;fspd; kuj;Jg;Nghd kdk; ngz;fspd;capu;f;nfhiyapid xU nghUl;lhfNt kjpf;fhky; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L tho;e;Js;sJvd;gijAk; ,g;ghly;fs; fz;Kd; epWj;Jfpd;wd.

69



fgPHjhrhpd; gf;jp ,af;fg; gzpfSk; rpe;jidfSk;

(m) gf;jp gw;wpa mtHjk; fUj;Jf;fs;

fgPu;jhrupd; ftpijfs; gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jdpaplk; ngw;Wg; Nghw;wg;gLgit. fgPu;jhrupd;ftpijfs; gf;jpapD}lhf kjey;ypzf;fj;ij tsu;f;fpd;wd uhkid jd;Ds; czu;tJgf;jp vd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH. ePu;j;Jsp flypy; mlq;Fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpthu;fs;.ePu;j;Jspf;Fs; fly; mlq;Fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpahu;fs;. mjhtJ cyfk; ,iwtdpd;gilg;G vd;gij ahUk; mwpthu;fs;. ,e;j ,iwtdpd; gilg;ghfpa njhz;lu;cs;sj;Js;Ns ,iwtNd mlf;fk; vd;gij ahUk; mwpahu;fs;. vd;W ghbAs;shu;;.

,J guhgf;jp vdg;gLk;.

(M) Ngjq;fs; fle;j gf;jp epiykjFUTk;> Nghu; tPuDk;> tpahghupAk;>kw;Ws;s Kg;gj;jhW rhjpapdUk; -xd;W NghyNt ,iwtid ehLfpwhu;fs;.me;j Qhdp vd;d rhjpahf ,Ug;ghd;vd;W Nfl;gJ %lj;jdk;.Kb jpUj;Jk; ehtpjDk;,iwtidj; NjbapUf;fpwhd;.Jzp Jitf;Fk; tz;zhj;jpAk;>kuq;nfhy; jr;rUk; ,iwtidj; NjbapUf;fpwhu;fs;”

vd;w ghlypy;>“kjFUTk;”>“Nghu; tPuDk;”>“tpahghupAk;”> kw;Ws;s “Kg;gj;jhWrhjpapdUk;” vd “tUzhr;rpuk jUkk;” gpupj;Jiuf;Fk; gpuhkzu;> rj;jpupau;> itrpau;>R+j;jpuu; vd;W ehd;F gpupTfisAk; Rl;Lfpwhu;. ,tu;fspy; xU gpuptpdu; kl;Lk;,iwtidj; Njl tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. midj;Jg; gpupT kf;fspd; Mu;tKk; ,iwtidmila tpUk;GtNj vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; rhjp rka NtWghLfSf;Fmg;ghw;gl;lJ ,iwtopghL vd;w fgPu;jhrupd; gue;Jgl;l vz;zk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

(,) rkak; fle;j ,iwNghw;Wk; ghu;it:fgPu;jhrupd; gy ghly;fspy; rkarhu;gw;w ,iwtzf;fKiwf; fUj;Jfs; tputpAs;sd.

“Mz;ltd; kR+jpapd; cs;Nsjhd; ,Uf;fpwhnddpy;,e;j cyfk; ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ?eP Nkw;nfhz;l Gdpj ahj;jpiuapy;fhz Neu;e;j fw;rpiyjhd; ,uhknddpy;>cyfj;jpy; epfo;tdtw;iw mtdy;yhky; mwpthd; ahu;?“`up fPo;j;jpirapy; ,Uf;fpwhd;>my;yh Nkw;wpirapy; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;fpwhNa>eP cd; ,jaj;ij cs;Nehf;fpg;ghu;.mq;Nf fuPk; uhk; ,UtiuAk; fhz;gha;”

fh[pahu; jpUf;-Fu;-Mdpy; nrhw;fisj; Njbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ,J ,g;gb> mJmg;gb vd;W kw;wtu;fSf;F tha;fpopa cgNjrpf;fpwhu;. mtuJ ,jak; md;gpy;eidatpy;iynadpy;> mtu; kw;iwNahu;f;F Mrhdhf ,Ue;J vd;d gad;? Nahfpjd; Miliaf; fhtpapy; Njha;j;J epwNkw;Wfpwhu;. Mdhy;> md;gpd; epwk; ,d;dJvd mtu; mwpahu;. mt;thwhapd;> ,tu; Mil nts;shil Mapd; vd;? fy;yhil

Mapd; vd;? vd eilKiwapy; kdpjd; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gf;jpia tpghpf;fpd;whH.

70



(<) Jwtwj;ij kWj;Jiuj;J ,y;ywj;jpD}lhfNt gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;jy;

,iwtid milaj; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;tij fgPu;jhru; Mjupf;ftpy;iy. ,y;tho;tpy;

Kiwg;gb tho;e;Nj ,iwtid milaKbAk; vd;gij mtu; Mzpj;jukhf ek;gpaJk;

mtuJ gyghly;fspd; top njupfpwJ.

“Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fkpd;wp ntspNa miye;J jpupgtid

mtdJ ,y;yj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;g miog;gtNd

cz;ikapy; vdf;Fg; gpupakhdtd;.

tPl;by;jhd; md;gpd; rq;fkk;.

tPl;by;jhd; tho;tpd; Efu;r;rp.

cz;ik mt;thwpUf;f> ehd; Vd; tPl;ilj;

Jwe;J fhl;by; miya Ntz;Lk;?

rj;jpa juprdk; fhz gpuk;kk; vdf;F cjTkhdhy;>

ehd; tPl;bNyNa jisiaAk; tpLjiyiaAk; fhz;Ngd;”

(c) ehaf-ehafp ghtk;:

fgPu;jhru; ,iwtid Mz;tbtpy; fhz;fpwhu;. ,iwtid mila tpUk;Gk; jd;id

,iwtdpd; ehafpahf cUtfpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,tu; ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ehaf-

ehafp ghtj;ijNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. ehafdhd ,iwia

milatpUk;Gk; ehafpahd jd;id> ehafDld; ,ize;Jtplj; Jbf;Fk; fhjypahfTk;>

kidtpahfTk; fw;gpjk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhu;.

“cd;id epidj;Nj vd; clk;Gk; kdKk; Vq;FfpwJ.

vd; MUapu;f; fhjyNd! vd; ,y;yj;jpw;F vOe;jUs;.

cd;id kze;J nfhs;sg; Nghfpwts; ehd;jhd; vd;W

kw;wtu;fs; nrhy;Yk;NghJ

vdf;F xNu ehzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Vnddpy; ,e;j tpdhb tiu cd; ,jaj;ij

vd; ,jaj;jhy; ehd; njhl;lNj ,y;iy.

mt;thwhdhy;> vd; fhjYf;F vd;djhd; nghUs;?

ghYk; fre;jJ; vd; gLf;ifAk; nehe;jJ.

tPl;bd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jhYk; Gwj;Nj epd;whYk;

vd;kdk; mikjpapd;wp miyfpwJ.

jhfk; jPuj; jz;zPu; Njit.

kzg;ngz;Zf;F kzhsNd Njit.

ahu; mq;Nf?

vd; fhjyDf;F ehd; tpLf;Fk; kliyf;

nfhz;L Nru;f;f ty;yhu; ahu; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;”

vd;w ghlypy; jd;idf; fhjypahf vz;zpf;nfhz;L> fhjydhd ,iwtid mila

tpUk;Gtij mtUf;F kly; vOjpj; njuptpf;fpwhu;. ,jpy; vq;FNk ,J ,iwtid

Nehf;fpf; $wg;gl;l ghlyhfj; njupahky;> fhjy;tag;gl;l fhjyp xUj;jpapd; ghlyhfNt

,g;ghly; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

71



(C) ,uhkehkj;jpd; rpwg;Gtl ,e;jpah KOf;f uhk ehkj;ij gug;gpatu; f;gPu;jh]u;. “ez;gNd> `upapd;ehkj;ij ,iltplhky; nrhy;Yq;fs;. “vd;DilaJ” vd;W nrhy;yp vd;d gad;fz;Bu;fs;. ̀ up ehkk; nrhy;yhtpby; ahTk; khiaNa. ̀ upapd; Fzj;ijg; ghLq;fs;.ghb Mbf;nfhz;Nl itFz;lk; VFq;fs;!” vd;fpwhu; fgPu;jhru;. fgPu;jhrupd; kPJmd;Gk; gf;jpAk; nfhz;l gj;kghju; vd;gtu; fgPu;jhrupd; rPluhf ,Ue;jhu;. rfyrh];jpuq;fspYk; ty;ytu;. uhkgpuhd; kPJ kpFe;j gw;Wf; nfhz;ltu;. xU KiwnjhO Nehahsp xUtid mtu; re;jpj;jhu;. cly; KOtJk; Gz;zhfp> mOfp>uj;jk; nrhl;lr; nrhl;l epd;w me;jj; njhONehahspia mtdJ cwtpdu;fs;fq;iff;fiuf;F vLj;J te;jdu;. ve;j kUj;Jtj;jpdhYk; mtd; Neha; Fzkhfhjfhuzj;jpdhy;> tho;f;ifia ntWj;j me;j Nehahsp jd; capiu tplj; Jzpe;jhd;.mtd; cly; fq;if ePupy; mkpo;e;J Nghfhky; kpjf;Fk; nghUl;L mtd; fhy;fspYk;>iffspYk; Flq;fisf; fl;Lk; gzpapy; cwtpdu;fs; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;gj;kghju; mq;Nf te;jhu;. elg;gijf; fz;L> vd;d tp\ak; vd;W tprhupj;jhu;.

Rw;wp epw;gtu;fs; mtuplk; njhONehahspiag; gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;jdu;. mtd; xUtpahghup vd;gij mwpe;j mtu; mtidg; ghu;j;J>”NehahspNa> eP tpahghupahftho;e;J clYf;Fj; Njitahd mj;jid nrsfupaq;fisAk; Fiwtpy;yhky; Njbf;nfhz;lha;. Mdhy; Mj;khtpd; eyDf;fhf vd;d nra;jha;?” vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mtd;nksdkhff; fz;zPu; tbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. clNd gj;kghju;>”ftiyg;glhNjkdj;J}a;ikNahL> ePAk; cd; eydpy; mf;fiw itj;jpUg;gtu;fSk; xNu rpe;jidNahLuhk ehkj;ij %d;W Kiw njhlu;e;J cr;rupAq;fs;. cd;idg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;njhO Neha; Xbg; Ngha;tpLk;” vd;W cgNjrpj;jhu;.

mtu; Ngr;rpy; ek;gpf;if itj;j njhONehahspAk;> mtdJ cwtpdu;fSk; %d;WKiw kdj;J}a;ikNahL uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupj;jdu;. Mr;rupag;gLk; tpjkhf ,Jehs;tiuapy; tpahghupiag; gPbj;jpUe;j Neha; mg;NghNj kiwe;jJ. mtd; cly;jq;fk;Nghy n[hypj;jJ. ,e;j mjpraj;ij epfo;j;jpa gj;kghjiu me;j tpahghupgy Kiw njhOJ fz;zPu; mQ;ryp nra;J jd; ed;wpf;flidr; nrYj;jpdhd;.Rw;wpapUe;j kf;fs; $l;lKk; mtiuj; njhOjJ. ,e;j epfo;r;rpiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lhu;fgPu;jhru;. jdJ rPlu; gj;kghjiu mioj;jhu;. FUtpd; miog;igf; Nfl;L> gj;kghju;tpiue;J nrd;W fgPu;jhriu re;jpj;J tzq;fpdhu;.

“xU njhONehahspapd; Nehia uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupg;gjd; %yk; eP Nghf;fpaijmwpe;Njd;. mtid vj;jid Kiw uhk ehkj;ij cr;rupf;fr; nrhd;dha; ?” vd;WNfl;lhu; fgPu;jhru;. “%d;W Kiw FUNt” vd;whu; gj;kghju; gzpNthL. “,j;jidrpwpa gyDf;fhf uhkehkj;ij %d;W Kiw cr;rupf;f Ntz;Lkh? efj;jpdhy;fps;sp vwpaf; $ba ,iyia Nfhlhupahy; ntl;lyhkh? kdk;> nka;> thf;F%d;wpdhYk; Rj;jkhf ,Ue;J uhk vd;w ke;jpuj;ij xNu xU Kiw nrhd;dhNyehk; gy n[d;kq;fspy; nra;j ghtk; mj;jidAk; me;j epkplj;jpNyNa vupe;Jrhk;gyhfp tpLNk! Ntj GU\dhYk; mstpl;Lr; nrhy;y Kbahj ngUik cilauhk ehkj;ij my;g tp\aj;jpd; nghUl;lhf %d;W Kiw cr;rupf;fr; nra;jJjtwhapw;Nw” vd;whH. mtH uhk ehkk; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ>

“”uhk” ehkk; xUkUe;J“uhk” ehkk; mU kUe;JxNu xU kUe;J xU kUe;Jcyfj;ij ca;tpf;f te;j kUe;J”“[hdfpf;F [Ptd; je;jJ me;j kUe;J[hjp kj Ngjkpd;wp nrhy;Yk; kUe;JkhUjpf;F ngUik je;jJ me;j kUe;JkhNjtd; ghuhl;bg; NgRk; kUe;J”

72



(v)fgPh;jhrhpd; ,iwtopghl;L Kiw

xt;nthU gf;jDk; jdf;nfd xU flTis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L topghL nra;fpwhd;.KOKjw; flTshd gpukj;ij ahUk; NjLthupy;iy. mtu;fs; mtjhuq;fisek;Gfpwhu;fs;. ve;j mtjhuKk; guk;nghUs; Mfh. Vnddpy; mtu;fs; jj;jk;tpidg;gaidj; Ja;j;Nj fopf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> ,itay;yhj Ntnwhd;Nwguk;nghUs; Mjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. fgPHjhrH kdpjid Nehf;fp>“cd; Njtd;cd;dUNf ,Uf;fpwhd;.ePNah mtidg; ghu;g;gjw;fhfg; gidkuj;jpy; VWfpwha;.

gpuhkz FU tPL tPlhfg; Ngha; ,iw ek;gpf;ifia tpijf;fpwhd;.kf;fisj; jd;ghy;<u;f;fpwhd;.tho;tpd; ep[khd eP&w;W cd;dUNf cs;sJ.ePNah topghL nra;tjw;fhfxU fy;iy el;L itj;J> vjpNu KZKZf;fpwha;.“vd; Njtd; vt;tsT ,dpad;vd;W ehd; xUNghJk; $Nwd;.%r;ir mlf;fp Nahfk; nra;tJk;> n[gkhiycUl;LtJk;>Gz;zpak; ghtk; vd;gJk; vy;yhNk tPz;.gad;glhJ. ntWk; mgj;jk;.tha;ikiag; Nghw;Wgtu;> nrUf;Fk; tQ;ridAk; mw;wtNu ,iwepiyiamilaKbAk; vd;gJ fgPu;jhru; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; ,iwtopghl;L Kiw.

(V),iwtid miltjw;fhd top

rlq;FfSf;Fk; rk;gpujhaq; fSf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l topiaNa fgPHjhrH Nghjpj;jhH.nghwpGyd;fshfpa fjTfis milj;J itj;J %r;ir mlf;fp cyfj;ijj; Jwe;JNghjyhd topia fgPHjhrH KOtJkhf kWj;jhH.

“eP ve;j xd;Ws; Njha;e;jpUe;jhYk;>me;epiyapYk; mtu; nja;tnkd;Dk;xz;nghUisf; fz;lwpaf; fw;gpf;fpwhu;.cyfpd; NghfEfu;r;rpf;F ,ilNaAk;,iwtNdhL ,ize;J epw;Fk;Ngupd;gj;ijf; fw;Wj; jUfpwhu;”

vdNt Ik;Gyd;fis mlf;fp> %r;rlf;fp> Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;shJ> cyf tho;tpNyNa,iwtid mila topfhl;LgtNu cz;ikahd Qhdp vd;gJ fgPu;jhrupd;fUj;jhfTs;sJ.

,jd;gb>,iwtid miltjw;fhd topfs; md;Gk; gf;jpAkhFk;.,itad;wp NtWvjdhYk; ,iwtid mila KbahJ.cuf;f mioj;J gpuhHj;jpg;gNjh>milahsq;fis mzpe;J nfhs;tNjh ca;tiltjw;fhd rhpahd topfs; fpilahJvd;fpwhH fgPHjhrH.

“Ky;yh mtid cuj;j Fuypy; $tpaiof;fpwhu;.Vd;?cd; Njtd; nrtpldh?rpd;dQ;rpW G+r;rpapd; fhypy; kzp fl;bapUe;jhYk;>mJ ,aq;Fk;NghJ xypf;Fk; Xiriaf;$l mtd; Nfl;f ty;ytd; Mapw;Nw!n[gkhiyia cUl;L;new;wp epiwa tpG+jpiag; G+rpf;nfhs;.jiyepiwa fw;iwr; rlhKbiaePs tsu;j;J myq;fhukhfj; J}f;fpf; fl;bf;nfhs;.vd;d nra;jhy; vd;d? cd; neQ;rpy; <uk; ,y;iy.md;G ,y;iy. eP vg;gb ,iwtid miltha;?

vdNt ,iwtid miltjw;fhd top gf;jpAk; md;GNk MFk;.

73



fgPHjhrhpd; ,Wjp ehl;fs;

jk; ,Wjpehs; neUq;Ftij czu;e;j fgPu;jhru; kf;̀ u; vd;w ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whu;.jl;rd; ahfk; nra;j me;j ,lk; rptngUkhdhy; rgpf;fg;gl;l G+kp vd;Wk;; mq;F,wg;gtu;fSf;F Nkhl;rk; fpl;lhJ vd;gJk; ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. mijg;Gdpjg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;NfhL mq;F nrd;w fgPu ;> xU miwf;Fs; nrd;Wjhopl;Lf;nfhz;lhuhk;. rw;W Neuj;jpy; mq;fpUe;J xU N[hjp ntspahfp thdpy;fye;jJ. miwf;fjitj; jpwe;J ghu;j;jNghJ mq;F ahUkpUf;ftpy;iy vd;W$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

xU rpwe;j gf;jp newpia kf;fSf;F czu;j;jp> vz;zw;w uhkehk rq;fPu;j;jdq;fisg;ghb> ,d;wsTk; kf;fshy; Nghw;wp tzq;fg;gLfpwhu; fgPu;jhru;. cz;ikahd Qhdpjhd;jhd; vd gyu; $wpf; nfhz;liofpd;wdH. fgPhjhrH cz;ikahd Qhdp xUtd;vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpd;whH. tbtkw;w ,iwtdpd; tbtj;ij,e;j Cdf; fz;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glr; nra;gtu; ahNuh mtNu cz;ikahd Qhdpvd;fpwhH.mjd;gb cz;ikahd Qhdpahf tho;e;jtH fgPHjhrH.

74



(05) Jsrpjhru;(m) tho;f;iff; Fwpg;G

Jsrpjhru;> ngUk; Kdptu; thy;kPfpapd; mtjhukhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. Jsrpjhrupd;rkfhyj;jtUk; ngUk; gf;jUkhd eg;ghjhR $l jd;Dila gilg;ghd gf;j;khypy;Jsrpjhriu thy;kPfpapd; mtjhukhfNt tptupf;fpwhu;. ,uhkdhd;b rka gpupTk;$l(Jsrpjhru; ,e;jr; rkag; gpupitr; rhu;e;jtu;) thy;kPfp jhd; ,e;j fypAfj;jpy;Jsrpjhruhf kWgpwtp vLj;Js;shu; vd;W jplkhf ek;gpaJ.

Jsrpjhru; 1532-1623 Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtu;. ,tiu jj;JtQhdp> ghlyhrpupau;vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpapy; ,uhkhazj;jpid“,uhkd; rupj khd];” vDk; ngaupy; vOjpdhu; Jsrpjhru;. Jsrpjhru; ,uhkhazk;vOJk; Kd; jpt;a Njr ahj;jpiuahf ,uhNkRtuk; te;jjhfTk; mq;Nffk;guhkhazj;jpidf; Nfl;Fk; NgW ngw;wjhfTk; fk;gd; fhtpaj;jpd; eaq;fisjd;Dila fhijapy; gy ,lq;fspy; ifahz;Ls;sjhfTk; Ma;thsu;fs;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. rpwe;j ,uhkgf;juhf ,Ue;j Jsrpjhru; irt> itzt> rhf;j;rk;gpujhaq;fisr;; rkkhfg; ghtpj;Jg; ngUik ngw;wtu;.

cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ge;jh khtl;lj;jpy; gpuahiff;F (fhrp) mUfpy; cs;s uhrhg;G+u;fpuhkj;jpy; Mj;khuhk; JNg vd;gtUf;Fk; cNyrp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhf tpf;ukprhk;thl; fp.gp. 1532 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu; Jsrpjhru;. ,tu; ,sikapNyNa ngw;Nwhiu,oe;J tWikapy; thba epiyapy; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazf; fijia kf;fspilNagpur;rhukhfr; nrhy;yp mjd; gydhf tho;f;ifia elj;jp te;jhu;. cupa tajpy;,uhkgf;jpAk; mwpTk; epiwe;j ,uj;jpdhtsp vd;fpw ngz;iz kze;jhu;. jk;Mrpupauhd eu;`up jhru; mtu;fspd; mlf;fkhd njhz;luhf Jsrpjhru; jk;ikNaxg;gilj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;> Rfhu;-nfl;by; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jNghJ ,tu; Kjd;KjyhfmtuplkpUe;J ,uhkdpd; tPur;nray;fisf; Nfl;lhu;> gpd;du; ,JNt ,uhkrupjkhdrhtpd; nghUshf mike;jJ.

(M) Jsrpjhrhpd; nfhs;iffs;

JsrpjhrUk; xg;Gau;tw;w flTis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whH. ,e;j ,iwtd; jhNdxUKiw kdpj tbit vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;> kdpjFyj;jpid MrPu;tjpg;gjw;fhf ,uhkuhfmtjhuk; vLj;jhu;. mjdhy; clyhdJ Nghw;wg;glNtz;LNk jtpu gadw;wjhfvz;zf;$lhJ. ,iwtd; ek;gpf;ifAld; (gf;jpAld;) mZfg;glNtz;Lk;> jd;dykw;wtopghL Rj;jkhd md;gpy; jd;idNa ruzilar; nra;aNtz;Lk;> NkYk; mtdpd;rpe;jidapy; Ra-tpUg;gq;fspd; midj;J nray;fspYk; Rj;jkhf Ntz;Lk;.

midj;J cau;fsplj;jpYk; md;G fhl;lNtz;Lk;> mg;NghJ mit kfpo;r;rpailAk;;Vnddpy; vy;yhtw;wpd; kPJk; md;G fhl;Lk; NghJ ePq;fs; ,iwtdplKk; md;Gnfhs;fpwPu;fs;> Vnddpy; mtNd vy;yhKkhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.Md;kh ,iwtdplkpUe;Jngwg;gl;lJ> NkYk; tho;f;ifapy; mJ Ntiyfspy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ (fu;kh);kdpjFyk; jd;Dila gpbthjj;jpdhy;> nray;fspd; tiyfspy; jq;fisj; jhq;fNsgpizj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.

,iwtdplj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itg;gtu;fspd; Ngupd;gj;ij mwpe;jNghjpYk;Nfl;lwpe;jNghjpYk;> tpLjiy Mtjw;fhd topia mtu;fs; Kaw;rpg;gjpy;iy. flTspd;,y;yj;jpy; Md;kh ngwf;$ba Ngupd;gk; ,iwtdplj;jpy; <LghL my;y> mtUlNdNaxd;whjyhFk;. ,J gpwg;G kw;Wk; kWgpwg;gpd; RikapypUe;J tpLjiyahjy; (Kf;jp)cr;repiyapyhd Mde;jkhFk;.

75



,uhkuplj;jpy; gf;jp kw;Wk; rptdplj;jpy; gw;Wjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; ve;jKuz;ghLk; ,y;yhjpUg;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu; (,uhkhazh> yq;fhfhz;lk;>Njh`h 3). Mdhy; mtUila vy;yh vOj;Jfspd; eilKiw KbTfSk;,uhkiu Nehf;fp nra;ag;gLk; gf;jpahf> Mokhf kdjpy; gjpar; nra;tjhf ,Uf;fpwJ>mjd; %yk; gpwg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kWgpwg;Gfspd; Row;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy ght tpNkhrdk;vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ngUk; topahf ,Uf;fpwJ> gpuhkzu;fs; NghyNt kpfj; jho;e;jrhjpapypUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; jpwe;Nj ,Ug;gjhd xU tpNkhrdkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

(,) ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;

,tu; ,aw;wpajhff; $wg;gLk; E}y;fs; 39 vd;W $wg;gbDk; Jsrpjhruhy;,aw;wg;gl;lit 12 jhd; vd;W mwpQu;fs; $wpAs;sdu;. mit: ituhf;fpa rpure;jPgdP>,uhkhQ;Qh gpu\;d> ,uhkyhyh efR+> [hdfP kq;fs;> ghu;tjP kq;fs;> fpU\;zfPjhtsp> fPjhtsp> tpea gj;jpupf;fh (tpu[ nkhop)> Njh`htsp> guit ,uhkhazk;>ftpjhtsp (tpu[ nkhop)> ,uhk rupj khd]; vd;gdthFk;.

(01) ,uhkrupjkhdrh

,uhk mtjhuk; gw;wpAiug;gJ. me;epaiu ,q;F epytpa R+oy; kpf vspjhf Nkyhz;iknra;a mDkjpj;j fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; ,q;fpUe;j nry;t tsq;fisr; Ruz;baNjhLjk; kjj;ijAk; gug;gpdu;. xUGwk; mr;RWj;Jk; jhe;jpuPf topghLfSk; gutp te;jd.,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; JsrpjhrH vOjpa ,uhkhazk; J}a gf;jpiag; gug;gpaJ. JsrpjhrHtlnkhopiaj; jtpu;j;Jtpl;L kf;fspd; nkhopapy; ,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhu;.nkhfyhaupd; fLikahd mlf;F KiwiaAk; kPwp> Jsrpjhrhpd; khdrk; gyjug;gl;l kf;fspilNa kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; uhk gf;jpia Xu; ,af;fkhfNttsu;j;jJ.

fpwpj;jt kjNghjfu;fs; kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; ,e;jpa nkhopfisf; fw;whYk;mk;nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jhy; <u;f;fg;gl;lJk;> nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpdH.kjk; gug;Gtjw;fhf ghujk; te;j “fhkpy; Gy;Nf” vd;w ngy;[pag; ghjpupahu; uhkrupjkhdrj;jpd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gl;L mij KOikahff; fw;whu;. ,jd; %yk; “khdr nfsKjp”vd;Dk; njhFg;igAk; mspj;Js;shu;. ,tu; fpwpj;jt ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> Js]pjh]upd;tpea gj;upfhitAk; xg;gha;T nra;jtu;. “,uhk fhij” Njhw;wKk;> tsu;r;rpAk”(`pe;jp) jpwdha;thy; my`hghj; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; caH gl;lk; ngw;wtH.

,uhkrupjkhdrh> rkRfpUj ,uhkhazj;jpd; kw;w E}y;fisg; NghyNt> ,e;jpahtpy;cs;s gy ,e;Jf; FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk; kjpg;Gld; gbf;fg;gl;L> G+[pf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.,J nrsgha; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ftpij tbtpyhd <ubr; nra;Aisf; nfhz;lJ.,J Jsrp-f;upjp ,uhkhazh vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ> ,jpy; gy nra;As;fs;,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; gpugykhf ,Uf;Fk; gonkhopfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpYs;snrhw;nwhlu;fs; rhjhuz Ngr;Rtof;fpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. Jsrpjhrupd;,uhkrupjkhdrhTf;Fk; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;Jf;FkpilNa gy;NtW NtWghLfs;,Uf;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,uhkid tdthrj;Jf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf ifNfapjd; fztiu tw;GWj;Jk; fhl;rp. Jsrp jhrupy;> tYthd gz;GU mUikahdctikfSld; mJ kpf ePskhfTk; $Ljy; cstpay; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;,Uf;fpwJ

76



(02) tpea gj;jpupfh

Jsrpjhru; fhyj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpy; xOf;fk; Fiwe;J rPu;NfLfs; kpFe;jpUe;jd.rKjha epiy fz;L kpfTk; kdk; tUe;jpa Jsrpjhru;> kf;fspilNa xOf;fj;ijVw;gLj;jp mtu;fis cau;j;j Ntz;b uhkgpuhdplk; Kiwapl;L vOjpaNj “tpeagj;jpupfh. jkJ Ntz;LNfhs;fis ,irg; ghly;fshf ,aw;wp uhkgpuhdpd; muritf;FmDg;gp itj;jhu; Jsrpjhru;. uhkgpuhdpd; muritapy; cs;s fNzru;> rptngUkhd;>Njtp> R+upad;> fq;if> aKid> mDkd;> ,yf;Ftd;> gujd;>rj;JUf;dd;> rPij vdmidtiuAk; Jjpj;Jg; ghb mtu;fisj; jk; Ntz;LNfhis epiwNtw;wr; nra;auhkgpuhdpd; ftdj;ij jk; gf;fk; <u;f;fr; nrhy;fpwhu; Jsrpjhru;. fy; kdj;ijAk;fiuar; nra;Ak; tpeagj;jpupf;fh” vd;w nrhy;yil ,e;jpapy; tpeagj;jpupf;fhtpd;ngUikiaf; Fwpf;f toq;fptUfpd;wJ.,e;E}y; Jsrpjhruhy; ,Wjpahf vOjg;gl;lgilg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mirfs; gw;wpAk; mjd; %yk; gj;jpNahfk; mop;f;fg;gLtJ gw;wpAk; ,e;E}y;tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wJ. nrhe;jge;jq;fspd; tphpitj;jhd; cyfk; vd;fpNwhk;. mit,y;iynad;why; ,t;Tyfpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; tpeagj;jphpfh kdj;jpd;

tphpTjhd; cyfk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ.

(03) mDkd; rhyprh

,uhkhazk; jtpu Jsrpjhrupd; kpfg; gpugykhdJk; mjpfkhf gbf;fg;gl;lJkhd,yf;fpag; gilg;ghf ,Ug;gJ “mDkd; rhyprh”> ,J mDkidg; Gfo;e;J ghLk;ftpij. gy ,e;Jf;fs; ,ij xU ,iwtopghlhf jpdKk; xg;Gtpf;fpwhu;fs;.mDkd;kfpikf;F ngUk; rhd;whf tpsq;FtJ “mDkd; rhyprh vd;Dk; ke;jpuk;. mbg;gilapy;mDkd; nja;tPfg; gpwtp. uhk- yl;Rkzu;fs; gpwe;j mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; Gj;jpufhNk\;b ahfj;jpd; gadhfTk;> mDkdpd; jhahd mQ;rid Fk;gj;jpy; %r;irepWj;jp Nahfj; jtkpUe;j epiyapYk; fUj;jupf;fg; ngw;wtd; vd;fpwJ mDkd;rhyprh.

mDkd; ngUk; fy;tp> Qhdk; ,tw;iw mUSk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtd;. mjw;Ff;fhuzk; mtd; Gyd;fis mlf;fp jpahdpf;f Kbe;jtdhf ,Ug;gJjhd;. jpahdk;vy;yhUf;Fk; trg;gl;L tplhJ. mjw;F ngUk; kdtypik Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J jpahdNkmwpthfpa kdjpw;F ngUk; kUe;jhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. kdij mlf;f Kidgtu;fSf;Fkfj;jhd ke;jpukhf tpsq;FtJ uhk ehkk;>mDkd; me;j uhk ehkj;ijf; $wpNangUk; jpahd Re;judhfj; jpfo;fpwhd;.

mDkid cghrpf;fTs;s ke;jpuq;fSs; cd;djkha;j; jpfo;tJ mDkd; rhyprh.Jsrpjhru; uhkrupj khd]k; vOjf; fhuzNk mDkd; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.Jsrpjhru;Kd; Njhd;wp mtUf;F ftpahw;wiy mDkd; mspj;jpl> mjd;gpd;gpwe;jJjhd; uhkrupj khd]k;.,jdhy; Jsrpjhru; jd; FUtha;f; Fwpg;gpLtJmDkidj;jhd;. “mDkNd vd;Ds; ,Ue;J nfhz;L vd;id ,af;fp uhkrupijiavOj itj;jhd;” vd;fpwhH. ,jd; gpd;dH ,tuhy; kpFe;j nefpo;r;rpNahL vOjpaJjhd;mDkd; rhyprh vd;gH.

77



2.2 : ,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fspd; vOr;rp.

me;epa rkaq;fshYk;> fyhrhu Nkhfq;fspdhYk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;J rkak;

r%fk;> fyhrhuk; vd;gd tPo;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gl;l epiyapy; me;epaMjpf;fj;jpypUe;

Jk; gpwkj jhf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; ,e;J rkaj;ijAk; fyhrhu gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisAk;

kPl;nlLf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w epWtdq;fNs ,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j

,af;fq;fs;.

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ehad;khUk;> Mo;thHfSk; irt itzt rkaq;fis kPl;nlLj;jdH.kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;

tl,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,];yhj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid tl ,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;jpdH

jLj;J itzt rkaj;ij kyHr;rpailar; nra;jdH. mt;thNw 16Mk; E}w;whz;il

mLj;J te;j INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahit kPl;nlLj;j ngUik

,e;Jr%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fj;jpdiur; NrUk;.

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rkaq;fs; ,e;jpa kz;zpy; Nt&d;wj; njhlq;fpaNjhL INuhg;gpaupd; Mjutpdhy;

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tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd.

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epfo;e;j fly;Aj;jk; vd;gtw;why; mjpf Rikiaf; fz;l gpupj;jhdpah> RNjrpaHfis

muRg;gzpfspy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; nghUshjhu neUf;fbia Xustpw;Ff;

Fiwf;fyhk; vd;gij czHe;J ,e;jpaHfSf;F mur Ntiy vDk; mwptpg;ig

toq;fpd.,e;jpaHfs; Mq;fpNyaHfSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Mq;fpynkhop mtrpak;

vd;gjhy; Mq;fpynkhopa+lhf kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; kp\dupfs; ,e;jpahtpDs;

fhybitj;jd. me;jtifapy; mnkupf;f kp\d;> nt];ypad; kp\d;>gg;wp];l; kp\d;

Kjyhdtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.

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nkhop” vDk; epge;jidia Kd;itj;jjhy;> ,e;jpaHfs; gyUk; kjk;khwNtz;ba

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rYiffs;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; mtHfis kjk;khwj; J}z;bd. Fwpg;ghf>

gFj;jwpTf;F Vw;Gila fpwp];jt kjf; fUj;Jf;fs;

fpwp];jt rkaf; FOf;fspd; jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghL

fpwp];jt fy;tpa+lhff; fpilj;j Ntiytha;g;G

,e;J rka tpOkpaq;fis mwptjpy; Nkdhl;lhH nfhz;bUe;j MHtk;.

,e;jpaHfspd; Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhu Nkhfk;

,e;J rka> r%f rPHNfLfs;.

,e;jpaf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;.

vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

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gy;NtW rPHNfLfSk; ,e;J rka tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd.

78



gyjhu kzk;

ghy;a tpthfk;

ngz;rpRf; nfhiy

cld;fl;il Vwy;

tpjitfs; kWkzk; kWg;G

rhjpg;ghFghL

ngz;zbikj;jdk;

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gzpfisAk; Kd;ndLj;jdH. ,tHfspd; nraw;ghLfs; ghku kf;fspilNa <Hg;gpid

Vw;gLj;jpd. ,J ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;j mwpQHfspilNa

tpopg;GzHitAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; kjk; khwpatHfs; Nghy ebj;J Mq;fpy

nkhopia fw;W kp\dupfspd; nraw;ghLfisAk;> Mq;fpNyaupd; nraw;ghLfisAk;

fz;fhzpf;f Kide;jdH.

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,e;jpaHfisf; nfhz;L ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; ,Ue;j E}y;fis Mq;fpy nkhopf;F

nkhopngaHj;jdH. mtw;iw gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH. me;jtifapy;

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jkJ ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;j mwptpay;> Md;kPf nra;jpfspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikia

czHj;jpaJ.

,jd; tpisthy; ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rPhNfLfisAk; FiwghLfisAk;

mwpe;J nfhz;L rPHjpUj;jthjpfs; gyUk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdH. mt;thW Njhw;wk;

ngw;NwhUs; Rthkp ,uhkfpU\;zH> Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH> ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;>

jahde;j ru];tjp> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> ,uhkypq;f ts;syhH> ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$H>

=mutpe;jH Kjypa gyiuf; $wyhk;.,tHfspd; mUk;gzpfshy; ,e;jpa ,e;Jr%f

rPHjpUj;jj;ij Kd;dpl;L gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. mtw;Ws;>

gpuk;krkh[k;> rkur Rj;j rd;khHf;f rq;fk;> gpuhHj;jid rkh[k;> Mupa rkh[k;>

gpuk;kQhd rq;fk;> ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

79



gpuk;k rkh[k;

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpwg;G - 1774.05.22

ngw;NwhH - ,uhkfhe;jH> jhupzpNjtp

gpwe;j ,lk; - khefH

,sikg; ngaH - uhk;Nkhfd;

jkJ jdpg;gl;l tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fshy; ngupJk; Jd;gkile;j uh[huhk;

Nkhfd;uha; mjd; tpisthy; gpuk;k rkh[j;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.

jkJ je;ij %d;W ngz;fis kze;jpUe;jik.

jdf;F ghy;a tpthfk; eilngw;wpUe;jik.

ghy;a kidtp ,we;jJk; ,uz;lhtJ jlitahfTk; ghy;a tpthfk;

eilngw;wik.

jkJ mz;zd; ,we;jJk; ikj;Jdp cld;fl;il Vw;wg;gl;lik.

1828 ,y; gpuk;k rkh[j;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. guk;nghUs; topghl;Lr; rq;fk;

vDk; nghUspy; 1830 ,y; rkh[j;jpd; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf Gjpa fl;llk; xd;W

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

“khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J ky;ypifapYk; kzk; cz;L” vDk; nfhs;if cilatuha;

jdJ gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jhH.

1833 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah nrd;w Nkhfd;uha; mq;NfNa kuzkile;jhH.

Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwit mLj;J 1842 ,y; NjNge;jpuehj; jh$H rkh[j;jpd;

jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;whH. rkh[j;jpd; nfhs;ifapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

1857 ,y; nfRg;re;jpunrd; rkh[j;jpy; ,ize;jhH.1861 ,ypUe;J rkh[g; gzpfspy;

jd;id KOikahf mHg;gzpj;jhH. nfhs;if Kuz;ghLfshy; gpuk;krkh[k;

,uz;lhf gpsTgl;lJ. NjNge;jpuehj; jh$updhy; Mjpg;gpuk;k rkh[Kk;>

nfRg;re;jpunrd;dpdhy; ,e;jpa gpuk;k rkh[Kk; epWtdg;gl;ld.

gpukrkh[j;jpd; gzpfs;

19k; E}w;whz;by; tl ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa ,e;J rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fSs;

gpuk rkh[k; jdpj;JtkhdJ. rkfhy ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay;> r%f> rka

#o;rpiyfs; gpuk rkh[j;jpd; nraw;ghLfis epUzapf;fk; fhuzpfshf mike;jd.

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rp> Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpapd; jhf;fk;> fpwp];jt rkaj;jpdJk;

fyhrhuj;jpdJk; guk;gy;> RNjrpa rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs; kj;jpaju

tFg;gpdupd; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpapay; njhlh;Gfs; Kjypad gpuk rkh[k; Kjyhd

epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F gpd;Gykhf mike;jd.

rkag;gzpfs;

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,e;J rkak; rhh;e;j rpe;jidfisAk; gpwkjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;

cs;thq;fpatuhf jd; gzpfis Mw;wpdhh;. ,q;F cgeplj rpe;jidfSf;F Kjd;ik

nfhLj;J jd; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jikahNyNa mtu; cUthf;fpa epWtdk; gpuk

rkh[k; vdg;gl;lJ. gpuk rkh[k; vd;gJ guk;nghUs; topghl;Lr; rq;fk; vd;w

nghUisj; jUfpwJ. ,tuJ rka rPh;jpUj;j rpe;jidfspYk; cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fspd;

nry;thf;fpidf; fhzyhk;. gpuk rkh[j;jpd; gpuhh;j;jidg; ghly;fspYk; cgeplj

RNyhfq;fSf;F Kjyplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

80



19k; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l fpwp];jt rkag; guk;gYk;> ,e;J rkaj;jpy; FiwghLfs;

vd;W fpwp];jth;fshy; gpurhuk; nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fSk; gpuk rkh[j;jpd; rka

rPh;jpUj;j gzpfSf;F gpujhd fhuzq;fshf mike;jd. cgepljq;fNs ,e;J

rkaj;jpd; gpukhz E}nyid tiuaWj;jhh;. ,e;J kj tuyhw;wpy; Njhd;wpa gy

E}y;fSk; mjd; mbg;gil E}y;fs; vd;W nfhs;sg;gl;lik fpwp];jth;fspd; vjph;

gpurhuj;jpw;F rhjfkhf mike;jJ. ,e;epiyikNa Nkhfd;uha; gpukhz E}y;

njhlh;ghd fUj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

,e;J rkaj;jpy; epytpa cUt topghL> gy nja;t topghL Kjyhd rka ek;gpf;iffs;

FiwghLfs; vd gpw rkaj;jtu;fshy; gpurhuk; nra;ag;gl;ld. cgeplj

rpe;jidfisAk; gpw kjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; cs;thq;fp ,tw;iwg; Nghf;f Kide;jhh;.

cgepljq;fspd; Xh; ,iwf;nfhs;if> gpukj;jpd; cUtkw;w eph;Fz epiy Kjyhdtw;wpd;

Clhf ,e;J kjf; flTs; nfhs;ifia Kiwikg;gLj;jpdhh;. jhd; vOjpa tpf;fpu

Muhjid kWg;G vDk; E}y; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. NkYk; ,th; 1840y; cUt topghl;il

vjph;j;J Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; xd;iwAk; vOjp ntspapl;lhh;. Nkhfd;uhapd; ,j;jifa

rPh;jpUj;j rpe;jidfSf;F fpwp];jt> ,];yhkpa rka rpe;jidfSk; fhuzkhf

mike;jd.

midj;J rkaq;fspd; rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Nkhfd;uha; gpw kjq;fspy;

cs;s ey;y tplaq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpD}lhf ,e;J r%fj;ijAk; rkaj;ijAk;

ed;ndwpg;gLj;jpdhh;. mNjNeuk; rkaq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l nghUj;jkw;w rpe;jidfisAk;

nraw;ghLfisAk; fz;ldk; nra;gtuhf ,Ue;jhh;. Fwpg;ghf fpwp];jth;fspd; jPtpu

rka gpurhuj;ijf; fz;bj;J ,th; NaRehjhpd; caph; rkthj nfdKjp> fpwp];jtUf;F

KiwaPL> kdpjhajk; Kjyhd; jdJ E}y;fspy; jdJ fz;ldj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.

mj;Jld; jdJ jw;rupjk; vDk; E}ypy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; epytpa gFj;jwpT thjj;jpw;F

Kuzhd eilKiwiaf; fz;bj;jhh;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;J rkaj;jpy; epytpa gy nja;t

topghL> jpUTUt topghL nghUsw;w rlq;Ffs;> fd;kk; kWgpwg;Gf; nfhs;if

rKjha rPh;NfLfs; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; Nkhfd;uha; fz;bj;jhh;.

r%f fy;tpg;gzpfs;

gpuk rkh[j;jpd; r%fk; rhh;e;j rPh;jpUj;j nraw;ghLfSs; ngz; tpLjiy njhlh;ghd

gzpfs; ,e;J rka tuyhw;wpy; gpujhdkhdit. ,e;J r%fj;jpy; ngz; njhlh;ghf

epfo;e;j cld;fl;il VWjy;> gy jhukzk;> ngz;rpRf;fisf; nfhiy nra;jy;>

ngz;fspd; ifr;rhj;Jupik> fy;tp vd;gdtw;iwAk; kWj;jy; Kjyhd rPh;NfLfs;

,e;J r%fj;jpd; rPuopTf;Fk;> fpwp];jtkj guk;gYf;Fk; rhjfkhf mike;jd. ,tw;iwj;

r%fj;jpy;pUe;J Nghf;Fk; tifapyhd cld;fl;il Vwy; jilr;rl;lk; tUtjw;Fupa

fhuzfh;j;jhthf ,tNu fhzg;gl;lhh;. 1818y; gpupj;jhdpah murpdhy; cld;fl;il

VWjy; jilr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; cld;fl;il Vw;wpatu;fs;

mjw;F Jiz Gupe;jy; kl;Lkd;wp ngz; rpRf;fisf; nfhiy nra;jy;> ghy;a

tpthfk; vd;gdTk; jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wq;fshf mike;jd.

gpukrkh[j;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuk rkh[rl;lk;

ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf cUthdJ. ngz;fSf;F kWf;fg;gl;l

nrhj;Jupikfis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ,th; ngz;fspd; nrhj;Jupikfspy; etPd

Mf;fpukpg;G vDk; E}iy vOjp ntspapl;lhh;. cyfpy; cs;s rkaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk;

xd ;w pizj ;J nghJr ; rkak ; xd ;iw cUthf ;f Ntz;Lk ; vDk ;

nfhs;ifAilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.

81



gpuk rkh[j;jpd; fy;tpf;nfhs;if etPd ,e;jpahit cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;lJ. Nkhfd;uhapd; gd;nkhopg; ghz;bj;jpak; mth; ngw;w Nkiyj;Njaf; fy;tp

vd;gd ,tuJ fy;tp gw;wpa rpe;jidfSf;Fk; mJ rhh;e;j nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;

gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jd. Nkhfd;uha; Nkiyj;Njaf; fy;tpapy; cs;s murpay;>

mwptpay; rkTlik rpe;jidfs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jtuhftpUe;jhh;. mj;jifa

fy;tpia ,e;jpa khzth;fSk; ngw Ntz;Lnkd;w rpe;jidAilatuhf ,Ue;jhh;.

,jd; nghUl;L Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsUf;F gy gupe;Jiufis toq;fpdhh;. mth;

mk];Nfw; gpupTf;f mDg;gpa fbjj;jpy; ,e;jpa khzth;fSf;F INuhg;gpa Mrpupah;fNs

mwptpay;> tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. 1835y; ,t;

Nkhfd;uhapd; ,t; Ml;rpahsh;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.

Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; gpukrkh[f;; nfhs;iffSk; nraw;ghLfSk; gy

khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;ld. Nkhfd;uhapd; kiwitj; njhlh;e;J 1842y; rkh[j;jpd;

jiyikg; nghWg;ig NjNge;jpu ehj;jh$h; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. rkh[j;jpd; nfhs;iffspy;

rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJld;> mJtiu jdJ jiyikapy; ,aq;fpa jj;Jt

Nghjpdp rigiaf; fiyj;J> gpuk rkh[j;Jld; ,izj;jhu;. 1857y; nfRg;re;jpunrd;

,ize;J nfhz;lijaLj;J ,e;epWtdj;jpy; gykhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,tuhy; 1860y;

rkh[j;jpd; ,iz epWtdkhf rq;fl; rgh vDk; mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;.

,UtUf;fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzlhf NjNge;jpuehj;jh$h; Mjpg;gpuk

rkh[j;ijak; nfRg; re;jpunrd; ,e;jpa gpuk rkh[j;ijAk; cUthf;fpdhh;. 1867y;

Mjp gpuk rkh[j;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; 1867y; cuthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mj;kufk; ghz;Luq; ,jd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;lhh;. vdpDk; Mjp gpuk rkh[k;

fhyj;jpd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g jdJ gzpfis Kd;ndLf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; Mjpg;

gpuk rkh[k; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ,oe;jJld;> me;epWtdk; tPo;r;rpailaj;

njhlq;fpaJ.

82



Muparkhrk;

etAf ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J rka – r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspy; Mupa rkh[j;jpw;Ff;Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lk; cz;L. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fhy ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jrka - r%fq;fs; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jd. Rthkpjahde;jru];tjp Ntj newpiaAk;> rk;];fpUj nkhopiaAk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp 1875 Vg;uy;10Mk; jpfjp Muparkh[j;ij gk;ghapy; epWtpdhu;.

,e;J rKjhaj;jpdu; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;j rthy;fs;gytw;wpw;F Muparkh[j;jpd; thapyhf tpilnfhLj;jhu;. ,j;jifa Muparkh[k; ,e;JrKjhaj;jpdUf;Fg; gyNtW topfspYk; gy gzpfisr; nra;J ,e;Jkj vOr;rpf;Ff;fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

Muparkh[j;jpd; gzpfs; %l ek;gpf;iffis ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpul;Ljy;> GNuhfpj

Kiwvjpu;g;G> tpf;fpuf topghL vjpu;g;G> rhjpNgj vjpu;g;G> jPz;lhikxopg;G> ngz;Zupik MjuT Kjyhdtw;wpf;F Ntjq;fspy; rhd;W fhl;bep&gpj;jy;

rhjp> kj> ghy; Ntw;Wikfs; ghuhky; kf;fs; nkhopfspy; Ntjq;fisnkhop ngau;j;Jg; gutyhd Kiwapy; gug;gp kf;fis tpopg;gilar;nra;jik

RNjrpa fy;tp Kiwf;Fk;> rka – tpQ;Qhd gpizg;gpw;Fk; Ntjk;topfhl;lty;yJ vd;w nfhs;if gug;gg;gl;lJ.

E}y;fis ntspapl;lik mjhtJ upf;Ntj gh\;a G+kpfh(1877)> upf;Ntjgh\;ak;(1899)> aRu;Ntj gh\;ak; cl;gl 26 E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

,tuJ E}y;fspy; rj;jpahu;j;jg; gpufhrk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rkag; gpurhuk; nra;jik. mjhtJ $l;lhf ,ize;J Rw;Wg;gazq;fs;

nra;J 1845 – 1860 tiuf;Fkhd fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; nrd;Wrkag; gpurhuk; nra;jik.

kjk; khwpatu;fis kPz;Lk; ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Nru;j;jpl ‘Rj;jp’ vd;Dk;,af;fj;ijAk;> ,e;Jf;fis xd;W jpul;l ‘rq;fldk;’ vd;w ,af;fj;ijAk;jahde;ju; jhgpg;gjw;F Muparkh[Nk mbg;gil vdyhk;.

Mupa Rj;jpr; rlq;F tpjpfis cUthf;fpaik. mjhtJ N`hkk;> jiyKbfisjy;> G+Zy; mzptpj;jy;> fhaj;up ke;jpuk; fw;gpj;jy; Muparkh[j;jpd;gj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfis xg;Gf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy; Mfpait me;j tpjpfshFk;.

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F G+Z}y; mzptpj;J mtu;fis Nkd;kf;fshfg;gpufldg;gLj;jpaik. 1888 ,y; gQ;rhg;gpy; K]gu;fl; khtl;lj;jpy; gz;bjfq;fhuhk; vDk; Muparkh[g; gpurhufu; xl; jPz;lhjhu; r%fj;jpidG+Z}y; mzptpj;J ,e;J r%fj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;L te;jik.

Njrpa fy;tp Kiwapid Muparkh[k; eilKiwg;gLj;jpr; rhjid gilj;jJ.mjhtJ jha; ehl;bd; ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy> murpay;>Nghu;Kiw> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;> njhopy;> thzpgk; Mfpatw;iwtsu;j;njLj;jy;.

ghy;a tpthfj;ij vjpu;j;jik gpuk;k Guhzj;ijAk;> kDju;k rhj;jpuj;ijAk;Mjhuk; fhl;b ghy;a tpthfj;ijf; fz;ldk; nra;Js;sik.

tpjitg; ngz;fspd; kWkzj;jpid Mjupj;jik. upf; Ntjj;jpid Mjhuk;fhl;b tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jahde;ju; cUthf;fpa Muparkh[k; gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> cj;jug;gpuNjrk;>kj;jpa gpuNjrk; Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; nry;thf;FlDk;> gpw Njrq;fspy;fhY}d;wpAk; ntF[d ,af;fkhf> fy;tp ,af;fkhf> jPz;lhik vjpu;g;G,af;fkhf> ngz;Zupik ,af;fkhf> r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf> Njrpa,af;fkhf tsu;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;fpw;W.

83



,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; NghjidfSk; rhjidfSk;

,tu; ,e;Jkj kWkyu;r;rpahsu;fspy; jiyrpwe;jtu;.tq;fhs ehl;by; me;jzFyj;jpy;

gpwe;jtu;. rhf;j rkag; gf;ju;. Ntjhe;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il eilKiw tho;tpaYld;

,izj;Jf; fhl;batu;. kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;J khDl Jd;gk; ePf;Ftij eilKiw

Ntjhe;jk; vd;gjidr; rhjidahff; filg;gpbj;jtu;. Ntj> cgepljr; rpe;jidfis

Ak; mit ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,e;J jj;Jtj;ijAk; [duQ;rfkhd Nghjidfshf

vLj;Jf; fhl;ba ngUik ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;riuNa rhUk;. ,e;J jj;Jtj;jpy;

<];tu tbtpy; ,iwf;nfhs;ifia typAWj;jpAk; gug;gpukk; vd;Dk; Ntjhe;j

epiyapy; guk;nghUl; nfhs;ifia typAWj;jpAk; jj;Jthu;j;j tplaq;fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpUnfhs;iffisAk; ,izj;Nj ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;

jkJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpAs;shu;.

midj;Jr; rkaq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rupd; rkag;

nghJikkpf;f kdg;ghq;F Nkyhdjd;ikAilaJ vy;yhr; rkaq;fSk;

NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; ,iw cz;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gijj;

jkJ mDgtq;fshy; czu;j;jpdhu;. rkaq;fs; gythW fhzg;gl;lhYk; vy;yhr;

rkaq;fSk; rKjha xUikg; ghl;ilNa vLj;J tpsf;Ffpd;wd vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

,JNt ,tuJ eilKiw Ntjhe;jr; rpe;jid ,uhkfpU\;z klj;ij Rthkp

tpNtfhde;ju; jhgpj;jNghJ ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rupd; NghjidfNs rhjidahff;

nfhs;sg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. rkag;nghiwiag; NgZjy; gpw capu;fisAk;

jd;Dapu; Nghy; Nghw;Wjy; Kjypa flikfspYk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;

,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; jkJ Nghjidfspy; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,iwtid czu;e;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd vspa khu;f;fq;fis ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; jkJ rka

mDgtj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,iwtid md;G topapy; czuyhk;>r%f

tho;tpd; tpUj;jpNa rka tsu;r;rp Kjypa fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kjd;ik toq;fpdhu;.

,j;jifa nfhs;iffisr; rhjidahf;fpf; fhl;lNt ,e;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk;

cyfpd;; gy gFjpfspYk; ,uhkfpU\;z klq;fs;; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Ntjhe;jf;

fUj;ij cyfshtpa epiyapy; gug;gy;> Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gug;gy; vd;gd

,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpd; Clhf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,uhk - fpU\;z tp[ak; vDk;

rQ;rpifia ntspaply;> Vio vspatu;fSf;F ,ytr kUj;Jt trjp mspj;jy;

Kjyhd gzpfisAk; ,uhkfpU\;zklk; nra;J tUfpd;wJ. Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;

,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpD}lhfNt ,e;J rkag; gzpapy; <Lgl;lhu;.

84



3.1 ,yq;ifapy; ,e;Jrka tuyhW - mwpKfk;

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,yq;ifapd; gq;fspg;G kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ. ,e;jpa>

jkpofj; njhlh;gpy; ,yq;ifapd; gz;ghl;L tuyhW NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpof gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;r;rp ,yq;ifapy; fhyk; fhykhf Vw;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

fpwp];J fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; Kjy; ,g;gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;r;rp gpd;gw;wg;gl;L

te;jpUg;gjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,uhk - ,uhtz tuyhWk; ,jpfhrr; nra;jpfsk;

,yq;fiapd; G+h;tPf gz;ghL gw;wpa fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy;

Fg;juhl;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; ,yq;if Fg;j murh; Mjpf;fj;jpy; fPo; ,Ue;jjhd tuyhWfis

Fg;jh; fhy J]z; rhrdq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

jkpof ,yf;fpaq;fspy; <oj;Jg; Gyth;> <oj;J czT gw;wpa nra;jpfs; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. <oj;J G+je;Njtd; vd;Dk; ftp gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; cz;L.

khe;ij vDk; khNjhl;lk; gw;wp Re;juh; Njthuk; Gfo;fpd;wJ. ed;dfu; khe;ij vd

rq;f ,yf;fpakhfpa GwehD}W vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NfhNzr;ruk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; Mfpa

jpUj;jyq;fisj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;> Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhUk; Gfo;fpd;wdh;.

NfhNzr;rug;gjpfk; jpUf;NfjPr;rug; gjpfk; vd;git gpugy;akhdit. ,j;jyq;fs;

gw;wp thAGuhzj;jpYk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpU%yh; ,yq;ifia rptG+kp

vd;wioj;jhh;. ,j;jifa ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rkak; gw;wpa tUzidfs; jkpof>

,e;jpa E}y;fspy; rhd;whjhuq;fshff; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mDuhjGu Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNy

,e;J-ngsj;j cwTfs; cd;dj epiy ngw;wd. ngsj;jf; Nfhapy;fis ,e;Jf;

fiyQh; cUthf;fpdh;. mJ NghyNt mDuhjGu Ml;rpf;fhy muz;kidfspy;

GNuhfpjh; nry;thf;Fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mDuhjGufhy rhrdq;fspy; ,e;J Myaq;fspy;

Md;k uPjpahd topghLfs; ,lk;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mr; nrg;Nglby;

eprjp xU jpUtkph;Jk; ee;jh tpsf;Fk; vd;Dk; Fwpg;G ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; epue;ju

Mya fpupia ,lk;ngw;wijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,yq;ifapy; Guhjd fhyk; njhlf;fk; rpttopghLk; KUf topfhLk; Nkk;gl;bUe;jik

Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. KUf topghL NtLt G+irAld; njhlh;Ggl;lJ. mjw;fikaNt

gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Nty> ];fe;j vd;Dk; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. “tyKiw

Ntld; mUspa G+ir mUs; fjpu;fhkg; ngUkhNs” vd;W fjph;fhk jyk; gw;wpajpUg;Gfopd; tUzid Ntlh; topghl;il vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; Guhjd Myaq;fspy; Ntlh; topghl;L vr;rq;fis Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

ngsj;jf; Nfhapy; topghL ngsj;j Ch;tyq;fspYk; NtLt gz;ghl;il gpd;gw;Wk;

mk;rq;fs; ntspg;gLk;. ,t;thW Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;ehl;bd; kpfg; Guhjd rkakhf

,e;J rkak; tpsq;FtJk; ,jd; Kd;Ndhbahd rhd;Wfshf ,e;jpahtpy; ngw

Kbfpd;wJ. mDuhjGu Ml;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J ,yq;ifapy; nghyeWit Mjpf;fk;

epytpaJ. mt;NtisapYk; jkpofg; gz;ghL ,yq;ifapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ.

Nrho murdpd; 9tJ kz;lykhf [dehjkq;fyk; tpsq;fpaJ. nghyeWit gjtpa

fe;jsh mDuhjGuk;> khNjhl;lk;> FUehfy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;

rJh;Njtpkhh;jyq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;L ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ngsj;j

murh;fSf;Fk; jkpof Fyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jpUkzTwTfSk; fhzg;gl;ld.

,jdhy; mDuhjGu> nghyeWitf; fhyg; gz;ghl;by; ,e;J ngsj;j cwTfs;

nry;thf;F ngw;wd.

85



,yq;ifapy; nghyeWit Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNyNa Nrho murg; gpujhdpfshy; kl;lf;fsg;G

gpuNjrg; gz;ghLk; kWkyh;r;rpaile;jJ G+h;tPf jkpo;g; gpuNjr gz;ghLfspy;

kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Nrho kd;dh;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;fpd;

%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. fypq;fkhNfhd;> tp[aghF MfpNahh; jkpof murh;fs; kPJ

gil vLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;l nra;jpfSk; gjpthfp cs;sd.

Mupar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp nrYj;jpafhyj;jpy;; ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F

fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL nry;thf;file;jpUe;jJ. ,e;J rkak; rhh;e;j

gy gpuge;jq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Njhd;wyhapd. ,yq;ifapd; aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy;

ghz;ba kd;dupd; gpujpepjpfshd Muparf;fu th;j;jpfshl;rp ,lk; ngw;wJ. rkahgpkhdk;

kpf;f murh;fshftk; ,th;fs; tpsq;fyhapdh;. fp.gp.15k; E}w;whz;L aho;g;ghzk;

ey;Y}h; KUfd; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;l nra;jp ifyha khiy vd;Dk; E}ypd;

%yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. Mupar; rf;futj;jpfs; ,e;J muruhfTk; ee;jp cUit

nghwpj;jth;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdh;.

,yq;ifapy; 15k; E}w;whz;ilj; njhlh;e;J Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; xy;yhe;jh;> gpupj;jhdpah;

vd;Dk; INuhk;gpa tk;rj;jth;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th;fsJ Ml;rpapy; ,e;Jg;

gz;ghL epiy jsh;e;jjhYk; gpd; vOr;rp ngw;w ,e;J rka rPh;jpUj;j thjpfshy;

,e;Jg; gz;ghL kWkyh;r;rpaile;jJ vdyhk;.

86



,yq;ifapy; ,d;W epyTk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; %yf;$Wfs; gyTk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lfhyj;jpNyNa fUthfp cUf;nfhz;Ltpl;ld. ,yq;if tuyhw;iwg; nghWj;j tiuapy;ngsj;j kjNk ,d;W mur kjkhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> vkJ ehl;bd; Mjp kjk; vd;wngUikf;Fhpajhf tpsq;FtJ ,e;J kjNkahFk;. Mdhy;> gz;ila ,e;Jkjj;ijg;gw;wp mwptjw;F jkpopy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspNyNajkpopyf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. vdpDk; ngsj;j kj ,yf;fpaq;fshd ghspE}y;fs;ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jf; $wpdhYk;> mit VNjh xU tifapy; ngsj;jk;guTtjw;F Kd;dh; fhzg;gl;l ,e;J kjk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L epw;gjd;%yk; ,e;J kjk; gz;ila kjNk vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wld; Mjpg;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; ,e;Jkj njhd;ikiaf;fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.

jkpo;g; Nghpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;whfpa ,uhkhazk; gz;ila ,e;Jkjk; gw;wpa xU rpyfUj;Jf;fis $wpAs;sJ. mjhtJ ,yq;ifapy; ,uhtzd; rpt topghl;by; <Lgl;lik>mtd; rhkfhdk; ghbr; rptid kaf;fpaik> ahfq;fs; ,aw;wpaik gw;wpa fUj;jpidAk;>rPijia kPl;f te;j ,uhkh; khkhq;fk;> KdP];tuk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,ypq;fq;fs;epWtp topgl;bUe;jhh; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisAk; thy;kPfp ,uhkhazk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.vdpDk; ,yq;ifapd; njhd;ikahd ,e;Jkj tuyhw;iw mwpa NtW jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;,y;yhik Jujp\;lNkahFk;.

tp[adJ tUiff;F Kd;dh; <oj;jpd; njd;fpof;F> tlf;F> Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy;epiynfhz;bUe;j RNjr topghl;L newpfisf; filg;gpbj;j mkhD\;ah;fshdaf;\h;fSk;> ehfh;fSk; tho;e;jjhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. af;\h;fs; (,af;fh;)af;\ topghl;bidAk;> ehfh;fs; ehf> ypq;f topghl;bidAk; epfo;j;jpajhf ,t;tpyf;fpak;Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,th;fSld; ehfhpfkilahj Ntlh;fSk; tho;e;jjhff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; Gj;jh; gpuhd; %d;W Kiw ,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;jhh; vdTk;> KjyhtjhfrpwPghj (rptndhspghjkiy)tpy; ,Ue;j NjtFkhud; kfhRkd; vd;gtid Gj;juhfkjkhw;wk; nra;aTk;. ,uz;lhtJ jlit ehfmurd; kNfhjuDf;Fk; mtdJ kUkfd;FNyhjuDf;Fk; rpk;khrdk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gl;l rz;ilia epWj;jTk;> %d;whtJjlit Gj;j rkaj;Jf;F kjk;khwpa “kzpaf;fpfd;” vd;gtdpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fpehfh;fSf;Fg; Nghjpj;J mDuhjGuk; nrd;W Gdpj murkuk; ehl;lg;glNtz;ba ,lj;ijNjh;e;njLj;J MrPh;tjpg;gjw;fhfTNk Gj;j gpuhdpd; tUif ,lk;ngw;wJ vd kfhtk;rk;$Wfpd;wJ. vdNt Gj;juJ tUiff;FKd; ehfh;fs; tho;e;jpUg;gjhy; ,e;JkjNk gz;ilakjk; vd;gij ,jpypUe;J Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ghspE}y;fspy; jkpoh; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; mth;fs; tpNjrpfs;> jtwhdrka ek;gpf;iffisf; filg;gpbg;gth;fs; (,e;Jkj ek;gpf;iffs;) Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs;>gilnaLg;ghsh;fs; vd;w Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murpay; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhfeilngw;w vy;yhsd; - Jl;lifKD Aj;jk ; $l Xh; ,d Nkhjyhfr;rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ,t;Aj;jj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l ngsj;jj;ijr; ruzilahj jkpoh;fs;kpUfq;fis tplf; Nftykhdth;fs; Mjyhy; mth;fisf; nfhd;wik gw;wp “kd;dh ePftiyg;glj; Njitapy;iy” vd;W kuzg;gLf;ifapy; foptpuf;fk; nfhz;bUe;jJl;lifKDTf;Fg; Gj;jFUkhh; mwpTiu $wpajhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;Jk;nfhy;yg;gl;lth;fs; jkpoh;fs;(,e;Jf;fs;) vd;gijAk; ,th;fs; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Njtho;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gijAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

;

Guhjd ,e;Jrka tuyhW

(tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;)

87



Njtek;gpajPrd;> mtdJ kidtpah; itjPfh;fshf tpsq;fpdh; vd;gij ,k;kd;ddpd;milnkhopahfpa Njtek;gpa vd;gJk;> mtdJ kidtpah; ngauhfpa ,uhkjj;j>tUzjj;j MfpadTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngsj;jk; gutj; njhlq;fp %d;WE}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; $l rpy rpw;wurh;fs; ngsj;jj;jpw;F khwhJ jkJ gioaek;gpf;iffisg; Ngzpdh; vd fp;.gp 1Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fhpa jp]kfhuhkf; fy;ntl;LFwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ngsj;jf; fl;likg;gpy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. <oj;jpd;Kjy; jhJNfhGukhfpa J}ghuhk fl;lg;gl;l ,lk; gioa af;\ topghl;Lj; nja;tkhfpa‘kNf[’f; flTspd; ,lk; vd;gij kfhtk;rk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L goq;fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;,Ue;jjw;fhd jilaq;fNsh> fl;ll rpijTfNsh fhzg;gltpy;iy vd rpyh; Fwpg;gpLth;.Mdhy; mtw;wpy; gy ngsj;j kd;dh;fshy; mopf;fg;gl;ld vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.mNjNtis ,Nj fhyfl;lg;gFjpapy; jkpo; ehl;by; Nfhapy;fs; mopAk; nghUl;fshy;fl;lg;gl;ljhf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpapypUe;J ,yq;ifapYk; mopAk;nghUl;fshy; (rhe;J> kzy;> kuk;) Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk; mjdhNyNa ,d;Wmjd; vr;rq;fis fhz Kbatpy;iy vdTk; jw;fhy Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; rpyh;Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

nghJthf ,e;Jkj topgL nja;tq;fshf af;\ topghL> ehf topghL> rpt topghL>KUf topghL> khNahd; topghL> jha;j;nja;t topghL vd;git ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gijmwpa Kbfpd;wJ. af;\ topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J> njd;dhrpa goq;Fb kf;fs;topgl;l nja;tq;fSs;; af;\ topghLk; xd;W. ,j;nja;tq;fs; Mhpah;f;Fhpatuy;yhj,e;jpaj; njhy;Fbapdh;f;Fhpa topgL nja;tq;fshFk;. ,it ehl;LGw kf;fshy;topglg;gl;l nja;tq;fs; vd;gu;. af;\h;fspd; jiytdhfpa FNgud; gz;Lfhgadpd;fhyj;jpy; Mykuj;jpd; fPo; topglg;gl;lij kfhtk;rk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,f;flTisnt];]tz vd;W ,e;E}y; miof;fpd;wJ.

af;\d;> af;\p MfpNahh; ciwAk; ,lq;fshff; fhLfs;> kiyfs;> ePh;epiyfs;>kuq;fs; Mfpad fUjg;gl;ld. kf;fSf;F ed;ik> jPik Mfpatw;iw mspf;Fk; jifikngw;W ,it fhzg;gl;ld vdf; fUjg;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; ,itfSf;Fg; gyp mspj;Jk;topghbaw;wpdhh;fs;. mj;Jld; CUf;Fg; nghJthd kuq;fspy; ,j;nja;tq;fs;Fbnfhz;bUe;jd vd ek;gpa kf;fs; ,j;nja;tq;fs; trpj;j kuq;fis myq;fhpj;J>khiy mzptpj;J tpsf;Fk; Vw;wpdh;. mj;Jld; ,tw;Wf;Fg; gilay;fSk; nra;jdh;.

mLj;jjhf ehf topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J><oj;jpy; ehf topghL Mjpf;Fbfspd;topghL vd;gijg; ghsp E}y;fspw; fhzg;gLk; IjPfq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sd. Gj;jh;Nkw;nfhz;l %d;W tp[aq;fspy; xU tp[ak; af;\h;fNshL njhlh;Ggl kw;iwa ,Utp[aq;fSk; ehfh;fSld; rk;ke;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Gj;juJ tUiff;F Kd;Ng ehftopghl;by; <LgLk; ehfh; tho;e;Js;sik njhpa tUfpd;wJ.

,g;ghsp E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; ehfjPg vd;gJ jw;fhy tlkhfhzk;> tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpd;tlf;NfAs;s gFjp vd;gtw;iwNa Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mNjNghy; fy;ahzp muR jw;fhynfhOk;G khtl;lj;ij cs;slf;fpa gFjpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy;jpUNfhzkiyg; gFjpapYk; ehf topghL rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jJ vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.fp;.gp ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fhpa njhykp vd;w fpNuf;f mwpQhpd; Fwpg;Gk; ,jidcWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

88



ehfh;fs; xUNghJk; kdpj th;f;fj;jpduhfg; ghspE}y;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf,th;fs; rhjhuzkhfg; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpid cilath;fshfTk; epyj;jpd; fPo; thOk;mkhD\;ah ;fshfTNk r pj ;j ph pf ;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sdh ; . NrUthtpytpw ;Fk ; ehftzf;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s njhlh;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpNy ,g;gFjpapy;fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j Gj;jh; rpiyfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.,j;jifa rpiyfspy; Gj;jhpd; jiykPJ ehf ghk;gpdJ glk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.,J Gj;jh; ehfj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpdwhh; vd;w nra;jpia czh;j;Jtjha; mike;Js;sJ.gpd;dh; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fhpa epiyapy; ehf topghL tpsq;fpaijAk;>ngsj;jj;jhy; ehf topghL Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mLj;jjhf jpuhtpl topghl;L KiwfSs; xd;whd rpt topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J>,J <oj;jpd; kpfg; gioa topghLfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy;kd;dh;fs; #bapUe;j ngah;fs; ,j;jifa topghL ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whfcs;sJ. tp[adpd; gpd; Ml;rp nra;j gz;L thR Njtdpd; gjpndhU gps;isfSs;xUtd; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fpapUe;jhd;. gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; khkd;khh;fspy;xUtdpd; ngah; ‘fphpfz;l rpt’ MFk;. gz;Lfhga kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; muR fl;bNywpatd;‘Klrpt’ Mthd;. Njtek;gpajP]dpd; rNfhjuh;fspy; xUtd; ‘kfhrpt’ vd;w ngaiuj;jhq;fpAs;shd;. jhJtk;rk; fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp> NrUthtpy Mfpa,lq;fis Mz;l rpw;wurh;fs; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fp epd;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

ghspE}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;j Nghy; gPhp]; vd;gth;”tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Fmjpf fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapw; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fdTk; KO ,e;jpahtpd;topghl;bw;FhpadTkhfpa Ie;J rpthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itahtd kfhjPh;j;jj;jpw;Fmz;ikapy; cs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> Kj;J rpyhgj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jKd;dP;Rtuk;> khNjhl;lj;jpw;fUfpYs;s jz;Nl];tuk;> nghpa nfhl;bahuf; FlhTf;Fvjpuhf cs;s jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwf;F mz;ikapYs;s eFNy];tuk;vd;gdthFk;. ,it ntWk; Gfo;r;rp my;y” vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJ gz;ilf;fhyj;jpNyNarpt topghL epytpapUe;jJ vd;gij Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

kfhNrdd; Nghd;w kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mDuhjGuk;> khNjhl;lk;> Vufhtpy;>Nfhfh;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; topgl;l rpthyaq;fis mopj;Nj kfhNrd kd;dd;mt;tplq;fspy; ngsj;j Myaq;fisf; fl;bajhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ.

<oj;Jg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; ]pt(rpt) vd;w ngah; cs;sNjhL rptjj;j> rptuf;;;\pj>rptFj;j> rptghypj> rptjhr Nghd;w milnkhopfs; ,tw;NwhL ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJk;kw;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhf rpt topghl;NlhL njhlh;Gilajhfngah;fs; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; rpt Myaq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L ngsj;j tpfhiufs;fl;lg;gl;lik gw;wp ghsp E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; <oj;jpy; rpt topghL,lk;ngw;Ws;sik cWjpahfpd;wJ.

89



mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jrkak;

Guhjd ,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhfg; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ mDuhjGu

efuk;.,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 9Mk; E}w;whz;L

tiuahd fhyg;gFjp mDuhjGuf; fhyk; vdg; nghJthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ngsj;j rka ek;gpf;iffSld; ,e;j rka kuGfSk; tsh;r;rpaile;j fhyk; vd;w

tifapy; ,yq;ifapd; ,e;Jrka tuyhw;wpy; mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpw;F jdpj;Jtkhd

,lKz;L.rpq;fstupd; tuyhw;W E}yhd kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpypUe;j

yhl Njrj;jpypUe;J> mtDila Ju;elj;ij fhuzkhf> 700 ez;gu;fSld; Nru;j;Jj;

Juj;jptplg;gl;l tp[ad; vd;w ,sturd; ,yq;if te;jNghJ mtDld; te;j mDuhj

vd;gtdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wkhf mDuhjGuk; mikfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy;

mDuhjfpuhkk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.,yq;ifia Mz;l gz;Lfhgad; vd;w murd;

mDuhj fpuhkj;ij mDuhjGukhf khw;wp mtdJ jiyefuhf;fpdhd;.

mDuhjGu fhy ,e;Jrka tsh;r;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpofj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l murpay; epiy> rka kWkyh;r;rp vd;gd mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ngsj;jk; mur kjkhf nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j NghJk; ,t;thl;rpf;

fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj ,e;J kjk; ,q;F epiyngw;W te;Js;sij ngsj;j tuyhw;W

,yf;fpakhd kfhtk;rj;jpd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. gz;Lfhgad; mDuhjGu

murpid mikj;jnghOJ> rptpfrhiy> nrhj;jprhiy vd;Dk; ,Uepiyaq;fis

cUthf;fpdhd; vd kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; rptpfrhiy vd;gJ rptypq;fj;ij

];jhgpj;J topgLk; Nfhl;lk; vd;W ~tk;]j;jg;gfh]pdp| tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mt;thNw

nrhj;jprhiy vd;gJ gpuhkzu;fs; Ntjk; XJtjw;nfd;W mikf;fg;gl;l rhiy

vd;W mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

mDuhjGuf;fhyk; Kjyhf Ml;rpGupe;j muru;fs; irtrkaj;jpw;Fk;

itjPff;fyhrhuj;jpw;Fk; MjuT Gupe;Js;sdu;.,yq;ifapy; ngsj;jk; te;j NghJ

Ml;rp nra;jtd; Njtek;gpajPrd;. mtdJ je;ijapd; ngau; Klrpt vd;gJ. mtdJ

Kd;Ndhu;fspy; gyUf;Fk; fpupfe;jrpt> k`hrpt> Nghd;w ngau;fNs mjpfstpy;

toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. ,J mtu;fsJ irtg;gw;iwAk; rptnewp tho;itAk; cWjp

nra;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; fpilj;j fp.K 3k;> 2k; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fupa ehzaq;fs;

gytw;wpy; ,lg,yr;rpid> kfhy\;kp> rptypq;fk;> Rt];jpfk;> G+uzFk;gk;>Nty;>

kapy;> Nrty; Nghd;w cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs;

fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.

murh;> ,sturh;> tzpfh;> fpuhkj;jiyth;fs;> FLk;gj; jiyth;fs; rpt vd;w ngaiuf;

nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vdNt rptidg; Nghw;wp topgLk; kdg;ghq;Filath;fs; ehl;bd;

gy ghfq;fspYk; tho;e;Js;sdh; vd;gJ ,jpypUe;J njhpa tUfpd;wJ.,yq;ifapy;

ngsj;j rhrdq;fs; gytw;wpy; Fkhu> tprhf> kfhNrd Nghd;w ngau;fs; cs;sd.

,it KUftopghl;bd; milahsq;fis czu;j;Jtjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nghk;ghpg;G

Kjyhd ,lq;fspNy fpilj;Js;s fyNthLfspy; Ntypd; cUtq; fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk;

KUf topghl;bd; nry;thf;if vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

90



,yq;ifapy;,e;Jfyhrhuj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; guTtjw;Fg; gpuhkzu;fs;

fhuzkhapUe;jdu; vd;gijr; rhrdq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;. 22 gpuhkpr;

rhrdq;fspy; gpuhkzu; gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehs;> el;rj;jpuk;> Neuk;>

fhyk; Mfpatw;iw epr;rapg;gjw;F gpuhkzzupd; MjuT kd;du;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ.

NkYk; FLk;g tho;f;ifapYk;> nghJ tho;f;ifapYk; eilngWk; gpujhdkhd

rlq;Ffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gpuhkzNu nra;jdu;. itjpf rk;gpujhaq;fis

filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; gy Guhjdkhd r%fq;fs; itjPf rKjhaj;jpNy fye;Jtpl;ld.

Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jtu;fs; gpuhkzUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpid

Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;. murh;fs; jkJ midj;Jf; fhupaq;fSf;;Fk; gpuhkzu;fspd;

cjtpiag; ngWtjw;fhf murrigapy; epakpj;jpUe;jdu;. kfhtk;rk; tp[ad; cgjp];r

vd;w gpuhkzid epakpj;jpUe;jikiaf; $Wfpd;wJ. mJ Nghy gz;Lfhgad;

vd;w ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; gpugykhd murd; gz;Ly vd;w gpuhk;kzdplk; tpy;

tpj;ij fw;whd;. gz;Lytpd; kfdhd re;jpud; vd;ghd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtdJ

uh[FUthdhd;. murNdhL nfhz;bUe;j kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gfspd; tpisthfr;

rpy rkaq;fspNy gpuhkzUf;Fk;> murpay; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wtu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa

kzj;njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld.

,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs;

mDuhjGu fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; Mfpatpuz;Lk; kpFe;j

rpwg;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;jd. mit ,uz;bidg; gw;wpAk; jpUQhdrk;ge;j %u;j;jp

ehadhu; xt;nthU gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. jpUf;NfjP];tuj;ijg; gw;wp Re;ju%u;j;jp

ehadhUk; xU gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. mg;gu; Njthuj;jpy; mtw;iwg;gw;wpa Fwpg;G

cs;sJ.

jpUf;NfjP];tuk; ghyhtpapd; fiuNky; mike;jpUe;jJ. mJ khNjhl;lj;jpy; rpwg;G

kpF jyk; vd;Wk; mbahu;fspd; ght tpidfisg; Nghf;f ty;yJ vd;Wk; ehad;khu;fs;

,UtUk; ghbAs;sdu;.

rk;ge;jh;>

“NfjPr;ruq; ifnjhof; fLtpidailahNt…..”

“Nfbyhj NfjPr;rue; njhOnjof; nfLkplh; tpidjhNd…….”

mg;gh;>

“G+jpazp nghd;dpwj;jhh; G+z;E}yhh;

nghq;futh; rq;fuh; ntz;FioNahh; fhjh;

NfjPr;ruNktpdhh;……”

91



fpof;fpyq;ifapNy mike;Js;s Gdpjj; jykhf jpUf;NfhNz];tuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,jd; rpwg;gpidr; rk;ge;jh; Nky;tUkhW ghLthh;;

“….NehapDk; gpzpAk; njhopyu;ghy; ePf;fp EiojU E}ypdu; Qhyk;

NfhapYk; RidAk; flYld; R+o;e;j Nfhzkhkiy mku;e;jhNu”

mDuhjGuj;jpd; tlgFjpapNy jkpoh; tho;e;j rpy gFjpfspy; kl;Lk; Guhjdkhd

irtf;Nfhapy;fspd; mopghLfs; njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.

vy;yhkhf 5 Nfhapy;fspd; mopghLfs; me;jg; gFjpapw; fhzg;gl;ld. mikg;gpy;

mit vy;yhk; xNutpjkhdit> mstpy; rpwpait> fh;g;gf;fpufk;> me;juhsk;>

mh;j;jkz;lgk; vDk; gFjpfs; mtw;wpNy fhzg;gl;ld. ,it nrq;fw;fspdhy;

fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. ,d;W KOikahf mope;Jtpl;ld. mfo;tha;Tfspd; NghJ gy

,e;Jj; nja;tq;fspd; fw;rpiyfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fjph;fhk KUfd; Myaj;ij Jl;lifKD topgl;lik> NjNte;jpu Kidapy; cg;Gy;td;

Myak; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jik> trgf;Fsj;jpd; mUfpy; gps;isahh; Myak; ,Ue;jikf;F

mt;thyaj;jpd; mbj;jsk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik vd;gdTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

Mjhuq;fshfpd;wd.

92



nghyeWitf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jrkak;

fp.gp 10Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gz;ila

,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhfg; ngaUk;> GfOk; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ nghyeWit efuk;.

mDuhjGuj;jpw;F ghJfhg;G toq;FnkhU muzhftpUe;j ,e;efiu> Nrhou;

,yq;ifapd; jiyefuhfj; njupTnra;jdu;. gpd;du; ,e;efuk; rpq;fs kd;du; fhyj;jpYk;

,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhf tpoq;fpaJ. ,f;fhy ,e;Jrka tsh;r;rpiag; gw;wp

kfhtk;rk;> #stk;rk;> uh[typa> G+[htypa Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yKk; fl;llq;fs;>

rpw;gq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjyhd njhy;nghUl;rpd;dq;fs; thapyhfTk; mwpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

,uh[uh[Df;Fg; gpd; Ml;rpgPlk; Vwpatd; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;. ,td;

,yq;ifiaAk; jd; Ml;rpf;Fs; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Nguurdhfj; jpfo;e;jhd;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if ‘Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk;’ vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; khNjhl;lj;jpy; Nrhou;fshy; jpUtpuhNk];tuk;> ,uh[uhN[];tuk; vd;w

,U rpthyaq;fs; mikf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,ijtpl cj;jkNrhoPr;ruk;>gz;bj

NrhoPr;ruk; vd;w Nfhapy;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mJtiu fhyKk; jiyefuhf

tpsq;fpa mEuhjGuj;ij ,tu;fs; nghyeWitf;F khw;wpdu;. Gyj;jpefNu

nghyeWitahapw;W. ,jw;F Nrhou;fs; itj;j ngau; [dehjkq;fyk;. ,q;Fk; gy

rpthyaq;fs; vOk;gpd. ,tw;wpy; thdtd; khNjtp <];tuk; vd;fpw Nfhapy; ,d;W

tiu rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rJu;Ntjpkq;fyq;fs; vd;w FbapUg;Gf;fSk;

mikf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

nghyeWitf;fhyk; irtrka tuyhw;wpNy rpwg;G kpf;f fhykhFk;. ,q;F

,e;J fyhrhuk; tpUj;jp ngw;wNjhL muru; rpyUk; mur FLk;gj;jpw; gyUk;

irtuhapUe;jdu;. murpaypYk; epUthf KiwikapYk; ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fspdJk;

,e;J kugpdJk; nry;thf;iff; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf muz;kid Mtzq;fspNy

rk];fpUj nkhopj;njhlu;fs; kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. murh;fshy; kl;Lkd;wp>

gpujhdpfs;> tzpff; fzq;fs; vd;NghuhYk; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;J epUtfpf;fg;gl;ld.

mf;fhyj;jpy; ehdhNjrpfh;> tPutsQ;rpah;> Kjyhd tzpff; fzq;fs; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;wpUe;jd. r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk;> fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpapYk; Ie;E}w;Wth; vDk;

tzpff; fzj;jpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ. Myaj;ij mikj;jy;> jpUTUtq;fis

epWTjy;> kz;lgq;fis mikj;jy; vdg; gy tifapy; mth;fspd; gzpfs; mike;jd.

93



nghyeWitf;fhy Nfhapy;fs;

nghyeWit ,uhrjhdpapNy 14 ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk; njhy;nghUs; rpd;dq;fSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpNy rpy Nrhouhl;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;ngw;wit. Vidait

mjw;Fg;gpd;G 1070- 1250 Mfpa fhyg;gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. nghyeWit

efuj;jpd; muz;kidfshw; #og;ngw;w kj;jpa gFjpapYk; ntspg;Gwq;fspYk;

,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. mtw;Ws; 1k; rpthyak;> 2k; rpthyak; Mfpa

,uz;Lk; jdpahf mike;Js;sd. Vida Nfhapy;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W vd;w

tifapNy njhFjpfshf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpNy rpy fw;wspfshff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2k; rptdhyak; vd;Dk; thdtd; khNjtPr;ruk;> 1k; ,uhruhrdJ fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l

Nfhapy;fspd; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ fiy tdg;G kpf;f xU fl;llkhf

mike;jpUg;gNjhL mjw;Fg;gpd; nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fSf;nfy;yhk;

Kd;khjpupahf tpsq;fpaJ.

Kjyhk; rpthyak;

efhpd; kj;jpapNy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyak; 61 mb 9 mq;Fy ePskhdJ.

,q;F mjp\;lhdg; gilfs; nrk;ikahf mike;Js;sd. ,q;F fhzg;gLk; mjp\;lhdk;>

J}z;fs;>NjtNfh\;lq;fs; gpw;fhy Nrho fiyg;ghzpia xj;Js;sd. fh;g;gf;fpufj;jpd;

NkYs;s tpkhdk; Kw;whf ,be;J tPo;e;J tpl;lJ. kfhkz;lgj;jpd; mbj;jsk;

kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sJ. 3 ghpthu Njth; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jikf;fhd milahsq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

thdtd; khNjtP];tuk; / 2k; rpthyak;

,J 1k; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; jhapd; epidthf fl;lg;gl;lJ nghyeWitapy; fhzg;gLk;

fl;llq;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; cs;s jpuhtpl fiyg;ghzpapyhd

Myaj;jpy; gioikahdJ. ,t;thyak; fUq;fy;> Rz;zf;fy; Mfpa ,Utif

fw;fisAk; fye;J fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J 66’ 4" ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,q;F fhzg;gLk;

jphpjs tpkhdk; - 31’ 9" cauq;nfhz;lJ. Nfhapypd; mjp\;lhdj;jpNy Nrhohpd;

Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;Fhpa gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Mya topghL>

epUthfk;> ed;nfhilfs; gw;wpait. Nfhapw;gzpfis nra;fpd;w ghprhufh; vd;Dk;

gzpkf;fSk; mf;Nfhapypy; gzpGhpe;jdh;. khzpf;fk; vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;w

Njtubahh; thdtd; khNjtP];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;jdh;.

94



5Mk; rpthyak;

,JNt nghyeWitapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Myaq;fSs; mstpy; nghpaJ ntt;NtW

fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nghyeWitapy;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lntz;fyg; gbkq;fspy; kpf $Ljyhdit ,jd; tshfj;jpypUe;J

ngwg;gl;lit. Kd; cs;s %d;W kz;lgq;fSk; fw;W}z;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

80 J}z;fs; tiuapy; ,jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. t pkhdk ; 3 jsq ;fisf ;

nfhz;lJ. mfo;tha;tpd; NghJ ehd;F rpwpa rhrdq;fs; fpilj;jd.

mk;kd; Nfhapy;

,t;thyak; nrq;fy;yhy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fh;g;gf;fpufj;Jr; Rth;fspy;

kfuNjhuzq;fs; nghUe;jpa NjtNfhl;lq;fSk; mizT J}z;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd.

%y];jhdj;jpy; 8 fuq;fs; nghUe;jpa kfp\kh;j;jdpapd; cUtk; epd;w Nfhyj;jpy;

cs;sJ.

,uz;lhk;; tp];Z Nfhapy;

NfhapYk; kz;lgKk; ntt;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;

vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fh;g;gf;fpufj;jpy; ];jhdf Nfhyj;jpYs;s tp];Ztpd; gbkk;

gj;k gPlj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. %d;W fuq;fspy; rq;F> rf;fuk;> fjhAjk; vd;gtw;iwj;

jhq;fpAk; ehd;fhtJ fuj;jpid mgafukhfTk; nfhz;Ls;s epiyapy; ,t;tbtk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghyeWitf; fhy ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;

nghyeWitr; rpthyaq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fspy; njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfis

elhj;jpanghOJ 1907 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhf ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ngUkstpyhd

flTl; gbkq;fSk; ntz;fy cUtq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,it ngUk;ghYk;

1Mk; rpthyak;> 5Mk; rpthyak; Mfpatw;wpd; tshfj;jpypUe;J fpilj;Js;sd.

njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsKk;> nfhOk;G mUq;fhl;rpafKk; ,ijg; Ngzpg;

ghJfhj;Js;sd. 1907>1908 Mz;Lfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l cNyhfg; gbkq;fis

Nrh;. nghd;. mUzhryk;>K. Mee;jFkhuRthkp MfpNahh; fyhjj;Jt Nehf;fpy;

mtw;iwg; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;sdh;.

95



njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fs Mizahsuhf ,Ue;j vr;.rP.gP.ngy; Kjyhk;

rpthyak; mike;Js;s jyj;jpy; 1907Mk; Mz;by; mfo;Tfis elj;jpaNghJ 8

ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fpilj;jd.

mit 1. eluhrh; tbtk;

2. rptfhkp rNkj eluhrh;

3. ckhNjtpahhpd; cUtk;

4. rkaFuth;fsJ cUtq;fs;

vr;.rP.gP.ngy; Ie;jhk; rpthyak; mike;Js;s jyj;jpy; mfo;Tfis elj;jpaNghJ

ngUe;njhifahd ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;; fpilj;jd.

mit 4 – rptngUkhd; tbtq;fs;

4 – ghh;tjpapd; tbtk;

1 – tp];Ztpd; ];jhdf epiyapy; cs;s rpw;gk;

3 – rk;ke;ju;> mg;gh;> Re;juh; tbtq;fs;

6Mk; rpthyaj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy;; eluh[h;> mk;kdpd; rpw;gq;fs;

,uz;Lld; Muhjidf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jhk;ghsk;> Kf;fhyp> fpz;zk;> kzp>

jlg;ig -2> J}tf;fy; -2> rq;F -2 Kjyhd nghUl;fs; gyTk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.

Ie;jhk; rpthyaj;jpd; tshfj;jpy; 1960 Mk; Mz;bNy njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fs

Mizahsuhf ,Ue;j rP. <> nfhlFk;GwtpdhNy mfo;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;lnghOJ

NkYk; gy ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fpilj;jd. 51/2

“ cauq; nfhz;l ngz; tbt

ntz;fyg; gbkk;> eluh[h;> rptd;> ghh;tjp> tp];Z> ehad;khh; ,Uthpd; gbkq;fNshL

rpytw;wpd; gPlq;fSk; jpUthrpfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. ,tw;Wld;; xU Flj;jpDs;

rpwpasthd ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. eluh[h;> ituth;> Fkuf;

flTs;> ghyfpU];zh;> mk;kd;> ee;jp> Kf;fhyp> J}gf;fy;> kzp vd;gd mtw;Ws;

mlq;Fk;.

fypq;f khfd;

nghyd;dWitapid ,uhrjhdpahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupe;j muru;fSl; fypq;f

khfd; ,Wjpahd murdhthd;. kfhtk;rk;> G+[htypa> `j;jtdfy> tpfhutk;rk;

Kjyhd E}y;fspy; ,tidg; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; cs;sd. kl;lf;fsg;G G+u;trupj;jpuk;

vd;w E}ypNy khNfhd; vd;w muridg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

ghsp E}y;fSk; rpq;fs E}y;fSk; ngUk;NfLfSf;Fk; Jd;gq;fSf;Fk; VJthftpUe;j

ty;yhsdhf khfid tUzpf;fpd;wd. mtDila Ml;rpapd; tpisthf nghyd;dWit

,uhrjhdpapd; Mjpf;fk; rpijTw;wJ. nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nrYj;jpa

murguk;giuapdUk; mjpfhu tu;f;fKk; tuyhw;wpypUe;J Kw;whf xJq;fptpl;ld.

96



khfd; fhypq;f tk;rj;jtd;> fypq;fNjrj;jpypUe;J te;jtd;> mtd; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F

tpNuhjkhdtd;> mtdile;j ntw;wpfspd; gadhfg; ngsj;j rhrdj;jpw;Fk;

,uhl;rpaj;jpw;Fk; ngUq;NfLfs; Vw;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd gy Fwpg;Gf;fs; jug;gl;lhYk;

,it gw;wpa cWjpahd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. NkYk; khfDila Nkyhl;rpapd;

tpisthf kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jpNy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rKjha khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

mtDf;F MjuT Gupe;j gilfspd; jiytu;fs; mq;F cau; gjtpfisAk;>

mjpfhuq;fisAk; jk;tag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. kiyahs Kf;Ftu;> fhypq;f Fbapdu;

vd;Nghu; td;dpikg; gjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. Kf;Ftu; rKjhaj;jpw;Fupa

kUkf;fs; jhaKiw Njrj;J toikahfpaJ.

jhd;Njhd;wP];tu Nfhapypw; fhzg;gLk; tpkhdKk; jpUf;Nfhapy; rpj;jpuNtyhAj

Rthkp Nfhapypw; fhzg;gLk; tpkhdKk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jpUg;gzpfshdit

vd;W nfhs;Stjw;F Vw;w fhuzq;fs; cs;sikahy; khfDila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpw;

ngUq;Nfhapy;fs; njhlu;ghd jpUg;gzp Ntiyfs; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; eilngw;wd

vd;W fUjyhk;. Myaj; njhOk;Gfis khfd; jpl;lk; gz;zpdhd; vd;W kl;lf;fsg;G

G+u;trupj;jpug; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpNy nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtifapNy khfDila

fhyj;jpNy irtrkak; NkNyhq;fpaJ. tPuirtj; njhlu;Gfspy; mJ Gjpa

gupkhzj;ijg; ngw;wJ vd;W nfhs;syhk;.

Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rkak;

fp.gp 13 - 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; Mhpar;

rf;futh;j;jpfspDila Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;Jrkak;

kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wpUe;jJ. fp.gp.1283 Mk; Mz;lstpy; Vw;gl;l ghz;bag;

gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf aho;g;ghzj;jpNy Mhpar;rf;futh;j;jpfspd; Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; tl,yq;ifapNy ghz;bahpd; gpujpepjpfshf epUthfg; nghWg;Gf;fis

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpw; ghz;bag; NguuR

epiyFiye;jJk; murh;fshf Kb#b aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpukhf

Ml;rpGhpe;jhh;fs;.

aho;g;ghzf; FlhehLk;(typfhkk;> tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp)> jPTg;gw;Wk;(eapdhjPT>

Gq;FLjPT> fhiujPT> neLe;jPT> fr;rjPT) td;dp(fpspnehr;rp> Ky;iyj;jPT)>khe;ij

Kjypa ,lq;fSk; ,th;fSila Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. rpq;if efh; aho;g;ghz

,uh[;;[paj;jpd; jiyefuhf ,Ue;jJ.

,th;fs; Fyj;jhy; me;jzh;fshf ,Ue;jikapdhy; irt rkak; Nkd;ikaila

gy gzpfisg; Ghpe;jdh;. Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfspDila tpUJg; ngah;fSk; mur

rpd;dq;fSk; rkar; rhh;Giladtha; ,Ue;jd. NrJfhtyd;> fq;ifahhpad;>

fq;ifehld; vd;w tpUJg; ngah;fnsy;yhk; mth;fsJ rkahgpkhdj;ij

tpsf;FtdthAs;sd. NrJ - ,uhNk];tuj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. NrJfhtyd; -

,uhNk];tuj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l <Lghl;bw;Fk; rkahgpkhdj;jpw;Fk; jf;f rhd;W.

,th;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ehzaq;fspYk; NrJ vd;w nkhop nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

97



rpt rpd;dkhfpa ee;jpapd; tbtj;jpid jkJ mur rpd;dkhfTk; mur Kj;jpiufSs;xd;whfTk; gad;gLj;jpaik irtrkar; rhh;Gilath;fs; vd;gij ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.Mhpar; rf;futh;j;jpfspDila ehzaq;fs; gytw;wpNy mofpa fiytdg;G kpf;fee;jpapd ; cUtk; nghwpf ;fg ;gl ;Ls;sJ. mjd; Nkw;Gwkhfg; gpiwapd ;tbtq;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhapy;fs;

rkfhyj; jkpofj;ij Nghy Mya topghLk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jJ. Myaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;tptrhapfs; tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j epyTlikahsh;fsJk; gpujhdpfsJk; fl;Lg;ghl;by;,Ue;jd. tUlhe;j tpohf;fSk; jy ahj;jpiufSk; rpwg;gk;rq;fshapUe;jd.khtpl;lGuk;> nry;tr;re;epjp> fPupkiy> eapdhjPT> ntUfy; rpj;jpuNtyhAjh;>nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk; Kjyhd Myaq;fs; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jd.

ey;Y}h; KUfd; Nfhapy; 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; GtNdfghF vd;gtdhy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfifyhakhiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ghly; ngw;w jyq;fspYk; jpUg;gzp Ntiyfs;,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. guuh[Nrfud;> nrfuh[Nrfud; MfpNahh; NfhNzrh; Nfhapypy;nra;j jpUg;gzp gw;wp NfhNzrh; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. guuh[Nrfud;jpUNfhzkiy nrd;W Mya jhprdk; gz;zp Njh;j;jpUtpoh Vw;ghLfisf; ftdpj;Jepte;jq;fs; gy nra;jpUe;jhd; vd jpUNfhzry Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

irt rka rhh;Gila E}y;fs;

rkar; rhh;Gila ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyTk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; irtrka rhh;Giladtw;Ws; NfhNzrh; fy;ntl;L> jl;rzifyha Guhzk;> jpUf;fiuirg;Guhzk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit.

NfhNzrh; fy;ntl;L Mrphpah; - ftpuh[tNuhjad; nra;As; tbtpYk; trd tbtpYk; mike;Js;s gy gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. jpUNfhzkiyapy; cs;s NfhNzrh; Mya tuyhw;wpidAk; Fsf;Nfhl;L

kd;dd; mq;F Nkw;nfhz;l jpUg;gzpfisAk;> kf;fs; jk; tho;f;ifg;gz;ghl;bidAk; rpj;jpupg;gjhf ,e;E}y; tpsq;FfpwJ.

jl;rzifyha Guhzk; Mrphpah; - gz;bjuhrh; <oj;Jj; jy Guhzq;fspNy jiyrpwe;jJ. NfhNzrh; Myaj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. jyGuhzq;fSf;Fr; rpwg;ghfThpa gz;Gfisnay;yhk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. NfhNzrh; myaj;jpd; cw;gj;jpiaAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;F

ngsuhzpf kugpYs;s fijfisAq; Fsf;Nfhl;ld; fijapidAk;gz;bjuhrh; gad;gLj;jpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

jpUf;fiuirg; Guhzk; <oj;jpy; vOe;j jy Guhzq;fSs; xd;W jpUNfhzkiyf;F mUfpy; cs;s kfhtyp fq;iff; fiuapNy> fuirg;

gFjpapy; vOe;jUspAs;s rptngUkhdpd; Gfio tphpj;Jf; $Wk; tifapy;mike;Js;sJ.

,jd; Mrphpah; ahnud;gJ mwpag;gltpy;iy. fhg;Gr; nra;As; cl;gl 170 ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifr; rUf;fk;> fq;ifr; rUf;fk;> jhgdr; rUf;fk;> G+irr; rUf;fk;

Mfpa rUf;fq;fs; nfhz;lJ.

98



=y= MWKf ehtyu;

fhyg;gpddzp

Nghh;j;Jf;fPr jsgjpahd gpuhd;rp];b my;nky;lhtpd; kfd; nyhwd;Nfh B my;nky;lh

vd;gth; Gay; fhw;wpdhy; jpirkhwp 1505y; ,yq;iff; fiuiaf; fle;J

fiuNahuq;fSf;F mjpfhupfshapdh;. ,th;fs; ngsj;jh;fisAk; ,e;Jf;fisAk;

type;J jkJ rkaj;jpw;F ,Oj;jdh;. ,e;J Myaq;fis mopj;jdh;. gpd;G xy;yhe;jUk;

16k; -17k; -18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njrpa tho;itAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; vt;tpj RtLk;

,d;wp mopg;gjpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,e;Jf;fs; Njthyaq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W topglNtz;Lk;

vd;W fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. fpwp];jtdy;yhj vtDk; Nghj;Jf;fy;Yf;Fk; NaR

ehjUf;Fk; vjpuhdtd; vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;lhd;. aho;g;hghzj;jpw;F Ml;rpahsdhapUe;j

xy;yhe;jh; jsgjpapd; rikayiwf;F ehs;NjhWk; ;,iwr;rpj; Njitf;nfd xt;nthU

tPl;bypUe;Jk; khL mDg;gg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lk; xd;Nw xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy;

Kf;fpakhd rka vjph;g;G epfo;r;rpaha; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; =y=

MWKfehtyhpd; Kd;Ndhuhd jpUney;Ntyp Qhdg;gpufhrh; jkJ Kiw tUk;

NghJ ,uNthL ,uthf fg;gNywp jkpofk; Nrh;e;jhh;. mq;F mth; rptg;gzp nra;J

rpjk;guj;jpNy Qhdg;gpufhrh; Fsj;ij ntl;Ltpj;jhh;. =y= MWKfehtyh; mth;fspd;

Mrphpauhd NrdhjpuhaKjypahh; (1750-1840) xy;yhe;jh; fhy ,Wjpg; gFjpapYk;

Mq;fpNya fhyj; njhlf;fj;jpYk; tsh;e;j irtg;ngUkhd; ,th; ey;Y}h;

KUfg;ngUkhdpd; kPJ ey;iyf; FWtQ;rp ghbdhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Mq;fpNyah;

tptpypa Ntfj;ijAk; ghjpupkhiuAk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; gf;fj;Jizfsha;f;

nfhz;L RNjr kjj;jpid typFd;w itj;J mth;fsJ fyhrhuj;ij fyhrhu

kuGfisg; GFj;jTk; Kide;jdh;.

kjkhw;wNjhL Mq;fpyf;fy;tpia mspg;gJk; Ml;rpahshpd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ. fy;tpf;

$lq;fSk; kp\dupfshy; njhlf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld. tptpypa Ntj %yk; fpwp];jtk;

fw;gpj;jy;> khzttu;fisj; Njthyak; nry;y tw;GWj;jy; mth;fs; jkJ

rkahrhuq;fisAk; rpd;dq;fisAk; filg;gpbg;gijj; jLj;jy; Kjyhd je;jpuq;fisf;

ifahz;L ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F CWtpistpg;gjpy; ghjphpkhh; jPtpukhapue;jdh;.

fpwp];jth;fis gPl;lh; Ngu;rpty; (nt];ypad; ghlrhiy mjpgh;) gQ;rhl;ruf; fpwp];jth;

vd;W Fjpj;jhh;. “rpthyak;” vd;gJk; rk;gsk; vd;gJk; Ie;njOj;Jj;jhd; vd

,e;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy; jhd; =y= MWKfehtyh; 1823-1879

fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpdhh;.

“irtrkak; jdpj; jkpoUld; njhlq;fpj; Njhoikapy; fyf;fpwJ.

mwptf;Fupa ,af;fkhf mikahky; thoNtz;ba newpia Gfl;LfpwJ” vd;gJcyfg;Gfo; ngw;w jj;JtQhdp ,uhjhfpU];zdpd; $w;W. (lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpU\;zd;

tho;Tk; njhz;Lk;- nr.cyfehjd;) ehtyh; irtrkag; GdUj;jhuzj;ij mwpTf;Fupa

,af;fkhfTk; ,UitapYk; Gj;Japuspj;jhh;.

,tu; gPw;wu; Ngu;rpty; JiuAila Mq;fpy tpj;jpahrhiyapNy Mq;fpyk;; fw;whh;.

Ngu;rpty; Jiuf;Fj; jkpo;g;gz;bjuhdhh;. Mdhy; gpjpuhu;r;rpjk; ,th; ngwtpy;iy.

,th; fPyf tUlk;; Gul;lhjpkhjk; (1848) gupj;rpahfQ; nra;jhh;. Ngu;rpty; Jiuehd;

jq;fSf;F cau;thfpa Ntjde; jUNtd; jhq;fs; vd;id tplyhfhJ” vd gy jhk;typAWj;jpAk; mjpy; mth; tpUg;gk; itf;ftpy;iy. Mq;fpyk; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

cj;jpNahfj;ij ,th; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,th; k,y;tho;f;ifapy; Gfhky;

irtrkaj;ijAk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsu;j;jypNy

Nguhirahf ,Ue;jhh;.

99



Njhw;wk;

,th; aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}upNy fhu;fhj;j Ntshs tUzj;jpNy ghz;b koth;

FbapNy 12.12.1822Mk; Mz;L Gjd;fpoik ,uT rpq;f yf;fpdj;jpNy gpwe;jth;. ,th;

je;ijahh; ngah; fe;jg;gps;is. jhahh; ngah; rptfhkp mk;ik. ,th; njhlf;fj;jpNy

ey;Y}upypUe;j Rg;gpukzpagps;is vd;gtuplj;jpNy jkpo; neLq;fzf;;Fg; gapd;W

gpd; mtuplj;jpy; %Jiu Kjypa ePjp E}y;fSk; fw;W te;jhh;. ,sk; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj

irtj;jpd; kPJ kpFe;j gf;jpAilathapUe;jhh;. irtj;ijAk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;

fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; nehf;NfhL jdJ Mrpupa gjtpiaAk;

Jwe;jhh; MWKfehtyh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; vj;jifa topKiwfisf; ifahz;L

fpwp];jt rkaj;ij gug;gpdhh;fNsh mNj topKiwapidf; ifahz;L ehtyh;

irtrkaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;F ghLglyhdhh;. irt rka kWkyu;r;rp> irtkugpyhd

fy;tp tsh;r;rp> r%f eyd; vDk; tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf ,tuJ gzpfs; mike;jpUe;jd.

Mq;fpNyau; ghlrhiyfs; mikj;J fy;tp vd;w Nghu;itapy; kjkhw;wk; nra;tij

fz;Zw;w ehtyu; irt kf;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vDk; nehf;fpy;

1848Mk; Mz;L tz;zhu;gz;izapy; irtg; ghlrhiyia xd;iw epWtpdhu;.

1821,y; fpwp];jt gpuRuq;fs; rig epWtg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jt kjr; rpwg;gpid

vLj;Jf;fhl;lTk; ekJ rkaq;fis ,opj;Jf; $WtdthfTk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;

mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lij ghh;j;J 1849,y; ehtyh; mr;rpae;jpurhiyia epWtpdhh;.

irtg; ghlrhiyfSf;F Ntz;ba Gj;jfq;fs; ahTk; ,q;NfNa mr;rplg;gl;ld.

kp\dwpkhu; rkag; gpurq;fq;fs; nra;J nghJkf;fis ftu;tijf; fz;l ehtyh;

Nkilg;gpurq;f epiyia rpwg;ghff; ifahz;L gpwUf;F topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpdhh;.

ngha; kjkhw;wk; nra;jpUe;j irtrkapfisg; gw;wp ,tu; fLikahfr; rhLthu;.

“,th;fs; ghjpupkhu;fs; vjpNu Ksq;fhy; gypapLjy;> ,uhg;Nghrdk; vLj;jy; Kjypa

fpupiafshYk; Nfhl;ghLfspy; tptpypag; Gj;jfk; vLj;J gpukhzk; gz;ZifapdhYk;

fpwp];jth;fs; Nghy; ebf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; tPLfspy; tPG+jpjhuzk;> mDl;lhdk;

nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,Urkaj;Js; xd;wpyhapDk; cWjpapd;wp ,uz;ilAk; rhu;e;J elf;fk;

,g;Gul;lu;fs;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. kPz;Lk; tsu;r;rpAw;w irtrkaj;jpy; cs;s

FiwghLfisAk; vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;. thzNtbf;if> gpuhkzh;fsJ rpy eltbf;iffs;>

rpd;dNksk;> kpUf gyp> rpWnja;t topghL vd;gtw;iw vjph;j;Jf; Fuy; vOg;gpdhh;.

MWKf ehtyuJ ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mfj;jpy; irtuhAk; Gwj;jpy;

fpwp];jtu;fshAk; ,Ue;j kf;fs; kjk; khwp rptjPl;ir ngw;W cz;ikr;

irtu;fshfpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

irtrkapfspd; rka tho;it epiyngwr; nra;a Ntz;b

ehtyuth;fs; 1847k; Mz;L khh;fopkhjk; 18k; ehspypUe;J nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk;

tz;iz itj;jP];tuu; NfhapypNy irtrka cz;ikfis vLj;J gpurq;fkhup

nghope;jhh;. MWKfehtyh; irtrka rhukhff; Ftpe;Js;sit 24 fl;lisfsha;

mike;Js;sd.

cyifg; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; vd;fpw %d;W njhopy;fisAQ;

nra;tjw;F fUj;jh xUth; ,Uf;fpwhh;. me;jf; fUj;jh rptngUkhd;. rptngUkhd;

vd;WKs;stu;> vq;Fk; epiwe;jth;> vd;;WQ; Rj;jh;> vy;yhkwpgth;> vy;yhk;ty;yth;>

ngUq;fUizAilath;. rptngUkhDf;Fj; Njtp mtUila rf;jpahfpa jpUtUs;

rptngUkhndhUtNu tpf;fpNdRuh;> Rg;gpukzpah; Kjypa gy %h;j;jpfshfp epd;W

mUs; nra;tu;. Md;khf;fs; rptngUkhDf;F vd;Wk; mbikfs;.rptngUkhid kdk;>

thf;F> fhak; vd;fpw %d;wpdhYk; topgLjy; Md;khf;fSf;F fld;.

100



kdjpdhNy nra;Ak; topghLfshtd rptngUkhidj; jpahdpj;jy;> mtUila

Fzq;fisr; rpe;jpj;jy; Kjyhditfs;. thf;fpdhNy nra;Ak; topghLfshtd>

rptngUkhDila jpUehkq;fis cr;rupj;jy;> mtUila ngUikiag; NgRjy;>

mtUila rupj;jpuq;fisg; gbj;jy; Kjyhditfs;. fuzj;jpdhNy nra;Ak;

topghLfshtd rptngUkhDila jpUNkdpiaj; jiyapdhNy tzq;Fjy;>

fz;fspdhNy juprpj;jy;> iffspdhNy Fk;gpLjy;> G+rpj;jy;> fhy;fspdhNy tyk;

tUjy; Kjyhditfs;.

rptngUkhid Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; topghNl mRj;ju;fshfpa Md;khf;fisg;

ge;jpj;j ghrkhfpa Neha;f;F kUe;J. topghlhfp kUe;Jf;F mEghdkhtJ nka;ad;G.

topghlhd kUe;Jf;Fg; gj;jpaq;fshtd caph;fSf;F ,uq;Fjy;> cz;ikNgRjy;>

nra;e;ed;wpaspj;jy;> jha;jfg;gd;> cghj;jpahau;> FU Kjyhfpa ngupNahiu

tzq;Fjy;> twpath;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Kjypa Gz;zpaq;fs;.

topghlhfpa kUe;Jf;F mgj;jpaq;fshtd nfhiy> fsT> fs;Sf;Fbjjy;> khkprk;

Grpj;jy;> ngha;> tpgrhuk;> #jhLjy; Kjypa ghtq;fs;. rptngUkhd; jkf;F Md;khf;fs;

nra;Ak; topghl;il Vw;Wepw;fk; ,lq;fshtd rptypq;fk; Kjypa jpUNkdpAk;

nka;abahh;fSila jpUNtlKk;. rptngUkhd; Md;khf;fs; mwpe;J topgl;La;Ak;

nghUl;L mUspr;nra;j KJyE}y;fs; Ntjk;> rpthfkk; vd;fpw ,uz;Lk;.

rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L Md;khf;fSf;Fr; fpilj;j fUtp kdpj ruPuk;.

kdpj ruPuj;ijg; ngw;w Md;khf;fSf;Fr; rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L

Nahf;fpaijia tUtpg;gJ rptjPl;ir.

rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Ntjrpthfkg;gbNa rptngUkhid topgLfpw

rkak; irtrkak;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf juprpf;fj;jf;f rptrpd;dq;fshtd tPG+jpAk;>

cUj;jpuhl;rKk;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhfr; nrgpf;fj;jf;f rpt%y ke;jpuk; gQ;rhl;ruk;.

irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf Xjj;jf;f rpt];Njhj;jpuq;fshtd Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;>

jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> ngupaGuhzk; vd;fpd;w mUl;gh Ie;Jk;.

Md;khf;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpukhfpa mwpTj; njhopYk; ,y;iy. MjypdhNy Rje;jpukhfpa

mwpTj; njhopYk; cila rptngUkhid Nehf;fp “ mbNaq;fs; ghtq;fis tpyf;fp

Gz;zpaq;fisr; nra;J ck;ik nka;ad;NghL topgl;L ca;Ak; nghUl;L ck;Kila

jpUtUisg; nghope;jUSk;” vd;W gpuhh;j;jpj;J me;jj; jpUtUis Kd;dpl;L mjd;

topNa xOfy; Ntz;Lk;. rptngUkhid tpjpg;gb nka;ad;NghL topgl;lth; mtUila

jpUtbf;fPo; epj;jpakhfpa Ngupd;gj;ij mEgtpg;ghh;.

ehtyuth;fspd; fy;tpg;gzpfs; %d;W tifahfg; gpupj;J Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

- Mrpaupag;gzp

- E}yhrpupah; gzp

- ghlrhiyfis epWtpa gzp

Mrpupag;gzp

,th; rpwe;j Mrpupah;. aho;g;ghz kj;jpa fy;Y}up vd toq;Fk; nt];ypad;

ghlrhiyapNy fw;gpj;jNjhL mikahJ khiy NtisfspNy jk;ik ehb te;j

gyUf;Fk; rka rhj;jpuq;fs;> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpj;J te;jhh;.

,th; khzth;fshf ,thpd; kUkfdhd tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gygps;is>

ngwhkfdhfpa =kj; j.ifyhrg;gps;is> fhrpthrpnre;jpehijau; KjyhNdhu;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;;. ,jpy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaf; flyhd Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg;

GytUk; ,tupilNa re;Njfk; jPh;j;j ,th; ey;ynjhU khzhf;f guk;giuia

cs;slf;fpAk; rpwe;j rka ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fis vOjpAk; irtj;ijAk;

jkpioAk; fhj;jdh;. ehtyuth;fspd; khzhf;fg; guk;giu filrpf; nfhOe;Jfshf

Md;kPfj;JiwapNy gz;bj rp.fzgjpg;gps;is mth;fSk; jkpo;f; fy;tpj; JiwapNy

Gyth; kzp V.ngupajk;gpg;gpsis mth;fSk; tpsq;fp te;jdh;.

101



,th; E}yhrpupah; njhz;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. ,th; trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsh;.

,th; ciueilapy; vOjpAs;s jpUtpisahly; Guhztrdk;> Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;>

ehd;fhk; ghyghlq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ vOjpj; Jz;Lg; gpuruq;fsha; ntspte;J gpd;G

MWKfehtyh; gpuge;jj;jpul;L vDk; ngaupy; ntspahd E}y;> ngupaGuhz#rfk;

Kjyhd E}y;fs; irtrka cz;ikfis czur;nra;jd. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;F

,th; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. ,JNt ,th; ciueilapy; vOjp ntspapl;l KjyhtJ

ciuE}y; MFk;. NkYk; jpUf;Fws; gupNkyofh; ciu> jpUf;Nfhitahh; ciu

cl;gl gy E}y;fisr rpwe;j KiwapNy Muha;e;J gjpg;gpj;j ngUikAk; ,tUf;Fz;L.

,th; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyiag; gy;NtW Nehf;fk; fUjp ];jhgpj;jhh;.

mjhtJ irtrkag; gps;isfisr; irtr; #oypy; tsu;j;jy;> irtrka cz;ikfis

mtu;fSf;F czh;j;jy; mth;fis cyfpay; tho;f;iff;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jjy;

vd;gdNt mit. ,dp ,tupd; r%f Njrpa gzpfis Nehf;Fkplj;J me;j fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;j irt kf;fs; gyu; xOf;ff; NfLfis cilath;fshf> flTs;

gf;jpaw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Ug;gijf; fz;L mth;fisj; jpUj;Jk; nghUl;L vOj;jhYk;

Ngr;rhYk; mwpTiufs; gytw;iw vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. ey;Y}u;f; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy;

mtupd; rkag;gzpNahL r%fg;gzpiaAk; $WfpwJ.

aho ;g ;ghzj;j pNy khfhzhjpgj pahapUe ;j Jitde ;Jiuapd ;

nfhLikfisAk;> Coy;fisAk; gfpuq;fkhf Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b

kf;fis tpopg;gilar; nra;jhh;. NkYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jyk; Nrjkile;J

topglg;glhky; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNy mjd; gok; ngUikfis vLj;Jiuj;J

GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jhh;. njhlh;e;J 1879y; ,yq;ifr; rl;l ep&gz rigf;Fg;

gpujpepjpahfj; jpU.nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mth;fisj; njupT nra;jy Ntz;Lk;

vdg; gpurhuk; nra;J ntw;wp fz;lhh;.

ey;Y}h; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; Mfk Kiwfisf; filg;gpbf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy;

ehtyh; 1879y; tz;zhu; gz;iz rptd; Nfhapypy; xU ngUq;$l;lk; $b ey;Y}u;f;

Nfhapypy; mjpfhupia tpyf;Ftjw;fhf tof;F xd;W njhlUk; nghUl;Lr; rig

xd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,e;j tof;F 1929y; tprhuizf;F te;jJ. mjd;gb ,f;Nfhapy;

nghJr;nrhj;J vdNt Nfhapypy; mjpfhup ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F fzf;Ff; fhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;

vdr; jPh;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

rpjk;gu Myaj;jpy; rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf; nfhs;shj Mya jPl;rpjh;fisAk;

,th; fz;bf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. 1867y; mtu;fs; MLntl;b Nts;tp nra;a Kaw;rpj;jdh;.

mjidj;jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;. ey;Y}h; fe;j$thkp NfhapypNy Nju;j;jpUtpoh md;W

MLntl;bg; gyp nfhLj;j tof;fj;ijAk; ,th; fz;bj;Jj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;

fkf;fhuh;fSf;F tpijney; fpilg;gjw;fhf rl;l epUgzrigf;F tpz;zg;gk;

nra;jhh;. r%fq; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba irt rkag; guhk;gupak; ahJ vd;gjid

aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rkaepiy> irttpNuhjk;> jkpo; Gyik> irtrkap> mehrhuk;

Kjypa fl;Liufspy tpsf;fp cs;shh;.

,th; cjaghD vDk; ngaUld; irtg;gj;jpupif xd;W elhj;j tpsk;guk;

tpLj;jpUe;jhh;. ,jdhy; irt cjaghD vDk; gj;jpupif ,tUila khzth;fshy;

1880y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1889y; ,J ,e;J rhjdk; vdg; ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,J jtpu aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; fpwp];J kj fz;ld rig vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;

,th; tpj;jpl;lhh;. 1872y; ,th; Muk;gpj;j Mq;fpy jkpo; tpj;jpahrhiyia Kd;Ndhbahf

itj;J aho;g;ghz ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1880y; Muk;gpj;j irtg; gpufhr

rkh[pak; vd;gJ 1888y; aho;g;ghzk; irtgupghyd rig vdg; ngah;khw;wk;

nra;ag;ngw;wJ.

102



,th; Nru;.Kj;Jf;Fkhu RthkpAld; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilatuhf

,Ue;jhh;. jhk; ,yq;ifah; vdf; $Wtjpy; ngUkpjk; nfhz;lhh;. ,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs;

vt;tifapYk; ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fSf;Fr; risj;jth;fsy;y vd;gij kpj;jpahthj

jpurdk;> ey;ywpTr;Rlh; nfhSj;jy; vDk; ntspaPLfs; %yk; vy;NyhiuAk;

mwpar;nra;Js;shh;.

,th; nrd;idf;Fr; nrd;W mr;R ,ae;jpuk; thq;fpa gpd; mq;fpUe;J jkpo;ehl;Lj;

jpUj;jyq;fSf;F ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,tUila rka> fy;tpj;jpwikia

Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUe;j jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jhh; jk; jpUklj;Jf;F ,tiu mioj;J

cgrupj;jdh;. ,jpy; gz;lhur; re;epjpfs; =y= mk;gythzNjrpf gz;lhur; re;epjpfs;

Nflljd; Ngupy; Rgehs; xd;wpy; MjPd mitapy; MWKfd; “gjp gR> ghrtpsf;fk;”vDk; nghUs; gw;wp mupaNjhu; nrhw;nghopT epfo;j;jpdhu;. ,tUila ehtd;ikiaf;

fz;L tpae;j =y= mk;gythzNjrpf gz;lhur re;epjpfs; ,tUf;F “ehtyh;”vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.

jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;J kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is ,tupd; rpwg;ig

gpd;tUk; ghlypy; $Wfpwhh;.

“ePLGfo;j; jpUf;NfjPr; rhe;jpUf;Nfh zhrykpe;

epyth epd;w

ehLGfo;j; jyk; nghypaho;g; ghzj;J ey;Y}h;tho;

efuhf; nfhz;Nlhd;

NjLgf OUtike;j fe;jNt ltj;Jjpj;j

nry;td; ahUk;

ghLGf ohWKf ehtydt; thwr;rpw;

gjpg;gpj; jhNd”NkYk; ,uhkehjGuk; nghd;Drhkp NjtUila rigapy; ehtyh; nra;j gpurq;fj;ijf;

Nfl;L kfpo;e;j Njtu; kpfr; rpwe;j tpUij ehtyUf;F tof;fpdhh;. gpd;G ehtyh;

kJiu jpUQhdrk;ge;j Rthkp MjPdj;Jg; gz;lhu re;epjpfSila Ntz;LNfhspd;gb

kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ikahu; re;epjhdj;jpw; gpurq;fk; nra;jhh;. mijf;Nfl;l gz;lhur;

re;epjpfs; jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j MWfl;b Re;ju Ntlq;fisf; ifapnyLj;J “ ,it

vy;yhk; vq;fSf;F Vd;? rka jhgdQ; nra;ate;j jq;fSf;Nf Vw;wit vdf; $wp

ehtyUf;Nf #l;bdhh;. ehtyh; ,t;Ntlq;fis kPz;Lk; re;epjpfsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.

NkYk; 1877Mk; Mz;lstpy; kio Fiwe;jjhy; jhdpaq;fs; tpioT Fd;wp ehl;by;

gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lNghJ fQ;rpj;njhl;b fl;bg; gQ;rk; ePq;Fk; tiu Rkhu; VO khjq;fSf;F

Muk;gj;jpy; fQ;rpAk; gpd;dh; md;dk;> fwp KjypadTk; Vio kf;fSf;F toq;fpg;

gQ;rg;gpzpiag; Nghf;f fhuzkhf ,Ue;jik ,tuJ Kf;fpakhd r%fg; gzpahFk;.

,t;thW ehtyh; jdp kdpjuhf epd;W irtrkaj;jpw;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fkhf nra;j

mUk;gzpfNs gpd;dhl;fspy; irt ,af;fq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F topNfhYtjha;

mike;jd.

rkag;gpurq;fk;> nrhw;nghopTfs;> Guhzgldk; vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf mbg;gilr;

rka mwptpid kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy <Lgl;lth;.

Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpNy epWtdkag;gl;l mikg;ghf ghlrhiyfs; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpd.

fpwp];jt ghjpupkhh;fNs gs;spfis Mq;fhq;F njhlf;fp elj;jp te;jhh;fs;. ,t;thwhd

#oypy; RNjrpfshfpa itrh;fSf;F ghlrhiyfis mikf;f Ntz;ba Njit

cz;lhapw;W.

103



,t;thwhd ghlrhiyfis mikg;gjw;Fg; gy jilfs; ,Ue;J te;jd. murpd;

epjpAjtp fpilf;fhik> ghjpupkhh; murpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j nry;thf;fpdhy; ,e;Jf;fs;

njhlq;fpa ghlrhiyfSf;F muR Kl;Lf;fl;il ,Ljy; Kjyhfg; gy;NtW

,lh;ghLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gpbauprpj; jUkk;> nry;th;fspd;

jdpg;gl;l epjpAjtpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl 1848,y; ehtyh; aho;g;ghzk; tz;zhh;

gz;izapNy irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia njhlq;fpdhu;. ehtyupd; fy;tpf;fhd

mbg;gil Nehf;fk; irtk;> jkpo; rhu;e;jjhfNt ngUksT ,Ue;jJ.

rp.it.jhNkhjukgps;is ehtyupd; njhz;Lfisg; Nghw;wp ghbAs;shh;.

“ey;iy ef uhWKf ehtyh; gpwe;jpyNuw;

nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf RUjpnaq;Nf vy;ytUk;

Vj;J Guhzhfkq;fs; vq;Nf g;urq;fnkq;Nf

mj;jdwpntd;Nf miw”

,tupd; ,Wjpg; gpurq;fk; tz;zhh; gz;iz irtg; gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy;

1879k; Mz;L Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhupd; FUG+irj; jpdkhfpa Mbr;Rthjp el;rj;jpuj;jd;W

,lk;ngw;wJ. jdJ 57tJ tajpy; 1879 fhh;j;jpif 21k; ehs; (1879.12.05) nts;spf;fpoik

md;W kf el;rj;jpuKk; rg;jkpj; jpjpAk; $ba Gz;zpa Ntisapy; tpz;ZyF

Vfpdhh;.

104



Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;

mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;

FfspYk; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. 1892 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; 27 Me; jpfjp jkpo;

fu tU\k; gq;Fdpj; jpq;fs; 16 Mk; ehs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik G+ul;lhjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy;

fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; kl;Lkhefupd; njw;Nf Rkhu; 26 iky; njhiytpYs;s fhiujPT

vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. rhkpj;jk;gp ahUf;Fk; fz;zk;ikf;Fk; ed;kfdhf

jk;gpg;gps;is vd;Dk; ,sikg; ngau; nfhz;lhu;. gpd; kapy;thfddhdhu; vd;Dk;

,sikg; ngau; nfhz;lhu;. cau;jpU f. FQ;rpj;jk;gp> GNyhyp ngh. itj;jpaypq;f

Njrpfu; Mfpa cghj;jpahau;fsplk; ,sikf;fy;tpiaf;fw;whu;. ,sikapy; Mw;wy;>

mwpT> tpNtfk; Kjyhdit iftug; ngw;whu;. ,sikf; fy;tpapid fy;Kid

nkjb];j Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapYk; gpd;du; kl ; lf ; fsg ; G Gd pj k pf ; Nfy ;

fy;Y}upapYk; gapd;whu;.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; Nfk;gpup[; [{dpau;>

Nfk;gpup[; rPdpau; guPl;irfspy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;.nfhOk;G Mrpupau; fyhrhiyapy;

tpQ;Qhd Mrpupa bg;Nshkhg; gapw;rpngw;whu;. 1916 ,y; kJiuj; jkpo;r;; rq;fg;

gz;bju; guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;. 1920 ,y; yz;ld; B.Sc tpQ ;Qhdkhzpg ;

guPl;irapy; Njwp tpQ;Qhdg;gl;ljhupahdhu;. fy;Kid fj;Njhypf ;f kp\d;

ghlrhiy kl;/Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}up> aho;/ rk;gj;jpuprpahu; fy;Y}up Mfpa

ghlrhiyfspy; tpQ;QhdMrpupauhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.

aho;. khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; mjpguhff; flikahw;wpa Ntis 1 9 2 2

Jwtpy;; ehl;lk; Vw;gl;lik ,tuJ tho;tpy; jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. ,jidaLj;J

nrd;id kapyhg;g+u; ,uhkfpU\;z klk; Rthkp rpthde;juhy; “gpuNghj

irjd;au;“ vd;Dk; gpukr;rupa ehkk; #l;lg;gl;lhu;. 1924 Mk; Mz;L Qhd

cgNjrk; ngw;W “Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;“ vd;Dk; jPl;ir ehkk; ngw;whu;. JwT

tho;T khdpl Neaj;ij tsu;j;jJ. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk; Kjypa

nkhopfspy; ty;ytuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.

tpGyhee;jupd; gzpfs;

tpGyhee;ju; Mw;wpa gzpfis fiyg;gzp> E}yhrpupau; gzp> r%fg;gzp>

fy;tpg;gzp> ciuahrpupau; gzp> gjpg;ghrpupau; gzp vd;W gy epiyfspy;

mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

rkag; gzpfs;

,tu; ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpf;fhf gy rkag; gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. ,yq;ifapYk;>

,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;FfspYk; jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;. <rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu;fs;> Nfhapy; vd;gtw;iw tpdhtpil mikg;gpy;

,aw;wpdhu;. kfhyl;Rkp Njhj;jpuk;> eluh[ tbtk; (Ie;njhopy; fisAk; RUf;fkhf

tpsf;Fk; E}y;)>

105



ckhkNf];tuk; (khnjhU ghfdha mike;Js;s El;gj;ij tpsf;FtJ) fNzr

Njhj;jpu gQ;rfk;> fjpiuak;gjp khzpf;fg; gps;isahu;; ,ul;il kzpkhiy> Rg;gpukzpa

Rthkpfs; ,ul;il kzpkhiy> FkuNts; et kzpkhiy Kjyhd rka E}y;fis

Mf;fpAs;shu;.

rkag; gpurq;fk; nra;jy;> rkar; nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wtjpy; <Lgl;ltu;.

,yq;ifapy; mj;itj Ntjhe;j kugpd; gutYf;F Kd;Ndhbahdtu;. ,uhkfpU\;z

rq;fj;jpd; fpisj; jhgdk; xd;iw ,yq;ifapy; epWtp> mjd;Mjutpy; fy;tpr;rhiy

fs; gy mikj;Jk;> khztu; ,y;yq;fis epiyehl;bAk;> jpUklq;fisf; fl;bAk;

jUk gupghydk; nra;jtu;. rkak; mDl;bg;gjw;FupaJ vd;gjid jkJ NghjidfspYk;

rhjidfspYk; epiyehl;bdhu;.

rka jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisr; rhjhuz kf;fSk; tpsq;ff;$bathW ,yF

eilapy; tpsf;fpdhu;.fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;> fz;zpfs;

rpe;JfisAk; ifahz;L rka E}y;fisg; ghbdhu;. cjhuzkhf ehd;kzpkhiy>

Njhj;jpuk;> Njtghzp vd;gdtw;iwf; $wyhk;. rkaj;Jiw rhu;e;jdthfTk;> Ntjhe;j

kuG jOtpajhfTk; ,tuJ ftpijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhk fpU\;z guk`k;ru;>

Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> MWKfehtyu; Kjyhd rkag; ngupahu;fis kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wp

aJld;> mtu;fSila NghjidfisAk;> gzpfisAk; Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;ltu;.

fy;tpg; gzpfs;

tpGyhee;ju; fy;tpapy; cau;e;J tpsq;fpaJld; ,e;Jf;fSk; mj;jifa fy;tp

ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Mu;tKilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpo; khztu;fSf;F cau;

fy;tpia toq;Fk; nghUl;L rpjk;guj;jpy; gy;fiyf; fofk; epWTtij typAWj;jp>

nrd;id khfhz murpd; fy;tpf; FOTf;F rpghu;R nra;jJld;> mz;zhkiyg;

gy;fiyf; fofk; cjakhtjw;Fk; tpj;jpl;lhu;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jp

Yk;> ,yq;if nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Kjy; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp

Gupe;jhu;. Ra nkhopagpkhdkw;wJk;> Njrhgpkhdkw;wJk;> mbikj;jdkhdJk;>

ehfupfj;ij ehrg;gLj;JtJkhd fy;tp Kiwiaf; fz;bj;jhu;. Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpia

,e;Jf;fy;tp kuGf;fikthfg; Nghjpg;gjw;Fupa toptiffisr; nra;jhu;. “fw;w fy;tp

gpwiug; ghjpf;ff;$lhJ@ mJ capu;g;g+l;LtJ@ cz;ikiaf; fhl;LtJ@ jd;dk;

gpf;ifiaj; jUtJ “ vDk; nfhs;if cilatuhf tpGyhde;ju; tpsq;fpdhu;.

Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; jd; fy;tpaw; rpe;jidfSf;Fr; nray; tbtk; nfhLf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; gy gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,uhk fpU\;zkp\Df;Fupa fy;tpr;

rl;lj;ij ,e;J Nghu;l; ,uh[uj;jpdj;Jld; ,ize;J cUthf;fpdhu;. 1925 ,y;

,yq;ifapy; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikg; nghWg;ig Vw;W>

jd; fy;tpg; gzpfisj; njhlu;e;jhu;. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F - fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jkpo;g;;;

ghlrhiyfs; gytw;iw epWtp epUtfpj;jhu;.

106



tpGyhee;ju; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\Dld; ,ize;J gzpGupe;j fhyj;jpy; fy;yb - rpthde;jh

Mz;fs; ghlrhiy Midg;ge;jp ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ngz;fs; ghlrhiy> fhiujPT

rhujh tpj;jpahyak;> jpUNfhzkiy - ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up tz;iz - itj;jP];tu

tpj;jpahyak; Mfpa ghlrhiyfis epWtp Vio khztu;fspd; tho;tpy; xspa+l;bdhu;.

jhd; cUthf;fpa rpthde;jh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; khztu;fs; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;

Mfpa nkhopfisf; fw;w topg;gLj;jpa J}uNehf;F rpe;jidAilatu;. 1926Mk;

Mz;by; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk;> kl;lf;fsg;G fy;yb cg;NghilapYk; mehij

Mr;rpukq;fis epWtp> mehijr; rpWtu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;. ,yq;if

fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ghlE}w; rig> fy;tp Ma;Tr; rig> Nju;Tr;rig vd;gdtw;wpd;

cWg;gpduhftpUe;J fy;tpj;Jiwrhu; gzpfisg; Gupe;jhu;. khztu; eyidf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;L “fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjpia“cUthf;fpdhu;.

ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; rkaf;fy;tp> nghJf;fy;tp vd;gd njhlu;ghfj; njhlu;r;rpahd

gy gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. nts;spf;fpoikfspy; $l;Lg; gpuhu;j;jid elhj;Jjy;.

gf;jpg; ghRuq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy;. thu ,Wjpapy; irt rka tFg;GfisAk;>

gz;zpirg; gapw;rpfisAk; elhj;Jjy;. rkaf; fy;tpia ,isQu;fSf;F Vw;wthW

Nghjpj;jy; mtuJ Gjpa jpl;lkhFk;. tpGyhee;jupd; mj;jifa jpl;lk; ,d;W nray;

Kiwf;F te;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tuJ fy;tpg; gzpfs; midj;jpYk; rkak;rhu;

fy;tpg; gzpfNs gpujhd ,lj;ijg;; ngWfpd;wd.

r%fg;; gzpfs;

tpGyhde;ju; kf;fis Nerpj;jtu;. mtu;fSila ed;ik jPikfspy; <Lgl;ltu;.

xUKiw ~flTs; Neupy; te;jhy; ...........| vd;W Ngr;R vOe;jNghJ> Rthkp gpd;tUkhW

$wpdhuhk;. “ehndd;why; Kj;jp jUk;gb Nfl;fkhl;Nld;. Kj;jp vd;dstpy; epd;WtpLk;.

mjpYk; ghu;f;f vy;NyhUk; ,d;GWk;gb Nrit nra;tjhdhy; mjpYs;s ,d;gNk

xg;gw;wJ. “ ,t;thW gpwUf;Fg; gzp GuptNj ngUkpd;gk; jUtJ vd;w jplrpj;jk;

nfhz;ltu;.

jPz;lhik xopg;G ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;. ,tu; jd; nrhe;j eyd;fisj; Jwe;j

NtisapYk; ehl;L eyidAk;> kf;fs; eyidAk;> nkhop eyidAk; Jwth jpUe;j

rpwg;G Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.mehij ,y;yq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;

mwf;nfhilj; jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. tpGyhde;jupd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; Vio

khztu;fspdJk;> mehijf; Foe;ijfsJk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F topfhl;Lk; tifapy;

mike;j r%fg;gzpfNs vd;gu;.

Vida gzpfs;

,irj; jkpopNy kpFe;j <LghLk; Muha;r;rpAk; nghUe;jpa tpGyhee;ju; ftpij

fs; Xireak; kpFe;jit. “,aypd;wp ,irapy;iy@ ,irapd;wp ,aypy;iy” vd;gJ

,tuJ nfhs;if. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ftpij mike;Js;sJ. ,tuJ E}y;fspy; nre;

jkpo; eil ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUNjtu; thf;fpak;> tpNtfhde;j gQ;rfk;> MWKf

ehtyu;> fq;ifapy; tpLj;j Xiy vd;gtw;iw vOjpAs;shu;.,tu; cs;sj;jpy; mDg

tpj;j czu;Tfisf; ftpijapNy jPl;bf; fhl;Lk; jpwik cs;stu;. Mrpupag;gh>

fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;> fz;zpfs;> rpe;JfisAk; ifahz;Ls;shu;.

107



ehlfE}y; - kjq;f#shkzp. ,irj;jkpo; - aho;E}y; Mq;fpythzp> g+Q;Nrhiyf;fhtyd;

nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy; (1936) nrhy;yhf;f kfhehl;bw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vDk; Kj;jkpopYk; ty;ytu; vd;gjhy; ~Kj;jkpo; t p j ; j f u ;

tpGyhde;ju;” vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Nghf;fpNy Gul;rpfukhd

khw;wq;fisr; nra;j ghujpahiug; gz;bju;fs; jPz;lhjpUe;j Ntisapy; ghujp fofk;

mikj;J> ghujp Gfioj; jkpo; ehl;by; gug;gpa ngUikf;Fupatu;.

njspthd> vspikahd nkhop eiliaf; ifahz;l Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; Xireaj;

jhYk; czu;r;rp ntspaPl;Lr; rpwg;ghYk; jdJ ciueilapw;$l gy ,lq;fspy;

ftpijapd; vy;iyiaj; njhl;ltu;. ,tuJ ciueil E}y;fshf tpQ;Qhdf;

fl;Liufs;> fiyr;nrhw;fs;> tpQ;Qhd jPgk; Kjyhdtw;iwAk;> nkhopngau;g;G

E}y;fshf Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; rk;ghriz> tpNtfhde;j jPgk;> tpNtfhde;jupd;

nrhw;nghopT E}y;fs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

tpGyhee;jupd; E}y;fs; gpioaw;w gjpg;Gf;fshf fhy> ,l tpguq;fSld; vOjg;

gl;lit. mtu; jkpoupd; gok; ngUikfisg; gj;jpupiffspy; fl;Liu tbtpy;

ntspapl;lhu;. cjhuzkhf nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> fiykfs;> <oNfrup> Ntjhe;jNfrup>

,uhkfpU\;z tp[ak;> gpuGj;j ghuj Kjyhd ntspaPLfSf;Fg; gj;jpuhjpguhf

tpsq;fpdhu;.

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F gy epiyfspYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Rthkp

tpGyhee;ju; 1947 [{iy 19 Mk; ehs; rkhjp mile;jhu;. ,tuJ rkhjp kl;lf;fsg;G

fy;yb cg;Nghilapy; cs;s ,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpy; cs;sJ.

“Kj;jkpOk; ngUQ;rPu; Kjy;tdhu; jpUf;Fkuh

gf;jpAld; gzpgtu;f;F gy “fiyAk; ghypf;Fk;

rpj;jp Gj;jp ehafNd jpUKiwfs; jkpofj;jpy;

epiyj;J epiy ngw;wJTk; epd;dUspd; jpwdd;Nwh“

(Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;)

108



20 Mk; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,e;Jrkak;

20k; 21k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,yq;ifapy; ,e;J rka kuGfs;

fp.gp.1505y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaij njhlh;e;J

,yq;ifapd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by; gy; gpd;dilTfs; Vw;gLk; |#oy; cUthfpaJ.

mt;Ntisapy; ,yq;ifapd; kuG top ,e;Jf;fs; jk;kuGfs; ghuk;gupaq;fis ,of;Fk;

epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpNyNa ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy;

jkpopidAk; irtj;jpidAk; ];jpug;gLj;jp MWKfehtyUk; mtUila kugpdUk;

Rthkp tpGyhde;jUk; jkJ gzpfis tpupTgLj;jpdh;. INuhg;gpah;fs; irtJ}\z

E}y;fis vOj ehtyNuh irt J}\z gupfhuk; vDk; E}y; vOjp thjg; gpujpthjg;

Nghf;fpid Muk;gpj;jhh;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; ,yq;ifapd; ,e;J rka Nghf;fpw;F

irtJ}\z gupfhuKk; mjid xl;ba irt rka jUf;f thjq;fSk; Njhd;wpd.

irt rkak; rhh;ghf vjph;epiythjq;fs; vOe;jhYk; irtrpj;jhe;j Ntjhe;j

vjph;thjq;fshfTk; mit tpupT ngw;wd. ,jw;F ,yq;ifg; NguwpQh;fs; jkpofj;Jld;

Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l irtrka cwTg;ghyk; gpujhdkhJ. ,jd; Kd;Ndhbahf

ehtyh; tpsf;fpdhh;. jpUthtLJiw MjPdNk MWKf ehtyUf;F ehtyh; gl;lj;ij

toq;fpaJ. ehtyuJ gpurq;fKk; Ngr;R td;ikAk; ,jw;F rpwe;j rhd;Wfs;. ,Wfpa

vOj;Jf;fshy; Md nra;As; kuig iftpl;L ,sfpa vOj;Jf;fisAk;

fUj;Jf;fisAKila gpurq;f KiwAk;> ciu KiwAk; tsu;r;rp ngw;wd. itjPf

rpe;jidf; fUj;Jf;fis rhjhuz kf;fSf;F tpsf;FKfkhfNt gpurq;f Kiw

ciu vOjp gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kiw vd;gd gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,it ,yq;ifapd; 20k;

E}w;whz;bd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; Gjpa ghijia tpupTgLj;jpd. gpurq;fKiw ciu

vOjpg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Kiw vd;gd ,e;Jf; fy;tp kugpd; tpopg;Gzu;tpw;F fhuzkhf

mike;jd.

Guhjd ,e;J kugpd; ghuk;gupa nre;newpfs; $Ljyhf fhzg;gl itjPf rkak; rhh;

vOr;rp 20k; 21k; E}w;whz;by; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. irt rka gFj;jwpT thjk;

nry;thf;file;jJ irt rkapfs; Mq;fpyk; fw;Fk; #oy; cUthfpaJ. ehtyUila

irthq;fpyg; ghlrhiy ,jw;F rhd;whdJ. jkpof njhlh;gpyhd gz;ghl;by;

ehtyupaf;fk; vd;Dk; irtkugpdh; FO nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.

etPd njhlh;ghly; Kiwapy; Gjpa Clf nry;thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; 20k; 21k;

E}w;whz;bd; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. mr;#lf tUif> gpurq;fkhfpa

Ngr;#lfk;> Guhz gldk;> irt fjhfyhl;NrgKiw etPd njhlh;ghly; Kiwahf

tsuyhapw;W. kuG topr; rpe;jidapy; kPs; fl;Lkhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jp Gyth; kuGk;>

gz;bjh; kuGk; vOr;rpaile;jd. ,yq;ifapd; ,e;J rka kugpy; Kjd;Kjyhf

epWtd kakhf;fy; nraw;ghLfis 20k; 21k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; irtnewp ngw;wJ

irt gupghyd rig ,jw;F MjhukhdJ. ,e;J rka newpapid r%f tho;tpaYld;

njhlh;GgLj;jpg; gzp nra;tJk; jw;fhy ,e;Jkjg; Nghf;fpd; ,ay;igr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gpbauprpj;jpl;lk;> fQ;rpj; njhl;bj;jUkk; vd;git rKjha - ,e;J

rka njhlh;ig ntspg;gLj;JtdthFk;. ,e;J Myaq;fspd; rPh;jpUj;jk; 21k; E}w;whz;L

irt rka tsh;r ;rpapd; kw;nwhU gupzhkkhFk;. ,e;J rkag;gz;Gfs;

rh;tNjrkakhf;fk; ngw;wikahFk;.

109



irtg;Gytu; fh. mUzhryNjrpfu; gzpfs;

mwpKfk;

20k; E}w;whz;by; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; irtg;gzpiaAk;> irtrpj;jhe;jg; gzpiaAk;

Gupe;j nghpahh;fSs; xUtuhfj; jpfo;gth; mUzhry Njrpfh;. ,th; 1888 Kjy; 1969

tiu 81 Mz;Lfs; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tho;e;jtu;. ,thpd; jhahupd; ngah; rpd;dg;gps;is

mk;ikahh;. je;ijahupd; ngah; fhrpehj rh];jpupahh;. ,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s

Gspae;jPT vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,tupd; NtW ngau;fshf Njrpfkzp>

irtnka;g;Nghjfh;> irtrpj;jhe;jkzp vd;gd.

gpd;dzp

,th; irtrkaj;jpy; mjpf <LghL fhl;Ltjw;F ,tuJ FLg;gg; gpd;dzpNa Kf;fpakhd

fhuzkhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,tuJ rpWguhaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,tuJ jhahh; irtrka

tpujq;fisg; gf;jpNahL mDl;bj;J re;ju;;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;w Nghnjy;yhk; kl;lf;fsg;G

efupYs;s Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahiur; nrd;W topgl;lhu;. ,jdhy; ,tUf;Fk;

mjpy; <LghL Vw;gl;lJ.

,tupd; je;ij rpwe;j Nrhjplu;. ,th; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfspy; <LghL nfhz;lth;.

mj;NjhL ,th; tPl;bw;F tUk; fjph;fhk ahj;jpupfh;fs; mbahh;fs;> ez;gh; vy;NyhUld;

Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;gtu;. rpWguhaj;jpy; ,tw;iwf; Nfl;L

tsUk; NgW mUzhry NjrpfUf;Ff; fpilj;jJld; mJ ,tuJ tho;tpYk;

gpujpgypj;jJ.

NkYk; ,tupd; kidtpapd; ngah; nghd;dk;kh ,th; Njrpfupd; fy;tpg;gzpf;Fk;

rkagzpf;Fk; cjtf;$ba irt Mrhuk; cilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. Njrpfupd;

md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kjw;FUthf mike;J topelj;jpdh;. ,tu; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj;

je;ijaplk; Midg;ge;jpf; NfhapYld; njhlh;G gl;bUe;j jpz;izg; gs;spapy;

ngw;whh;. mLj;J kl;lf;fsg;G> Gspae;jPT kfpobj; njUtpy; ,Ue;j irtg;gs;spapy;

fy;tp fw;whh;. njhlh;e;J kl;lf;fsg;G murbapy; ,Ue;j nkjb];j kprd;

ghlrhiyapYk; fy;tp gapd;whh;. ,sikapy; ,th; jpwiktha;e;j khztuhf

tpsq;fpdhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;G RNjr ,af;fKk; mUzhryNjrpfUk;

mUzhry Njrpfu; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G irtrka rhu;ghd RNjr ,af;fj;jpy;

gq;fhsuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. INuhg;gpah; kl;lf;fsg;ig vd;W ifg;gw;wpdhu;fNsh md;Nw

mq;F RNjr ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; irtrkak;

kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy; fpwp];jt rkaj;jtupd;

kjkhw;w eltbf;iffs; jPtpukile;j epiyapy; irtrkak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it

Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhd fhyfl;lq;fspy; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Njhd;wpa

irtj;jkpo; vOr;rp 19k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; gutj; njhlq;fpaJ.

NkYk; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; mnkupf;fr; rp\;iaahd mtghkpah mk;ikahh;

kl;lf;fsg;gpw;Fr; rKfkspj;J Ch;Cuhf ,e;J rkag; gpurhuk; nra;jhh;.

110



mjdhy; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; irtkf;fs; ngupJk; tpopg;Gzh;Tk; vOr;rpAk; ngw;wdh;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;Tfspd; gadhf irtg; gps;isfs; midtUk; irtg;

ghlrhiyfspy; gbf;f Ntz;ba msT irtg; ghlrhiyfis Ch; vq;Fk; mikf;f

Ntz;Lk; jkJ fhupaq;fisj; jhNk nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld;

epWtdq;fs; ,uhkfpU\;z kprd; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J Ch;kf;fSk; irtg;

ghlrhiyfisf; fl;bdh;. mg;NghJ ghlrhiyfis Mrphpah;fNs fl;b fy;tpg;gzp

nra;Ak; Kiwik gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpd;G mg;ghlrhiyfis murpy; gjpT nra;a

Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW irtrka tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Vw;gl;l ,t;thwhd irtj;jkpo; vOr;rpahy; gpd;tUk; ed;ikfSk;

fpilf;fyhapd. ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; gy Mfk kakhf;fg;gl;ld.

- ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; Guhzgldk; gutpaJ

- Gjpa E}y;fs; gy ntspte;jd.

- fy;tpg; gzpfs; ,lk;ngw;wd.

- kiwe;J fple;j rpy gioa E}y;fs; mr;rplg;gl;ld.

,e;j Kaw;rpapy; mUzhry NjrpfUld; Kjypahh; fh.t. khu;f;fz;ld;>tpj;Jthd;

r. G+ghygps;is> gz;bjh; kapy;thfddhu;> tpj;Jthd; m. rutzKj;jh;> tpj;Jthd;

itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfh; KjyhNdhUk; mlq;Fth;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lth;fSld; mf;fhyj;jpy;

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tho;e;j aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngupNahh; gyUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdh;.

,dp mUzhry Njrpfupd; njhopy; rhu;e;j tpsf;fj;jpid ghu;f;Fkplj;J ,th;

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; murbapy; ,Ue;j nkjb];j Mrpupah; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}hpapy; gapw;rpapy;

<Lgl;lhh;. Mdhy; Mrphpa gapw;rp ,Wjpg; guPl;irapy; Njhw;Wtjw;Fk; rhd;wpjo;

ngWtjw;Fk; kjk; khwNtz;Lk; vDk; tw;GWj;jYf;Fg; gzpahJ Mrpupah; gapw;rpia

,ilepWj;jpdhh;.

NkYk; epiwe;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;j ,th; Mrpupaj; njhopypy; <Lgl;L> ePz;l

fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;jhh;. mjdhy; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrk; ngUkstpyhd ed;ikfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mjd; gpd; ew;gpl;bKid irtg; ghlrhiyapy; Mrpupag; gzpiaj;

njhlq;fpa ,th; njhlh;e;J 1949,y; Xa;T ngWk; tiu 40 tUlq;fs; Midg;ge;jp

irtg; ghlrhiyapy; jiyik Mrpaupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. gpd; ,tu; gbg;gijAk;>

gbj;jij kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; nrhy;ypf; nfhLg;gijAk; jdJ flikahff; nfhz;lhh;.

ghlrhiy Neuk; vd;wpy;yhJ NjitfSf;F Vw;wjhf rhaq;fhyg; gs;sp> ,uTg;gs;sp

vd;gtw;iwAk; elj;jpdhh;. NkYk; tPl;by; gbf;f trjp Fiwe;j gps;isfSf;fhf

,uTg; gs;sp elj;jpdhu;. jk; khztu;fis Kd;dpiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Xa;itAk;

nghUl;gLj;jhJ nraw;gl;lhh;. vt;. vf;];. rp. eluhrh mth;fs; gytUl fhykhf

gioa Kiwapy; cghj;jpahah; Ntiy nra;J gpd; Gjpa Kiwapy; jiyik

Mrpupah; gjtp Vw;W cyFk; muRk; Nghw;w cj;jkuha;f; flikgupe;j Njrpfh;

vd;Wk; t.rp.rptRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fs; ghlrhiyapy; rpWth;fs; MWKfehtyupd;

irt tpdhtpiliaAk;> ,yf;fzghl Neuj;jpy; ed;D}y; #j;jpuq;fisAk; kddk;

nra;J xg;Gtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jtwpdhy; Njrpfupd; jz;lidapypUe;J jg;g KbahJ

vd;Wk; $wpapUg;git ,tuJ njhopypd; Neu;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jiug; Nghy khztu;fisr; irt rka newpapy; thog;gof;Fjy;

jk; njhopy;fisj; jhNk nra;jy; kw;wth;fNshL md;ghf ,Uj;jy; rpf;fdk;> vspik

Kjyhd cah;e;j gz;Gfis khzth; r%fj;jpy; cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;dpd;W

cioj;jhh;.

111



,e;j tifapy; gz;ila FUFyf;fy;tp Kiwapy; FUTf;Fupa jd;ikapidAk;

jpz;izg; gs;spf;$l Kiwapy; cghj;jpahaUf;Fupa jd;ikfisAk; etPd

Mrpupah;fSf;Fupa jd;ikifisAk; xUq;Nf fhzf;$batuhf Njrpfkzpath;fs;

tpsq;fpdhh;.

irtj;jkpo;g;Gyik

,th; irtg;Gytu; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wp mjpy; jpwikr;rpj;jp ngw;W irtg;Gytuhdhh;.

,J ,tuJ irtg; Gyikf;Fr; rhd;W. ,tUf;Fj; Njrpfu; vd;w gl;lj;ijr; #l;bg;

ngUikg;gLj;jpath;. ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj; Jwtp mtpehrhee;j mbfshh;

(,j;Jwtpahh; Rthkp tpGyhde;jNuhL njhlh;Ggl;L cioj;jth;)

,tuJ rka mwpitAk; NritiaAk; ghuhl;b kl;lf;fsg;G jkpo;f;fiy kd;wk;

1952,y; Njrpfkzp vd;w gl;lk; toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ. 1920y; Rthkp tpGyhee;jupd;

miog;gpd; Ngupy; jkpo; tpohtpy; ciuahw;w jkpo; ehl;bd; etePj fpU\;z ghujpahh;

kl;lf;fsg;Gf;F te;jpUe;jhh;. mth; jkJ fl;Liu xd;wpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy;

irtg; nghpahh;fshfTk;> fy;tpkhd;fshfTk; tpsq;fpa irtg;Gytu; mUzhry

Njrpfh; tpj;Jthd; G+ghygps;is> ,uhrehaf Kjypahh; MfpNahupd; el;Gf; fpilj;jik

gw;wp ehk; ngUikg;gLtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,J Njrpfhpd; irtj; jkpo; Gyikf;fhd

rhd;whFk;.

mUzhry Njrpfupd; nraw;ghLfs;

,th; irtrpj;jhe;j E}ywpTk; kpFe;j jkpo;nkhopg;GyikAk; tlnkhopg; GyikAk;

cilath;. ,th; mwpitg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; <LghL fhl;ba ,U Jiwfs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. xd;W ,wf;Fk; tiu Njbf; fw;Fk; Kaw;rp> kw;wJ fw;wth;fNshL

Nrh;e;J mwpitg; ngUf;Fjy;. ,th; E}y;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpYk; <LghLilath;. cjhuzk;

,tuJ tPl;L E}yfk;> E}yfq;fis mikf;Fk; gzpfspy; kw;wth;fSld; ,ize;J

nraw;gl;lhh;. cjhuzk; Midg;ge;jp E}y; epiyak; Nfhl;l Kid tPufj;jpg;

gps;isahh; NfhapYf;fUfpy; cs;s E}y; epiyak; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;G

nghJ E}y;epiyak; ,tupd; nghOJNghf;fplkhapw;W.

mUzhry Njrpfhpd; gzpfs;

mUzhry Njrpfh; irtrkaj;ij tsh;g;gjw;fhfg; gy;NtW nrad;Kiwfisf;

ifahz;lhh;. mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

- nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wjy;

- gpurq;fk;nra;jy;

- gpurq;fk; nra;tjw;fhd khzth; guk;giuia cUthf;Fjy;

- irtrkag; Ngr;rhsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.

- rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;jy;

- irtrka E}y;fisAk; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fisAk; vOJjy;

- irtrkaf; fl;Liu> Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJjy;

- NtWgl;l trd eilfisf; ifahz;L vOJjy;

- nra;As; ,aw;Wjy;

- Nfhapy; njhz;L nra;jy;.

112



nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wjy;.

,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfs;

kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s irtf; Nfhapy;fspy; vy;yhk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,th; jkJ 15tJ

tajpypUe;J Rkhh; 65 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; ,g;gzpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,tUila

jpwikfspy; xd;W ve;jg; nghUis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; Mo;e;J NgRfpd;w

,ay;G ,J ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfSf;F nkU$l;baJ.

NkYk; ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfs; tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.

Njrpfkzp mth;fs; nghJ kf;fisf; ftuf;$ba ,dpa vspa jkpopy; eifr;Rit

jJk;g czu;r;rpAld; NgRthh;. Mdhy; ,th; Kjypy; nrhw;nghopthw;wp

kf;fSs;sj;ijj; jl;bnaOg;gpj; jFjpngwr; nra;J> tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;jd; jkJ

gpurq;fj;ijj; njhlq;Fthh;. NkYk; ,th; irtrkaj;ijf; fhj;J tsh;j;J te;j

,th; xU irtrkap mftho;tpYk; Gwtho;tpYk; vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;gijNa nrhw;nghopTfSf;Fg; nghUshff; nfhz;lhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mfk topghl;L Kiwf;F tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;> Nfhapy; mikg;G>

epj;jpa iekpj;jpa G+irKiwfs;> topghl;L Kiwfs; vd;git gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

irt rka Mrhuq;fisg; NgZjy; xOf;fj;NjhL thOjy; kw;wth;fs; kPJ md;G

fhl;Ljy;> rka E}y;fisf; fw;W mwpT ngWjy; vd;gtw;iw typAWj;Jk; tifapYk;

,tuJ rkar; nrhw;nghopTfs; mike;jd.,tw;iwf;; fijfs; %yKk; Nkw;Nfhs;

fhl;bAk; ghly;fs; %yKk; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.

gpurq;fk; nra;jy;.

,th; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; irtrkaj;ij epiyehl;l gpurq;fq;fs; kpf mtrpakhdit

vdf; fUjpdhh;. mjdhy; Xa;nthoptpd;wp Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; rutzKe;jd; vd;NghUld;

Ch;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W irtrkag; gpurq;fk; nra;tjpy; <Lgl;lhh;. mj;NjhL kl;lf;fsg;G

kf;fspilNa Mya topghl;bd; mtrpak;> irtg; gz;ghl;ilf; filg;gpbf;f

Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; vd;gtw;iwg; gpurq;fq;fs; %yk; njspTgLj;jpdhh;. Midg;ge;jp

gps;isahu; Myaj;jpy; nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; jtwhJ irtg; gpurq;fk; nra;J

te;jhh;.

gpurq;fk; nra;tjw;fhd khzth; guk;giuia cUthf;Fjy;

rkag; gpurq;fk; nra;Ak; gzpapy; <Lgl;lNjhL mg;gzpapy; <Lglf;$batu;fis

,dq;fz;L mth;fis Cf;Ftpj;jhh;. mth;fspy; jpU.rP.ehifah Mrpupah;>

j pU.t.r pj ;j ptpehafk ; Mrpu pah ; > gz;bjh ; j.f pU\;zgps;is vd;Nghh ;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fshf tpsq;fp irtg;gzpGupe;jdh;.

irtrkag; Ngr;rhsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fFy;

irtrkag; Ngr;rhsh;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;FtjpYk; mUzhry Njrpfh; <Lgl;lhh;.

mtw;wpy; Ngr;rhsh; xUth; tho;f;if KOtJk; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;

,yf;fpag; gug;gpy; cs;s mUl;ghly;fs; mwnewpg;ghly;fs; vd;gtw;iw Ngr;rhsh;

kddk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ,j;jifa ghly;fspy; xU gFjpiaj; jkJ

E}y;fspYk; ntspapl;lhh;. irtg; Ngr;rhsh; ,jpfhr> Guhzf;fijfisj;

njupe;jpUg;gjpYk; gad;gLj;JtjpYk; mf;fiw fhl;l Ntz;Lk; ,e;j MNyhridfisj;

jkJ tho;tpYk; filg;gpbj;jhh;.

113



rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;jy;.

,th; irtrka Nghjidfs; %yk; irtrpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

tpsf;fpf; $wpdhh;. kl;lf;fsg;G rpiwr;rhiyapy; ifjpfis ey;topg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

mq;F mbf;fb nrd;W rkag; Nghjidfs; nra;J te;jhh;.

irtrka E}y;fisAk; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fisAk; vOJjy;

,th; jkJ ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; Mrphpag;gzpAld; rkag;gzpfspYk; <Lgl;lhh;. mj;Jld;

nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;Jtjpy; <Lgl;ljd; fhuzkhf vOj;Jg; gzpfspy; <Lgltpy;iy.

Mdhy; mWgJ taJf;Fg; gpd;Ng E}y;fis vOJtjpy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,tuJ E}y;fspy;

rka tplaq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fSld; Nrh;j;J vOjg;gl;litahf cs;sd.

NkYk; irt khzth;fs; fw;gjw;fhf ,yF jkpopYk; rka Nehf;fpYk; gd;dpnuz;Lf;F

Nkw;gl;l rka E}y;fis vOjp cs;shh;. mit tUkhW

irtrka Muk;g Nghjpdp - 1962

irtrka ,isQh; Nghjpdp - 1958

,e;J khzth; gf;jpg;ghly; ghkzpkhiy - 1961

,e;J rka khj kfj;Jt khd;kpak; - 1960

irt ,yf;fpa fjhkQ;rup - 1964

irtrka rpe;jhkzp - 1960

rpj;jhe;j rpNuhz;kzp

nka;Q;QhdjPgk; \u;tQhd Nfhj;juhfk rhu rq;fpufk;

mUl;ghj;jpul;Lk; mUk; nghUl;ghf;fSk;

tpehaf kfj;Jt El;gKk; Gspa efh;

=.rpj;jp tpf;Nd];tu Mya khd;kpaKk; - 1968

KUfd; kfj;Jt El;gk;

,g;gd;dpU E}y;fisAk; Nrh;j;J irtrkaf; fsQ;rpak; vd ngau;#l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

irt rkaj;jpy; rpwe;j mwpitg; ngw ,j; njhFjpiaf; fw;wy; mtrpak;. ,tuJ

Kjy; %d;W E}y;fSk; khzth;fSf;Fr; irt mwpit Cl;Ltjw;fhf vOjg;gl;lit.

irtrka Muk;g Nghjpdp - rpwpa tFg;G khzth;fSf;fhdJ

irtrka ,isQh; Nghjpdp - kj;jpa ju tFg;G khzth;fSf;fhdJ.

,t;tpU E}y;fSk; 1952Fg; gpd;ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lit. ,e;J khzth;

gf;jpg; ghlw; ghkzpkhiy - Kjyhk; tFg;Gj; njhlf;fk; vl;lhk; tFg;G tiu

irtrka khzth; fw;f Ntz;ba gf;jpg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J

khztupilNa irtrkak; rhh;e;j ghly;fisg; ghlTk; gz;NzhL XjTk;

topfhl;baJ.

irtrka rpe;jhkzp - ,e;E}y; rhjhuz kf;fs; Kjy; gy;fiyf;fof Ma;thsh;

tiu gad;gLj;jj;jf;fJ.

irtrkaf; fl;Liu> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vOJjy;.

,tuJ fl;Liufspy; rpy Ntydpd; RNjr ehl;bak; vDk; gj;jpupifapy; ntspte;jd.

NkYk; mbfshh; gbt kyupy; (1969) fl;Liu vOjpAs;shh;. vg;.vf;];.rP.eluhrhtpd;

vz;nzar; rpe;J E}Yf;F ,th; vOjpa Kd;Diu Ma;Tj;jd;ik cilaJ. ,th;

1952y; vOjpa Ma;Tf;fl;LiuAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

114



NtWgl;l trd eilfisf; ifahz;L vOJjy;

Njrpf kzp mth;fs; irtrka tplaq;fis vOJk; NghJ tlnkhop fye;j

kzpg;gpuths eiliaf; ifahz;lhh;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp irtrka rpe;jhkzp vDk;

E}ypy; ju;f;fuPjpahf vOJfpd;w Nghf;iff; ifahz;lhh;. NkYk; ,th; nra;As;

,aw;Wtjpy; <LghL nfhz;lth;. ,tuJ nra;As;fs; vspikAk; ahg;gikg;Gk;

nfhz;litahFk;.

Nfhapy; njhz;Lfs; nra;jy;.

,th; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j irtf; Nfhapy;fs; vOr;rpngwg; ghLgl;lth;.

mf;Nfhapy;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf MNyhrid toq;fpaik Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahh;

Nfhap;y; epUthfp> MNyhrfu; vdg; gzpfshw;wpaik vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

NkYk; ,th; Midg;ge;jpg; gps;isahh; NfhapYs; rpthyak; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.

vd;Wk; kuz rhrdj;jpd; %yk; jhd; FbapUe;j tPl;ilAk; Midg;ge;jpg;gps;isahUf;F

mh;g;gzpj;jth;.

NjrpfkzpAk; mtuJ ez;gh;fSk;

Njrpf kzpapd; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; ,tUf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jth; tpj;Jthd;

r.G+ghygps;is. NkYk; tpj;Jthd; m.rutzKj;jd;> Rthkpjhr kapy;thfddhu;

vd;gth;fs; ,tupd; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak;> rkak; rhh;e;j ez;gh;fshth;. mj;Jld; ,tUk;

tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;jDk; kapy;thfddhUk; kl;lf;fsg;gpd; md;iwa rka fy;tpr;

#o;epiyapy; mj;Jiwfspy; gzpGuptjw;F ,y;ywj;jpYk; JwtwNk rpwe;jJ vd

fUjpath;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kapy;thfddhh; khj;jpuk; JwT G+z;L Rthkp

tpGyhde;juhf> kw;iwa ,UtUk; ,y;ywj;jtuhapdh;.

NjrpfkzpAk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jUk;

mUzhry Njrpfu; 1910f;F Kd;G ,Ue;Nj Rthkp tpGyhee;jUld;; (kapy;thfddhh;)

njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhh;. tpGyhee;jUld; ,ize;J jkpioAk; irtj;ijAk; fw;whh;.

NkYk; ,th; jkJ 47tJ tajpy; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; elj;jpa ahg;gUf;fyf; fhupif

tFg;gpy; fw;whh;. ey;y gy fUj;Jf;fis Rthkp tpGyhde;juplk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

mthtpdhy; Njrpfkzp tpGyhee;j mbfshUld; fhy;eilg; gazq;fs; nra;tij

tpUk;gpdhh;.

Midg;ge;jp ghlrhiyapd; jiyik Mrpupauhf mUzhry Njrpfh; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;

mbfshUk; kw;iwa ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj; JwtpfSk; mg;ghlrhiy miwapNyNa

trpj;jdh;. mth;fis mUzhry Njrpfhpd; FLk;gk; cgrupj;jJ. Rthkp tpGyhee;jupd;

jsgjpfs; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; msTf;F tpj;Jthd; m. rutzKj;jUk;

mUzhryNjrpfUk; mbfshUf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;jdh;. irtrkag; gw;W kpf;f

mUzhry Njrpfu; irtkf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l mQ;Qhdj;ijg; Nghf;fTk;> rkaj;jpd;

Nguhy; kf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l %lek;gpf;iffis mfw;wTk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jUld;

,ize;J gzpahw;wpdhh;. md;iwa #o;epiyapy; Gjpa ghlrhiyfs; njhlq;FtjpYk;>

rkak; tsh;g;gjpYk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jhh;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; tpGyhee;j mbfshupd; fy;tpg;gzp mf;fhyj;jpy; ntw;wp mila

tpj;Jthd; m.rutzKj;jUk; mUzhryNjrpfUk; Kf;fpakhd fhuzh; Mapdh;.

NkYk; mz;zhkiy> nfhOk;G Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mbfshu; Nguhrpupauhf gzpGupe;j

NghJ mtiu ePz;lfhyk; gpupe;jpUf;f Kbahj Njrpfkzp mt;tplq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

re;jpj;J te;jhu;. mbfshh; ntspaplq;fspy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; Njrpfkzpf;F mbf;fb

fbjk; vOJthh;.

115



NkYk; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; = ,uhkfpU\;z rq;f nghJ

Kfhikahsh; gzpia Vw;wNghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpthde;j tpj;jpahyaKk; Midg;ge;jp

,uhkfpU\;zkprd; ghlrhiyAk; cau;jug;ghlrhiyfshfTk;> rpthde;jhTf;F mUfpy;

fy;yb cg;Nghilapy; khztupy;yk; epWtg;glTk; RthkpfSf;Fg; ngupJk;

JizGupe ;Njhupy; mUzhryNjrpfUk; xUtu;. VidNahh; Gyth; kzp

ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> Nf.fzgjpg;gps;is> tp.ey;iyah> v]; mk;gythzNjrpfh;

MfpNahu;.

mUzhry NjrpfUk; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fKk;

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;ff;fpis Rthkp tpGyhee;j mbfshuhy;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; Njrpfkzp mjDld; neUq;fpa cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

mbfshhpd; kiwtpd; gpd;Gk; me;j cwT njhlh;e;jJ. mq;fpUe;j ,uhkfpU\;z

rq;fj;Jwtpfshd Rthkp mgpdhrhde;j mbfshh;> Rthkp eluhrhde;j mbfshh;>

Rthkp [Pthde;j mbfshh; MfpNahUld; njhlh;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,uhkfpU\;z

rq;fKk; mjd; FUFyq;fSk; Mz;LNjhWk; tl;biaf; ngwf;$bajhf Njrpa

kzpath;fs; xU njhifg; gzj;ij epiyahd itg;gpy; ,l;bUe;jhh;. Njrpf kzpapd;

,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;jpd; NgUjtp ,tUf;F fpilj;jJ. Njrpfkzpapd;

<kf;fpupiafs; xOq;fhf eilngw Rthkp [Pthde;j mbfshh; Mtd nra;jhh;.

rkaf; nfhs;if

mUzhryNjrpfh; ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;ij Mjupj;jhYk; ,th; jPtpu irtgf;jh;.

,tUf;F Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j tpj;jpahrkpy;iy. ,th; Mfk topghl;L Kiwapid

Mjupj;jhh;. ,tupd; Ngr;R> vOj;J vd;gd mtw;iwNa typAWj;jpd. MapDk; rpW

nja;t topghl;il ntWj;J xJf;ftpy;iy. rpW nja;t topghl;blq;fSf;Fr; nrd;whYk;

Mfk Kiw rhh;ghfNt NgRtJ ,tuJ tof;fk;.

,t;thwhf irtg;Gyth; fh.mUzhryNjrpfupd; tho;T rka tho;thf mike;jJ.

,th; jkJ cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;ijAk; rka> r%fg; gzpfSf;fhfNt

mu;g;gzpj;jth;. ,tuJ Nrit kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; mjw;F ntspNaAk; gad; nfhLg;gdthf

mike;jd. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; kwf;f Kbahj khkdpjh; ,th;. jkf;Fg; gpd;dUk;

kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gy irtrka ngupahh;fSk; jkpowpQh;fSk; Njhd;Wtjw;F

Kd;Ndhbahf jpfo;e;jtu; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

116



fhrpthrp nre;jpehijau; gzpfs;

,yq;ifapy; 19k; E}w;whz;L irtnewpf;F fhtyuhf tpsq;fpNahu; gyuhth;

MWKfehtyiuj; njhlh;e;J ,yq;if ,e;jpa njhlh;gpy; irtg;gzp nra;jth;fspy;

fhrpthrp nre;jpy; ehijaUk; mlq;Fth;. ,tu; Iah; guk;giuapy; 02.10.1848y; aho;

Fg;gpshd; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. je;ij rpwe;j Iah; kugpy; mtjhuk; nra;jikapdhy;

,sik Kjy; rk];fpUj nkhopg; GyikAilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,Ztrpd; eluhr

Iauplk; ,sikf; fhyf; FUFyf; fy;tpiaj; njhlh;e;jhh;. ehtyiug; NghyNt

aho; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; nrd;W Nrh;e;J Mq;fpyg; GyikiaAk; tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

jkJ ,UgjhtJ tajpy; Mq;fpyk; fw;wiy tpl;L ey;Y}h; rk;ge;jg; Gytuplk;

jkpOk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; fw;W rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Kjypa

nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; cilatuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. mjdhy; ehtyh; ];jhgpj;j

tz;zhh; gz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapYk;> ehtyh; ];jhgpj;j irthq;fpyg;

ghlrhiyapYk; rk];fpUjk; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

nre;jpehijaupd; irtrkaj;jpUg;gzpfs; ehtyh; gzpfSld; ,ize;jjhfNt

eilngw;wd. MWKfehtyUk; fhrpthrpnre;jpy; ehijaUk; irthq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy;

xd;whf rkaf; fy;tpapYk; gpurq;fj;jpYk; <Lgl;ldh;. jdJ je;ijahUld; jkpof

jpUj;jyq;fSf;F mbf;fb tp[ak; nra;J Njthu jpUthrf ghuhazg;Gyik

cilatuhdhh;. mjdhNyNa Njthuk;> Ntjrhuk; vd;Dk; ngUE}y;fs; vOJk;

tha;g;igAk; ,;iw mUisAk; ngw;whh;. jkpo;ehl;Lj; jyahj;jpiuapy; ftug;gl;L

fhrp jpUj;jyj;jpy; rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe;jjdhNy fhrpthrp nre;jpehijah; vd;Dk;

ngaiuAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ehtyUila tptpypa Fw;rpjk; vd;Dk; E}iy

gjpg;gpj;jjdhy; gjpg;ghrpupah; vd;w ngUikiaAk; ngw;whh;.

19Mk; E}w;whz;L ,yq;ifapy; irtrka kWkyh;r;rpAld; njhlh;ghd vy;yh

tplaq;fspYk; fhrpthrp nre;jpy; ehijaupd; gq;fspg;G njhlh;GgLfpd;wJ. gpwrka

fz;ldk;> mr;rfk; mikj;jy; E}y; gjpg;gpj;jy;> E}y;fSf;F ciu vOJjy; vd;gd

,tuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l irtrkar; rhh;ghd gzpfs; MFk;. 1872 - 1879 tiu

,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUe;J ,e;J rka gpurq;fq;fspy; <Lgl;lhh;. me;j E}y;fSf;F

ciu vOJk; NghJk; mt;Tiuapy; me;E}y;fSf;F fUj;Jf;fis irtrpj;jhe;j

nfhs;ifAld; njhlh;G gLj;jp ntspapl;lhh;.

,th; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;J rhjdk; vd;Dk; mr;#lfj;jpNy “itjPf

Rj;jhj;Jtpj irtrpj;jhe;j rkak;” vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;.

irtrpj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;ij jj;Jt newpahf kl;Lkd;wp rka newpahfTk; ghu;f;Fk;

ghu;it ,tuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jd;Dila gpuk #j;jpu ciuapy; irtnewpAld;

njhlh;G gLj;jp jj;Jt newpahf;fk; nra;jhh;. cgepljk;> gpuk#j;jpuk;> Ntjhe;j

rpe;jid vd;gtw;iw irt newpAld; njhlh;GgLj;jp tpupTiu tpsf;fk; nra;jjd;

ngWNgwhfNt irt Ntjhe;jk; vd;Dk; nfhs;if Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,tUila

jj;Jthh;j;jg; gilg;Gf;fspNy irt Ntjhe;jk; vd;Dk; E}Ny gpujhdkhdJ.

Ntjhe;jk;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; Mfpa ,U kuGfisAk; ,izj;J Nehf;Fk; xU

nfhs;ifahsuhf fhrpthrp nre;jpehijaiu Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. fp.gp.1880fisj;

njhlh;e;J nfhOk;gpy; itjPf irtrpj;jhe;j nghUs; gw;wp cgNjrq;fisr; nra;J

te;jhh;. mjidj; njhlh;e;J fjph;fhk ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;L fjph;fhkj; jpUj;jyj;jpNy

12 ehl;fs; fe;jGuhzg; ghly;fis gf;jpg; gutrj;Jld; ghbKbj;jhh;. 1883y; kPz;Lk;

jkpo; ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;W “R[dNk kNdhuQ;rdp” vd;Dk; ,e;J rka rQ;rpiff;F

gj;jpuhjpguhfg; gzp nra;jhh;.

117



,jd; %yk; E}yhrpupauhf > itjPf Mrpupauhf> irtg; gpurq;fpahf> cgNjrkzpahf

nkhopngah;ghsuhfg; gy tfpghfq;fisg; ngw;W nja;tPfg; gzp nra;jikia Nehf;f

Kbfpd;wJ.

fhrpthrp nre;jpehijah; irtrpj;jhe;j thjk;> gpujpthj nraw;ghl;bD}lhf jdJ

rkajj;Jtg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whh;. ,tUila irt rkar; rhu;ghd

Mf;fq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Njthuk; Ntjrhuk;> fe;jGuhz etePjk;>

guk#j;jpu ePyfz;lhyhrpa nkhopngah;g;G> rptQhd Nghjtrdhyq;fhujPgk;>

Qhduj;dh tsp vd;Dk; E}y;fis vOjp <oj;Jr; irtrpj;jhe;j kugpw;F gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;jhh;. ,tw;Wld; gpuk #j;jpu cgf;fpuk kzpiff; fUj;ij irtrpj;jhe;jg;

nghUSld; ,izj;Jg; gug;gpdhu; Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j rkur nfhs;ifia ,e;J

nka;apaypy; cUthf;fpa ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;. Ntjk; cgepljk;> gpuk #j;jpuk;

vd;gtw;wpd; rhuhk;rk; irtrpj;jhe;jNk vd;gJ fhrpthrp nre;jpehijaupd; Mjhu

RUjp thrfkhf mike;jJ. ,jd; %yk; “Ntjhe;j njspthk; irtrpj;jhe;jk;”vd;Dk; nfhs;ifiag; ,yq;if irtrpj;jhe;j kugpy; gug;gpa xUtuhf fhrpthrpia

Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

fe;j Guhz etePjk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; fe;j Guhz rhuk; irtrpj;jhe;jNk vd;Dk;

fUj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fr; nra;jhh;. aho;g;ghz fyhrhuk; fe;j Guhz fyhrhuNk

vd;Dk; fUj;ijg; gug;gpa Kd;Ndhbfspy ,tUk; xUtu;. njd;dpe;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpYk;

aho;g;ghzf; fyhrhuj;jpYk; fe;j Guhz tho;tpay; irtnewpAlDk; irtrpj;jhe;j

newpAlDk; njhlh;GilaJ. irtNtjhe;jk; vd;Dk; ,tuJ E}y; 13 mj;jpahaq;fis

cilaJ. khahthj Ntjhe;jj;ij fz;bj;J Ntjhe;jj; njspthk; irtrpj;jhe;jk;

vd;Dk; nghUis ,e;E}y; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. mfr; rkaf; nfhs;ifapy ,Ue;J

mfg;Gwr; rkaj;ijAk; Gwr; rkaq;fisAk; fz;ldk; nra;j ngUik ,tiur;

NrUk;.

Gwr;rka fz;ld Kiwfs; irtrka> irtrpj;jhe;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; kpfg;gutyhf

tsh;r;rpaile;j tbtq;fis mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,jd; %ykhf irtrkapfspd;

fz;ld Kiw> mwpT newp> jj;Jt MSik vd;gtw;iw tpupthf Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

Njthuj; jpUKiwg; ghly;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gpurq;fk; nra;tJ

nre;jpehijauJ gzpfSs; jiyahdjhFk;. “Qhdj;jpd; jpUcUit” vd;Dk;

ngupaGuhzg; ghliy Kd;itj;J cgNjrKk; gpurq;fKk; nra;jhh; jkpo;ehl;by;

“R[d kNdhuQ;rdp” vd;Wk; gj;jpupifapy; ,tuJ gpurq;fq;fs; ntspte;jd. ngupa

Guhzg; ghly;fis Kd;itj;J irt cgepahrk; nra;tJ ,tuJ gzpfspy;

jiyahdjhf mike;jJ.

fhrpthrp mth;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l Qhd Nghj tpsf;f #whtsp vd;Dk; E}y;

ngupaGuhz irtnewpiaAk; irtrpj;jhe;jj;ijAk; NkYk; tpgupj;J $Wk; Xh;

gilg;ghf mike;jJ. rptQhd rpj;jpahh; ciu gy fhzg;gl;lhYk; fhrpthrp

nre;jpehijah; Qhdg; gpufhrUiuiaNa jhuf ke;jpukhff; nfhz;lhh;. mj;Jld;

jdJ cgepah rq;fis tpsf;f mkph;j Nghjpdp vd;Dk; thu ntspaPl;ilAk;

jkpo;ehl;by; elhj;jpdhh;.

1888y; fpwp];jt ghjpupkhh; “rptDkj;Njtdh” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gpuRunkhd;iw

ntspapl fhrpthrpath;fs; “rptDj;Njtdh” vd;dk; jPaehtpDf;F Mg;G” vd;Dk;

fz;ld E}iyAk; ntspapl;lhh; ,t;tpU fz;ldq;fSk; “fpwp];J kj fhdd Flhup”vd;Dk; ngaUld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

118



me;j E}ypd; ngaNu ,tuJ gl;lkhfTk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tw;iw fUj;jpw; nfhz;Nl

rpthf;fpuf Nahf Qhd rpthr;rhupahh; MjPdk; ,tiu rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp vd;Dk;

tpUij nfhLj;J nfsutpj;jJ.

jkpo; ehl;bNy jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;Jf;F mz;ikapNy itjPf Rj;jhj;Jtpj irtrpj;jhe;j

tpj;jpahrhiy xd;iw mikj;J rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; irtrpj;jhe;j

nghUis cgNjrk; nra;jhh;. ,tuJ vOj;Jf;fs; “jpUg;ghRuk;” “jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;”flTs; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. ,tuJ fz;ld fz;ldk; kfhTf;fpu

tPugj;jpuh ];jpuk; vd;Dk; E}y;fs; fz;ldj;Jf;F fz;ldkhfTk; mike;Js;sd.

<oj;J irtrpj;jhe;j kugpy; fz;ld Kiwapy; jk; nfhs;iffisg; gug;gpa xUtuhf

,tiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

119



ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs; gzpfs;

,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpy; G+Nd gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Mq;fpy

nkhop %ykhf rk];fpUj nkhopiaf; fw;Wj; jhk; ngw;w fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij

vkJ ehl;by; rpwg;ghf aho;g;ghz khzth;fSf;nfd;Nw jk;ik mh;g;gzpj;J

cyfshtpa epiyapy; gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;fpa Nguhrpupah; ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs;

15.08.1921Mk; Mz;L gpuk;k= fhh;j;jpNfaf; FUf;fSf;Fk; Re;juk;khs; vd;gtUf;Fk;

kfdhf aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}upy; gpwe;jhh;.

Nguhrphpah; FUf;fs; mth;fs; gpwg;gpNy me;jzh;. Mg];jk;g #j;jpuj;ijg;

gpd;gw;wpath;. gue;j rPlh; kuGfis cyfpy; gy ghfq;fspYk; epiy epWj;jp

Kj;jpiu gjpj;jth;. rk];fpUj nkhopapd; Muk;gf;fy;tpia jkJ je;ijahhplk;

ngw;wNjhL Mfkf; fy;tpia jkJ je;ijapd; %yk; cupa epakq;fNshL fw;Wf;

nfhz;lhh;. rk];fpUj nkhopapy; rpwe;j ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;. rk];fpUj

nkhopapd; ,yf;fpar; RitiaAk; nkhopapd; rpwg;igAk; mtrpaj;ijAk; czh;e;J

mjw;Fupa mbj;jsj;ij gpwnkhopfSld; xg;gPl;lbg;gilapy; mwptjw;F

MtYilatuhf Mq;fpyk;> ,yj;jPd;> jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa ,yq;ifapd;

,d;lh; kPbah guPl;irapy; 1943y; rpj;jpaile;jhh;.

cah; gbg;Gf;fhf nfhOk;G (,yq;ifg;) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;>

ghsp Mfpa ghlq;fis Kjyhkhz;Lf; fiyf; Njh;Tf;fhff; fw;W Njh;r;rp ngw;whh;.

jkpio cgghlkhff; nfhz;L rk];fpUj nkhopia rpwg;Gf;fiykhzpg;

gl;lj;jpw;fhf fw;W ,uz;lhe;juk; cau;gpuptpy; rpj;jpaile;jhh;. rk];fpUj njhopy;

KJfiykhzpg; guPl;irapy; 1949y; rpj;jpaile;jhh;. ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fofj;jhy;

nfhOk;G ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;nfd;W mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;l N[h;kdpa

ehl;L Kjy; rk];fpUj Nguhrpupia Betty Haiman mth;fspd; topfhl;lypy; fy;tp

fw;w ngUik jdpj;JtkhdJ. 1953Mk; Mz;by; Nguhjid ,yq;ifg;

gy;fiyfofj;jpy; rk];fpUj Jiwf;F epue;ju tpupTiuahsuhf epakdk; ngw;whh;.

rk];fpUjnkhopapy; fyhepjpg;gl;l Ma;Tf;fhf ,e;jpah G+Nd gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F

nrd;W Nguhrphpah; fyhepjp R.N.jz;Nlfhf; mth;fspd; topfhl;lypy; <uhz;Lfshf

Guhz ,jpfhr fhy irtrkaKk; mjd; ,iznewpfSk; rpwg;ghf

njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; epyTk; rkaf;fpupia kuGfSld; njhlh;GgLj;jpa

Ma;tpidr; nra;J fyhepjpg; gl;lj;jpid toq;fpaJ. ifyhrehjf;FUf;fs;>

Nrh;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; mth;fspd; fdthf tpsq;fpa aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;

nkhopfs; kw;Wk; fyhrhu fw;if newpj; Jiwapd; gjpw; jiytuhf epakdk;

ngw;W 1975,y; Kjd; Kjyhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Kjw;

NguhrphpauhfTk; Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;.

,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Gjpa epiyaj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhf cioj;j Nguhrphpah;

ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs; aho;.gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyNa ,j;JiwapD}lhf Kjy;

fiykhzpg; gl;ljhhpiaAk; Kjw; fyhepjpg; gl;ljhhpiaAk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;

cUthf;fpa ngUik jdpj;JtkhdJ.

120



,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; nghJ> rpwg;Gf;fiyf; fw;ifnewpfNshL gl;lgpd; gbg;gpd;

bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewpapy; ,e;J ehfupfj;ijAk; xU ghlkhfff; fw;gpg;gjw;Fhpa

ghlj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpa Nguhrpupah; ifyhrehjf; FUf;fs;> ,uhkehjd;

Ez;fiyf;fof Ez;fiyj;Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk; tpsq;fp mf;fw;if newpfis

tsk;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;J ehfhpf ghlr; rhd;wpjo;f; fw;if newpapid Kjd;Kjyhf

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUik ,tiur;rhUk;.

,jd; %yk; ,e;Jehfupfk; fw;wth;fs; kl;LNk ,e;Jrka Mrphpah;fshf

epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jhk; Ma;tpw;nfd gad;gLj;jp te;j rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;

Mfpa nkhopfspy; mike;jgy E}y;fisAk; aho; gy;fiyf;fof E}y; epiyaj;jpw;F

toq;fpa Nguhrpupah; FUf;fs; 1986,y; gy;fiyf;fof 39 tUl fhy Mrpupag;

gzpapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;Wj; njhlh;e;J 1987 -1989 tiuahd fhyq;fspy; xg;ge;j

mbg;gilapy; ,e;J ehfupfg; Nguhrpupauhf tpsq;fpdhh;.

aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw> rk];fpUjj;Jiw> cah;gl;l

Ma;TfSf;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; tpsq;Fk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspdJ rk];fpUj nkhopiag;

gw;wpa cah;gl;l Ma;TfSf;Fk; MNyhrfuhfTk; guPl;rfuhfTk; ,Ue;J tho;ehl;

Nguhrpupah; vd;w jFjpiag; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,yq;if fy;tp cah;fy;tp mikr;rpd;

,e;Jrka ghl MNyhridf; FOtpy; 1976- 1985 tiuapy; mq;fk; tfpj;j Nguhrphpah;

FUf;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk; msg;gupa Nritfs; nra;Js;shh;.

irt rpj;jhe;jq;fs; - ,e;J ehfupfj; Jiwapd; Clhf aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;

irtrpj;jhe;jj;jpid tpNrlkhf fw;gjw;F fhy;Nfhshf ,Ue;jth; Nghuhrphpah;

FUf;fs; mtu;fs; rpwe;j FUj;Jtg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid cupa mbj;jsq;fSld;

cUthf;fpath; ,tuhthh;.

ifyhrehjf; FUf;fshy; vOjp ntspaplg;gl;l E}y;fs;

rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ftpij &gkhf vOjpa =epthk;gpfh gQ;ruj;jpdk; - 1971

= fd;ahFkhup gQ;ruj;jpdk; - 1972 fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPlhjpgjp [fj;FU

re;jpuNrfNue;jpa ru];tjp RthkpfSf;F gQ;ruj;jpdj;ij 1972,Yk; rkh;g;gpj;J

Mr;rhu;ah nghd;dhil Nghj;jpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lij tho;tpd; cah;Ngwhfg;

ngw;wth;.

jkpo;nkhop %ykhf rk];fpUj nkhopg; gapw;rpf;fhf ,aw;wg;gl;lit

- rk];fpUj ,yF Nghjk; 1 11 1960>1962

- tlnkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW - itjpf ,yf;fpak; 1962 ,J ,yq;if

rh`pj;a mf;flkp guprpidg; ngw;wJ.

- irtj; jpUf;Nfhtpw; fpupia newp 1963

- ,e;Jg;gz;ghL rpy epe;jidfs; 1985

- tpN\l jput;aN`hk ke;jpuq;fs;> jPghuhjid Ntjke;jpuq;fs;>

Ntjke;jpuq;fspd; njhFg;G 1988

- =rf;uG+i[ njhFg;G> fpue;ypgp 1995

- rk];fpUj fpue;jhl;ru yF Nghjk; 1997

121



gj;jjp E}y;fs;

- = rz;BN`k gj;jjp> = fzgjp N`hk gj;jjp

- tpf;fpNd];tuh;> Rg;gpukz;ah;. rptd;> Njtp> ituth;> k`htp];Z Mfpa

Kh;j;jpfSf;Fhpa gpujp];il cw;rt gj;jjp

- Mq;fpy nkhopapy; tphpT gLj;jp nkhop ngah;j;j E}y; - irtj; jpUf;Nfhapw;

fpupia newp

- a#h; Ntj re;jpah te;jdk;> rptN`hkj;rt gj;jjp> tpf;Nd];tu

gpujp\;lhtpjp>

- etf;fpuf ];Njhj;jpu kQ;rhp Mfpa E}y;fisg; guprPypj;J rpwe;j Kiwapy;

r%fj;jplk; mh;g;gzpj;Js;shh;.

g puRuq;fs;

- Guhzf;fijfs; njd;dhl;bd; rkaf; fUT+yk; -1960

- Nfhs;fshy; tpisAk;Jah; fisa Nfhbah;r;rid -25.02.1962

- Nfhs; tpidjPh;f;Fk; Nfhbah;r;rid - 1962

- vy;NyhUk; nry;Yk; Myaj;jpd; Fk;ghgpN\fr; rpwg;G - 1963

- Ntjq;fs;> Nguhjid ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof ,e;J jUkj;jpy;

Fk;ghgpN\fk; -1968

- vq;fs; FUehjh;- 1971

- ,e;J ehfupfk; Ngzpa irtg;nghpahh; - 1978

- ehtyh; gzpapd; itjpf mwg;gilfs; - 1979

- kPkhk;rh juprdk; - 1985

- itjpf kuGk; Mfk kuGk; - 1989

- G+i[apy; cgrhuq;fs; - 1989

- gz;bjkzpapd; jj;Jtq;fs; - 1989

- jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL Ntjnkdg;Nghw;WNthkhf - 24.03.1997

- kpUjAQ;[a ke;jpuk;

- Ntjkhfpa Njthu jpUthrfq;fs;

1960fspy; rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp ,yq;if thndhypapy; njhlh;r;rpahf

ciu epfo;j;jpdhh;. 1978y; cyf ,e;J kfhehl;bd; ,yq;iff;fhd nrayhsuhfTk;

,Ue;Js;shh;. ,yq;if fy;tp cah;fy;tp mikr;rpd; ,e;J rka ghl MNyhridf;

FOtpy; 1976- 1985tiu mq;fk; tfpj;J ,yq;ifg; ghPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk;

msg;ghpa Nritfs; gytw;iw toq;fp te;Js;shh;.

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,e;Jf; fiyf;$lk; xd;W kpftpiutpy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd jkJ kdJl; fple;j nraw;jpl;lj;ijAk; mgpyhiriaAk; ntspg;gLj;j

,th;fspd; fdit edthf;Fk; gzpahf ,th;fspd; khzth;fSk; If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,e;J Mya mwq;fhtyh;fshf ,Ug;gth;fSk; irt mgpkhdpfSk;

,izj;J ,e;J E}jdrhiyAld; $ba fiyf;$lj;jpid ,yz;ld; khefhpy;

mikg;gjw;F nraw;jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;.

122



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,yq;ifapd; fPo;j; jpirapy; mike;Js;s ,aw;if vopy; kpf;f efuk; jpUf;Nfhzkiy.

,yq;ifapd; kpfg;ngupa ejpahfpa kfhtypfq;if mt;tplj;jpw; flYld; fyg;gjhy;

mg;gpuNjrk; ePh; tsKk; epy tsKk; ngw;Wr; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,q;F Rthkpkiy

vd;W toq;Ffpd;w cah;e;j Fd;wk; xd;W nfhl;bahu tphpFlhit Nehf;fpathW

mike;Js;sJ. mjd; cr;rpapNyjpUf;NfhNzr;ruf; Nfhapy; cs;sJ. mJ mz;ikf;

fhyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l Gjpa NfhapyhFk;.

gz;ila tuyhW

tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l Nfhapy; xd;W rKj;jpu Xuj;jpy; me;j kiyapd;

mbthuj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ fp.K.306,y; epfo;e;j fly; Nfhspdhw;

rKj;jpuj;jpDs; %o;fptpl;lJnjd;W vd;Dk; tuyhw;whrpupah; vOjpa ,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuk;

vd;Dk; E}y; ,t;thW epfo;e;jnjdf; $Wfpd;wJ. Mo;flypy; mku;e;;jpUf;Fq;

NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhDf;F ,d;Wk; kiyg; G+ir xd;W nra;ag;gLtij ehk; fhzyhk;.

kiyapd; mbapy; > Mo;flYf;F vjpNu> kiyf;Fif Nghd;W gz;ilf; Nfhapypd;

%yj;jhd;j;jpd; xUgFjp ,d;dKk; vQ;rpapUf;fpd;wJ. mJ gy;yth; fhyf; Fiff;

Nfhapy; Nghd;wJ. mf;Nfhapypd; kpFjp rKj;jpuj;jpd; mbapy; cs;snjd 1961,y;

Mo;fly; Muha;r;rp nra;j ikf;tpy;rd; vd;gth; $wpAs;shh;.

eFNyr;ruj; jytuyhw;wpw; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s khUjg;GutPfty;yp vd;gtSf;F eurpq;fd;

vd;Dk; kfd; xUtd; ,Ue;jhd; . mtd; rPh;ghjNjtpiaj; jpUkzQ; nra;jhd;.

,th;fs; ,UtUk; jk; Rw;wj;jhUld; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;fr; Nrhoehl;bypUe;J

fg;gypw; Gwg;gl;ldh;. mg;nghOJ rPh;ghjNjtp ,yq;ifapd; ehl;L tsj;ijg; ghh;f;f

tpUk;gpdhs;. vdNt> fg;gy; ,yq;ifapd; fpo;fFf; fiuNahukhfg; gazQ; nra;jJ.

fg;gy; jpUf;Nfhzkiyia mz;kpj;j nghOJ jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; njd;gl;lJ. murp

mt;tpiwtiu tzq;fpdhs;. mNj Neuk; fg;gYk; eq;$uk; ,l;lJ Nghd;W epiyaha;

epd;wJ. murp kpfTe; Jauile;J tpf;fpdq;fis mfw;Wgtuhd; tpehafiuj; njhOjhs;.

gpd;dh; glNfhl;biaf; fg;gypd; fPNo nrd;W ghh;f;FkhW gzpj;jhs;. fg;gy; jiuapw;

gl;L tpl;lnjd;Nw mts; fUjpdhs;. vdpDk;> mq;F jiu ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mapd;>

flypy; kpUe;j Moj;jpy; tpehafh; tpf;fpufk; xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mjid mts; fg;gYf;Fs;

vLg;gpj;j gpd;dh; fg;gy; kPz;Lk; Xlj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,t;thwhff; fly; Nfhsw; fPNo

nrd;w Guhjd Myaj;jpd; tpehafh; tpf;fpufk; ,t;tsT kfpik cilanjd;whw;

NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhdpd; kfpikiaf; $wTk; Ntz;Lkh?

jpUf;NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; jpUTyhTf;F vOe;jUspa gpd;dNu Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;

NfhapypDl; GFe;jdh; vd;W Kd;dh; $wg;gl;lJ. vdNt> tpf;fpufq;fs;

fhg;ghw;wg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mit vg;nghOJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJ

mf;fy;ntl;L Fsf;Nfhl;ldpd; jpUg;gzpahy; mike;j ,t;thyaj;ijg; gwq;fpah;

cilg;ghh;fs;. gpd;dh; murh;fs; ,jidg; Ngzkhl;lhh;fs; vd;W ,jd; vjph; fhyk;

gw;wp ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy; tpag;Gf;FhpaJ.

123



,f;fhyj;jpw; rptuhj;jphp jpdj;jpw; NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; rpj;jpiug; Gj;jhz;Lf;F

efh;tyk;tUjy; vd;De; jpUtpoh xd;W rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpYk;

,j;jifa jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;wd. ,t;thwhf 1624 Mk; Mz;L rpj;jpiug; Gj;jhz;L

ehspy; efh;tyk; tUe; jpUtpoh xd;W eilngw;wJ. ,jw;fhf khJik mk;ghs;

rNkj jpUf;NfhNzr;rug; ngUkhd; jpUTyhthf mbahh;fSld; NfhapypypUe;J

efUf;F vOe;jUspdhh;. mt;Ntisapw Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag giltPuh; gpuhkzh;fs; Nghy

Ntle;jhq;fpf; Fk;gplg;NghtJ Nghd;W NfhapypDl; GFe;jdh;. me;Neuj;jpw; Nfhapypd;

cs;Ns G+rfh;fs; rpyUk; NtiyahsUk; kl;LNk vQ;rpapUe;jdh;. nfhd;];ud;uapd;

Brh vd;gtDila jiyikapw; nrd;w ,g;Nghh;tPuh; vjph;j;jth;fis ntl;bf;

nfhd;Wtpl;Lf; NfhapypypUe;j jq;f> nts;sp eiffisAk;> tpiykjpg;Gkpf;f gpw

nghUs;fisAk; #iwahbf;nfhz;L nrd;wdh;. mjd; gpd;dh; mbahh;fs; rpy

tpf;fpufq;fis mfw;wp kiwj;J itj;jdh;. Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; gPuq;fpfSld; kPz;Lk;

te;J Nfhapiy Kw;whf mopj;jdh;. Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; mopj;j Nfhapypy; Mapuq;fhy

kz;lgKk; nghpanjhU jPh;j;jf;NfzpAk; gpw kz;lgq;fSk; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ mth;fs;

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf tiue;J itj;j glk; xd;wpypUe;J njhpate;Js;sJ.

nfhd;];ud;uapd;Brh nra;j rptj;JNuhfj;Jf;fhf mtd; 1630 Mk; Mz;L NtW rpyh;

nra;j #o;r;rpapy; mfg;gl;Lf ;nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.

Gjpa Nfhapypd; tuyhW

1944Mk; Mz;L jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;ilapDs;Ns ePh;j;Njf;fk; xd;W mikg;gjw;F

mfo;T Ntiy nra;j nghOJ tp\;Z> kfhyl;Rkp tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. 1950

Mk; Mz;L Mb khjjjpw; Rthkpkiyf;F mz;ikapw; flw;fiu tPjpaUNf fpzW

xd;W ntl;lg;gl;l nghOJ %d;W tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. NtNwhh; ,lj;jpy;

mfo;e;jnghOJ NkYk; ,uz;L tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. ,e;j tpf;fpufq;fs; vy;yhk;

1952Mk; Mz;bw; gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;ld.

1950.07.03 md;W fyhepjp ghNye;jpuh mth;fspd; jiyikapNy jpUf;NfhNzr;ru

Myaj; jpUg;gzpr; rig Muk;gkhdJ. ,r;rigapd; ngUKaw;rpahw; gioa Nfhapy;

,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; kPz;Le; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruh; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;L 1963.03.03 md;W

kfh Fk;ghgpNlfk; epiwnta;jpaJ. gioa NfhapYld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ ,J rpwpa

NfhapyhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

%h;j;jpr; rpwg;G

,f;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ngah; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruh;> ,iwtp ngah; khJik mk;ghs;.

jytpUl;rk; fy; Mykuk;. ,g;nghOJs;s Nfhapiy mLj;J ,k;kiyapd;

tlKidapw;ghiwapDs; Nth; itj;J ,e;j Mykuk; nropg;ghf tsh;e;J epw;fpd;wJ.

Nrho ehl;bNy gioahiw vd;gJ fp.gp.831,y; Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mq;F Fkuhq;Frd; vd;Dk; murd; mg;nghOJ Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhd;. ,tDila

kfs; rPh;ghjNjtp.

124



jyr; rpwg;G

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ngUkhd; kPJ Njthuhj; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbdhu; ,j;jyj;jpd; kfpikia mbahu;fs;

nrhy;yf; Nfl;L mtu; ,g;gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhu;. mUzfpupehju; jhk;ghba jpUg;Gfo;

xd;wpNy

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jpUf; nfhzhkiy jyj;jhW NfhGu vd;W ,j;jyj;ij tUzpj;;Js;shu;”

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jpUf;Fzkiy> jpUf;Fzhkiy> jpUkiy> njd;ifyhak;> Nfhfu;zk;> jpup$lk;>

kr;Nr];tuk; vd;gd ,j;jyj;jpd; gpw ngau;fs;

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125



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,yq;ifapNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L jyq;fs; kl;LNkNjthug; ghly; ngw;w rpwg;gpid cilad. jpUf;NfjPr;ruehju; kPJ jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. ,uhNkr;ruj;ij topglr;nry;Yk; mbahu;fs; xUfhyj;jpw; flypd; mf;fiuapy; epd;W jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J mz;ziyj; njhOjdu;.mjw;Fr; rhd;whfj; jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk; Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk;$wyhk;.

gz;ila tuyhW kad; vd;gtd; Njtjr;rd;. kfhJtl;lh vd;gtd; mtDilajikad;. ,tu;fs; epUkhzpj;j jyk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;gJ kuGf; fij. kadpd;kfSk; ,uhtzdpd; kidtpAkhfpa kz;Nlhjup ,j;jyj;ij topgl;lhs;. jPu;j;jahj;jpiu nra;j mUr;Rdd; ,jid topgl;lhnddj; jl;rpzifyha Guhzk;$Wfpd;wJ. tpraDld; ,yq;iff;F te;j cgjp];]d; vd;Dk; gpuhkzd;jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jpw; G+ir nra;jhd; vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

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njhykp vd;Dk; GtpapaywpQu; fp gp 2k; E}w;whz;by; khNjhl;lk; ,Ue;jijf;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. cNuhku;> ghurPfu;> muhgpau;> rPdu;> ,e;jpau; Kjypa gyNjrj;jtu;fSld; khNjhl;lj;Jf;F tzpfj; njhlu;Gfs; ,Ue;jdntd;gJ mq;Ffz;nlLj;j gz;ila ehzaq;fshy; mwpag;gLk;. fp.gp. 4k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifiaMz;l rpwPNkftz;zd; vd;DQ; rpq;fs murdpd; fhyj;jpy; khNjhl;lj;jpw; irtf;Nfhapy; xd;W ,Ue;jnjdj; jhJtk;rk; vd;Dk; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J Gj;jupd; Gdpjje;j tuyhW gw;wpa E}yhFk;.

Vwj;jho ,w;iwf;F 3800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; khe;ijj;JiwKfk; ,Ue;jJvd;gijAk; mq;fpUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrk;G Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJvd;gijAk; ,yq;ifj; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; jpizf;fsg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;v]; A+ Njuzpafiy vd;gtu; 1997 ,y; Muha;r;rp Kbghf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. vdNtnkhnfQ;NrhjhNuh> `ug;ghf; fhyj;jpYk; khe;ij epytpaJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rp%yk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

126



“tq;fk; kypfpd;w fly; khNjhl;l ed;dfu;” vd;W $wg;gl;ljdhy; ,J Nfe;jpu

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fp.gp.11k; E}w;whz;bYk; mjid mLj;j fhyj;jpYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUtuq;ff;

NfhapYf;F ,izahd VO gpufhuq;fs; R+o;e;j ngUq; Nfhapyhfj; jpfo;e;jJ

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muru;fs; gyu; Mjupj;jdu;.

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mopf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; flw; ngUf;fhy; ,Ue;j ,lKk; kiwe;jJ. Vwj;jho 200

Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd; 1894k; Mz;L gz;ilf;Nfhapy; ,Ue;j ,lj;ijf;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd mfo;T Muha;r;rp Muk;gkhdJ. mjd; tpisthf Guhjd Nfhapy;

,Ue;j ,lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. %u;j;jp jyk; jPu;j;jk; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xU NfhapYf;F

kfpik jUfpd;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; vd;W jhAkhdtupd; ghly; xd;W $Wfpd;wJ.

vdNt jpUf;NfjPr;ruf; Nfhapypd; ,e;j %d;W mk;rq;fSk; vj;jifad vd;gjid

<z;L ehk; Nehf;FNthk;.

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,f;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ngau; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd;. ,iwtp ngau; nfsupmk;ghs;.

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mbfs; ve;ij” vd;wpt;thW Nghw;wpj; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; Njthuk; ghbAs;shu;. Re;juu;

jk; Njthuj;jpy; ,tiu ml;ld; vd;fpwhu;. Mfhak;> epyk;> ePu;> tsp> mf;fpdp>

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ml;ld; vdg;gLk;. NtnwhU Njthuj;jpy; mtu; “%tnud ,Utnud Kf;fz;Zil

%u;j;jp” vd;whu;. Md;k <Nlw;wj;jpd; nghUl;Lj; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd; mad;>mup>mud;

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Nkyhdtd; vd;gjid czu;j;Jk; tifapw; rpNul;ld; vd;DQ; nrhy;iyr; RUf;fpr;

rpl;ld; vd;Wk; mtu; ghbAs;shu;. jpUntz;iz ey;Y}upNy jk;ikj; jLj;jhl;nfhz;l

ngUkhDk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjDk; xUtNu vd;Dq; fUj;jpy; mtu; Njtd; vid

Ms;thd; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jhNd vd;whu;.

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mtiu Kjw;fz; Fwpg;gpl;L Njtp jd;ndhLe; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J ,Ue;j vk;ngUkhNd

vd;W Nghw;wpj; jk; Mw;whikia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,yq;ifia rptG+kp vd;fpd;whu;

jpU%y ehadhu;. rpwg;GkpF ,r; rptG+kpapd; fz; goikAk; ngUikAk; GfOk;

cila rptj;jyq;fs; gytpUe;jik tuyhW. ,t;tuyhw;Wz;ikapid fp.K.1800

tiuapy; ele;j ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jj;jpd; juTfspywpayhk;.

127



,g;ngUikAila <oj;jpUehl;by; %u;j;jp> jyk;> jPu;j;jkha; %d;WQ; rpwg;ghikag;

ngw;w jpUj;jyk; mUs; kpF jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jykhk;. ngUe;jtKilNahuha

NfJ> kad;> khJtl;lh> kz;Nlhjup> ,uhku;> mfj;jpau; Kjypa jtKilNahu;

topghlhw;wp jq;Fiw jPu;j;J kPz;l tuyhW nfhz;l jyk; ,j;jpUj;jyk;.

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epd;Wiwgjp ve;ehSk; fUJfpd;w Cu; fidflw; fbfko; nghopyzp khNjhl;lq;

fUjepd;w NfjPr;ruq; ifnjhof; fLtpidailahNt” -ehSk; jkpo;tsu;j;j

Qhdrk;ge;jd;

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ePuhb ,Wjpf;fld; GupNthu;f;Ff; fhahtpy; fldhw;Wk; Gz;zpak; fpl;LnkdTk;> ,j;

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kfpikAk; rpwg;GkhFk;.

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kzthsd; gj;jhfpa njhz;lu; njhO ghyhtpapd; fiuNky; nrj;jhnuYk;gzpthd;

jpUf; NfjPr;ruj;jhNd” - Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;-

,e;ehl;Lg; goq;Fbapduha; ehfu;fsJ Kf;fpakhd topghl;Lj; jykhjyhy;

,j;jpUf;Nfhapypw;F ehfehju; vdTk; ngau; toq;fp te;Js;sJ NghjUk; ,r;nra;jpahy;

irtrkapfspd; njhd;ikiaAk; ngUikiaAk; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; ,ak;Gfpd;wJ.

Nrho> ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gy jpUg;gzpfis ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypw;fhw;wpa ngUikAk;>

td;dp> aho;g;ghz muru;fs; epj;jpa iekpj;jpaq;fs; ,ilawhJ nra;j ngUikAq;

nfhz;l jpUj;jykpJthFk;.

Vohk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j irtj;jpd; Xsptpsf;fhk; jtf;nfhOe;jpduha

mUsbahu;fs; vd cyfpduhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUQhd rk;ge;j %u;j;jp ehahdhuhYk;>

Re;ju %u;j;jp ehadhuhYk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J jpUg;gjpfk; ghlg; ngw;w rpwg;Gila

jykpJthFk;

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Nrf;fpohu; ngUkhdpd; ngupaGuhzj;jpYk; ,j;jpUj;jyk; Rl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ

nts;spilkiy ,j;jF rPu;G+j;j jpUj;jyk; fhynts;sj;jpy; rpf;fpr; rpije;J

rpd;dhgpd;dkile;J kz;Nklhdik tuyhw;W cz;ikahFk;.

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gy;Jiwj; njhopy; ty;ytu;fs; tho;e;j efukhfTk; rpw;gk; fiy EZf;fk; epiwe;j

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Ma;thsu;jk; JzpthFk;

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,Ue;Js;sikaAk;> NtW khspifj; jply; vd;Wk; ghg;ghNkhl;ilnad;Wk; ,d;Wk;

miof;fg;gLk; Cu;fs; ,Ug;gijAk; ehSq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ. me;jzu;fs; tho;tplkha;

,Ue;jikahy; mJ ghg;ghNkhl;ilnadTk; khlkhspiffs; kpspu;e;jikahy;

khspifj; jplnydTk; mike;jpUe;jd.

128



;Mu;tyu; xUtu; giftuhy; ftug;glhjpUj;jw; nghUl;L fypq;f Njrj;jpypUe;Jnfhz;Ltug;gl;l Gj;j je;jj;Jld; khNjhl;lj;jpd; fz;zpwq;fp md;W ,utpidmq;NfNa fopj;jjhfTk; tuyhWz;L. gj;jhk;> gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; ,f; Nfhapy;Nrhokd;du;fshy; ,uhruhNr];tu khfhNjtd; Nfhapnyd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghj;Jf;fPruhy; jfu;f;fg;gl;l ,t;thyaf; fw;fisAQ; rpw;gq;fisAk; nfhz;LkhNjhl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l KjyhtJ Njthyaj;jpw;F mbf;fy;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lcz;ikiaj; Jyf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. mopj;Jr; rpijf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,j; jpUtplj;ijtpbnts;spapd; mtjhuk; nra;j jpUg;ngUe;jpU mUs;kpF aho;g;ghzj;J MWKfehtyu; Iah mtu;fs; me;epyj;ij thq;fp irtrkapfspd; ngUikAk; GfOk;epiyf;fNtz;Lnkd;Dk; Nguthtpdhy; J}z;Ljy; nra;J Xu; mwpf;ifiantspapl;bUe;j ngUik Iah mtu;fisNa rhUk;. Iah mtu;fspd; MiriaepiwTnra;a Kad;w ngupahu;fs; nfhOk;G jk;igah Kjypahu;> Rigjhu;itj;jpypq;fk;> Gifapuj jghy; xg;ge;jf;fhuu;> khj;jis Mirg;gps;is MfpNahupd;mUKaw;rp murpdupd; mlhj;jd;ikahy; epiwTngwtpayhJ Nghapw;W. njhlu;e;J1890,y; jifrhd;w irtg;ngupahu;fspd; ngUKaw;rpahy; mf;fhyj;J mur mjpgu;me;epyj;ij irtu;fl;Nf toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;w epiyg;ghl;bw;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhu;.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,j;jpUNfhapypw;nfd Xu; rig cUthf;fg;gl;L mjd; KjyhtJjiytuhf irtg;ngupahu; R.rptghjRe;juk; mtu;fSk; nghJr; nrayhsuhf ePuhtpabgz;bju; m.rpw;wk;gyk; mtu;fSk; njupT nra;ag;gl;L cau;e;j gy Fwpf;NfhSld;rig nraw;gl ahg;G mikf;fg;gl;lJ irtf; nfhs;iff;;F mika kWrPuikf;fg;gLjy;.Myaj;ijAQ; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; ahnjhU FiwAkpd;wpg; ghJfhj;jy;.

Nkw;$wpa nfhs;if Nfhl;ghL tiuaiwfl;F khwpy;yhj tifapy; nraw;gLjy;.Vida ,iw tzf;fj; jyq;fis cUthf;FjYk; JizGupjYk; kf;fs; jq;Fklq;fs;>fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> r%f epiyaq;fs; Nghd;w md;whl tsu;r;rpg; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jyNghd;w gy mupa nray;fisg; Gupar; rigiaj; jahu;gLj;jy; Nghd;w caupanray;fis tpiue;J eilKiwg;gLj;j Kaw;rpg;gnjd cWjp G+zg;gl;lJ. 10 ngg;utup1951,y; nghJ clikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l rigahfj; jpfo;e;jJ.rigahfg; gjpTnra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;Gk; Nfhapy; cupikfs; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efug;ngupahu;fsplNk ,Ue;J te;jJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; 14 nrg;uk;gu; 1951,y; ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilefuj;jhu; cskfpo;TlDk; ey; ,zf;fj;JlDk; jpUg;gzpr; rigahuplk; gupghydk;ifkhw;wg;gl;lJ.

nghWg;Gf;fs; ifNaw;fg;gl;l fhyk; Kjy; mupa ngupa jpUg;gzpfs; njhlu;e;Jeilngw;W tUfpd;wd. nfhOk;G gioa> Gjpa fjpNurd; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpr;rigapduhy; Nju ;e ;njLf;fg;gl ;l ,Utu; mwq;fhtyu ;fshfTk; (Itu;)gQ;rhaj;jtu;fshfTk; epakdk; ngw;W rigia elhj;jptuj; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUg;gzpg;nghJr;rig jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ.

,r;rigapd; jPu;khdg;gb fhrpthrp rpt= <rhd rpthr;rhupahu;> mr;RNtyp rpt=Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fs;> irtg;ngupahu; R.rptghjRe;juk;> fl;llf;fiyQu; tp.eurpk;kd;MfpNahupd; Mfk tpjpfSf;fikthd mwpTWj;jy;fSld; jkpo;ehL jpUthsu;fs;nry;yf;fz;Z ];jgjpahu;> K.itj;jpaehj ];jgjpahu; Mfpatu;fshy; Kiwg;gbRthkp> mk;ghs; fUtiwfs; fUq;fy;yhYk;> Rij> fhiufshYk; tpkhd NtiyfSk;NfhGuq;fSk; cyf irtg;ngUkf;fspd; NgUjtp nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;ld.,j;jpUj;jyk; cUthf mUs;thf;F ey;fpa ey;Y}u; jpUg;ngUe;jpU MWKfehtu;Iah mtu;fs; “jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vDe; Njd;nghe;J xd;W csJ. mq;F kUe;njhd;Wkiwe;Js;sJ. mjidr; nrd;wilAq;fs;” vd mUs;Qhdrk;ge;ju; Rl;bf;fhl;baJNghy mwpTWj;jpaUspdhu;.

129



Iah mtu;fspd; mwpTWj;jy; Nkw;nfhz;L tplj;jy;jPT NtYg;gps;is mtu;fSk;>

Kjy; Fuy; nfhLj;j irtgupghyd rignad;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Kd;GMyakpUf;Fk; jpUtplj;ij irtrkaj;jtu;fs; ifafg;gLj;j tpUk;ghjepiy khwpkhtl;l mjpgupd; Kd;nkhopTf;fika Vyj;jpy; tplg;gl;L fhLkz;ba epyj;Jld; 43Vf;fu; 3 W}l; 33 Ngr; fhzp ehl;Lf;Nfhl;il efuj;Jr; nrk;ky; irtr; rhd;whsu;uhk mU.mU.godpag;gr; nrl;bahuhd ngUkfdhuhy; aho; nrayfj;jpy; 3>100/=&ghtpw;F nfhs;Kjy; nra;ag;gl;lik irtu;fspd; ngUikf;Fupanjhd;whapw;W.

1984Mk; Mz;L tz;izr; irtg;ngupahu; rp.j.K.gRgjpr; nrl;bahu;> jpUthsu;fs;,.,uhKg;gps;is itj;jpau; it.MWKfk; gps;is> jh.,uhftg;gps;is MfpNahupd;mauhj Kaw;rpapdhy; 13 [_d; 1894 md;W gioa Myak; ,Ue;j jpUtplKk;>jPu;j;jf; fpzWk; Kd; epWtg;gl;bUe;j ypq;fk; xd;Wk; jpUee;jp Nrhkh];fe;ju;>fNzru; Mfpa %u;j;jpfspd; rpiyfs; fz;nlLf;fg; gl;ld. ,tw;iw epWtpg; G+irmu;rid mgpNlfq;fs; ,aw;w Ntz;b ,d;Ws;s NfhapypUf;Fkplj;jpy; rpWNfhapyikj;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l %u;j;jpfis cupa ,lq;fspy; epWtp 28 [_d; 1903Mk; Mz;by; ey;Ntisapy; KjyhtJ FlKOf;F tpoh elj;jg;gl;Lr; rpwg;ghfr;nra;ag;gl;lJ.

%yf; fUtiwapy; vOe;jUs itf;fg; ngw;w rptypq;fk; fhrpapypUe;JtUtpf;fg;gl;lnjd jpU ,uhNkr;ru tuyhw;Wj; jutpdhywpa Kbfpd;wJ ,jidj;njhlu;e;J gy jpUg;gzpfshw;wg;gl;L 1920Mk; Mz;bYk; kw;Nwhu; jpUf;FlKOf;Ftpohr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

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$ba irtg;ngUkhehL Myaj;ij kWrPuikj;J tsk;gy ngw itf;f Ntz;Lnkd;wrpe;jidia cUthf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. ,k;kfhehl;ilj; njhlu;e;J gk;gyg;gpl;befuj;jhu; fjpNurd; Myaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rigNa ,d;Wyfshtpa ngUikAld;jpfo;fpd;w jpUf;NfjPr;ru Myaj; jpUg;gzpr; rig fUq;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;nfsupak;ghs; Nfhapy; kNyrpah jpUg;gzpr;rigf; fpisapduhy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; epWtg;ngw;Ws;s fUq;fy; jpUg;gbfq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd gbkq;fs;khky;yGuk; murpdu; rpw;gf;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; 1952Yk; 1960 Mz;bYk; jpUTUtg;glq;fs; epWtg;gl;L ,UKiwFlKOf;fhl;lg ; ngw ;wJ. mjidj; njhlu ;e ;J Kbe;jtiu gy;tifj;njhy;iyfl;fhshfpa epyikiaAk; nghUl;lhf epidf;fhJ Kad;W jk;ikNa<rw;fPe;J mUk;ghLgl;L ,j;jpUf;Nfhapiy vLj;j ngUik rptkzp Nru; fe;ijahitj;jpaehjd; mtu;fisAk; kz;NklhfTk; NrwhfTkpUe;j ghyhtpj; jPu;j;jf; Fsj;ijntl;b mizapl;L nrk;ikAwr; nra;jpl;l ePu;g;ghd nghwpapayhsu; mUshsu;v];.MWKfg; ngUe;jifiaAk; irt cyF vd;Wk; kwthJ

130



jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; mbatu;fspd; trjpfis csj;jpy; nfhz;l

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ngUikfshapd.

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nfhz;L kpspu;e;jik fz;$L.

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1990f;Fg; gpd; G+irNah ngUtpohf;fNsh eilngwKbahj mty epiyf;Fj;

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131



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epw;Fk; Myak;.

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#o;e;J tpsq;FtJ.

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tutioj;J Fbaku;j;jpdhs;. kf;fspd; topghl;bw;fhf kz;Kidapy; Nfhapy; xd;wpidf;

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132



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MFk;.

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tpNrl jpdq;fspy; mgpN\fq;fSk;> G+irfSk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. rptuhj;jpup>

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,t;thyaj;jpy; rq;fku; vd;Dk; tPuirtu;fNs G+irfis epiwNtw;wp

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133



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nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wPr;ruj;ij Kw;Wifapl;ldh;. Myaj;ijr;Rw;wpg; ghu;j;j

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fhl;rp jUfpd;wJ.

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134



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gzpfspy; <LgLj;jpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

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tk;rj;jtDkhfpa fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy; (fp.gp 1747 – 1782) kPsg; Gduikj;J

1757 ,y; kfh Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijAk; rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhd;. ,td; Myaj;jpd; epj;jpa>

iekpj;jpa G+irfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw Vw;ghLfisr; nra;J rpthr;rhupahu;fSf;F

ney;tpis epyq;fisf; nfhLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

135



%d;W tPjpfisf; nfhz;l ,f;Nfhapypd; jpUf;Fsj;jpd; fiuapy; mike;j

murkuk; jytpUl;rkhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. %u;j;jp> jy> jPu;j;jr; rpwg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.khatdhW vdg;gLk; njJU Xah MW ,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jkhFk;.

gpujhd Nfhapy; fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk;> Mfpatw;iwf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. fu;g;gf;fpufKk; ];J}gpAk; ,yq;ifapYs;s Nfhapy;fspy; kpfg;ngupait.tpkhdk; 46 mb cauKs;sJ. %d;W jsk; nfhz;l tpkhdk; fz;baurd; fhyj;jpy;mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpNy Rak;Gypq;f tbtpy; %y %u;j;jp Mfpa Kd;idehjUk;tbthk;gpifAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

gps;isahu;> Rg;gpukzpa Rthkp re;epjhdq;fspNy fw;Fj;Jtpsf;FfNs ,d;Wk;ehNlhWk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpehafh;> Rg;gpukzpau;> MWKfu;> eluh[h; Kjypa tpf;fpufq;fs; kpfTk;fiyaoFld; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it ,d;Wk; ,f;NfhapypNy itj;J G+rpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

irt rka kugpw;Nfw;g Nfhapypy; eilngw Ntz;ba G+irfs;> cw;rtq;fs;>fpupiafs; ahTk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; xOq;fhf eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. ehs;NjhWk;MWfhyg; G+irfs; xOq;fhf eilngWfpwJ. xt;nthU khjKk; ngsu;zkp jpdj;jd;WeilngWk; tpNrl = rf;fuG+ir gu;tae;jpu G+ir vdg;gLk;. rptrf;jp If;fpa&gkhfTs;s = rf;fuj;jpid ,yq;ifapy; Kjd;KjypNy topghL nra;Ak;Kiwapidj; njhlf;fpa jdpr; rpwg;G ,j;jyj;jpw;FupaJ.

kNfhw;rtk; Mz;LNjhWk; 28 ehl;fSf;F eilngw;W Mtzpg; ngsu;zkpad;WjPu;j;Njhw;rtj;Jld; epiwTngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohf;fspNy gf;Njhw;rtk;> gp\hlNzhw;rtk;>eluh[ cw;rtk;> Ntl;ilj; jpUtpoh> Nju;j;jpUtpoh> jPu;j;jj;jpUtpoh vd;gdFwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

jpUtpohtpd;NghJ ehs;NjhWk; tpehafh;> Rg;ukzpau;>MWKfu;> Nrhkh];fe;ju;MfpNahu; cila jpUTyhf;fhl;rp ,lk;ngWk;. gf;Njhw;rtk; md;W 63ehad;khu;fSila jpUTUtq;fSk; tof;fkhf tUk; jpUTUtq;fSld; Nru;e;Jtyk; tUk; jpUTUtf; fhl;rp jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. ,j;jifa cw;rtk;Kd;Nd];tuj;jpw;Nf jdpr;rpwg;ghdJ.

gpuNjh\k;> nts;spf;fpoik> ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;> rptuhj;jpup> gq;Fdpcj;juk;> rpj;jpiu tU\k;> eNlrUf;Fupa MW mgpN\fq;fs;> etuhj;jpupfs; (tre;j> rhujh) fe;jr\;b> jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd tpNrl G+i[>mgpN\fq;fs;> eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

ijkhj G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpid ,Wjpahff; nfhz;L ,yl;rhu;r ;ridelj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ruj; etuhj;jpup> tre;j etuhj;jpup vd;gd rz;bN`hkk;> =rf;fuG+irKjypatw;Wld; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

,f; Nfhapypd; kfpikiag; gw;wpg; gy gpuRuq;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. =Kd;Nd];tukhd;kpak;> =Kd;id ehj Rthkp tbtofp mk;ghs; jpUT+Q;ry;> KdPRuh; etkzpkhiy>KdP];tuh; CQ;ry;> Kd;id ehNj];tuh; jpUT+Q;ry;> KdP];tuue;jhjp> KdP];tutbtofp gjpfk;> KdP];tud; fg;gy;> KdP];tuf;Fk;kp> =Kd;Nd];tuk; tbtofpak;kd;jpUtpUj;jk;> =tbthk;gpif gQ;ruj;jpdk;>Kd;Nd];tuk; Fk;ghgpN\fkyu; (1963)>Kd;Nd];tuk; Nfhb mu;r;rid kyu; (1961) vd;gdTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

136



eFNy];tuk;

,yq;ifapYs;s Guhjd rpthyaq;fSs; fPupkiyr; rptd; NfhapYk; xd;W.aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rptd; Nfhapy;fspy; mJNt kpfg;gioikahdJ. eFNy];tuk;>jpUj;jk;gNy];tuk; vd;Dk; ngau;fshy; ,J toq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jyahj;jpiufSf;Fg;gpurpj;jkhd jykhfTk;> rKj;jpuj; jPu;j;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf rpwg;GilajhfTk;eFNy];tuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. rgpz;Bfuzk;> m];jprQ;[dk; Kjypa fpupiafSf;Fr;rpwg;ghfTs;s Gz;zpa N\j;jpukhfTk; neLq;fhykhf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

eFNy];tuk; gw;wpa rpy IjPfq;fSk; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfSk; aho;g;ghzitgtkhiyapy; $wg;ngw;Ws;sd. tp[auhrd; jdJ murhl;rpia Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ ehd;F jpirfspYk; ,Ue;j Myaq;fis GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jjhff;$wg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; tljpirapy; fPupkiyr; rhuypy; jpUj;jk;giy vd;Dk; gjpapy;jpUj;jk;gNy];tud;> jpUj;jk;gNy];tup Nfhapy;fisAk;. mjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;fjpiuahz;ltu; NfhapiyAk; fl;Ltpj;J> G+ridGupa thkNjthr;rhupahu; vd;Dk;gpuhkzidAk; fhrpapypUe;J tutioj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f; Nfhapypd; jyr; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk; tz;zk; Guhzf;fijfs; gy cs;sd.,jpy; eFyKdptupd; fijAk; xd;W. eFyKdp vd;Dk; Kdptu; mq;Fs;s kiyr;rhuypy; jq;fpapUe;J jPu;j;jkhb te;jNghJ mtupd; fPupKfk; khwpa fhuzj;jpdhy;mk;kiy fPupkiy vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ. jpUj;jk;gNy];tuk; Nfhapy; eFNy];tuk;Nfhapy; vd;Wk; jpUj;jk;gNy];tupak;kd; Nfhapy; eFyhk;gpifak;kd; Nfhapy; vd;Wk;toq;fp te;jhu;fs;.

fPupkiyj; jyj;jpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk; mk;rq;fSs; khUjg;Guty;yp gw;wpafijAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nrho Njrhjpgjpahfpa jpirAf;fpuNrhod; kfs;khUjg;Guty;yp vd;gts; jdJ Fd;ktpahjpia itj;jpaj;jpdhy; ePf;fKbahky;jPu;j;jahj;jpiu nra;af; fpsk;gpdhs;. rhe;jypq;fk; vd;Dk; re;epahrp ,yq;ifapd;tlKidapy; fPupkiy vd;nwhU kiyAs;sJ vd;Wk; mJ rKj;jpuj;jpYs;sJ.mq;Nf Rj;j jPu;j;jKk; kiyaUtpj; jPu;j;jKk; fye;j cj;jk jPu;j;jk; xd;Wz;L.mjpy; jPu;j;jkhb rpyfhyk; mq;F jq;fpapUe;jhy; Rfkiltha; vdf; $wpdhu;.mijf; Nfl;L> khUjg;Guty;yp fPupkiyr; rhuypy; te;J ,wq;fp> eFyKdptiuf;fz;L tzq;fp> MrPu;thjk; ngw;W> mtupd; fPupKfk; khwpa nra;jpiaAk; Nfl;Lre;Njh\j;Jld; jPu;j;jkhbr; rpthya juprdk; nra;J te;jhs;. rpyfhyj;jpy;mtSf;fpUe;j Fd;ktypAk; jPu;e;J Fjpiu KfKk; khwpw;W. jPuhj Neha; jPu;f;fty;ymw;Gjkhd jyk; fPupkiy vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; ghq;fpy; mike;jNjkhUjg;Guty;ypapd; fij.

aho;g;ghz Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfspd; fhyj;jpy; eFNy];tuk; muru;fspd;MjuTf;Fk;> mgpkhdj;jpw;Fk; cupa jykhf tpsq;fpaJ. ey;Y}upy; ,uhrjhdpmikj;j rpq;ifahupad;> fPupkiyNahL njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thyak; fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> epUj;jkz;lgk;>NfhGuthapy;> gupthuNjth; Nfhapy;fs;> gpufhuk; vd;Dk; mikg;Gf;fSld;tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

rpthfk tpjpg;gb epj;jpa iekpj;jpa cw;rtq;fs; eilngWtJ tof;fk;. jpUg;gs;spvOr;rp njhlf;fk; mu;j;jrhkg;G+ir <whf ehs;NjhWk; MWfhyg;G+ir eilngWk;.

137



khjg;gpwg;G> tU\g;gpwg;G> rpj;jpuhngsu;zkp> itfhrp tprhfk;> Mdp cj;juk;>

Mtzp %yk;> khdk;G+> Gul;lhjpr;rdp> khu;fopj; jpUntk;ghit> jpUthjpiu> khrpkfk;>

gq;Fdp cj;juk;> Nrhkthu tpohf;fs; eilngWk;. khu;fop khj Vfhjrpapy;

GuhzgldKk; eilngWk;.

rptd;Nfhapypy; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtk; khrp khjj;jpy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

rptuhj;jpup mkhthirad;W jPu;j;Njhw;rtk; eilngWfpwJ. mk;kd; Nfhapypy; gq;Fdp

khjj;jpy; nfhbNaw;wj; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;gpy; Nju;j;jpUtpohTk;

jPu;j;jKk; eilngWk;. mbahu;fs; jq;fp topghL nra;tjw;F trjpahf klq;fs;

cs;sd.

fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; vd;gd ,q;F Guhzgldk;

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL eFyhry Guhzk;> Vfhjrpg;Guhzk; vd;gdTk;

gbg;ghu;fs;. khu;fopj; jpUntk;ghitf; fhyj;jpy; jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzj;ijg; gbj;Jg;

gad; nrhy;YtJ tof;fk;. rpthr;rhupah;fs; Guhzgldj;ijj; njhlf;fp itg;gJ

,t;thya tof;fk;. mtu;fNshL gpwUq; fye;J nfhs;tu;. Vuk;igah; mg;ghrhkp

Iau;> tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gyg;gps;is> j.ifyhrg;gps;is Kjypa

tpj;Jthd;fSk; Guhzgldk; nra;jdu;. mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fUfk;ghid

nra;jdu;. rq;fug;gps;is gz;bju;fshd fjpupg;gps;is> rq;fug;gps;is> ekrpthak;

vd;Nghu; mjid elhj;jpr; nrd;wdu;.

Nfhapy;fspd; kuGtopahd IjPfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy gpuge;jq;fs;

Njhd;wpd. mt;tifapy; eFNy];tuk; gw;wpa E}y;fshf ehk; Fwpg;gplf;$baitfs;

:- eFyhry Guhzk;- Vuk;igah;> nr. Rg;ukzpak; - eFyhry Guhzj;jpw;F vOjpa

ciu> ePu;Ntypg;gz;bju;> r. rptg;gpufhrk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ghba eFNy];tu

khd;kpak;.,jidj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jtu;> m.Fkhurhkpg;Gytu;> muhypA+u; tp];tehj

rhj;jpupahupd; eFykiyf; FwtQ;rp> Fkhurhkpg; Gytupd; eFNyru; CQ;ry;> gz;bju;.

,. ekrpthaj;jpd; eFNyru; rjfk; vd;Dk; gpuge;jk;> nr. Rg;ukzpak; vd;gtu;

eFNy];tuk; kPJ ghba gy gf;jpurf; fPu;j;jidfs;. kapy;thfdg; Gytupd; eFNyRtuh;

tpNehj tprpj;jpu ftpg;G+q;nfhj;Jvd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

138



nghydWitf; Nfhapy;fs;

goe;jkpo; E}y;fs; vOe;jfhyj;jpNyNa Nrhou;fs; gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fs; ghly;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. esd;fps;sp> neLq;fps;sp> Nfhu;r;nrq;fzhd; Kjyhd Nrhokd;du;fs;

gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fs; GwehD}W Kjyhdnra;As;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kj;jiuau;fs;

vd;Dk; FWepykd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;J jQ;iria kPl;Ljuzpia

Mz;l ngUik tp[ahya NrhoidNarhUk;. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod;> mtd;

kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuNrhod; MfpNahuJMl;rpapNy Nrhouhl;rp vl;Lj;jpf;fpYk; gutp

tpupe;J ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; ngUikngw;wJ. njd;dpe;jpahkl;Lkd;wp mUfpYs;s

,uhr;rpaq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL fly; fle;J flhuk; ntd;W ahth>

kyhah> xuprh> khiyjPT> yl;rjPT><ok; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; ntw;wpf;nfhbehl;b ghupa

Mjpf;f tp];jupg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp cyfk; Nghw;Wk; cd;djkhdtu;fshf tuyhw;;wpy;

Ngrg;gLgtu;fshf Nrhou;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;whu;fs;. ,yq;ifkPJ gilnaLj;Jte;J

jkpou; rpwg;Gf; $w Ml;rpaikj;Jk; ,e;Jrkak; jioj;Njhq;f Nfhapyikj;Jk;

md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk; jkpou; jk; Gfo; $Wk; tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fis ,yq;ifapy;

tpl;Lr; nrd;w ngUik Nrhou;fisNa rhUk;.

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod; (fp.gp 985-1016) Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; (fp.gp 1012-1044)

MfpNahupd; Ml;rpapy; jkpofj;ijg; NghyNt <oj;jpYk; murpay;> r%f rkatsu;r;rpfs;

NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jd. ,tu;fSila Ml;rpapy; ,yq;ifapy; ,e;jrkak; rpwg;gplk;

ngw;wJ. jq;fSila Ml;rpapd; fPoike;j gpuNjrq;fspy; ,e;Jrkaj;ij tsu;f;f

kpFe;j gpuaj;jdq;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. jhk; ifg;gw;wp ,Ue;j ,yq;ifapd; gFjpapid

<okhd Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk; vd Nrhou; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdu;. ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpapy;

<ok; Kk;Kbr; Nrhokz;lyk; tsehL vd;wgpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtw;wpNy

epUthfg; nghWg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j Nrhog;gpujhdpfSk; tzpfUk; gilahUk;

Nfhapy;fis mikj;J epte;jq;fis toq;fp rkak; tsu;j;jdu;.

Nrhou;fs; ,yq;ifapy; jhk; ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfspNy ,e;Jrkaj;ij tsu;g;gjw;fhfg;

gyNfhtpy;fis mikj;jdu;. mf; Nfhapy;fs; ,d;wy;y vd;Wk; Nrhou;fhy rpwg;Gf;

$Wk; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. Nrhouhl;rpapy; <oj;jpy; Myatsu;r;rpahy; ,e;Jrkak;

jioj;Njhq;fpaJ. Myaq;fs; fl;lg;gl;lNjhL mtw;wpw;F epte;jq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

ehs;NjhWk; G+ireilngWtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Nrhouhl;rpapNy

mUz;nkhopj;Njt tsehL vd;W toq;fg;l;l khNjhl;lkhd ,uh[uh[Guj;jpy;

,uh[uh[ <];tuk;> jpUthkP];tuk; vd;Dk; ,UNfhapy;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy;

mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j Nrhog;gpujhdpfSs; xUtdhd Nrho kz;lyj;J

\j;jpupa rpfhkzp tsehl;LNtshu; ehl;Lr; rpW$w;w ey;Y}u;f; fpotd; jhopf;Fkud;

vd;gdhy; ,uh[uh[ <];tuk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F ,iwapyp Njtjhdkhf

khNjhl;lj;pjy; epyk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL murhq;j;jpd; tUkhdKk; NfhapYf;F

epte;jkhftoq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; itfhrptprhfk; VO ehSk; tpoh vLj;J jPu;j;jk;

Ml;L tpf;fNtz;Lk; vdTk; jhopf;Fkud; mwf;fl;lis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhd;. ,tw;iwf;

$Wfpd;w rhrdk; jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUthkP];tuk; vd;Dk;

,uz;lhtJNfhapy py ; ,uhN[e ;j puNrhodpd ; ngUe ;jdj ;Jg ; gzpkfd ;

rpWFsj;J}Uilahd; Njtd; re;jptpsf;nfupg;gjw;F Vw;ghLfis nra;jpUe;jjhfTk;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

;

139



cj;jkNrho<];tuk; vd;Dk; rpthyaj;ijg; gw;wp tlkj;jpa khfhzj;Jf;

fltf;NfhwisapYs;s Mjfl vd;Dk; Cupy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;bdhy;

mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhapiy 11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapypUe;j jkpo;g;gpujhdpfs;

mikj;jdu;. muq;fd; ,uhNkrd; vd;ghd; ,e;jf; NfhapYf;F xU Ntyp epyKk;

ee;jh tpsf;Nfw;w 20 gRf;fisAk; toq;fpdhd; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. kz;ly fpupahd

epj;j tpNdhjGuj;jpy; gz;bj Nrho <];tuk; vd;Dk; rpthyak; xd;W ,Ue;jjhf

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fhyj;Jr;rhrdk; %ykhf mwpaKbfpwJ.

Nrhouhl;rpapy; Gyj;jpefukhd nghyeWit [dehjkq;fsk; vd;Dk; Gdu;ehkk;

ngw;Wj; jiyik epUthf epiyakhf tpsq;fpaJ. mq;F ,e;Jfyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;F

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpNy Vw;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j epUthf mjpfhupfSk;

gilapdUk; ehdhNjrptzpfUk; njhopy;tpidQUk; me;jzUk; NtW gy

r%fg;gpuptpdUk; mq;Ftho;e;jdu;. mj;jifNahupd; topghl;Lj; Njitf;Nfw;g

gyNfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. gjpdhWf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l irt> itzt Myaq;fs;

nghyd;eWitapy; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy

Nrhouhl;rpf;Fupait Vidait gpw;fhyj;jit.

njhy;ypay; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fshy; ,uz;lhk; rpthyak;> Ie;jhk; rpthyak;>

Mwhk; rpthyak; vd;W $wg;gl;l fl;llq;fspy; Nrhou; fhy njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; rpthyakhd thdtd; khNjtp <];tuk; mopTwhJ ,d;Wk;

rPuhd epiyapy; cs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; ,d;Wtiu epiyj;Js;s Nfhapy;fspy; ,JNt

gioikahdJ. Nrhou; fiyg;ghzpapd; rpwe;j gz;GfSf;F fw;wspahd ,uz;lhk;

rpthyak; rpwe;j cjhuzk;. Re;juNrhoDila gl;lj;jurpapd; epidthf mjhtJ

,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; jhapd; epidthf ,e;jMyak; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

,f;NfhapypYs;s mjpuhN[e;jpu NrhoDila fy;ntl;L Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy; epUthf

Kiwapid rpwg;ghff; $WfpwJ. gd;khNf];tuu; vd;wrptdbahu; $l;lk; gw;wp mjpNy

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gjpghy%yg; gl;Lilg; gQ;rhrhupa Njtfd;kpfs; vd;wFOtpdu;

thdtd; khNjtp <];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. Nfhapy; gzpfisr; nra;fpd;w “guprhufu;

” gzpkf;fSk; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;jdu;. “khzpf;fk;” vd;wgl;lk; ngw;w Njtubahu;fs;

gyUk; ,Ue;jdu;. fq;if nfhz;l Nrhokhzpf;fk;> Njtd; fhkpahd ,uhN[e;jpu

Nrho khzpf;fk;> Njtd; ca;ate;jhdhd Kbnfhz;l Nrho khzpf;fk; Kjyhd

Njtubahiu mq;Fs;s rhrdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

nghyeWitapy; Nrhou; mikj;j gpw Nfhapy;fspd; ngau;fs; njupatpy;iy. mq;Fs;s

Ie;jhk; rpthyaj;jpd; mopghLfspd; ,ilNa Nrhog; gpujhdpfspd; ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; %ykhf mf;Nfhapy;fs;

Nrhouhl;rpf;FupaJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,e;j Ie;jhk; rpthyaNk nghydeWit

,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; kpfTk; ngupaJ. mjd; mopghLfspYk; Rw;Wg;Gw

mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJk; fw;fshyhd vl;Lg; gbkq;fSk; gj;njhd;gJ ntz;fyg;

gbkq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. jl;rpzh%u;j;jp> fNzru;> tp];D> fhsp> eluh[u; MfpNahupd;

gbkq;fs; mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jr; rhd;WfspD}lhf Nrhouhl;rpapy;

,e;Jrkak; ngw;w tsu;r;rpia czuyhk;.

,yq;ifapd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapNy jpUNfhzkiy> fe;jsha;> gjtpah vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpa Nrhoupd; Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nrhoupd; ngUk;ghyhd rhrdq;fSk;njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpNy Nrhoupd; Nfhapy;fl;Lkhdk;> Gdu;epUkhzk;> rkag;gzpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; njspthf mwpaf; $bajha;

cs;sJ.

140



,yq;if njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpdu; gjtpahtpy; Ie;J rpthyaq;fspd;

mopghLfis milahsk; fz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpilNa Nrhoupd; Ie;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

fpilj;Js;sd. xUNfhapypd; ngau; ,utpFykhzpf;f <];tuk; vd;W rhrdk; $Wfpd;wJ.

,e;j Myak; ,uh[uh[dJ fhyj;jpNy gjtpapypUe;j ehdhNjrp tzpfuhYk; epUthf

mjpfhupfspdhYk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ mjd; mopghLfspilNa fhzg;gLk;

rhrdq;fspdhy; czug;gLfpwJ.

Nrho ,yq;Nf];tudpd; Ml;rpahz;Lfspy; jpUNfhzkiy kr;rNf];tuj;J

%y];jhdKk;> mNj ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhots ehl;bYs;s NtnwhU rpthyaKk;

njhlu;ghf Nrhokz;lyj;J ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhotsehl;Lg; gpujhdpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l

eltbf;iffisg; gjpT nra;tjhf khdhq;Nfzpr; rhrdk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

kr;rNf];tuk; vdg;gLfpd;w jpUf;NfhNz];tu %y];jhdj;ij Nrhou;fs;

Gdu;epUkhzk; nra;jdu;. ,e;jf; NfhapYf;F ehs; topghl;Lj; Njitf;fhf epyk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;lJld; Nrhouhl;rpapy; kr;rNf];tuj;jpy; rpwg;ghf G+irtpohf;fs;

eilngw;wd. ,J njhlu;ghd tpupthd tpguq;fis epyhntspf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

vdNt Nrhou;fSila rpwg;ghd Ml;rpapNy njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lkd;wp <oj;jpYk;

,e;Jrkak; rhu;e;j Myaq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;wik rpwg;ghdJ.

jkpoftuyhw;wpy; Ntnwe;jf; fhyj;jpYk; ,y;yhjthW kpfr;rpwg;ghd Ml;rp

tp];j ;jupg ;g pidAk;> rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;> rka tsu;r ;r piaAk;>

fiyfl;Lkhdq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpa ngUik Nrhou; fhyj;ijNa rhUk;. ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpy; vj;jidNah kd;du;fs; ,lk;gpbj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; murju;kj;jpd;

top Ml;rpnrYj;jpjhKk; tho;e;Jfhl;b kf;fis ey;topg;gLj;jp ehLk; tsu;j;J

rkaj;NjhL fiytsu;j;J ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; cj;jku;fshf jkpof tuyhw;wpYk;

cyf tuyhw;wpYk; rpwg;gplk; gpbj;jtu;fshf Nrho kd;du;fs; jpfo;fpwhu;fs;.

,tu;fSila ,yq;if tUifahy; ek; ,dj;jpd; Gfo; nrhy;Yfpd;w tuyhw;Wr;

rhd;WfSk; ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; Gfo; $Wk; Nfhapy;fSk; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk;

jkpo; ,dj;jpd; Gfo; gug;Gk; rhd;Wfsha; tuyhw;wpy; jlk; gjpj;Jtpl;lij ahuhYk;

kWj;J tplKbahJ. ,tw;iw mopatplhkYk;> mopf;fg;glhkYk; ghJfhg;gJ

jkpouhfpa vk; xt;nthUtupdJk; flik. mj;Jld; Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf Gjpa

tplaq;fis fz;lwptJk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikiaAk; GfioAk; midtUf;Fk;

Gupaitg;gJk; tuyhw;W khztu;fsJk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fsJk; nghWg;G.

141



nghd;dk;gythNzr;ruk;

,yq;ifapd; jiyefu; nfhOk;gpy; nfhr;rpf;filg;gFjpapy; Kw;wpYk;

fUq;fy;ypdhy; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;l xNu Myak; nfhOk;Gnghd;dk;gythNzr;ruk; MFk;.

Nfhtpy; tuyhW

,t;;thyak; 1856k; Mz;L mUzhryk; nghd;dk;gy Kjypahu; vd;guhy;fl;lg;gl;;lJ. mtu; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;gpy; irthfk Kiwg;gb mike;jNfhapy; vJTk; ,y;yhj Fiw fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mq;F tho;e;j irtkf;fSf;nfd rpw;g rh];jpu Mfk Kiwg;gb mike;j Nfhapy; xd;iw mikf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nghd;dk;gyKjypahupd; kdjpy; Fbnfhz;lJ.,t;ntz;zj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; ,Ue;j Kjypahupd; fdtp;y; xUehs;nja;t mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jJ. Mjd; gpd; mtupd; Nfhtpy; fl;Lk; vz;zk; Nguhu;tkha;khwpaJ.

irtrkag; gw;WkpFe;j Kjypahu; nfhOk;G nfhr;rpf;filg; gFjpapy; Nfhapy;fl;Ltjw;nfd Ie;J Vf;fu; epyj;ij thq;fpf; Nfhapy; gzpia Muk;gpj;jhu;.njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy;fSf;F epfuhd Nfhapyhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Mu;tk;fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;Nj fl;llf;fiyQu;fis tutioj;Jf; Nfhapy; Ntiyfisj;njhlq;fpdhu;.

nghd;dk;gythNzr;ruu; Nfhapiy ,uz;L tUlq;fspy; fl;bKbj;jNjhL mjd;,lJgf;fj;jpy; mk;kDf;Fk; xU Nfhapy; mikg;gpj;jhu;. Muk;gfhyf; Nfhapypd;%y];jhdj;jpy; kfhypq;fk; gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.

nghd;dk;gy Kjypahu; mtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l ,j;jyk; gpd; mtupd; ike;jd;Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; mtu;fshy; Gjpjhf epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy;gy;ytu;> Nrhou;> ehaf;fu;fspdhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fisg; ghu;j;j ,uhkehjd;mtu;fs;> mtw;Wf;F epfuhf ,f;NfhapiyAk; mikf;f mthTw;whu;. vdNtnjd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J tUtpj;j rpw;gf; fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;L Nfhapw;gzpfisNkw;nfhz;lhu;.

fw;Nfhapy; fl;Lk; Nguhu;tKs;s ,uhkehjd; mtu;fs; 1907 ,y; fUq;fw;fl;ll

Ntiyfis Muk;gpj;jhu;. fl;Lkhdg; gzpfisj; jhNk Neupy; epd;W njhopyhsNuhLnjhopyhsuhf nraw;gl;l rptg;gzp mtupd; vz;zj;ij cau;j;jpaJ vdyhk;. ,tu;Muk;gpj;j fUq;fy;yhy; Nfhtpy; fl;Lk; gzp MW tUlq;fspd; gpd;Nd mjhtJ1912 ,y; Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ. tpahq;nfhilapypUe;J jUtpf;fg;gl;l fUq;fw;fisf; nfhz;L,d;W ehk; fhZk; mofpa Nfhapy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nfhapypd; mikg;G

nfhOk;G nfhr;rpf;fil nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Myak; Mfk tpjp jtwhjKiwapy ; mikf ;fg ;gl ;l Xu ; MyakhFk ; . fUtiwapy ; r ptypq ;fk ;(nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu;) gpujp\;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fUtiwf;F Kd;Gwk; mu;j;jkz;lgKk; mjw;F Kd;ghf kfhkz;lgKk; cs;sd. fUtfiwapYs;s rptypq;fj;jpw;FNeu;Nfhl;by; kfhkz;lgj;jpw;F Kw;Gwkhf ee;jp> gypgPlk;> nfhbj;jk;gk; vd;gdmikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

142



Iad; Myaj;jpw;F njw;Fg;Gwkhf mk;kd; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thyaj;jpw;F %d;W jsk; nfhz;l NfhGuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyaj;jpd;mk;kd; rptfhkRe;jup vdg;gLthu;. Rthkpf;F mikf;fg;gl;l MyaKk; fu;g;gf;fpUfk;>mu;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk; vd;Dk; xOq;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

rptfhkp Myaj;jpw;F mUfpy; gs;sp miwAk; mjdUNf fy;ahz kz;lgKk;mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;Nfhtpypd; fpof;F thrypy; ,iwtd; re;epjpf;F NeNu Kd;gf;fkhf Ie;J mLf;F ,uhr NfhGuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; NfhGuj;jpy; rptdpd;jpUtpisahlYk;> mbatu; gf;jpAk; fiyEl;gj;Jld; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sikfz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahFk;. ,uhr NfhGuj;ijj; jhz;b Kd;gf;fk; Kd; gpufhuj;jpy;gd;dpU ,uhrpfSk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Nfhapypd; cl;gpufhuj;jpy; fNzru;> Nrhkh];fe;ju;>ngUkhs;> tp\;Z> gQ;rypq;fk;> Rg;gpukzpau;> rz;Kfu;> Qhditutu;> Rtu;zitutu;>etf;fpufq;fs;> rdpgfthd; MfpNahUf;F jdpf; Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. ,t;thyaj;jpd;jy tpUlrkhf khJis kuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;

,q;F jpdKk; MWfhyg;G+ir eilngWfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; jpdKk; fhiyAk; khiyAk;G+irfSk;> epj;jpahf;fpdp tsu;f;fg;gl;L epj;jpa cw;rtKk; eilngWfpd;wd.epj;jpahf;fpdp vd;gJ ,f;Nfhtpypd; mf;fpdp Fz;lj;jpy; vg;NghJk; neUg;G ,Uf;fr;nra;tjdhy; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. epj;jpa cw;rtj;jpd; NghJ Rthkpmk;ghNshL rpwpa Njupy; cyh tUthu;. khjg;gpwg;gd;W khjr;rq;fuhe;jpj; jPuj;jKk;>ngsu;zkp jpdj;jpy; =rf;fu G+irAk; eilngw;W jpUtpohTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

epj;jpNahw;rtk;> khNjhw;rtk;> tUNlhw;rtk;> kNfhw;rtk; Mfpad ,q;F MfkKiwg;gb rpwg;Gw eilngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,f;Nfhtpypd; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtk;gq;Fdp cj;juj;jpy; jPu;j;jk; tuf;$bajhf mjw;F xd;gJ ehlfSf;F Kd;nfhbNaw;wj;Jld; Muk;gkhfp gj;J ehl;fs; eilngWfpwJ. ,q;F Ie;J ,ujq;fs;gtdp tUfpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;jPu;j;jk; = Rtu;z G\;fuzp MFk;. Mk;ghs; cw;rtk;

Mbg;G+uj;jpw;F xd;gJ ehl;fSf;F Kd; njhlq;fp G+uj;jpdj;jpyd;W KbtilAk;.

kzthsf; Nfhyj; jpdkhd ijg;G+rj;jpdj;jd;W rptd;> mk;ghs; MfpNahUf;F

jdpj;jdp 1008 rq;Ffshy; rq;fhgpN\fKk; khiyapy; cw;rtKk; eilngWk;.fhu;j;jpiff; filrp Nrhkthuj;jpdj;jd;W rptDf;F 1008 rq;Ffshy; rq;fhgpN\fKk;Rthkp mk;ghs; cw;rtk; vd;gdTk; eilngWk;. eNlru; mgpN\f ehl;fspy; MUj;jpuhcw;rtk; rpwg;ghdJ.

fe;jr\;b tpuj fhyj;jpy; jpdKk; mgpN\fk;> G+i[> ahfG+i[> jpUTyheilngWk;. etuhj;jpup tpuj fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ae;jpu G+i[> nfhY G+i[vd;gdTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. Gul;lhjpr; rdpf;fpoikfspy; rdpgfthDf;F rpwg;G mgpN\fk;eilngWk;. filrpr;rdp> fpU\;z n[ae;jp cw;rtk;> itFz;l Vfhjrp ehl;fspy;kfhtp\;Z cw;rtk; eilngWk;.

Mfk rh];jpu uPjpapyhd fpupiafs; nfhz;l ,t;thyak; ,dkj Ngjkpd;wpmbahu;fs; topgLk; nghf;fp\k; vd;gJ kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. mj;Jld; mwnewp ghlrhiykhztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp Gfl;lg;gl;b tUtJk; rKjha tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; Vida kjj;jtu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; nghd;dk;gythNzRtuu; Myaj;jpd;gzp Nghw;wj;jf;fJ7.

143



4.1 cyf ehLfspy; ,e;J ehfhpfk;

,e;Jg;gz;ghL ,e;jpa ehl;by; rpwg;ghf cilajhapDk; ,d;W cyfshtpa epiyapy;

gue;J tUtijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhy cyf ehfupfq;fspy; ghurPf ehfupf

mikg;G fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lJ. ,d;iwa ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bw;Fhpa rka

newp> nkhop> gz;ghL vd;gtw;wpd; %yhjhur; nra;jpfis Guhjd ghurPf ehfhpfq;fspy;

mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;Njh - INuhg;gpa nkhopfspd; %yq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak;

NghJ rk];fpUj - yj;jPd; nkhopfspilapyhd xg;gPLfs; G+h;tPf fhyk; njhlf;fk;

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; %yhjhur; nra;jpfis mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. cyf ehLfspy;

,e;J ehfupfr; nra;jpfs; gw;wp Nehf;Fk; NghJ mjd; gy;tif gpuNjr mikg;Gfis

gpd;tUkhW mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

1. fpwp];J rfhg;jq;fSf;F Ke;jpa kj;jpa Mrpag; gz;ghL ,JNt ghurPf ehfhpk;

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.

2. ,e;Njh Mupa nkhopfs; ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F

3. ,e;jpahtpy; rk];fpUj - jkpo; nkhopapd; nry;thf;Fk; gz;ghLk; fye;jik.

4. jkpof fyhrhuk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; gutpaik.

5. ,e;jpa> ,yq;if> njd;fpof;fhrpag; gz;ghLfs; Nkw;ifNuhg;gpa ehLfspYk;

mnkupf;f ehLfspYk; gutpaik vd;gdthFk;.

,tw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf gioiahd fyhr;rhug; gz;ghL epytpaikahy; N[h;kdp>

Rtpw;yhe;J> mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w gy gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;

tsu;r;rp ngw;W te;jpUg;gjidAk; Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Mrpa ehLfs; kj;jpa Mrpah>

njd;dhrpah> njd;fpof;F Mrpah vd tphpTgLfpd;wd. kj;jpa Mrpahit Nehf;Fk;

NghJ mjd; vy;iyahf ,d;iwa <uhd; ehl;bd; fpof;Fg; gFjpAk; Nkw;fpy;

nkrg;gj;NjkpahTk; ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;Fg;gu;r]; khepyKk; Kf;fpakhd gpuNjrkhf

mikAk;. ,g;gpuNjr G+H;tPf fhyq;fspy; ypq;f topghl;bd; milahsq;fs;

fhzg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. G+h;tPf fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjr

nkhopfSf;Fk; Ntjq;fspd; nkhopaikg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlh;G

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; G+h;tPf nkhopfs; fye;jikapdhy; Gjpa gz;ghLfs;

Njhw;wk; ngw topfhl;baJ.

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lg; guty;.

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; Mrpa epyg;gug;ig Nrh;e;jdthfTk;> jPTf; $l;lkhfTk;

tpsq;fpd. epyg;gug;G rhh;e;jjhf gu;kh> rk;gh> jha;yhe;J> fk;Nghbah> kNyrpah

KjypadTk; ,e;NjhdPrpah> ahth> ghypj;jPT> Rtu;zjPgk; vd;git jPTf;

$l;lq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo; ehl;bd; rq;f fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,e;jpag;

gz;ghLfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; gutyhapd. tlnkhop> jkpo;> Nfhapw;fl;llf;fiy>

jpUTUt topghL gpuhkzpa newp> tho;tpay; Kiwfs;> fphpiafs; Mfpad gutyhapd.

144



ghurPf ehLfspd; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

gy;NtW murpay;> r%f nghUshjhu> tzpf fhuzq;fshy; ,yq;if> ,e;jpa

ehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,e;J ehfhpfk; Nkiy ehLfspy; gutpr; nrd;wJ. gy;yt Nrhoh;

fhyq;fspy; njd;fpof;fhrpah ehLfSf;F ,e;Jg; gz;ghLfs; gutpd. mtw;wpy

kNyrpah> fk;Nghbah ehLfs; gpujhdkhdit. MapDk; fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpd; Kd;Ng

ghurPf ehLfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp rQ;rhpf;Fk; mjw;fhd njhy; nghUl;

rpd;dq;fSk; rhd;whf ,Ug;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fyf ehLfspy; If;fpa

,uha;r;rpak;> If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;lk;rk;; tphpthf vOr;rp

ngw;wpUg;gjid Nehf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

cyf ehfupfq;fspy; vfpg;J ehfupfk; ghgpNyhdpa ehfupfk; vd;gd Muk;g fhyg;

gz;ghl;ig gpujpgypg;gdthf mike;Js;sd. ghurPfk; fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupf

tsh;r;rpf; fhyq;fSlDk; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ghurPf ehL vd;gJ ghurPfj; Jiw

Flhit mz;ba gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;iwa <uhd; gpuNjrk; G+h;tPf

ghurPf ehLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ghurPfk; Mupaupd; Mjpg; gpuNjrkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s rpd;dhrpah vd miof;fg;gl;l ,lNk ghurPfk;

MFk;. ghurPfk; vd;gJ tl ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpia Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Mupah;fs;

Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;fhrpa gFjpapNy tho;e;J gpw;fhyk; tl ,e;jpahtpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpah>

tl ,e;jpah FbNaw;wq;fspYk; thf;F ngw;whh;.

ghurPf kf;fs; NghNfh];Nfh]; vd;Dkplj;jpYk; mjid mz;ba ,lq;fspYk;

tho;e;jpUe;jdh;. mk;kf;fs; fp.K1400 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ,e;jpu kpj;jpu Kjypa

ngah;fis cila Njth;fis topgl;lhh;fs;. ghurPf ehl;by; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,e;J

Fy tk;rq;fSld; njhlh;G gl;lth;fshth;. aJFy tk;rk; Jh;thr Fytk;rk;

vd;Dk; ,Utiff; Fyf; FOf;fs; tho;e;jjhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ghurPf ehl;by;

,Ue;Nj mf;Fyq;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; gutpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. aJFy tk;rk;

vd;gJ itzt newpf;F %yhjhukhd tplaq;fis vkf;Fj; jUfpd;wJ. ghurPf

ehl;Lg; gz;ghLfs; cldbahf ,e;jpahit te;jilatpy;iy gbg;gbahfNt gutp

te;jik gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

145



kNyrpah

njd;fpof;fhrpahitAk; mjpYs;s ehLfisAk; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ntt;NtW

ngah;fshy; mioj;jdh;. me;j tifapy; kNyrpahitAk; ,e;NjhNdrpahitAk;

,izj;J kNyrpah vd;W mioj;jdu;. kNyrpah vDk; ngaiu Kjd; Kjypy;

vNku;rd; vd;gth; 1937,y; kyha; nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F toq;fpdhh;.

kNyrpahtpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;Fk; nja;tq;fSs; ghjhuFU vd;Dk; nja;tk;

rptngUkhDld; njhlh;Gilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rptd; eluhrg; ngUkhdhf

kyha;j;Njhy; nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; ghlfUf;F mwpKfkhfpapUe;jhh;. kyha; khatpj;ijf;

fhuu;fs; rptid kfhfhyd; vd mioj;jdh;. rf;jp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk;

njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w nrhw;fspy; xd;W. rf;jp vd;gijg;

ngw;wth;fs; Njhy;tpNa fhzhjth;fshfTk; gpwh; fz;Zf;Fj; njhpahjth;fshfTk;

tpsq;f KbAk; vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAk; cs;sJ.

kNyrpa ehl;bNy mike;Js;s ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSs; Nrhh;l;L kiy - fNzrh;

Nfhapy;> kyhf;fh - ngha;ahj tpehafh; Nfhapy; Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. Nfhl;L

kiy fNzrh; Nfhapy; Nfhyhk; G+upd; ghl;lhsp kf;fSila ed;nfhilapy; ,Ue;J

fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehl;by; mike;Js;s ngha;ahj tpehafu; Nfhapypy; fNzru;>

Rg;gpukzpah;> khupak;kd;> ,uhkh; Kjypa ,e;J nja;tq;fspd; tpf;fpufq;fs; topghl;Lj;

nja;tq;fshf cs;sd. efuj;Jr; nrl;b khu;fs; mf;Nfhapypy; kPdhl;rp Re;jNuRtuiu

vOe;jUsr; nra;Js;sdh;. 3 ngUe; Nju;fs; ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;sd. etuhj;jpup>

fe;jr\;b vd;gd kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,q;F nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.

kNyrpah ehl;by; jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L topghLfs; ,aw;wg;gl;ljw;fhd

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;ehl;bNy mike;Js;s ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; Nfhyhyk;G+h; -

jz;lhAj ghzp Nfhapy;> ];fhl;rhiy fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; itu njU - kfh

khupak;kd; Nfhapy;> Nfhu;L kiy - fNzrh; Nfhapy;> gj;jha; - Kj;Jkhhpak;kd;

Nfhapy;> Nfhyhyk;g+h; - ,uh[ uhN[];tup Nfhapy; > gj;Jkiyf; Fiff;Nfhapy;fs;

> khf;fh - ngha;ahj tpehafu; Nfhapy; > re;ehrp kiy - fapyha ehju; Nfhapy;>

Iadhh; Nfhapy;> jpnusgij mk;kd; Nfhapy; Mfpad Kf;fpak; tha;e;jd.

146



fk;Nghbahtpy; ,e;Jrkak;

fk;Nghbah - fk;G+r;rpah ,q;F 14 - kpy;ypad; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs;

fpku;>fk;Nghbau; vdy; fk;Nghbahtpy; ~G+dhf;| vDk; ,uhr;rpak; ,e;jpau;fspd;

Muk;gfhy FbNaw;wk;. fp.gp 1k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fk;Nghbahtpy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd;

guk;gy; fpku; NguuR cjhuzk; -aNrhtUkd;> #upatu;kd;> <];tutu;kd;> gttu;kd;.

,tu;fspd; Ml;rpapy; irt> itzt rkaq;fs; ngUtsu;r;rp ngw;wd. nfsjd;ad;

Ml;rpiaj; njhlf;fpatd; gpuhkzd; rj;jpupa Kiwapy; Mz;ltd;.

gttu;kd;

mtd; ehd;D rpthyaq;fis epu;khzpj;jhd;. rptypq;fj;ijg; gpujpl;il nra;jy;

,jpfhr Guhzq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy; gttu;kdpd; FUthfpa Nrhktu;krptd;>

#upad; Nfhapy;fs; mikj;jhd;. Nfhapy;fs; - mq;Nfhu;thl;> mq;Nfhu;Ntjp> gNahd;.

mq;Nfhu;thl; - fUtiw> Kd;kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W> E}y; epiyak;> Nfhapw;G+q;fh>

gzp> jq;Fkplk;> fpof;F Nehf;fp> kiyfspy; mikj;jy;. ypq;fk; - gbfk;> fy;>nghd;

vd;gd %yg; nghUshf mikjy;.

mq;Nfhu;thl;

fp.gp.12k; E}w;whz;by; #upatu;kd;. Mde;jFkhuRthkp gid kiy rptd; Nfhapy;

Nghd;wJ vdy;. NkUkiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhfmikAk; ,t;thyaj;jpd; kj;jpaNfhGuq;fs;

NkUkiyapd; Ie;JNfhGuq;fisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. Myaj;jpd; %d;W rJuf; $lq;fs;

kj;jpa NfhGuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy; kz;lgk; ntspg;Gwr; rJuj;

J}z;fisAk;> cl;Gwk; %ba J}z;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 2008y; ,t;tthyak;

ru;tNjr fyhrhu ghuk;gupar; rpd;dkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lij mLj;J ,jd; Gfo;

,d;Dk; cau;e;jJ. Henri Mouhotv vDk; gpuQ;R vOj;jhsu; mq;Nfhu;thl;bd;

ngUikia cyf kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. murd; ,iwtbtk; vdy;. Njtuh[

topghL tu;kd; - NgNahd; Nfhapy; Njtuh[ ypq;fk; epWtTjy; ,e;jpuGuk; -

[atu;kd; - rptDUtpy;> mq;Nfhu;Ntjp - #upatu;kd;- tp\;ZTUtpy;> mq;Nfhu;thl;

Vohk;; [atu;kd; - Gj;jcUtpy;

,e;JEz;fiyfs;

mq;Nfhu;thl; Nfhapy; khfhghuj uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; rpw;gq;fshfTz;L.gNahd;

khfhghuj uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; - uhkd; khidtpul;Ljy; - thyp Rf;fpuptd; tjk;>

rPijjPapy; ,wq;Fjy;> fz;zd; kiyiaj; J}f;Fjy; J}z;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

tpjhdk; jhkiu tbtmyq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rtu; eldtbtq;fs;>

mg;ru];fspd; tbtq;fs;>kz;lgq;spd; ,UGwKk; rpq;fTUtq;fs;

mbatu; topghL

fp.gp.7 –kNfe;jputu;kd; - fhiu–ghly; ghl mwf;fl;lis: ,e;jputu;kd; fp.gp.9 mfj;jpau;

top te;jtu; vdy;. tlnkhop ,yf;fpa nkhopahfTk;> flTisAk;> muru;fisAk;

Nghw;Wk; nkhopahfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. rk];fpUjnkhopf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fp.gp.7k;> 8k;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa ,e;J> ngsj;j Myaq;fs; gw;wpaFwpg;Gf;fSz;L. ,uhkhazk;

,uhkfPu;j;j\p vd;w ngaupy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ.fy;ntl;L–‘mju;tNtj ep\;Njh”–mju;tz

Ntjj;jpy; %o;fp vOe;jtd;. <rhdtUkdpd; jq;ifia kze;j Nrhkru;kh me;jzd;

‘Ntjj;jpy; fiufz;ltd;” Mq;Nfhu;Ntjpy; - rptrhj;jpuk;> rg;jrhj;jpuk;> Nrhjplk;>

rpttpahfuzk; gw;wpAz;L. ,aw;if mk;rq;fis ~mzq;Flh| vd;w ngaupy;

topghLnra;jdu;.

147



If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

Gyk; ngah; ehLfspy; If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

gutpa Kiwik gpujhdkhdJ. If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu yz;ld;

khefu gpuNjrj;jpy; khj;jpuk; 10f;F Nkw;gl;l ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rz;kj newpapYk; ehl;lhh; topghl;bd; mbg;gilapYk; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;gz;ghl;lk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yz;ld; khefhpd;

gpujhd Myak; 1960 fhyfl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa ,e;J khkd;wk;

,t;thyaj;ij gupghydk; nra;fpd;wJ. yz;ld; khefu Myaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

mikAk;.

1. mu;r;Nt KUfd; Myak;

2. fNuh KUfd; Myak;

3. nthy; jNk];u KUfd; Myak;

4. yz;ld; Y}u;rpad; rpthyak;

5. ntk;gpsp rpthyak;

6. tpk;gpd;ld; tpehafh; Myak;

7. fiuld; tpehafh; Myak;

8. &l;bd; Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;

9. <ypq; Ju;f;if Nfhapy;

10. ];Nuhd;tp ,uhruhNr];tup mk;kd; Myak;

11. yz;ld; Iag;gd; Myak; vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.

,yq;ifr; irtkf;fs; ,e;jpa ,e;Jf;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpa ,e;Jf;fs; ,ize;J ,f;

Nfhapy; fyhrhuk; tsh;e;Js;sJ. mNjNtis Nkiyj;Njaj;jth;fs; ,e;J ehfhpf

ek;gpf;ifapYk;> ,e;J Mr;rpuk tho;tpYk;> ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapw; fpupia top;ghl;bYk;

<LghL fhl;LtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,yq;if> jkpo;ehl;L irtkf;fspd;

Mjpf;fk; fhzg;gLtjd; %yk; irtnewp irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; newpfspy;

,e;Jg;gz;ghL tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. yz;ld; irtrpe;jhe;j fofk; gpupj;jhdpa

irtf; Nfhapy; xd;wpak; vd;git ,e;J rkag;gzpahw;Wk; epWtdq;fshf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fspd; Mf;fj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l $Ljyhd ,e;J Myaq;fs;

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; jh;r;Nt KUfd; Nfhapy; gpujhd

khdJ. mjidj; njhlhe;J gy Myaq;fs; epjjpa fphpia topghl;bw;F cl;gl;ljhf

mike;Js;sd. nrhw;nghopTfs; > ehl;ba ehlfq;fs; %h;j;j cw;rtq;fs; ,lk;

ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rpj;jpuh ngsu;zkp ehspy; tpN\l cw;rtk; eilngWk;.

rptNahfk; mwf;fl;lis epiyak; rpwg;ghd mwg;gzp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,yz;ld;

irt rpj;jhe;j ikak; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;ij gutr; nra;fpwJ. gy;fiyf; fof

kl;lj;jpy; ,e;Jf; fy;tp kuG gug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Oxford University of Hindu studies vd;Wk;

ngUk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ.

148



If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghL

Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mnkupf;fhtpd; rpf;fhf;Nfh efupy; cyf rkaq;fspd;

kfhehL $l;lg;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; ,e;J rka tpsf;fTiu

nra;J mnkhpf;f ehl;ltiu ,e;J rkak; gw;wp mwpar; nra;a Mh;t%l;bdhh;.

mtiuj; njhlh;e;J gy tUlq;fSf;F gpd; guk fk;r Nahfhde;jh; fpupah Nahf

tpsf;fk; %yk; Nkiy ehl;ltiu Ngr;R td;ikahYk; gpurhu newpahYk; fth;e;jhh;.

,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; tlmnkhpf;fhtpy; ,e;J rka newpapy; irtKk;> rpttopghLk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. mnkupf;fhtpd; ,yj;jpud; Clfq;fspYk; ,e;Jkjf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nguhrphpah; fhu;];rfhd; vd;gtuJ “mz;lk;” vd;Dk;

njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlupy; ,e;J rka gpugQ;rg; gilg;Gj; jj;Jtk;> rf;jpj; njhlh;G

Mfpa tplaq;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. eluhr jj;Jtj;jpd; gpugQ;r Njhw;wk;>

gpugQ;r ,af;fk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. ,e;J rkaj;jpw;Fk; ,yj;jpud; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlh;ig ,J Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mnkhpf;fh ehl;bd; gpujhd efukhfpa ngd;rpy;Ntdpahtpy; ,e;J rka rhh;ghd

tplaq;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rptd;> tpehafh; Kjypa ,e;J rka nja;tq;spd;

mw;Gjk; mUs; epiy Mfpad Kjd;ikg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mnkupf;fhtpd; tutha

efhpy; irt rpj;jhe;jikaKk; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; `Js MjPdKk; nraw;gLfpd;wd.

Hindusm today vd;Dk; gpuRuKk; mnkhpf;f ehl;by; ,Ue;J ntsptUfpd;wJ.

1970fisj; njhlh;e;J mnkupf;fh ehl;by; gy Mya ];jhgdq;fSk; mwf;fl;lis

epiyaq;fSk; nraw;gl;L tUtijf;fhz Kbfpd;wJ. tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,e;J

Myarig nraw;gLfpd;wJ. tpehafh; Myak; xd;W jdpahd fUq;fw;fis nfhz;l

tpkhdj;Jld; kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,d;iwa cyfpy; fUq;fy;yhy; Md ,e;J Nfhapy;fspy;

%d;whtJ Myakhf kpsph;fpd;wJ.

`tha; epiya MjPdk; rpteluhrh; NfhapiyAk; epUkhzpj;js;sJ. irt rkag;

gpurhuq;fis ,khya mf;flkp Nkw;nfhs;s rUtNjr fpU];z gf;jp fofk; (Iskon)itztk;> fpU\;z gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

ntq;fNl];tug; ngUkhd; Nfhapy; fypNghh;zpah> ngd;rpy;Ntdpah Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpf;fhf;Nfh efupy; = uhk Myak; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xNu Myaj;jpy; fNzrh;> rptd;> Jh;f;if> ,yf;Fkp Mfpa nja;tq;fSf;fhd ehd;F

fh;g;gf;fpufq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nuhr;r];lh; ,uh[ ,uhN[];tup NfhapYk; gf;jp

G+h;tKk; fiy G+h;tkhd MyakhFk;. mnkupf;fh;fs; itzt gf;jp> itzt

fPh;j;jdk;> Nfhapy; Ez;fiy rpw;gk; Ntjhe;jk; Kjypa ,e;J rka $lq;fspy;

kpFe;j Mh;tKilatuhf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. Mfk tpjpg;gb Nfhapy; fiyfis

mikf;Fk; kuGk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

rpw;g rhj;jpu tpjpg;gb gy;yth;f; fhy Nfhapw; fiyia jOtpAk; kfhty;yg fzgjp

Myak; epA+Nahf; efupy; mikj;J ,e;jpa ,yq;ifaUf;Fk; mnkupf;fh;fSf;Fk;

gf;jp G+h;t czh;it jUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; ,e;Jg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

ru;tNjr Ntj kugf; gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

149



fdlh Njrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu mq;F gy;fyhrhug; gz;ghl;il mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf

cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s Myaq;fspy; fe;j Guhz gldk;> fe;j Guhz fyhr;rhuk; gpd;

gw;wg;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. #ud; NghUk; fdlhtpy; cs;s ,e;J Myaj;jpy;

eilngWfpd;wJ. fdlhtpy; ,e;J Mhpa rig Nfhapy; njhz;L nra;tij

Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 1948,y; fdlhtpy; tpehafh; Nfhapy; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fdlhtpy; xd;uhwpNah khfhzj;jpy; kl;LNk 15 ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fe;jRthkp>Jh;f;if Iag;gRthkp Nfhapy; Mfpad gpugy;akhdit. nkhd;wpay;

efupy; fw;gfg; gps;isahh; Nfhapy; xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhapy;fSld; ,ize;j r%f NritfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rpWth; ghlrhiy>

jkpo; irt fy;tp kuG fiyQh; ghlrhiy> FUG+ir> jkpo; tpohf;fs; vd;gd

elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fdlh ,e;J fyhrhu kd;wk;> Ntjhe;j Qhd kd;wk;> fdlh

irt rpj;jhe;j kd;wk;> fdlh rpt njhz;ld; epiyak; vd;git gpujhdkhdit.

cyf irt kfhehL> cyf irt rpj;jhe;j kfhehL vd;gtw;iwAk; elhj;jp

mnkupf;f ehL ,e;Jg; gzpapy; ngUik ngWfpd;wJ. fdlhtpy; cs;s gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspy; nfhe;Nfhbah gy;fiyf;fof ,e;Jf; fw;iffs; gPlk; ,e;Jf; fy;tp

kugpw; gzp nra;fpd;wJ vdyhk;. mnkhpf;fhtpy; tpNtfhee;jh; Nahfhg; gy;fiyf;fof

nkhd;W ,aq;fp tUtJk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

mnkupf;f ehLfspy; fdlh> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> `tha; jPTfs; Mfpad ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;Lg; gutYf;Fupad. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpy; `Nuuhkh `Nu fpU\;zh,af;fj;jpdu; gftj; fPij jOtpa ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bidg; gug;gpAs;sdh;.,uhkfpU\;zkprdpd; NritfSk; gutyhf;fk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jw;fika If;fpamnkupf;fhtpy; tpNtfhde;j Mr;rpukk; ,e;J rkag; gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ. `tha;ehl;by; Nahfu; Rthkp Mr;rpukk; ,e;Jg; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. eilKiwNtjhe;j rpe;jidia mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lk; g[id> gpuhh;j;jid vd;gtw;Wld;,iw topghl;by; <LgLjy; Kjypad ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. mnkupf;f ehl;bd; rpf;fhf;Nfhefuk; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;ngho;pTf;FupaJ. mtuJ nrhw;nghopT eilngw;w,lk; tpNtfhde;j mtd;A+ (tPjp) vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fdlh ehl;ilg; nghWj;jtiu:nuhuz;Nlh efupy; Ie;J ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;nkhd;wpay; efupy; %d;W ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk;td;$thpy; ,uz;L ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fSk;>u pr ;kd;fpy; tpehafu ; Nfhapy ;mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fdlh ehl;bd; ,e;J khkd;wk; irtePjp rQ;rpifia ntspapLfpd;wJ. mtw;Wld;fdlh ,e;Jg;Nguit> fdlh ,e;J mUs;newpkd;wk;> fdlh irtrpj;jhe;j kd;wk;vd;git gpujhdkhdit. guj ehl;ba fy;Y}hpfs;> gz;zpir kd;wk; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfgy gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

150



5.1 : ,e;Jf; Nfhapw; fiyfs; - mwpKfk;

,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fspy; Ez;fiyfs; rpwg;G ngw;W tUfpd;wd. fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf;

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;J kjk; nry;thf;F vk;%jhijNahuplk; ,Ue;J tUtJ

cz;ikNa. vk;Kd;Ndhhpd; topghl;bw;Fupa ,lkhf Nfhapy; jpfo;e;jJ. Md;kh

Kj;jp milAk; nghUl;L ,iwtd; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;fk; ,lk; Nfhapy;. ,f;Nfhapy;fspy;

fiy vd;gJ efKk; rijAk; gpize;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy; jpfo;tJ ngUikf;Fupa

rpwg;ghFk;.

fiy vd;gJ fyh vDk; rk];fpUj nrhy;ypd; jkpo;tbtkhFk;. fl;ll rpw;g Xtpaq;fs;

fl;Gyf; fiyahfTk; ,ireld ,yf;fpaq;fs; mitfhw;Wf;fiyfshfTk; fl;Gy

tbtq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itfspd; rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

rpwg;Gf;Fupadthfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

,e;Ez;fiyfspy; ,ir> eldk;> ehlfk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;llf;fiy> ,yf;fpak;

vd;gd rpwg;Gf;Fupad ,tw;Ws; Nfhapy;fspd; Rth;fs; J}z;fs;> NfhGuq;fs;> tpkhdq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpy; ,jd; rpwg;gpiz czh;e;J nfhs;syhk;.

Nfhapy; ,y;yh Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;f ,zq;f fiyfSk; kf;fs;

tho; gpuNjrq;fspy; CLUtpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhapy;fspd; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;l fl;llf;fiyia Nehf;Fkplj;J mq;F fu;g;gf;fpufk;

,jd; Nkw;$iu> tpkhdk;> ];J}gp ,jw;F Kd; fpof;F Nehf;fp thry; Kd; kfh

kz;lgk;> fUitwiaAk; kfh kz;lgj;ijAk; ,izj;J mu;j;j kz;lgk; Nfhapiyr;

Rw;wp gy miwfs; ,t;tiwfspd; tupirr; Rth;fs; NfhapYf;Fk;> RtUf;fk; ,ilapy;

tPjp> Nfhguk; ,tw;iw tpl gy kz;lgq;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fp.gp 8 E}w;whz;by;

,Ue;Nj fw;Nfhapy;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. Mdhy; njhd;Wnjhl;L fl;llf;fiy

rpwg;G ngw;wikf;Fg; gy Mjhuq;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd.

,e;Jf; fiy ,e;J jj;Jtk; Mf;fj;jpwd;> mofpay;> kdkfpo;r;rp ntspg;ghL vd;gtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjdhy; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

J}z;fSk; J}z;fspd; vz;zpf;iffSk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; J}z;fspd;

rpw;g Ntiyfspy; rpq;f cUtq;fs; jhkiufs; vd;gd nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,itfspy;

rJu tbtkhfNth> Iq;Nfhz> gjpdhWNfhz> (mWNfhz) tbtpdjfNth

mikf;fg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.

fiy mDgtKk; Mj;kPf mDgtKk; xNu mDgtj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhLfs;; vd;gjid

czh;j;j ,iwtdpd; cUtj;jpUNkdpfisj; jpUTU mikj;J Nfhapy;fspy; itj;J

topghL nra;tJ irt Mfkq;fspy; $wg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;Fhpa mk;rk;. ,j; jpUTUtq;fs;

kuj;jpdhYk;> rhe;jpdhYk; ntz;fyj;jpdhYk; fw;fspdhYk; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,J fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rj;jpidNa czh;j;Jfpd;wJ vdyhk;.

151



NkYk; rptdpd; gy;NtW %h;j;jq;fs; ,ypq;Nfhw;gth;> re;jpuNrfuh;> eluhrh;> gpr;rhldh;>

jl;rzh%h;j;jp> fy;ahz Re;juh; Nghd;Nwhh; topglg;gLtJ fiyapd; rpwg;ig

ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.

,tw;iw tpl tpkhdq;fspYk; NfhGuq;fspYk; ,iwtdJ mw;Gjq;fs;

jpUtpishaly;fis rpj;jphpf;Fk; gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. NkYk; Nrhoh;fs;

Nfhtpy;fspy; ntz;fyj;jpdhYk; fy;yhYk; mikf;fg;gl;l gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd. ,jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngWtJ eluhrhpd; tbtkhFk;. cjhuzkhf rpjk;gu

Fk;gNfhzk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jit MFk;.

Nfhapy;fspy; ,iwtdpd; tbtq;fs; epd;W mku;e;j fple;j epiyapy; mikf;fg;gLk;

tbtq;fs; Nfhap;fspd; rpw;gf;fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

fyhNahfp Mde;jFkhu$thkp mth;fs; “fiy cUthf;fk; vd;gJ J}a

csr;nraw;ghL” vdr; rkaj;jpw;Fk; fiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig

ntspf;fhl;baik Nfhapy;fspy; tsh;r;rp ngw;w Xtpaf;fiyfspy; ,Ue;J

njhpatUfpd;wJ. rpw;gj;jpid Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Xtpak; tsh;r;rp ngw;wik

rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.

rpw;g E}y;fSk; Mfkq;fSk; jpUTUtq;fSf;Fj; jPl;l Ntz;ba epwq;fis $wpAs;sd.

Nfhapw; $iufspYk; Rth;fspYk; J}z;fspYk; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fhQ;rp

ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;|> jQ;irg; ngUq;Nahapy; Rth;fspy; gioa RtNuhtpaq;fSk;

jQ;rg; nghpa Nfhapw; fUtiwapd; gpd;Gwr; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk;

rpwg;Gf;Fupait. NkYk; rptd; Re;juiuj; jLj;jhl; nfhz;l epfo;r;rp Xtpakhf

jPl;lg;gl;likAk; rpwg;G ngw;w tplaNk.

jpUehTf;furh; “capuhtzk; ,Ue;J cw;WNehf;fp cs;sf;fpspapy; cUntOjp”vd;W ghLtJ fiyfs; cs xUikg;ghl;ilAk; G+uz mikjpiaAk; Md;kPf

,d;gj;ijAk; jUtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy ,irf;fiyAk; eldf;fiyAk;

rpwg;Gg; ngWfpd;wd.

Mfkk; $Wk; topghl;by; fPjk; thj;jpak;> epUj;jpak; vDk; %d;Wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

,it %d;Wk; ,iwtid topgl tFf;fg;gl;l Kiwfs;. Ez;fiyfisg; Ngzj;

jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL cWJizahff; fhzg;gLtJ fiyapd; rpwg;Gf;F Kf;fpakhd

fhuzk;.

mgpN\fq;fspd; NghJk; Muhjidfspd; NghJk; kj;jsk;> Nksk;> jhsk;> rq;F>

Foy;> ehjRuk; Kjypa thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; kPl;lg;gl;ld. ,it flTsh;

jpUTUtq;fNshL Nfhapy;fspy; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; rptd; cLf;ifAk;

ehujh; jk;GuhTk;> ru];tjp tPizAk;> fz;zd; Gy;yhq;Foy; rq;F nfhz;L

tpsq;FtJ ,irf;fiyapd; kfj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Myaq;fspy; ,irf;fiy rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. mq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy; rKj;jpu Fg;jd; tPw;wpUe;J

tPizthrpg;gJ Nghd;w epiy ,f;f;hyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid

czu Kbaf; $bajhFk;. NkYk; ehad;khh;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpid

,ir %yk; Nfhapy;fspy; tsh;j;Jr; nrd;wdu;. ,jpy; Re;juh; “Vopiraha;

,irg;gadha;” vd;Wk; mg;gh; “Xirxyp vyhk; Mdha;” vdTk; ghbAs;sik

,f;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid typAWj;JfpwJ.

152



kdpj cs;sj;ijf; jd;takhf;fp ,iwrpe;jidapy; nry;tNj fiy vd;Wk; fiy

xU Nahf rhjdk; vd;Wk; fiy jd;dykpy;yhj cyffj;jpw;F xUtiu mioj;Jr;

nry;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; jpUthTf;furh; mupa NjdpDk; ,dpa Njthuq;fis

jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghbf;fspj;jhh; vd;Wk; rk;ge;jUk; ,irg; Gytuhfp kpsph;e;jhh;.

,th; ghba ghf;fis ahopy; mikj;Jj; jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghb te;jth; jpUePyfz;l

aho;g;ghzh;. “gz;Zk; gjNkOk; gyNthirj; jkpoitAk;” vd;W Qhd rk;ge;ju;

ghbaikAk; gy;yt muru; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njd;dpe;jpa Nfhtpy;fspy; Njthuk;

ghlg;gl;bUg;gJk; ,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,itgw;wp %d;whk;

ee;jptu;kd; fhyj;J jpUty;yk; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; Nrhog; ngUkd;dh; fhyj;jpYk; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf; fiy rpwg;Gw;Wf;

fhzg;gl;lJ. Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUntk;ghit> jpUg;ghit>

jpUj;jhz;lfk; Mfpad Nfhapy;fspy; ghlg;gl;ljhf fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd.

gpugQ;rg; gilg;G ehjhe;j eldj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. eldk; Ie;njhopy;

jj;JtkhFk;. ,ir kdij ,irtpf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ. ,irahy; topgLtJ

,iwQhdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.

,e;j tifapy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gjpfk;

XJk; tof;fj;ijAk; Kiwg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;Wk; ,uhruhNrr;ruk; Nfhtpypy; jpUg;gjpfk;

Xj Ik;gjpd;khiu epakpj;jhd; vd;Wk; NkYk; Nrhoh; fhy fy;ntl;bd; gb Njthuk;

XJgth;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Njthu ehafh; vDk; mYtyh epakpf;fg;

ngw;wpUe;jikAk; ,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpYk; mUzfpupehjh; ,aw;wpa ghly;fSk; ,irf;fiyf;Fupa

Mjhuq;fshf cs;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpd; Nfhapy;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;l J}z;fs; fUq;fhyp

Nghy; fUik epwkhdit. vz;nza; G+rpdhy; Nghy; gsgsg;G jd;ik cilait

caukhd J}z;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy;

ahop> Fjpiu Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd; tbtk; rpw;gkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhy

J}z;fspd; cauk; 18 mb cauk; tiuAk; mike;J ,Ug;gJ ,f;fhyf; Nfhapy;

fiy rpwg;Gg; ngWk; tifapid mwpaf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,t;thwhf Ez;fiyfspd; nry;thf;F gy;yt> Nrho> ehaf;fu; fhyq;fspd; ,lk;

ngw;W tUtjidAk; mitgw;wpa mwpKf ciuapidAk; Nky; cs;sthW $wyhk;.

153



- jkpofj;jpy; fl;llf; fiy

gy;ytu; fhyf; fl;llf; fiy

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; gy;ytu; fhyk; gf;jpnewpf; fhyk;> gf;jp ,af;ffhyk; vd;W

gythW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;

whz;L tiuahd gFjpapy; jkpofj;jpy; gy;yt> ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp

eilngw;wJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; Mo;thu;fs;> ehad;khu;fshy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpD}lhf

irt itzt rkaq;fs; ngUtsu;r;rp mile;jd. irt> itzt rkaq;fspd;

kWkyu;r;rpapy; Nfhapy;fs; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. mt;thW mikf;fg;gl;l

Myaq;fs; jkpofj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiy gw;wp mwptjw;Fg;

ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.

gy;ytu;fhy kd;du;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Myaq;fs; jpuhtpl

fl;llf;fiy kuG Njhd;wp> tsu;r;rpaile;jikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,f;fhy fl;llf;fiy

tsu;r;rpia mtw;iw mikj;j muru;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;> mtw;wpd; mikg;gpd;

mbg;gilapYk; tifg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Myaq;fis mikj;j

muru;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>

1. kNfe;jputu;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.600 - fp.gp. 650 tiu

3. ,uh[rpk;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.650 - fp.gp. 700 tiu

2. eurpk;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.700 - fp.gp. 800 tiu

4. ee;jptu;kd; ghzp - fp.gp.800 - fp.gp. 900 tiu

gy;ytu; fhyf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia Myaq;fspd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk;

tifapy; Filjspfs;> kiyjspfs;> fl;Lj;jspfs; vdTk; tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

Filjspfs;

gy;ytu;fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf miktJ Filtiuf;

Nfhapy;fs;. kiyfisf; File;J mikf;fg;gl;l Filtiuf; Nfhapiy Muk;gpj;J

itj;jtu; kNfe;jputu;kd;. kz;lfg;gl;Lr; rhrdk; ,jid cWjp nra;fpwJ.

mf;fy;ntl;by; ~nrq;fy;> Rz;zhk;G> kuk;> cNyhfk; Kjyhdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ

gpuk;kh> tp\;Z Mfpa flTsu;fSf;F ,e;jf; Nfhapiy tprpj;jpurpj;jd; cUthf;

fpdhd;| vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidaLj;J kNfe;jputhbak;> khkz;^u;> ty;yk;>

gy;yhtuk; Kjyhd Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. rPakq;fyk;>

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jsthD}u; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s Filjspfs; rw;Wg; gpw;gl;lit.

Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; fUtiw> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> Kfg;G kz;lgk;

vd;gdtw;iwAk; gpujhd thapiyAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Muk;gfhyf; Filtiufspd;

Kfg;G kz;lgj;jpy; 7 mb cauKk; 2 mb mfyKq;nfhz;l J}z;fs; ,lk;

ngWfpd;wd. ,f;Fil tiufspy; cs;s fUtiwfspy; ,iwtbtq;fisf; fhzKba

tpy;iy.,iwtbtq;fs; Rij my;yJ kuj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUJtu;.

154



gy;ytu; fhyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fspd; mLj;j fl;ll tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd.

kz;lgq;fs;. kz;lgq;fSs; mjpfkhdit Kjyhk; eurpk;kd; fhyj;jpy;

mikf;fg;gl;lit. jpup%u;j;jp kz;lgk;> Mjptuhf kz;lgk;> kfp\hRuku;j;jpdp kz;lgk;>

ju;kuh[kz;lgk;> khky;yGuk; Nghd;wit cjhuzq;fs;. kz;lgf; Nfhapy;;fs;

Filtiufs; Nghy fUtiw> Kfg;G kz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gpujhd gFjpfshf

cilad. kz;lgf; Nfhapy;fspy; fUtiwapd; vz;zpf;if thapy;fspd; mikg;G>

fhtw; rpw;gq;fs; mikg;G vd;gdtw;wpy; khw;wq;fisf; fhzyhk;. kz;lg Nfhapy;fSs;

rpy kz;lgq;fs; ,iw tbtq;fis cila fUtiwfisf; nfhz;bUf;f> NtW

kz;lgq;fspd; fUtiwfs; ntWikahfTs;sd. rptd;> tp\;Z> gpukh

Mfpatu;fSf;Fupa jpup%u;j;jp kz;lgk; %d;W fUtiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F

jpUkhypd; jpUtbapy; ,Utu; mku;e;jpUg;gJNghy nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptdpd;

fUtiwf;F Kd;Ds;s Jthughyfu;fs; fk;;gPukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdu;. kfplh#u

kz;lgj;jpy; kfplh#uku;j;jdp kfplh#uid tjk; nra;Ak; fij rpw;gf;Nfhykhff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. nfhbf;fhy; kz;lgj;jpd; fUtiwapd; ,UGwKk; fhtw;ngz;fs;

fhzg;gLtjhy; nfhw;witf;Fupa Nfhapyhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gu;.

kz;lgf; Nfhapy;fspy; nghJthf 7 mb cauKs;s J}z; epiufs; fhzg;g

Lfpd;wd. ,jd; Nkw;GwKk;> mbg;GwKk; rJu tbtikg;igAk;> eLg;gFjp vz;

Nfhz mikg;igAk; nfhz;lit. Nkw;gFjpapy; Fk;gKk;> jhkiu nkhl;Lk; njhq;F

tJ Nghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J}z;fspd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk; rpq;fq;fs;> J}z;fspd;

ghuj;ij mit jhq;fpf; nfhs;tJNghy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ eaj;jw;FupaJ. NkYk;

J}z;fs; fyrk;> Fk;gk;> gyif> fpuPtk;> jhkiu,jo; Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. kz;lgq;fspd; $iug;gFjpapy; tpkhd mikg;Gfspd; nrJf;fy;fisf;

fhzyhk;.

kiy jspfs;

gy;ytu; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; 2Mk; fl;l tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lgit kiy

jspfshFk;. Kjyhk; kNfe;jputUkdpd; kfd; Kjyhk; eurpk;kdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l

,k;kiyjspfis ujf;Nfhapy;fs;> ghiwf;Nfhapy;fs;> nrJf;Fj;jspfs;> xw;iwf;

Nfhapy;fs; vdTk; $Wtu;. kuj;jpy; ,ujj;ijr; nrJf;FtJNghy ghiwfisf; Nky;

,Ue;J fPohf nrJf;fp mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshf kiyjspfs; cs;sd. khky;y

Guj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s kiyjspfs;> kfhghujf; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fshYk;

fpuhkpaj; nja;tq;fspd; ngau;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. khky;yGu kiy jspfs;>

jUk ujk;> tPk ujk;> fNzr ujk;> rfhNjt ujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> nfhw;wit ujk;>

tlf;Fg; gplhup ujk;> njw;Fg; gplhup ujk;> tiyahd; Fl;il ujk; vDk; ngau;fshy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

155



kiyjspfspd; tpkhdq;fs; ntt;NtW fiyg;ghzpfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. jUk

ujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> njw;Fg;gplhup ujk; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpkhdk; jpuhtpl fiyg;ghzpiag;

gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. tlf;Fg; gplhup ujk;> tiyahd; Fl;il ujk;> nfhw;wit ujk;

vd;gd ehfu fiyg;ghzpapy; mike;jit. fNzr ujk;> tPk ujk; vd;gd rhiy

tpkhd mikg;igAilad. rfhNjt ujk; J}q;fhid khl fiyg;ghzpapy;

mike;Js;sJ.

khky;yGuf; Nfhapy;fSs; ju;kuh[ ujk; Vidatw;iwtpl mstpw; ngupaJ.

~mtdpg[hd gy;yNt];tuk;| vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,t;thyak; 42 mb ePsk;> 32

mb mfyk;> 40 mb cauk; cilaJ. ,t; ujk; %d;W jsq;fisAk;> mjd;Nky;

vl;Lg; gl;ilfisAila fpuPlj;ijAk;> rpfuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jUkuh[ ujj;jpd;

%d;W jsq;fspYk; ,e;J rkar; rhu;Gila rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;

“rpw;gf;fiyf; fsQ;rpak;” vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; jUkuh[ ujk;> fhQ;rp ifyhrehju;

Myaj;jpd; mikg;gpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ.

fl;Lj;jspfs;

fw;fisr; rPuhfg; nghope;njLj;J xd;wpd; Nky; xd;iw itj;J fl;Lfpd;w

fl;Lkhdf; fl;llf;fiyNa fl;Lj;jspahFk;. fl;Lj;jspf; fiykuG ,uh[rpk;k gy;yt

kd;ddJ fiykuG. cjhuzkhf khky;yGuf; flw;fiuf;Nfhapy;> <];tud; Nfhapy;>

KFe;jd; Nfhapy;>njd;dhu;f;fhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s gidkiyf; Nfhapy;> fhQ;rp

Guj;jpYs;s itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;. khky;yGu flw;fiuf; Nfhapy; ghJfhg;gw;w

jpwe;jntspapy; mike;Js;s ,f;Nfhapy; fly; ePupypUe;JtUk; cg;Gf; fhw;whYk;>

fhw;wpy; tUk; kzyhYk; ,d;Dk; rpijtilahJ ,Ug;gJ gy;ytu;fhy fl;Lkhd

Ntiyapd; cWjpg;ghl;ilf; fhl;LfpwJ. khky;yGu flw; fiuf; Nfhapiy

“[yradk;” vd jw;NghJ miof;fpd;wdu;.

,uh[rpk;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; fiy tdg;GilaJ.

ngupa fw;wsp vd gpw;fhy rhrdq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;

jkpof jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiyapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fshd tpkhdk;> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuj;

NjtNfhl;lk;> Rw;whiy> NfhGuk;> gpufhuk; Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhQ;rp

ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; fUtiwapy; 16 gl;il nfhz;l ,ypq;fk; cs;sJ.

fu;g;gf;fpufj;ijr; Rw;wp tUtjw;F ghij mikg;G cz;L.fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpd; fpof;Fg;

gf;fk; jtpu;e;j Vida %d;W jpirfspYk; cs;s gf;fr; Rtu;fspd; eLtpYk; Njt

Nfhl;lk; ,ize;jpUg;gJ rpwg;gk;rk;. tpkhdk; gy js mikg;Gk; mJ cs;Nehf;fpa

rupTld; NkNy Xq;fpnaOk; ghq;fpy; fiytdg;Gld;

156



mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehw;rJu tbtpyhd mjd; jsq ;fs py ; khlq ;fSk ;

Guhzf;fijia tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fSk; rpfuj;jpd; NkNy J}gpAk; cs;sd. jpUr;

Rw;whiyiar; Rw;wp 58 rpwpa NjtNfhl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s itFe;jg;ngUkhs; NfhapNy gy;ytu; fhyf; fl;llf;

fiyapd; kpf Kjpu;r;rp ngw;w gilg;G vdf; $wyhk;. mJ ifyhrehju; Nfhapiyf;

fhl;bYk; XusT ngupaJ. Rw;whiy kz;lgk;> fUtiw> Kf kz;lgk; vd;gd mf;

Nfhapypd; Kf;fpakhd cWg;Gf;fshFk;. fUtiw Vwf;Fiwa 90 mb ePsKs;s

gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf rJu tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ. Rw;whiy kz;lgj;jpy; rpq;f

cUtq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s J}z; tupirAk;> gy;yt mur kugpdJ Kf;fpa

khdepfo;r;rpfisf; $Wk; nra;jpfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fSk; cs;sd. K f

kz;lgk; fUtiwiag; Nghy rJu tbtKilaJ.

fUtiwapd; NkYs;s tpkhdk; rJu tbtpyhdJ. mjdJ cauk; jiu

kl;lj;jpypUe;J 60 mbMFk;. tpkhdk; ehd;F jsq;fisf;; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mijr;

Rw;wpYk; eiltopAk; cs;sJ. tpkhdj;jpy; cs;s rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; ghu;g;Nghiuf;

ftu;tjhf cs;sJ. Myaj;jpNy gpufhuj;jpd; cl;Gwj;jpYs;s jpUr;Rw;W $lq;fs;

nghUe;jpa rhiyfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rhiy neLfpYk; ahopj;J}z; epiufs;

cz;L. J}zpd; ghuj;ij ahopjhq;FtJ Nghy; kpfj; jj;Jt&gkhf rpw;gp jd;

iftpidj; jpwidf; fhl;bAs;shd;. gy;ytu; fhy fl;llf;fiyapYk; fiy

Ntiyg;ghLfspYk; kpf cau;e;j tsu;r;rpf; fhyk; ,uh[ rpk;kdJ Ml;rpf;fhyk;

vdf; $wyhk;.

gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j fl;Lj;jsp mikg;gpd; mLj;j fl;l

tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd gy;ytu; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; Ml;rp Gupe;j ee;jptu;kd;

fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;. ,k;kd;dd; fp.gp. 800 - fp.gp. 900 Mk; Mz;bw;F

,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mikj;j Myaq;fs; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. ,t;thyaq;fs; mstpNy

rpwpadthf ,Ug;gJld;> fiyg; gz;GfspYk; ,uh[rpk;kd; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk;

tsu;r;rpAilait vd;W $wKbahJ. cjhuzkhf fhQ;rpapYs;s Kj;jP];tuu;

Nfhapy;> kjq;Nf];tuu; Nfhapy;> nrq;fw;gl;bw;F mUfpYs;s Xuflj;jpYs;s

thlhky;yP];tuu; Nfhapy;> jpUj;jzpapYs;s tPul;lhNd];tuu; Nfhapy; Kjyhdit

Fwp;g;gplj;jf;fit. ,tw;Ws; fhQ;rpapYs;s Kj;jP];tuu;> kjq;Nf];tuu; Nfhapy;fs;

Kjypy; fl;lg;gl;lit. mtw;wpd; Eiothapypy; ,U J}z;fs; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

Kfkz;lgk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;gpupitr; Nru;e;j Vida ehd;F Nfhapy;fSk; miutl;l

tbtpy; mike;Js;sd. mit khky;yGuj;jpYs;s rfhNjt ujj;ij Kd;khjpupahff;

nfhz;ld.

157



Nrhou; fhyf; fl;llf;fiy

jkpof tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 850 - 1270 tiuahd fhyk; Nrho kd;du;fspd;

Ml;rpf; fhyk;. ,e;J rkak; Nfhapy; topghL> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; vd;W

gy;NtW JiwfspYk; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. ,f;fhy ,e;J rka tsu;;r;rp vd;gJ Nfhapy;fis

ikakhff; nfhz;Nl fhzg;gl;lJ. Nrho kd;du;fs; Nghupy; ngw;w ntw;wpfSf;fhfTk;>

kf;fspd; Md;kPfj; Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfTk; gy Nfhapy;fis mikj;jdu;.

mt;thW Nrho kd;du;fs; mikj;j Nfhapy;fs; mf;fhyf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf;

fhl;Ltdtha; cs;sd.

Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpia ntt;NtW tsu;r;rpf; fl;lq;fshf ,dq;

fhz;gu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;Ml;rp Gupe;j muru;fisAk; mtu;fs; mikj;j Myaq;fspd;

jd;ikfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,g;gFg;G mikfpwJ.

(m) Kw;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 850 - 985

tp[ahyad; njhlf;fk; guhu;e;jd; tiuahd Nfhapy;fs;

(M) ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 985 - 1070

uh[uh[d; njhlf;fk; uhN[e;jpud; tiuahd fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l

Nfhapy;fs;.

(,) gpw;fhyr; Nrhou; ghzp - fp.gp. 1070 - 1270

1 Mk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; njhlf;fk; 3 Mk; uhN[e;jpud; tiuahd

fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;.

,t;thyaq;fSs; Kw;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy;fs; gy;ytu; fhy jpuhtpl fl;llf;fiy

tsu;r;rpapd; njhlu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mNjNeuj;jpy; mf;fhyf; Nfhapy;fisg; NghyNt

mstpy; rpwpadthfTk; cs;sd. ehu;j;jh kiy tp[ahya NrhNo];tuk;> GJf;Nfhl;il

%tu; Nfhapy; Nghd;wd Kw;fhy Nrhou; Nfhapy;fSs; rpy. Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy

tsu;r;rpapd; cr;repiyiaf; fhl;Ltd ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy;fs;. jQ;irg;

ngUq;Nfhapy;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNo];tuk; vd;gd mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. gpw;fhyr;

Nrhou; Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; Kjpu;r;rpia fhl;LtJld;>

tp[aefu fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;NdhbahfTk; miktd. g pw ;fhyr ;

Nrhou; Nfhapy;fSs; rpjk;guk;> IuhtNj];tuk;> jphpGtdk; vd;gd rpy.

fl;llf;fiyapd; tsu;r;rp

Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; njhlf;fj;ijf; fhl;LtJ tp[ahya NrhNo];tuk;.

fUtiw> tpkhdk;> Kd;kz;lgk;> gupthuf; Nfhapy;fs; vDk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf

,t;thyak; cs;sJ. ehd;F jsq;fisf; nfhz;l tpkhdk; Nky; Nehf;fp $k;gpa

tz;zk; nry;fpwJ. tpkhdj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W jsq;fs; rJukhfTk;> ehd;fhtJ jsk;

tl;lkhfTk; mike;Js;sd. GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s %tu; Nfhapy; %d;W gpujhd

Nfhapy;fis nfhz;l xU Nfhapyhf cs;sJ. %d;W ikaf; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; kfh

kz;lgk;> ee;jp kz;lgk; vd;gd nghJthf mike;Js;sd.

158



xt;nthU ikaf;NfhapYk; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk; vDk; gFjpfis cilad.

ikaf;Nfhapy; xt;nthd;Wk; 21 mb ePsKk;> kfh kz;lgk; 91 mb ePsKk;> ee;jp

kz;lgk; 11 rJu mb ePsKk; cilad. Myaj;jpd; xt;nthU jpirapYk;; Jizf;

Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd.

Nrhou; fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; cr;repiyia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf

jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; cs;sJ. rhSf;fpa kd;did uh[uh[d; ntw;wp nfhz;ljd;

epidthff; fl;lg;gl;lNj jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy;. 500 mb e PsKk ; 250 mb

mfyKilajhf ,f;Nfhapy; cs;sJ. njd ;j pirNkU> ngu pa Nfha py ; >

ngUTilahu; Nghd;w ngau;fs; jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapypd; fl;llf;fiyr; rpwg;ig

czu;j;Jtd. gpujhd Nfhapy; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp

kz;lgk;> eu;j;jd kz;lgk;> thr;rpa kz;lgk; vd;W 6 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Myaj;jpd; cWg;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Mfk tpjpg;gb epUkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 45 mb

ePsKk; 9 mb mfyKk; nfhz;l fUtiwapd; ehw;GwKk; ehd;F thapy;fs; cs;sd.

jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; gpujhd gFjpahf miktJ gpukpl; tbtpy; mike;j

mjd; tpkhdk; vd;gu;. Myaj;jpd; tpkhdk; 216 mb cauj;ij nfhz;bUg;gJld;>

15 mLf;FfisAk; cilaJ. jQ;irf;Nfhapypd; kjpy; thapy; tpkhdk; 3 NfhGuq;fSk;

Nfuse;jfd; thapy;> uh[uh[d; thapy;> jpUtZf;fd; thapy; vDk; ngau;fshy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

uhN[e;jpud; fq;ifia ntw;wp nfhz;ljd; epidthf mikf;fg;gl;l fq;if

nfhz;l NrhNo];tuk; jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; kWgjpg;G vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thyak;

567 mb ePsKk; 318 mb mfyKk; nfhz;l tshfj;jpDs; mike;Js;sJ. My

aj;jpd; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk; Mfpa gpujhd gFjpfs; xU

nghJthd gpukhz;lkhd mjpl;lhdj;jpd; Nky; mike;Js;sd. fq;if nfhz;l

NrhNo];tuj;jpd; gpujhd gFjpahf miktJ tpkhdk;. jQ;irg; ngUq; Nfhapypd;

tpkhdj;jpd; jsq;fs; ehw;GwKk; Neuhf mike;jpUf;f> fq;if nfhz;l

NrhNo];tuj;jpd; tpkhdk; tpy; tisthff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tpkhdj;jpy; Ie;J

gf;f tbtpYk;> ehw;rJu tbtpYk; mike;j khlq;fs; jsq;fis myq;fupf;fpd;wd.

fUtiwapd; ,UGwKk; tl ifyhak;> njd; ifyhak; vDk; ,U rpthyaq;fs;

cs;sd.

159



gpw;fhy Nrhou; fiyg; ghzp

gpw;fhy Nrho kd;du;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; ,ilf;fhy Nrho fl;llf;

fiyg;ghzpapd; mLj;j fl;l tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. ,f;Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou; fhy

fl;llf; fiyapd; Kjpu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. mNjNeuk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpiaAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jtd. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk;; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> tpf;fpuk Nrhod;

Nghd;w muru;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshf ,it cs;sd. rpjk;guk;>

jpupGtNd];tuk;> IuhtNj];tuk; Nghd;w Nfhapy;fs; gpw;fhy Nrhou;fhy

fiyg;ghzpia gpujpgypg;gd.tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Nghd;w muru;fs; - rpjk;guj;jpy; epUj;j

rig> NfhGuq;fs;> E}Wfhy; kz;lgk;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk; Nghd;w fl;ll mk;rq;fis

epUkhzpj;jdu;. rpjk;guj;jpd; jpUr;Rw;W khspifapd; Rtu;fs; Kjyhk;; FNyhj;Jq;fd;>

tpf;fpuk Nrhod; Kjypatu;fspd; fhyq;fspy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;lit.

,ilf;fhyf; Nfhapy;fspd; tpkhdq;fs; caukhf mika> gpw;fhy Nrhou;

Nfhapy;fspd; NfhGuq;fs; caukhf ,Ue;jik ,f;fhy fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk;. rpjk;guj;jpd; VO thapy;fspYk; VO caukhd

NfhGuq;fs; cs;sd. ,uz;lhk; uh[uh[dhy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;l IuhtNj];tuk;>

,uh[,uhN[];tuk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thyak; fUtiw> mu;j;j kz;lgk;>

ngU kz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iwg; gpujhd gFjpfshff; cs;sJ. IuhtNj];tuj;jpd;

tpkhdk;> NjtNfhl;lk;> Rtu; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gy rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,f;Nfhapy; gy rpw;gq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjdhy; “rpw;gq;fshy; ,iof;fg;gl;l xNu

Nrhou; tshfk;” vd;W tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.vdNt Nrhou;fspd; gpw;fhyf; Nfhapy;fs;

tp[aefu ehaf;fu; fhy fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;Ndhb vd;gu;.

160



tp[aefu ehaf;fu; fhy fl;llf;fiy

gpd;dzpAk; #oYk;

njd;dpe;jpa ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp 14k; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; 18k; E}w;whz;bw;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l fhyk; tp[aefu ehaf;fh; fhyk;. Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy

Nrhoh; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wJk; mjidr; rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpa ,];yhkpah;fs;

gilnaLg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;L kjk; gug;g Kw;gl;ldh;. ,jdhy; ,e;J Myaq;fs;

gytw;iw ,bj;jopj;Jk; mq;fpUe;J fiyr; nry;tq;fisf; fsthbAk; nrd;wdh;.

,jdhy; ,e;J kjk; tPo;r;rp mile;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; fupfud;> Gf;fd; Nghd;Nwhh;

tlf;Nf xU muirAk; njw;Nf xU muirAk; Njhw;wpdh;. tlf;fpy; Njhd;wpa muR

,];yhkpaUf;Fk; njw;fpy; Njhd;wpa muR tp[aefu NguurhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,t;turpay; tuyhw;wpy; tp[aefuj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j xUtuhf fpU\;z

Njtuhah;fhzg;gl;lhh;. mJ Njhd;Wtjw;F gy gzpfis nra;j xUtuhf jpfo;gth;

tpj;ahuz;ah;;. ,t;thW ,f;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rka kWkyh;r;rp tp[a efu ehaf;fh;

fhy fl;llf;fiyapy; GjpaNjhh; gupkhzj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpw kjq;fSf;F

vjpuhdJ vdg;; Gwf; fiy tbtq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpdh;.

tp[a efuupd; fl;llf;fiyr; rpwg;Gk; ehaf;fh; fhyf; fiyAk;

jkpo; ehl;by; gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk; Nrhoh;fhyj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy

tsh;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tp[a efu kd;dh;fs; Me;jpuh> fu;ehlfk;>

jkpo;ehL Mfpa %d;W khepyq;fspYk; Gjpa Gjpa fiyg; gz;GfSld; Gjpa Gjpa

Nfhapy;fis mikj;Jk; gioa Nfhapy;fis Gdh;epUkhzk; nra;Jk; fiyg;gzp

Gupe;jdh;. ,th;fspd; fiytsh;r;rpapy; Nfhapy;fspd; cs;sf tsh;r;rpapy; khw;wk;

Vw;gl;lJ. fiy nropg;Gw;w fhyk; ,f;fhyk; vdTk; fiy mwpQh; $Wth;.

,th;fspd; fiyg; gz;gpy; fy;ahz kz;lgk;> Mapuk; fhy; kz;lgk;> Rw;Wg; gpufhuk;>

NfhGuk;> J}z;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij tfpj;J ,Ue;jd.

J}z;fs;

tp[a efu ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; %d;W tif rhh;e;j J}z;fs; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspNy

mikf;fg;gl;lij mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

1. gpujhdkhd J}iz xl;ba tz;zk; mjd; gf;fq;fspy; flTs; gbkk;> ahop>

Fjpiu Nghd;w tbtq;fs; rpwg;ghf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2. ,d;ndhU tif rhh;e;j J}z;fspy; Nfhapy; khjpupahd rpwpa cUtq;fs; fPo;

,Ue;J Nkyhf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy J}z;fspy; NfhGuk;> rpfuk; Nghd;w

tbtq;fs; rpw;gkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. ,d;ndhU tif rhh;e;j J}z;fs; eLtpYs;s gpujhd J}izr; Rw;wp mjd;

gf;fq;fspy; fk;gq;fs; Nghd;w J}z;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it midj;Jk;

xNu fy;ypy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. ehaf;fh; fhy rpw;gpfs; kpFe;j gsgsg;Gld; xspUk; fUik epwj;J}z;fis

gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; ,w;iwtiu xspFd;whj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

161



fy;ahz kz;lgk;

njd;dpe;jpa fl;llf; fiyapy; fy;ahz kz;lgk; vDk; Gjpa mikg;igj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs; tp[a efu kd;dh;fs;. ,J gy;yt> Nrho fhyq;fspy; mikf;fg;glhj

xd;W. ,ij mikj;jjpy; tp[aefuh; Nkd;ik milfpd;wdh;. gjpa Nfhapy;fspYk;

,th;fs; Gdh;epUkhzk; nra;j Nfhapy;fspYk; ,k;kz;lgq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

Myaj;jpd; fpof;F thapypd; ,lg;GwgkhfNt ,k;kz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;kz;lgk; mofpa rpw;gq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf tpl;lyh

Rthkp fy;ahz kz;lgk;> fhQ;rpGu tujuh[ fy;ahz kz;lgk; vd;gtw;iw $wyhk;.

fhQ;rp Gu fy;ahz kz;lgk; Nfhapiy Nehf;fp caukhd ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. mk;

kz;lgj;jpd; eLNkilia Mik xd;W jhq;fp epw;gJ rpw;gkhf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mk; kz;lgj;jpy; cyfpay; rhh;e;j nysfPff; fhl;rp rpw;gkhf cs;sJ. ,k; kz;lgj;jpd;

J}z;fspy; tp];Z> (eurpk;kdJ) ,uzpadpd; Fliy khiyahfg; NghLtJ vd;Dk;

eurpk;k mtjhuk; rpw;gkhf cs;sJ.

Rw;Wg;gpufhuk;

tp[aefu kd;dh; me;epauplk; ,Ue;J Nfhapy;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L xU

NfhapYf;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Rw;Wg; gpufhuq;fis mikj;jdh;. Rw;Wg;

gpufhuj;jpDs;Ns kf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fs;> filj;njUf;fs;> mq;fhbfs; vd gytw;iwAk;

mikj;J Nfhapiy xU efukhf khw;wpa ngUik tp[aefu kd;diur; rhUk;

vd;gu;. cjhuzkhf =uq;fj;jpd; Rw;Wg;gpufhuk; cz;L. mjpy; Myaj;jpy; cs;s

%d;W Rw;Wg;gpufhuq;fs; tp[aefuuhy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

uh[NfhGuq;fs;

tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu; fpU];z Njtuhah;. ,th; mikj;j

NfhGuq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

1. jpUtz;zhkiyapy; ,th; mikj;j cah; NfhGuk;

2. tujuh[g; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; cah; NfhGuk;

3. fhQ;rp Vfhk;gu ehjh; Nfhapy; cau; NfhGuk;

4. rpjk;guf; Nfhapypd; tlf;Ff; NfhGuj;ij ,th; GJg;gpj;jhh;.

fy;Njh; (fw;Nwu;)

jkpo;ehl;L fl;llf;fiyapy; gy;yt kd;dh;fNs kiyia nrJf;fp Njh; Nghd;w ujf;

Nfhapiy mikj;jdh;. mjd; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rp Myaj;jpDs; ujf; Nfhapiy

mikj;j ngUik tp[a efuiur; rhUk;. cjhuzkhf tpl;lyh Rthkp Nfhapy;

fy;Nju; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jpy; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.,f; fl;llf;fiyNa

,jd; gpd; te;j ehaf;fh; kd;du;fspd; fl;llf; fiy tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf

mike;jJ.

NkYk; jkpo; ehl;by; gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l Nfhapy;

fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tp[aefu fhyj;jpy; vw;gl;l

tsu;r;rpapd; njhlh;r;rpahf ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; fl;llf;fiy mike;jJ. 16k; E}w;whz;bd;

kj;jpapy; fhQ;rp> jQ;ir > kJiu Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk; ehaf;fu;fs; tp[a

efu murh;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf Ml;rp Gupe;jdh;. ehaf;fh; fhy fiyapd; rpwg;gpw;F

,th;fNs tpj;jpl;ldh;.

162



17k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa fl;llq;fSk; Vida fiyfSk; ehaf;fu; fhy fiy

kuig ntspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa fiykuG tpsq;Fk; ,lq;fshf

jpUtz;zhkiy> fhQ;rpGuk;> tpUQ;rp Guk;> rpjk;guk;> =uq;fk;> kJiu> ,uhNk];tuk;

Mfpa ,lq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd.

NfhGuq;fs;

tp[aefuuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l NfhGuk; ,uh[NfhGu mikg;gpy; ,f;fhyj;jpNy GjpaNjhh;

gupkhz tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. tpkhdq;fisf; fhl;bYk; NfhGuq;fs; cauk;

$badthf mikT ngw;wpUg;gjhy; ,f;fhyk; NfhGu tsu;r;rpf;fhyk; vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,itad;wp kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fspd; kz;lgq;fSk;

jpUr;Rw;Wk; Nfhguq;fSk; Gjpadthf fl;br; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. fl;llf;fiyf;F mzp

Nru;f;Fk; ehaf;fh; fhy rpw;gq;fs; Ng&h;> jhuhkq;fyk;> kJiu> mofh;Nfhapy;>

fpU];zGuk;> jpUney;Ntyp> jpUitFz;lk;> jpUf;FWq;Fb> njd;fhrp> Fk;gNfhzk;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sd.

fpU];z tPug;g ehaf;fh;

kJiu tpRt ehj ehaf;fh; fp.gp 1529 - 1564 kJiu nrhf;fehjUf;F mofpa

Nfhapy; mikj;jhh;. ,tuJ topte;jth; jhd; ,tuhthh;. ,th; rpwg;Gkpf;f gy

fl;llq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;. mtw;wpy kJiu Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;> nrhf;fehjh;

Nfhapy; kz;lgk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ,tNd tp[a efu fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

Gfo;G+j;j rf;jp Myakhd kJiu kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Mya fl;Lkhdg; gzpfis

G+h;j;jp nra;jtd;.

kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;.

ehaf;fuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ,t;thyak; jpuhtplf; fl;llf;fiy tsh;r;rpapd; G+uzj;Jt

tsh;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J NfhGuq;fshy; tdg;G ngWk; Nfhapyhf cs;sJ.

ghz;bah; fhyk; njhlf;fk; ehaf;fh; fhyk; tiu gy fl;Lkhdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mk;kd; NfhapYk; Re;jNu];tuh; NfhapYk; mUfUNf mike;Js;sd. ,t;thyak;

kz;lgq;fs; njg;gf;Fsk;> Rw;whiy kz;lgk;> gpufhuq;fs; Nghd;w gy gFjpfis

cilaJ. J}z;fspy; tp[a efu ehaf;f rpw;gq;fs; gy ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

,j;jifa rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fs; tp[a efu ehaf;fh; fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; rpwg;gpidAk;

Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzj;ijak; Rl;b epw;fpd;wd.

163



fPo;g;gFjpapy; Re;juh; nts;shid kPJ ,Ue;J NghjpYk; mtUf;Fg; gpd; Nrukhd;

ngUkhs; ehadhu; Fjpiu kPJ nry;tJk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ahidAq; FjpiuAk;

gytif mzpfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ifapy; jhsj;Jld; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbf; nfhz;Nl

fapiy Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhfr; Re;juh; cUtk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ahidia tplf;

Fjpiu kpf;f Ntfkhfr; nry;fpd;wJ. Xtpaq;fspy; Re;juUk; NrukhDk; jhb

itj;Js;sdh; kaph; Kbg;G nfhz;Ls;sdh;. gyif mzpfis mzpe;Js;sdh;.

njd;dpe;jpaf; fl;llf;fiy rhh;e;j mwptpaiyj; njhlf;fp itj;j G.NahtpA Lg;wpa];

vd;ghh; $WtJ

gy;ytu; rpw ;gj;jpwdpNy ifNju;e ;jth; . NrhoNuh fl;llf;fiyapy;

midj;Jr;rpw;gpfspYk; Nkyhdth;. mth;fspd; gzp fk;gPuKk; jdpikAk; tha;e;jJ.

Mdhy; Nrhoupd; fl;llf; fiyf;F vt;tifapYk; Fiwtw;wJ. mth;fspd; rpw;gf;fiy

vd;gJk; mf;fiyapw; gy;ytupYk; mth;fs; jho;e;jth;fs; my;yh; vd;gJk; ePyfz;l

rh];jpupahupd; fzpg;G.

,jpy; ,Ue;J kw;wf; fhyq;fis tpl vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; mjpAd;dj tsh;r;rpiaf;

fhl;Lk; fhykhf Nrhoh; fhyk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapypd; Xtpa Ntiyg; ghl;bid NkYk;

Nehf;fpd; Nfhkfs; xUj;jp mtisr; Nrh;e;j gzpg; ngz;fs; Xtpakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,it mf;fhyg; ngz;fspd; cil tpNrlq;fisAk; mzp tpNrlq;fisAk; ekf;F

czh;j;Jfpd;wd. kw;nwhU ghy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Mly; ghly;fspy; kfsph; Xtpaq;fs;

,d;GWj;JtdthFk;. mk;kfsph;fSk; mzpfSk;mth;jk; ,irf;fUtpfSk; Gyg;gLk;

tifapy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.,t;thwhd Xtpaq;fs; Nrhoh;fhy kf;fspd; cly; mikg;G>

cil tpNrlk;> mzpr;rpwg;G vd;gtw;iw ed;F Gyfg;gLj;jf;$badthf cs;sd.

jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; ,uh[uhN[];tu gpUfjP];tuh; Nfhapy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

,t;thyaj;jpd; Kbapd; epoy; xU NghJk; epyj;jpy; gbtjpy;iy. mj;jifa El;gj;Jld;

mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;,t;thyaj;jpy; rptd; Kg;Guq;fis vupj;jik>

eld kfsph; cUtq;fs; vd;gd rpwg;ghf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; ,irAk;

eldKk; fye;j topghL Kjd;ikaile;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thwhf jQ;irg ngUq;Nfhapy; vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; jdpj;Jtk;kpf;f fiyahf

jpfo;tJ ,jd; rpwg;gpid fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

164



tpf;fpuff;; fiy

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; gpujhd mk;rq;fSs; Ez;fiyAk; xd;W ,J. Md;kPf

ClfkhfTk;> gf;j;pr; rhjdkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,e;J Ez;fiyfs;

rka jj;Jt %yq;fshf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. fiy> fiyf;fhfNt vd;Dk;

Nfhl;ghl;LlDk; fiy> r%j;jpw;fhfNt vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;LlDk; njhlu;Ggl;L

epw;gjidf; fhzyhk;.

,e;J Ez;fiyfshf fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;; Mfpad Fwpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wd. fyhurid ntspg;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,yf;fpaKk;

fiy tbtj;jpy; xd;whff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd fiy tbtq;fSs;

rpw;gf;fiyAld; ,ize;jjhfNt tpf;fpuf;ffiy nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fl;Gyf;fiyfSs;

xd;whfNt tpf;fpuff;fiy mikfpwJ. fiy tbtq;fis th];J fiy> %u;j;jpf;

fiy vd;W ,U gpupTfshf rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. th];J fiy

Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyahfTk;> %u;j;jp fiy rpw;g tpf;fpuff; fiyahfTk; mikfpwJ.

vdpDk; Nfhapw; fl;llf;fiyAld; ,ize;jjhfNt rpw;g tpf;fpuff; fiyfs;

Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;Jrkak; jpUTUt topghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Nfhapy;fs;

nja;tq;fspd; jpUTUtq;fis gpujpl;il nra;Ak; ,lq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

,t;tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;Fupa %yg;nghUl;fshf fUq;fy;> kuk;> cNyhfk;>

Rij vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; tpf;fpufq;fis cNyhfq;fspy; thu;f;;Fk;

kuG fhzg;gLtjdhy; tpf;fpuff;fiyia thu;g;Gf;fiy vdTk; miog;gu;.

Guhzq;fspYk;> rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fspYk; cNyhfq;fspy; tpf;fpufq;fis thu;g;gJ

njhlu;ghff; $wg;gLk; tplaq;fs; njhopy; El;gj;jpwd; tha;e;jitahfTs;sd.

tpf;fpufq;fis cNyhfq;fspy; thu;f;Fk; Kiwik ,Utifahf mikfpd;wd.

- cl;GioT Kiwapy; thu;f;fg;gLk; tpf;fpufk;

- fdkhd Kiwapy; cs; ,ilntspapd;wp thu;f;fg;gLk; tpf;fpufk;

vd;gdthFk;. rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fspy; tpf;fpufq;is mikf;Fk; Kiwfs; rpw;gtpay;>

rpw;g msitapay;> rpw;g thu;g;gpay; vd;w xOq;fpy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd epakq;fs; tpf;fpufq;fspd; moifAk;> gf;jp

ntspg;ghl;bw;fhd Njhw;wg;ghl;bidAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltd mitahtd:

- msitg;gpukhzk;

- ,yl;rz tpjp

- gq;fmikjp

- `];j mgpeak;

- Milfs; Mguzq;fs;

- MAjq;fs;

vd;gdthFk;. tpf;fpufq;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,t;tplaq;fs; topgLgtu;fsJ

cs;sj;jpYk; czu;tpYk; uNrhghDgtq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf

mikfpd;wd.

tpf;fpufj;jpw;Fupa gq;f mikjpahdJ rkgq;fk;> mgq;fk;> mjpgq;fk;

(jpupgq;fk;) vd mikfpd;wd.

rkgq;fk; - Neuhf epw;Fk; tpf;fpufq;fs;.

mgq;fk; - xU tisitAila tbtq;fs;.

mjpgq;fk; - xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tisTfis cilait.

165



,tw;Ws; eluh[ tbtk; mjpgq;f (jpupgq;f) mikjpapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. jpupgq;f

mikjpapy; mike;j eluh[ tbtq;fs; gy Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gl;ld.

mNjNghy; tpf;fpufq;fis ];jhdf (epd;w) tbtk;> Mrd (mku;e;j) tbtk;>

rad (gLj;jpUf;Fk;) tbtk; vdTk; tifg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; cs;sJ. ,tw;Ws;

rad tbtj;jpw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L tp\;Ztpd; mee;j rad tbtk;. vdNt

eluh[ tbtk;> mee;j rad tbtk; vd;gd irt itzt kugpy; kpfTk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cila tpf;fpufq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;J tpf;fpufq;fis rpj;jpuk;> rpj;jpuhghrk;> rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;w epiyapYk;

tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,tw;Ws; rpj;jpuh ghrk;> rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;gd cNyhf

gbkq;fSf;F Mjhukhdit. rpj;jpuhghrk; vd;gJ cl;GioT epiyapYk;

rpj;jhu;j;jk; vd;gJ cl;GioT mw;w epiyapYk; mikAk; tpf;fpufq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLtd.

tpf;fpuf msitfis Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ jhyk; vd;Dk; msit gpujhd

,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.

thkd cUtq;fs; - rg;j jhy mikg;gpYk;

rptdbahu; tbtq;fs; - ml;l jhy mikg;gpYk;

nja;tPf tbtq;fs; - etjhy mikg;gpYk;

rpt tbtq;fs; - cj;jk jrjhy mikg;gpYk;

thu;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jtifapy; eluh[ tbtk;

cj;jk jrjhy mikg;gpYk;> mee;j rad tbtk; et jhy mikg;gpYk;

mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

166



eluh[u;

irtrka kugpy; rptDf;F 25 %u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

Nrhkh];fe;ju;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp> ypq;Nfhw;gtu;> mu;j;jehuP];;tuh;> eluh[u; Kjyhd

%u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,t;tbtq;fis tpf;fpufq;fshf mikf;Fk;

kuG fhzg;gLtjdhy; tpf;fpuff; fiy tsu;r;rpapy; ,t;tbtq;fs; mjpf gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; irt rka> irtrpj;jhe;j> fiyj;Jt uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWk; eluh[ tbtk; tuyhw;W uPjpapy; njhy;nghUl;fspYk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;

Gfog;gl;l tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

eluh[ tbtk; ehl;ba fyh jj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;jJ kl;Lkd;wp>

Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;JlDk; njhlu;Gilajhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Njthug; ghly;fspYk;>

irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; eluh[g; ngUkhdpd; gpujpkhyl;rz

tUzidfSk;> jj;Jthu;j;j rpe;jidfSk; 25 rpt %u;j;jq;fSs; eluh[ tbtj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,e;J rka rhj;jpu E}y;fSs; rptdpd; gytifj; jhz;ltq;fs; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thwhd rpt jhz;ltq;fshf:

fhspfh jhz;ltk; - gilj;jiyAk;

nfsup jhz;ltk; - fhj;jiyAk;

rq;fhu jhz;ltk; - mopj;jiyAk;

Cu;j;Jt jhz;ltk; - mUsiyAk;

czu;j;Jtjhf jj;Jt tpsf;fk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;Wf;F mg;ghy; rptdJ

Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fkhf miktNj rptdpd; Mde;jj; jhz;ltkhFk;.

,jdhy; Mde;jj; jhz;ltj;ij gQ;r fpUj;jpa eldk; vdTk; $Wtu;.

jpUehTf;furu; eluhrupd; Njhw;wg; nghypT gw;wpg;ghba ghRuk; eluhr

tbtj;jpd; gpujpkh yl;rz fyhjj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;bid vLj;jf;fhl;Ltjhf

mikfpwJ.

Fdpj;j GUtKk; nfht;itr;

nrt;thapy; Fkpz; rpupg;Gk;

gdpj;j rilAk; gtsk; Nghy;

Nkdpapy; ghy; ntz;zPWk;

,dpj;j Kila vLj;j nghw;ghjk;

fhzg; ngw;why;

kdpj;jg; gpwtpAk; Ntz;LtNj

,e;j khepyj;Nj

vDk; ghly; eluhr tbtj;jpd; tUzidahf miktjidf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[upd; gpujpkhyl;rzk;

Mfkq;fs;> rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; Kjyhd E}y;fspy; eluh[upd;

gpujpkhyl;rzk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}y;fspy; eluh[

tbtj;jpd; gq;f mikjpfs;> msitg; gpukhzq;fs;> mq;fyl;rzq;fs;>

Milmzpfyd;fs;> MAjq;fs; mit czu;j;Jk; jj;Jthu;j;j cz;ikfs;

Kjyhd tplq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. rkgq;fk;> mgq;fk;> mjpgq;fk; vDk; %tifg;

gq;f mikjpfSs; gy tisTfisAila mjpgq;f (jpupgq;fk;) mikjpapy;

eluh[ tbtj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

167



,iw topghl;bw;Fupa tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;Fupa msTg;gpukhzq;fs;

gw;wp rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mit mq;Fyg; gpukhzq;fshff ;$wg;gL

fpd;wd. me;jtifapy; eluh[ tbtk; cj;jk jrjhy gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk;>

Kayfd; rJu;jhyg; gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk; mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tsTg;

gpukhzq;fSf;fika fy;ypy; tiuag;gLk; NfhLfs; #j;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

eluh[ tbtk; Vida rpt %u;j;jq;fisg; Nghyd;wp eu;j;jd epiyf;Fupa

mq;f yl;rzq;fis nfhz;ljhf mikAk;. eluh[upd; jpUKb rlhghukhf

mike;J ,UGwKk; jpUthrpAld; ,ize;jthW mike;jpUf;Fk;. jpUKfk;;

Gd;KWtYld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. ehd;F fuq;fSs; ,lJ Nkw;fuk; mf;fpdpia

Ve;jpathW ,Uf;f> ,lJ fPo;f;fuk; mga fukhff; fhzg;gLk;. tyJ Nkw;fuj;jpy;

cLf;ifAk; ,lk;n;gWk;. tyJ fhy; gPlj;jpd; kPJ Kayfd; kPJ Cd;wpathW

,Uf;f> ,lJ fhy; tyg;Gwk; Nehf;fp cau;j;jpagb FQ;rpj ghjkhff; fhl;rpaspf;f

Ntz;Lk;. eluh[upd; jpUtbapd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; Kayfd; ,U fuq;fs; ghk;G

khiyAld; mika Ntz;Lk;. eluh[iur; #o jPr;RlUld; $ba jpUthrp

mikAnkd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

eluh[ tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Milfs;> mzpfyd;fs; njhlu;ghd

tplaq;fSk; rhj;jpu E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jiyapy; gpiwr;re;jpud;> ngz;

cUtpy; fq;if KjyhdTk;> fOj;jpy; ghk;G khiy> Kj;J khiy> vUf;fk;G+

khiy KjyhdTk;> fhJfspy; Fz;lyq;fSk;> khu;gpy; G+Z}Yk; Mguzkhf

mikAk;. Gypj;Njhiy Milahff; nfhz;l eluh[upd; fhy;fis tPuf;foy;fs;

myq;fupf;Fk;.

eluh[ tbtk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtq;fs;;

rpt tbtq;fSs; xd;whfpa eluh[ tbtk; irt rpj;jhe;j> mwptpay; rpe;jidfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; $wg;gLk; gjp> gR> ghrk;

Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila gy rpe;jidfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l tbtkhf mJ

tpsq;FfpwJ. nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fSs; xd;whfpa cz;ik tpsf;fk;

~Njhw;wk; Jbajdpy; NjhAe;jpjp mikg;gpy;

rhw;wpapLk; mq;fpapNy rq;fhuk; - Cw;wkhk;

Cd;W kyu;g;gjj;jpy; cw;w jpNuhjk; Kj;jp

ehd;w kyu;g;gjj;Nj ehL|

vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; gjpAld; njhlu;Gila Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; FwpaPlhf

mikAk; tpjk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ eluh[ tbtj;jpYs;s

cLf;if Ve;jpa fuk; - (rpU\;b) gilj;jiyAk;

mgafuk - (jpjp ) fhj;jiyAk;

jP Ve;jpa fuk;; - (rq;fhuk;) mopj;jiyAk;

Cd;wpa jpUtb - (jpNuhgtk;) kiwj;jiyAk;

J}f;fpa jpUtb - (mEf;fpufk;) mUsiyAk;

czu;j;Jtjhfj; jj;Jtj; njhlu;G $wg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fspy;

$wg;gLk; ~jhliyNghy; $bait...| vd;gJk;> ~mauh md;gpd; mud;foy; nrYNk|

vDk; ghlYk; ,iwtdpd; mUsy; njhopy; %yk; Md;kh ,iwtdpd; jpUtbapy;

,izjYld; njhlu;GgLtjidf; fhzyhk;

168



irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; Md;k tpLjiyf;Fupa rhjdkhf $wg;gLtdtw;Ws; ek

rptha ke;jpuk; gpujhdkhdJ jpUtUl;gad; Ie;njOj;jUs;epiy vDk; mjpfhuj;

jpy; jpUite;njOj;jpd; ngUikiag; NgRfpwJ. jpUtUl;gadpy; ~Njhw;wk; Jb

rpfuk; rpf;fdth tPRfuk;............| vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; #f;Fk gQ;rhl;ru

khfpa rpthaek vDk; rpfuhjp gQ;rhl;ruj;jpd; milahskhf mikfpd;wik

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; ];J}y gQ;rhl;rukhfpa ekrptha vDk; efuhjp

gQ;rhl;ru ke;jpu cghridAld; njhlu;Gilajhf mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

e - jpUtb

k - jpUtapW

rp - jpUj;Njhs;

th - jpUKfk;

a - jpUKb

vd;W eluh[ tbtj;jpw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; jpUite;njOj;jpw;Fk; cs;s

njhlu;G $wg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[ tbtj;jpy; rptd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milfs;> Mguzq;fs;> mtu; Ve;jpAs;s

MAjq;fs; Kjyhd mk;rq;fSk; gy cz;ikfis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

me;jtifapy;

Kayfd; - Mztj;jhy; fl;Lz;l Md;khitAk;

ghk;G - Mztj;ijAk;

Gypj;Njhy; - Nfhgj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtd; vd;gijAk;

Kf;fz;fs; - ,r;rh rf;jp> fpupah rf;jp> Qhdrf;jpiaAk;

tPuf;foy; - gy tpidfs; gpwtpj; Jd;gj;ij ePf;FtijAk;

gtsepw Nkdp - rptdpd; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikiaAk;

ehd;F jpUf;fuk; - vy;iyapy;yh Mw;wiyAk;

new;wpf;fz; - capu;fspd; Jd;gq;fisg; Gd;KWtyhy; ePf;FtijAk;

rlhKb - Qhdj;ijAk;

gpiw - NguoifAk;

jpUePW - guhrf;jpiaAk;

#yk; - Kr;rf;jpiaAk;

Nfhlup - Nguhw;wiyAk;

czu;j;Jtjhf mj;jifa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs; mikfpd;wd. eluh[iur; #oTs;s

jpUthrp Xq;fhuj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk;> mj;jpUthrpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Rlu;fs; ekrpthak;

vd;gjpYs;s vOj;Jf;fisr; Rl;LtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,j;jpUthrp Md;kh ghr

Qhdj;ij tpl;L gjp Qhdj;ij miltjd; %yNk Kj;jpiag; ngwKbAk; vd;gij

Rl;LtjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. cz;ik tpsf;fk;

~Xq;fuNk ew;wpUthrp cw;wmjdpy;

ePq;fh vOj;Nj epiw Rluhk;| vd;gjd; %yk; jpUthrp jpUite;njOj;jpdJk;>

mjd; Rlu;fs; mjd; ml;ruq;fspdJ milahskhf mikfpd;wik $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

169



eluh[ tbtk; - tuhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

jkpofj;jpd; irt rka tuhw;wpy; eluh[ tbtj;jpw;Fg; gpujhd ,lKz;L.

rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rptd; Mba nfhLnfhl;b> ghz;Luq;fk;> fghyk; Kjyhd

eldq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; rq;fkUtpa fhy

,yf;fpaq;fspNyNa rptdpd; eldk; njhlu;ghd njspthd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahupd; jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfj;jpy; ,e;eldk; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;

~fhLk; flYk; kiyAk; kz;Zk;

tpz;Zk; #o mdy; ifNae;jp MLk; mutk;

Gaq;fd; vq;fs; mg;gd; ,lk;

jpUthyq;fhNl|

vd;W mfpy mz;l ruhruq;fSk; ,iza rptd; eldk; Gupe;jikiag; ghLfpwhu;.

jkpofj;jpy; KjyhtJ eluh[ tbtk; jUkuh[ ujj;jpy; rpw;gkhf

,lk;ngWfpwJ. thjgpr; rhSf;fpau; fhyj;J thjgpf; Fiff; Nfhapypy; 16 fuq;fSld;

$ba eluh[ tbtk; rpw;gkhfTz;L. ,it fw;rpw;gq;fshf mika Nrhou;

fhyj;jpNyNa cNyhfq;fspYk; kz;zpYk; eluh[ tbtq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

,it ntz;fyg; (cNyhfg;) gbkq;fshfTk;> kl;fyg; gbkq;fshfTk; mike;jd.

Nrho muru;fspd; mur rpd;dkhfTk;> rka rpd;dkhfTk; eluh[ tbtk; tpsq;fpaJ.

Nrhou;fhy rhrdk; xd;wpy;

~ghjhjp Nfrhe;jk; xU KoNk ehy;tpuy;

miu cruj;J ,uz;L jpUf;if cilatuhf

fdkhf vOe;jUsptpj;j ngupa ngUkhs;...|

vd;W eluh[upd; cNyhf thu;g;GKiwapd; gpujpkhyl;rzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jQ;ir>

fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNo];tuk;> rpjk;guk; Kjyhd ,lj;J eluh[ ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. kJiu kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapypy; fhy;khwp MLk; epiyapyhd

eluh[u; tbtj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[ tbtj;jpd; fiy> jj;Jt> mwptpay; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wp gy mwpQu;fSk;

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. fyhNahfp Mde;jFkhuRthkp gpugQ;r ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;

eluh[ eldj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;G gw;wp mwptpay;G+u;tkhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

eluh[ tbtk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtk; fhy Njr tu;j;jkhdq;fisf; fle;jJ vd;W

mtu; $Wfpwhu;. Nky;ehl;bduhfpa fkpy; mgpynty; vd;gtu; eluh[ tbtj;jpd;

rpwg;ig tpae;J $wpAs;shu;. H.C.ngy; vd;gtu; nghyeWitf;fhy eluh[ gbkq;fs;

gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. nghyeWitapy; mUfpy; rptfhkRe;jup mikAk;

tz;zkhd eluh[ gbkk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUthrpAlDk;> mt;thW mikahj

tifapYkhd eluh[ tbtq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Myaq;fspy; eilngWk

eNlr mgpNrfk; ,iw topghl;by; gpujhdkhdJ. tUlj;jpy; MW khjq;fSf;F

xUKiw eilngWk; ,g;G+irapy; eluh[Uf;F tpNrl fpupiafs; ,lk;ngWk; tof;fk;

cs;sJ. rpwg;ghf rpjk;guj;jpy; jpUntk;ghitapd;NghJ eilngWk; ~M&j;uh juprdk;|

kpfTk; gf;jp G+u;tkhdJ.

170



mde;jradu; tbtk;;

,iw topghl;bw;Fupa tp\;Ztpd; jpUtbtq;fSs; mde;j rad tbtKk; xd;W.

,e;J Guhzq;fspy; jpUg;ghw;flypy; MjpNrld; vd;Dk; ghk;gizapd;

Nky; tp\;Z gs;spnfhz;l fhl ;r pNa mde;jrad tbtkhfTs;sJ.

tpf;fpuff;fiyapy; rad (gLj;j) epiyapyike;j jpUTUtkhf tpsq;;Fk; mde;j

rad tbtk; Nahf epj;jpiu tbtk; vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ~Nahf epj;jpiu

vd;gJ tyJ ifia Cd;wp mjpy; jiyia itj;J tyJ gf;fkhfr; rha;e;J

fhy;fis ePl;b> fz;fs; Kf;fhy; gq;F %bathW> ,iwrpe;jidapy; %o;fp>

kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp cwq;Fk; epiy| vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW nra;Nthu;

,iw If;fpak; ngWtu;. ,e;j Nahf epj;jpiuf; fhl;rpNa mde;j rad tbtj;jpd;

gpujpkh yl;rzkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ tyJ gf;fk; xUf;fspj;J gLj;j

epiyapy; fhy;fis ePl;b> tyJ ifia jiyf;Ff; nfhLj;J ,ikfs; Kf;fhy;

gq;F %bathW Nkw;ghu;itAld; tpsq;FtJ mde;j rad tbtk; vd;W

$wg;gLfpwJ.

Nahf epj;jpiu tbtk; vd;gJ mwpJapy; epiy. ,J Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

nghUe;Jk; epiyahFk;. mwpJapy; epiynad;gJ mwpe;j Japy;> mwpfpd;w Japy;>

mwpAk; Japy; vd tpupT ngWfpd;wJ. ,iwtd; Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;jtu; vd;gij

,f;Fwpg;G czu;j;JfpwJ.

mde;j rad tbtk; fhj;jy; njhopYld; njhlu;GilaJ. mde;j radk;

vd;gJ gpd;tUkhW tpuptilfpd;wJ. mde;j vd;gJ m\;l ehfq;fSs; xd;W.

mJNt MjpNrld; vDk; ghk;G. mjd; glk; Filahf tpsq;f mjd; fPo;

ghk;gizapy; ngUkhs; gs;sp nfhs;tjhfg; Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;J tpf;fpuff;

fiyapy; gLj;jpUf;Fk; radf; Nfhykhfpa mde;j rad tbtk; rpwg;Gg; ngWk;

tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jpUtuq;fj;J muq;fehju; Nahfrad %u;j;jp vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.

,iwtd; gs;sp nfhs;Sk; mde;j radf; Nfhyk; vd;gJ vl;L tifahff

;$wg;gLfpwJ.

cj;jhd radf; Nfhyk; jUg;g radf; Nfhyk;

jy radf; Nfhyk; Nghy radf; Nfhyk;

khzpf;f radf;Nfhyk; tlgj;jpu radf; Nfhyk;

tPugj;jpu radf; Nfhyk; G[q;f radf; Nfhyk;

vd;gdNt mit.

mde;jradk; vd;gJ mwpJapy; epiy vdj; jkpopy; ciug;gu;.mwpe;j Japy; -

mwpfpd;w Japy;> mwpAk; Japy; vd Kf;fhyK; njhf;ftUk; mjhtJ ,iwtd;

Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;jtdha; JapYk; epiy vd;gu;. Md;khitg; nghWj;jtiuapy;

Japy; eiyapy; nrhu;g;gdj;ijj;jtpu gpwpnjhd;iwAk; czuhJ. Mdhy; gukhd;kh

Kf;fhyKk; czu;e;J fhj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;fpwJ vd;gjid ,t;tde;j radk;

czu;j;JfpwJ.

mde;j rad tbtk; Nahf epj;jpiu tbtkhFk;. tyJ fhy;

ePz;L fplf;f> ,lJ fhy; rw;W klf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk;. fpuPlk; kFlk; kzpKbahFk;.

,JNt tp\;Ztpd; mde;j rad tbtj;jpd; myq;fhu Kbahfpd;wJ. tyJ if

jiyiaj; jhq;f ,lJ fuk; flf Kj;jpiuAld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.

171



gpujpkhyl;rzq;fs; rq;FNghy; ntz;ikahd mde;jradj;jpNy Nahf epj;jpiuapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. tyJ fhy; ePz;L fplf;f> ,lJfhy; rpwpJ klf;fp tise;jpUf;Fk; jiy rw;Wj; J}f;fpagb ,Uf;f clk;G gLf;if kPJ ePz;L fplf;fpd;wJ. ,Ufuq;fs; fhzg;gLk; tyJ if jiyaizahff; fpuPl kFlj;ij jOtpapUf;Fk; fpuPl kFlk;

vd;gJ kzpKbahFk;. ,jdJ Njhw;wk; fz;lhkzp my;yJ G+ir kzpiaxj;jpUf;Fk; fpuPl kFlk; tp];Z gbkj;jpw;F kpfTk; cupajhFk;.

,lJ if clNyhL rkkhf my;yJ Koq;if kbe;J flf Kj;jpiujupj;jpUf;Fk;

ifj;jyj;jpypUe;J ngUtpuiy ePl;b cs;Kfkhfr; rpwpJ tise;JeLtpuiyAk; mzptpuiyAk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,izj;J Kd;Ndhf;fptise;J Rl;LtpuiyAk; rpWtpuiyAk; jdJ ,lq;fspy; epWj;jp Nkw;fZf;fis rpwpJ tisj;Jg; gpbf;Fk; if flf Kj;jpiu vdg;gLk;.

Ke;jkhf jpUf;fz;fisj; jpwe;J Nehf;Fgtu;. fUikAk; kQ;rSk; fye;j tz;zKilatu; Fwpg;ghf ePy

tz;zj;jpUNkdpAilatUk; kQ;rs; t];jpuk; cLj;jpatUkhftpsq;Ffpd;whu;.

fhybapy; kfhyl;Rkp jpUtbtf; nfhg;GopypUe;J ntspte;J ePz;Ls;skyu;j;jhkiuapy; gpukNjtd; tPw;wpUg;ghu;.

,j; jpUTUtj;jpw;nfd;Nw jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khky;yGuk;>fhQ;rp nfhs;stz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs;> jpUth&u;kiy Mfpait Nghd;w,lq;fspy; gs;sp nfhz;l ngUkhDf;Nf jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; cs;sd.

nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy; Njtjhdk; vDk; Cupy; mike;Js;s muq;fu;tbtk; kpfg; ngupajha; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J 7kP ePsKk; 3kP cauKk; cilaJ nghd;dhiy tujuh[g; nghUkhs;Myak;>aho;g;ghzk; ngUkhs; Myak; vd;gtw;wpYk; ,t;tbtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

172



,irf; fiy

Myaq;fspy; ,irf; fiy

jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; tsu;j;j Ez;fiyfspy; ,irf;fiy Kf;fpakhdJ.

,ir ,iaGgLj;Jk; rhjdk;.

,iwtNd ,ir tbtpdd; (ehjg; gpuk;kk;) vd;gJ ,e;Jkj ek;gpf;if

,ir nrtpf;F ,d;gk; Cl;LtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ Ik;Gyd;fisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jp cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpg; Ngupd;gg; Ngw;iwAk; juty;yJ.

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,irf;fiy kpf cd;djf; fiyahf

kpspu;fpd;wJ.

,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tuyhw;wpy; ,irf;fiy kpf cah;e;j cd;dj fiyahf mikfpd;wJ.

,ir vd;gJ xU fiytbtk; mNjNtis topgLgtiu ,iwtd; kPJ ,irTgLj;Jk;

rhjdkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; Clhff; fl;ll mikg;G rpw;gnghypT>

tpf;fpuffiy eldk;> ,ir Kjypa fiy tbtq;fs; tsu;r;rp ngw;wd. mtw;wpy;

,irf;fiyNa Kjd;ikahdJ. ,iwtNd ,irtbtpddhf tpsq;fpdhd; vd;W

$wg;gLk; Vopiraha; ,irg;gadha; ,d;dKjha; ,iwtd; tpsq;Ffpwhd; vd

,e;J ,irg; ghuk;ghpak; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,iwtopghl;Lf;Fhpa rhjdkhfTk;

gf;jpf;fhd topKiwahfTk; ,irg;ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ehkrq;fPh;j;jdNk ,iw

topghl;bw;Fupa gpujhd rhjdk; vd;gijAk; =kj; ghftjk; rpwg;ghf

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,e;J ,irkugpw;fhd %yhjhuq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rhkNtjk;

,irNtjkhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. rhkfhdk; ghLjy; vd;gJ ,irf;fiyapd; gpujhd

mikg;ghf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. rhkNtjj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl gpw;fhy ,irf;fiy

tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. Guhzf; fijfs; Mfk ,yf;fpaq;fs; nja;tPf gpujpkh

yl;rzq;fis ,irf;fiy> ,irf;fUtp vd;gtw;Wld; ,izj;J topgLk; epiy

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,iwjpUTUtq;fis ,irf; fUtpfSld; rpj;jupf;Fk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.

rptngUkhd; - lkUfk;

jpUee;jp Njth; - kj;jsk;

ehujh; - jk;Guh

ru];tjp - tPiz

fz;zd; - rq;F Gy;yhq;Foy;

vd;gtw;NwhL fhzg;gLtJk; ,irf;fiy

tsh;r;rpf;Fk; nja;tPf gpujp fhzg;gLtJk; ,irf;fiy tsh;r;rpf;Fk; nja;tPf gf;jp

khyl;rzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd;

rhkfhdk; thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytdhf rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. Fg;jh; Ml;rpf;fhy

ehzaq;fspy; ,irf;fUtpfs; fhzg;gLtJk; Fg;j murh;fs; ,irf; fiyQh;fs;

vd tUzpf;fg;gLtJk; ,q;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. re;jpu Fg;jh; tPiz thrpf;Fk;

fhl;rpAk; Fg;jh; fhy ehzaq;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. guj Kdptupd; gujehl;ba

rhj;jpuj;jpYk; ehl;baf; fiyAld; ,ize;j ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf; fiyQh;fs;

gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; cs;slf;fq;fspy; xd;whfpa

fiytbtk; Nfhapw; gz;ghl;bd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhf mikfpd;wJ.

173



gy;yth; NfhapYk; ,e;J ,irkuGk;

gy;yth; Ml;rpapy; ngsj;jk; gutpa mNj Ntis tlnkhopf; fhyrhu kuGk; gutpf;

fhzg;gl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy guj Kdptupd; ehl;ba rhj;jpur; nra;jpfSk; jkpofj;jpy;

gutyhapd. gy;yt murh;fspy; xUtuhfpa ,uh[rpk;kd; thj;a tpj;ahjud; vd

miof;fg;gl;lhd;. murh;fs; rq;fPh;z[hjpjud; vd;Dk; tpUJlDk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

gy;yth; fhy Nfhapy; rhrdnkhd;wpNy jpUg;gjpfk; ghLgth;f;Fk; jpUg;gs;spj; jhkk;

gjpg;ghh;f;Fk; ney; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l nra;jp $wg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy

vl;bw;Fk; Vopw;Fk; cupajhf ,irf;fiy typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. vz;RitAk; VopirAk;

Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;lhf ,f;fy;ntl;L mikfpd;wJ.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ghzh; kuG njhlh;e;J gy;yt ,irf;FOf;fspilNa

gutp te;Js;sikiaAk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ePyfz;l aho;g;ghz kugpdh;>ghzgj;jpuh;

Miu ehadhh; MfpNahh; rptzj;ahuhfTk; mNjNtis ,irf fiyQh;fshfTk;

tpsq;Ftijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

Njthug; ghly;fspNy “ryk;G+nthL J}g kwe;jwpNad; jkpNohbirg;ghly; kwe;jwpNad;”vd;gjd; %yk;; jkpOk; ,irAk; fye;j ghly;fis ehad;khh;fs; gf;jpG+h;tkhf

ghbr; nrd;whh;fs; vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. jpUQhdrk;ge;jiug; GfOk; NghJ ehSk;

,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jh; vd;Wk; Gfog;gLtijf; fhd;fpNwhk;.

rk;ge;jh; gjpfq;fs; ,irg;ghly; tbtq;fshfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Re;ju%h;j;jp

ehadhh; ,iwtid VopirahAk;> ,irg;gadhfTk; tUzpj;Jg; ghbAs;shh;.

khzpf;fthrfh; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpg; ghliy G+ghs ,irapy; ghLtij mtjhdpf;f

Kbfpd;wJ. khzpf;fthrfh; ghly;fspy; jpUthrfk; kdij cUf;Fk; ,irg;ghlyhFk;.

mtw;NwhL ehl;lhupirg; ghlYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUtk;khid> jpUr;rhoy; vd;git

ehl;lhupa ,irg; gz;Giladthf tpsq;fpd.

Njthug; gjpfq;fis XJthh;fs; ghbdhh;fs; vd;gjw;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cz;L. “fhjyhfpfrpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp XJthh; jik ed;newpf;Fa;g;gJ.....” vDk; ghlyb gy;yth;

fhyg; gjpfq;fs; Njhd;wpa mNj fhyj;jpNyNa XJthh;fshy; gjpfk; ghLk; kuGk;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njthug; gjpfq;fspy; gy;tif

,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jf;if> jz;Zik> jhsk;> tPiz> KuR

Kjypa ,irf;fUtpfSk; Kj;Jg;nghw;whsk; (ry;yup) Kjypa ,irf;fUtpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;likia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Njthug;ghly;fspy; gz;fs; gw;wpa

fUj;Jf;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

“fhe;jhuk; ,ir mikj;J fhupifahh;

gz;ghl ftpdhh; tPjp

Njk;> jhk; vd;W muq;NfwpNrapioahh;

elkhLk; jpUitahNw”vd gz;gw;wpa ghly;fs; Njthuq;fspy; ntspg;gLjiyf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

“kz;zhh; KoTk; FoYk; ,ak;g klthh; elkhLk; kzpauq;Fk;........” vdr; Re;juh;ghba ghlypYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ.

174



Nrhou; fhyf; Nfhapy;fSk; ,irkuGk;

gy;yth; fhyj; njOe;j gjpfq;fspd; njhFg;G Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J

gd;dpU irtj; jpUKiw tsh;r;rp cUthfpaJ. gd;dpU irtj;jpUKiw tsr;r;rpia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jpUKiw ,ir kuG NkNyhq;fpaJ> Nfhapy;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,irkuG Nrhou; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNyNa cd;dj epiy

ngw;wJ. jpUKiwg;ghly;fis Nfhapy;fspNy tpz;zg;gk; nra;a XJthh;fs;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. XJthh;fis gplhuh;fs; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. jQ;irf; Nfhapypy; 48

gplhuh;fSk; cLf;if> kj;jsk; thrpg;gtuhf Ik;gJ Ngh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

jpUnthw;wpA+h; Nfhapypy; gjpdhW ,irg; ngz;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; jpUthkhj;J}h;

Nfhapypy; gjpdhW ghh;itaw;Nwhh; Nfhapy; fpupiafspd; NghJ gz;NzhL gjpfk;

ghl epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

Myaq;fspy; gy;tif ,irf;fUtpfs; thrpf;fg;gl;ld. jf;if> jz;Zik jhsk;>

tPiz vd;gtw;Wld; cLf;if> kj;jsk;> KoT (FlKoh)vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakhdit.

tPiz thrpf;Fk; kuGk; Nfhapypy; epfo;e;jJ. tPizf;fhzp vd;Dk; epge;jk; Nrhoh;fhyf;

NfhapYf;Fupajhf tpsq;fpaJ. Nrhoh;fhyf; NfhapYf;F mz;ikapy; fhe;jh;t

njUfhzg;gl;lJ. mq;F ,irf; fiyQh;fSf;F tPLfs; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

tPizf;fhzp> ctr;rfhzp> jpUg;gjpf;fhzp vd;git ,irf; fiyQh;fSf;fhf

Nrho murh;fs; toq;fpa epge;jq;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. FNyhJq;f Nrhodpd;

murpahuhfpa Nfhg;ngUk;Njtp Vopir ty;ytp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fPjk;> thj;jpak;>

epUj;jpak; Mfpa %d;Wf;Fk; cupa tsu;r;rpf; fhykhf Nrhoh;fhyk; tpsq;fpaJ.

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,irg; gjpfkhfpa jpUtpirg;gh ghlypNy “,d;dpir

tPizah; ahopdh; xUghy; ,Uf;nfhU Njhj;jpuk; ,ak;gpdh; xUghy;” vd;gJ Nrhoh;fiy Nfhapypy; fPjKk; thj;jpaKk; Kjd;ik ngw;wik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.

Njthug; gz;zpir Nfhapypy; tsh;r;rp ngw;wik kw;nwhU tsh;r;rp mk;rkhFk;.

XJthh; kuG jpUf;Nfhapypd; Njthrpupa kz;lgj;Jld; ,ize;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

Njthu Rw;Wf;fy;Y}hpfs; jdpahf mikf;fg;gl;ld. jpUg;gjpafhzp> jpUf;ifNfl;bg;Gwk;

vd;Dk; epge;jq;fs; NfhapYf;Fupajhf mike;jd. Njthuehafk; vd;Dk; XJthh;

Kjd;ik ngw;whh;. ,t;thW gy;tif ,irKiwikfs; jpUf;NfhapYld; ,ize;J

tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gij fhz;fpNwhk;.

Nrhouhl;rpf;Fg; gpe;jpa ,irf; fiy

Nrhouhl;rpiaj; njhlh;e;J ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpNy ,irj; jkpOld; ,ize;jjhfehlfj; jkpOk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. gz;zpirapd; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rpiamtjhdpf;fyhk;. mUzfpupehjhpd; re;jf;ftpij jhs mikjpAila ghly;fs;tpsq;fpd. jpUg;Gfo; VOjhs milTfisf; nfhz;l ,irg;glhlyhf mikfpd;wd.jpUg;Gfo; ghly; mikg;Gk; gy;tif gzp mikg;igf; nfhz;ljhf mikfpd;wJ.jkpopirf; fPh;j;jidfspy; vOr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. fPh;j;jidg; ghlyfs;; ,iw fPh;j;jpiag;ghbg; guTtd. ,j;jifa ghly;fs; gf;jpf; fPh;j;jidfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.

gf;jpg;ghly;fs; gd;dpU ghly;fshfTk; FwtQ;rpg; ghly;fshfTk; ehlffPh;j;jidfshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Kj;Jj;jhz;lth;> mUzhryf;ftpuhah;>NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahh; MfpNahh;; fPh;j;jid tsh;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;G nra;jdu;jkpopir ,af;fKk; cjtpaJ. fPh;j;jid vd;gJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk;vd;Dk; tbtpy; ghLjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ..

175



fPh;j;jidg; ghly;fs; fh;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahdit. ,uhf jhs

mikg;Gilajhf fPh;j;jidg; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd. ,uhf> jhs ght yak; Nru

,ir ehl;bag; ghly;fs; vOr;rp ngw;wd. fu;ehlf ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F gz;zpir

gq;fspg;G nra;jJ mjidj; njhlh;e;J fPjk;> fPh;j;jid vd;Dk; tbtpy;

,irg;ghly;fspy; tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. fu;ehlf ,ir tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa ,uhff;

fz;Lgpbg;G> gjpa gz;zpir tsh;r;rp> fPh;j;jidg; ghly; tsh;r;rp njYq;Ff; fPh;j;jidf;

fyg;G vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. Gue;jujhrh; njYq;F fPh;j;jidf;F Kd;Ndhbahf

mike;jhh;.

jkpopirf; fPh;j;jid tsu;r;rpapy; Kj;Jj;jhz;lth;> mUzhryf;ftpuhah;>

khupKj;Jg;gps;is> ghtehrk;rptd; MfpNahh; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdh;. jyGuhzq;fs;

jyf; fPh;j;jidfs; ,th;fs; ghbdhh;fs;. ,th;fSld; jpahfuhrh;> Kj;JRthkpjPl;rpjh;>

rpahk rh];jpupfSk; rq;fPj Kk;%h;j;jpfshfg; gzp nra;jhh;fs;. jkpopirNa fh;ehlf

,irtbtkhf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. gs;S> fPh;j;jid> FwtQ;rpg; ghly;fSk;

Nfhapy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. jpUth&h; Nfhapypy; Mlg;gl;l ,ir

ehlfkhfNt jpUth&h;g; gs;S tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,e;j ehfupfk; - nie.lk

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