ekè;fed ikb~;Øe üýø&fla/h · ts [ks=k esa fla/h hkk"kk tks çpk# çlk# dj.k ykb fla/h...

jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku,&üþ&üÿ] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k] lsDVj&öü

uks,Mk&üúûýúù (mÙkj çns'k)Website : www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No. 18001809393

ekè;fed ikB~;Øeüýø&fla/h

,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- okWVjekdZ øú th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfærA

lfpo] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku] ,&üþ&üÿ] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k] lsDVj&öü] uks,Mk&üúûýúù (mÙkj çns'k)}kjk çdkf'kr ,oa eSllZ jkt fçaVlZ] ,&ù] lsDVj ch&ü] Vªksfudk flVh] baMfLVª;y ,fj;k] yksuh] xkft;kckn }kjk eqfær A

National Institute of Open SchoolingDecember, 2018 (500 Copies)

C

MkW- eqjyh/j tSryh (vè;{k) MkW- vo/s'k dqekj feJk MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.khçksiQslj& fla/h Hkk"kk (lsokfuo`Ùk) çksiQslj funs'kdfnYyh fo'ofo|ky; vaxzsth ,oa fons'kh Hkk"kk fo'ofo|ky; jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"knfnYyh f'kykax ifjlj] f'kykax (es?kky;) (ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh

MkW- dhfrZ flag lat; dqekj flUgk MkW- gklks nknykuhlgk;d çksiQslj funs'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{kegkohj [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;dksVk (jktLFkku) ukss,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) vtesj (jktLFkku)

MkW- deyk xksdykuh MkW- ehuk vklokuh MkW- ijes'ojh ieukuhO;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk) izksiQslj] fla/h foHkkx ,lksfl,V çksiQslj] fla/h foHkkxjktdh; egkfo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)

MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khlgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.kh MkW- gklks nknykuh MkW- deyk xksdykuhfuns'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{k O;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk)jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; jktdh; egkfo|k;y(ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)

Jh es?kjkt xqjukuh MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) lgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkufnYyh uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

lykgdkj&lfefr

ikB~;Øe&lfefr

lEiknd&eaMy

vè;{k funs'kd ('kSf{kd)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.kh MkW- gklks nknykuh MkW- eqjyh Hkkoukuhfuns'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{k vuqHkkx vf/dkjh (lssokfuo`Ùk)jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; ukss,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)(ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh vtesj (jktLFkku)

MkW- deyk xksdykuh Jherh dkark eFkjkuh MkW- ijes'ojh ieukuhO;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk) ç/kukpk;kZ ,lksfl,V çksiQslj] fla/h foHkkxjktdh; egkfo|ky; nkS- fu- jkt- fla/h m- ek- fo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)

MkW- foEeh lnkjaxkuh Jh es?kjkt xqjukuh Jherh 'kkfyuh lkxj,lksfl,V çksiQslj ofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) ofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk)rksykuh vkVZl~ dkWyst vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ksvkfniqj&dPN (xqtjkr) fnYyh fnYyh

Jherh ohuk Jaxh MkW- tsBks ykyokuh Jh jes'k ykyofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) iwoZ funs'kd lgk;d funs'kdvkdk'kok.kh jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"knfnYyh vgenkckn (xqtjkr) vkj- ds- iqje] fnYyh

MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khlgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

jktdqekj csTtadh vk'kk fçUVlZxzkfi+Qd vkfVZLV gkFkh HkkVk] vtesj (jktLFkku)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

ikB&ys[kd

ikB~;Øe&leUo;drkZ

js[kk fp=kkadu Mh-Vh-ih- dk;Z

ek-la-fo-ea- }kjk lefFkZr ,oa ,u-lh-ih-,l-,y- dh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fodflr

'kkfxnZfu ykb c v[kj

I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]

Hkkjr ts lafo/ku ts vBsa 'ksM~;wy esa 10 vçsy 1967 rs fla/h Hkk"kk [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks gksA

lafo/ku esa 'kkfeyq fFk;.k cSfn Hkkjr ljdkj ts ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; ikjka fla/h Hkk"kk

ts fodkl&ok/kjs ykb lu~ 1994 esa jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn th LFkkiuk dbZ osbZA f'k{kk

ts [ks=k esa fla/h Hkk"kk tks çpk# çlk# dj.k ykb fla/h ifj"kn ts ekyh enn lka ,u-vkbZ-vks-

,l- esa ^fla/h lsy* cikZ dbZ osbZ vkgsA fgu ^fla/h lsy* ikjka ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- esa Mgsa ntsZ ts

ikB~;Øe esa fla/h Hkk"kk [ks fgd fo"k; ts :i esa ifgfj;kas Hksjks isf'k dans vLkka[ks csgfn [+k˜'kh

Fkh jgh vkgsA

fla/h Hkk"kk th >wuh ijaijk Lkka xM gk.kksds Lkekt ts lkEgwa vk;y eqnfu [ks fc bu ts fo"k;

oLrwv esa 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA ghm ikB~;Øeq Kku o/kb±nM+ ,sa fnypLi uewus r;k# d;ks

fo;ks vkgs] tafga esa fla/h LkkfgR; tks bfrgkLkq] fla/h Hkk"kk tks bfrgkLkq] tqnk&tqnk fy[k.k th

dyk ,sa O;kdj.k ts ?kf.k;qfu [+kkfLk;rqfu [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA xMksxM˜ fla/h LkaLÑrh]

LkH;rk ,sa vgeq fla/h vkfyefu tks ifjp; fc rOgka [ks feyanksA ghm Lktks eLkkSnks eqDrq ,sa M™jkgha

(nwjLFk) fLk[;k fLkfj'rs ts vk/kj rs Bfg;yq vkgsA budjs bu esa xkYgkb.k th 'kSyhv [ks

viuk;ks fo;kss vkgs ,sa 'kkfxnZfu [ks vH;kLk tks iwjks ekSd+ks fMuks fo;ks vkgsA

rOgka fgu dkslZ [ks fgd fo"k; ts :i esa pwafM;ks vkgsA mesn vkgs r rOgka[ks bgkss ikB~;Øeq iLkafn

b±nksA tsdMfga rOgka[ks dk fc eqf'dykr vps r t+:# c˜/kbtksA 'ky rOgka ykb fla/h Hkk"kk [ks

i<+.k tks bgks Lki+Q# fnypLiq] jkspdq ,sa 'kqHkq fFk, !

Mk;jsDVj @ funs'kd

,u-lh-ih-,l-,y-

ek-la-fo-ea- Hkkjr ljdkj

ps;jeSu @ lnj

,u-vkbZ-vks-,l-

uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]

,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ts fla/h Hkk"kk çksxzke esa rOgkath fnyh vkft;ka dts FkhA

ekè;fed lrg ts ykb fla/h Hkk"kk th lkexzh isf'k dans vlka[ks ?k.kh [+kq'kh Fkh jgh vkgsA [kqfy;y

,sa M™jkgha rbyhe t+jh, ghv [+kqfn vH;kl th lkexzh r;k# dbZ osbZ vkgs] tafga esa ?kf.k;wa [+kwfc;wa lek;y

vkfgfuA thva&

1- lco+Qfu ts pwaM esa fla/h Hkk"kk ts l:i ,sa bfrgkl] fla/h laLÑrh] egku gfLr;qfu] thou eqYg ,sa

fy[k.k ts fy;ko+Qrqfu [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

2- fo"k; [ks loys ,sa fpVs rjhds lka tqnk&tqnk felkyfu t+jh, isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

3- lkfgR; ts tqnk&tqnk vnch flUi+Qqfu [ks 'kkfey d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

4- Hkk"kk th 'kq¼rk ,sa xzkej ts [+kwfc;qfu [ks isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

5- vH;kl th lkexzhv tks fgdq vgeq eo+Qlnq vnc t+jh, Hkk"kk th leq> o/kb.kq ,sa bt+gkj th

o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA

6- ghv lkexzh fla/h Hkk"kk th tk.k [ks o/kb±nM+ ,sa thou esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu tks ik;ks fo>.k okjh vkgsA

7- lkexzhv [ks xqÝ+rxw ts rjhds lka isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga lka vOgka loykbZv lka fo"k; [ks leq>h

l?kank ,sa iafgath Hkk"kk esa isf'k djs l?kankA

fgu ikB~;Øe tks vH;klq dj.k lka rOgka[ks fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa laLÑrhv th cqfu;knh tk.k feyanhA xMksxM

bfErgku th fjFkk] lqokyukes tks uewuks ,sa ekdqZfu th fopwj fMuh osbZ vkgs] thva rOgka vH;klq ,sa nqfgjkm djs

l?kksA

vlka [ks mesn vkgs r i<+.k th ghv lkexzh rOgka[ks fnypLiq ,sa tk.k o/kb±nM+ yxanh ,sa rOgka

fla/h Hkk"kk th lqBh tk.k gkflyq djs l?kankA rOgkatk veqYgq lq>ko vlka ykb dkjkbrk lkfcrq FkhankA

fgu iqLrd ys[ku&dk;Z esa bgks fc è;kuq fMuks fo;ks vkgs r nsoukxjh fyihv esa tsds vke çpfyr

v[kj drfc vkank fo;k vkfgfu] 'kkfxnZfu th lgwfy;r ykb mgs bLrsekyq d;k fo;k vkfgfuA

'kqHkdkeukmfu eka

dkslqZ r;k# danM+ desVh

vOgka lka xkfYg cksfYg

lco+Q tks mUokuq& mUoku [ks i<+ans bZ rOgka vankt+ks yxk, l?kank r lco+Q esa Nk fMuks fo;ks vkgsA

bu [ks i<+ksA

eqgkx& ghm fglks rOgka[ks vofy gkflyq fFk;y tk.k lka tksM+hanks ,sa fMuy lco+Q th okfDi+Q;r

MhanksA bu [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA xMksxM˜ bgks fo"k; th i`"BHkwfe Mhanks ,sa rOgka esa lco+Q˜ i<+.k ykb gkSlyks

o/kb±nksA

eo+Qlnq& isf'k d;yq lco+Q˜ i<+.k cSfn rOgka fgu lco+Q tk eo+Qln gkflyq dj.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.kth osankA

bUgfu [ks ;kfn djs NfM;ks ,sa tkap dfj;ks r rOgka eo+Qlnfu [ks gkflyq djs NfM;ksA

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky& dq>q lco+Qfu esa rOgkath 'kq:vkrh i<+kbZv th ij[k dj.k ykb dq>q

oLrqfu"B lqoky fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA bUgfu tk tokc MsbZ rOgka iafgath ij[k djs vfx;ka o/h l?kks

FkkA

ef'kx+™fy;wa& lco+Q esa txg txg rs dq>q ef'kx+™fy;wa fMfu;wa os;wa vkfgfu] ftfu [ks rOgha loykbZv

lka djs l?kankA bgs rOgka[ks cfgr# <ax lka lco+Q tk uqD+rk leq>.k esa enn dafn;wa ,sa fo"k; ts

o/hd os>ks oBh osafn;waA rOgha mgs [+k˜fn dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;ks ;k ?kj esa oMfu lka rksM+s lkfFk;qfu

lka ft+Øq dfj;ksA bgs ef'kx+™fy;wa rOgka esa thv.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dafn;wa ,sa xzkej tks vH;klq

fc djkb±fn;waA

cqfu;knh lco+Q& lco+Q th lewjh lkexzhv [ks dsfrjfu fglfu esa fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs] rOgka fgdq

fgdq djs bUgfu [ks i<+ks ,sa leq>ank gyksA cqfu;knh lco+Q [ks lgh rjhds lka leq>.k ykb M˜f[k;fu

yÝ+t+fu th ekuk fc fMuh osbZ vkgs] tafga lka i<+.k ofD+r rOgka[ks enn feyanhA bUgfu [ks ;kfn dfj;ks

,sa cqfu;knh lco+Q [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA ftrs t+:jr leq>ks] fdrkc ts gk'khv esa fMuy txfg rs fVif.k;wa

fc fy[kank gyksA

ok/k;wa ! ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ikjka fla/h fo"k; th ikB~; lkexzh r;k# djkbZ osbZ vkgsA bgk [+kkfl rjg

rOgkats t+:jrqfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans jph osbZ vkgsA rOgka vkt+knq :i lka [+k˜fn i<+h l?kks] bu ykb fgu [ks fgd

[+kko+Qs esa ?kfM+;ks fo;ks vkgsA gsfB;ka b'kkjk rOgka[ks lkexzhv ts cfgrjhu bLrseky tk rjho+Qk c˜/kb±nkA lcd+fu

[ks dhva if<+ts] vpks tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA

iafgatk lcd+ dhva i<+ks

vpks r leq>wa& fgu esa lco+Q [ks foLrkj lka leq>k;ks fo;ks vkgsA fdFks dfork [ks Vqdjfu esa fofjgk,

r fdFks ulqj [ks vukljfu ts vk/kj rsA bu tks eo+Qlnq rOgka[ks loyh Hkk"kk esa lco+Q˜ leq>kb.kq ,sa

Hkk"kk th o+Qkfcfy;r o/kb.kq vkgsA

gjfgd lco+Q esa dafga dYiuk [kka iksb felky MsbZ fo"k; [ks fpVks d;ks fo;ks vkgsA bgs felky

rOgka[ks dYiukÅa leq>.k esa ennxk# lkfcrq FkhankA mUgfu [ks pkg lka i<+ksA

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky& fgu esa fgd yÝ+t+ ;k fgd tqfeys esa iqfN;y lqoky vkfgfuA bgs lqoky

if<+;y bdkbZv rs vk/k# j[kanM+ vkfgfu] rOgka[ks bUgfu tk tokc Mhanks gfy.kks vkgsA bu lka bZ

rOgkats ok/kjs th ij[k FkhanhA bUgfu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;.k ofD+r rOgka gFk esa isafly j[kks ,sa

tYnh tYnh lqokyfu tk tokc xksYghank gyks ,sa iafgats tokcfu th tkap lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj esa fMuy

dqathv lka dfj;ksA tokc lgh u gqt.k rs bdkbZv [ks chgj i<+ksA

rOgha Nk flf[k;k& ghm lts lco+Q tks eq[+rl# :iq vkgsA bUgfu vgeq uqD+rfu [ks ;kfn dfj;ksA

tsdMfga rOgka iafgats vkt+ewns twa feyanM+ tqyanM+ dq>q u;wa xkfYg;wa tksM+.kq pkfg;ks Fkk r mgs fc mrs

o/k, l?kks FkkA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks& gjfgd lco+Q tks ghm fglks mUgfu 'kkfxnZfu ykb vkgs] tsds cqfu;knh lco+Q

lka okLrsnk# o/hd tk.k gkflyq dj.k tk [+okfg'kean vkfgfuA mUgfu ykb vlka dq>q o/hd tk.k

,sa olhyk c˜/k;wa Fkk] thva okLrsnk# lco+Q˜ dafga fyf[k;ks] Nks fyf[k;ks ,sa mu ys[kd ;k dohv Nk

Nk fyf[k;ks ox+SjgA bu esa fMuy tk.k th bfErgku esa ij[k dksu FkhanhA fdFks fdFks bu [ks ckDl

esa fMuks fo;ks vkgsA

lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky& lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj esa ua<fu ,sa oMfu tokcfu okjk lqoky fMuk fo;k

vkfgfuA bUgfu [ks rOgka tqnk tqnk iufu rs fy[kh vH;klq dfj;ksA tsdMfga rOgka pkfg;ks r vH;klh

edZt+ rs iafgats mLrkn ;k dafga fc, 'k[+l [ks Ms[kkjs l?kks Fkk ,sa mu [kka lykg oBh l?kks FkkA

tokc& fgu t+jh, rOgka tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu ,sa lco+Q ts lqokyfu ts tokcfu tks feykuq djs

l?kks FkkA

osclkbV& o/hd vH;kl ykb osclkbV tk gokyk fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA

Website : www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No. 18001809393

lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr

csofl twa dforkÅa

c˜<k vkJeq

xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ

fla/q tks bfrgklq

/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks

vklksikyo o.kq

Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa

fefYd;r

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

veka eka eksVh b±nqfl

fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

lk/w oklok.kh

fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h

fla/h ckssyhv tks fodklq

et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

lk# dhva fyf[kts

dkslqZ@ikB~;Øeq

lqokyukes tks l:iq

fla/h ekè;fed lqokyukeks

lqokyukes ts lqokyfu tk tokc ,sa ekdqZfu th fofjgklr

i+QgfjLruaa- lcd+ lqÝ+gks

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fVi.kh

1

lki+Q lqfFkjks Hkkjr

rOgkats eFkka tsdMfga dks xan th FksYgh mfNyk, r rOgka [ks et+ks b±nks ;k x+lks b±nks\

tsdh rOgka eglwlq d;ks] fc;k fc r b,a bZ eglwlq dankA xan ts <ssj Hkfjlka ya?kans vlha

iafgatks udq cafn djs NMhank vkfg;wa ij vlka[ks bgks vglklq u gwanks vkgs r xanxh

iQfgyk, vlha ekSrek# chekfj;qfu [ks uhaM Mhank vkfg;waA

bgk gkyfr dsfrjh rdyhi+Q MhanM+ vkgs r vlha li+QkbZv th vgfe;r leq>ans fc

veyh thou esa ykijokgq vkfg;waA LVs'ku] cx+hpk] cfl LVS.M] gj gaf/ iuk] iQyfu

twa [kywa] [kkyh ikÅp] iSdsV fMlh ilafn u dans fc vlha [+k˜fn mrs bZ fdfpjks fiQVh

dank vkfg;aw] u fd fdfpjs ts ncs esaA fgu lco+Q esa rOgka li+QkbZv th vgfe;r ,sa

lqtkxhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs leq>h l?kank r gjfgdq ukxfjdq iafgatks i+Qt+Z

leq>h] lki+Q˜ Hkkjr th eqfge [ks dkE;kcq c.kk,A

fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&

flgrean jg.k tk i+Qkbnk c;kuq djs l?kank_

xanxhv eka FkhanM+ uqo+Qlkufu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

li+QkbZv tk i+Qkbnk c;kuq djs l?kank_

chekfj;qfu ts djs FkhanM+ uqo+Qlku ts ckjs esa c˜/k, l?kank_

ljdkjh ;kstukmfu ,sa eqfge ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs c˜/k, l?kankA

eo+Qln

2

gk.ks vpks r ghm lco+Q˜ è;ku lka i<+™a ,sa leq>waA

xanxhv [ks ijs Hktk;ks]

chekfj;qfu [kka ik.kq cpk;ks_

j[kks li+QkbZ] j[kks li+QkbZ A

thm [+k˜f'k r tgku [+k˜f'kA tMfga balku ik.k [+k˜f'k gwanks vkgs r gqu [ks lfHkuh rfi+QZ

[+k˜'kh ,as cgkjh ut+j b±nh vkgsA ranq#Lr balku [+k˜f'k fetkt+ gwanks vkgs] tMfga r chekj

balku ek;wlhv ts nfj;kg esa x+ksrk [kkb±nks vkgsA poank vkfgfu r ^;d ranq#Lrh

gt+kj uber*A ranq#Lrh o+Q˜fnjr th oMh uber vkgsA ranq#Lrhv tks li+QkbZv lka

xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA tMfga fc dksbZ xanxh iQfgyk, Fkks r gw chekfj;qfu [ks uhaM Mhanks

vkgsA vke rjg gjfgd ?kj esa xan tks ncks gwanks vkgsA rafga gwans fc dsfrjk ek.gw fduq

fdfpjks IykfLVd th FksYghv esa fo>h] mgk FksYgh jLrs rs fiQVh dank vkfgfuA [+kkfl

djs fnYyhv tfgM+fu egkuxjfu esa ftrs Åfp;wa bekjrwa vkfgfu] mrs ÝySVfu esa jganM+

ek.gqfu esa bgk vknr ut+j vps FkhA

vlha tMfga ;kjfu nksLrfu lka xfMth dafga ckx+ ;k lqanj ut+kjfu ykb fidfud

dj.k osank vkfg;wa r fidfud iwjh fFk;.k [kka iksb vlha vDlj IykfLVd tk twBk

dksi IysVwa] fxykl] ik.khv twa [+kkyh cksrywa mrs bZ fiQVh djs gyh b±nk vkfg;aw ,sa bgks

dksu lksphank vkfg;wa r b,a dj.k lka vlha mu ckx+ ;k lqanj LFkku [ks xanks djs jfg;k

vkfg;waA

fl;kjs esa cksgheqÄ (ewaxiQyh) [kkb.k tks et+ks bZ dq>q fc;ks gwanks vkgsA vlha

jsyxkMhv esa] cl esa] dafga ckx+hps esa ;k jLrs rka ia/q dans] oDr xqt+kj.k ykb cksgheqÄ

fNys [kkb±nk vkfg;wa ,sa cksgheqÄfu tk fNydk iV rs mfNyk,] xanxh iQfgykb±nk osank

vkfg;wwaA xanxhv esa ef[k;wa

,sa eNj iSnk Fkhank vkfgfu]

tsds chekfj;wa iQfgykb±nk

vkfgfuA eNjfu ts djs

Msaxw ,sa eysfj;k tfgfM+;wa

[+krjukd chekfj;wa

iQfgytafn;wa vkfgfuA

û-û cqfu;knh lco+Q

uhaM = dksB

fVi.kh


iQfgytafn;wa = if[kM+tafn;wa

3

fVi.kh


rOgha chekfj;qfu [kka ik.k [ks cpkb±nk r

MkDVjfu ,sa nokmfu fcys rOgkatk iSlk

[+kpqZ u FkhankA bu jhfr flgr tks è;kuq

j[kh] iSlk cpk,] mUgfu iSlfu eka [kh#]

esok ,sa fc;k flgrc[+'kq [kk/k [kkbZ]

vlha ranq#Lrq jgh l?kwa FkkA

tsdMfga gjfgdq ukxfjdq iafgats ?kj esa ,sa

vklikfl liQ+kbZv tks è;kuq j[ks r vlkatks ns'kq lgh ekuk esa lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr

cf.kth ioanksA Hkkjr ljdkj fc bu fMl esa eqfge gykbZ vkgsA

li+QkbZ eqfge ckcfr ljdkjh dksf'k'kwa

gj gaf/ li+QkbZv [ks vgfe;r fM;.k ts dksf'k'kqfu esa rst+h vk.k.k ykb ,sa li+QkbZv

[ks t+ks# oBkb.k ykb 2 vkWDVkscj] 2014 rs lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku th 'kq:vkfr fgd

tu&vkanksyu ts :i esa dbZ osbZ gqbZA fgu fe'ku tk c ua<k fe'ku& lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku

(xksBk.kks) ,sa lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku ('kgjh) vkfgfuA fcUgha fe'kuqfu tks eo+Qlnq egkRek

xka/hv th 150gha lkyfxjg [ks lgh uewus

f[+kjkt isf'k dans] lky 2019 rkb± lki+Q˜ Hkkjr

ts eo+Qln [ks gkflyq dj.kq vkgsA bu eka

xksBk.ks Hkkjr ts xksBkbZ byko+Qfu esa l[+rq ,sa

ikf.k;B vif'k"V inkFkZ bafrt+kefu ts dk;Zokfg;qfu

t+jh, li+QkbZv ts e;kj esa ok/kjks Fkhanks ,sa

xksBk.kfu [ks [kqfy;y eSnkufu esa 'kkSp (dkdwl)

[kka vkt+knh (vksiu fMi+QSds'ku çQh& vks-Mh-

,i+Q-) MsbZ lki+Q˜ ,sa ifo=kq Bkfg;ks osanksA

lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku tk 6 eq[;q vukflj vkfgfu&

O;fDrxr ?kjsyw 'kkSpky;

lkeqnkf;d 'kkSpky;

lkoZtfud 'kkSpky;

uxj ikfydk Bksl vif'k"V çca/u

lwpuk ,sa f'kf{kr lapkj (vkbZ-bZ-lh-) ,sa lkoZtfud lqtkxh

l?k iSnk dj.kq

f[+kjkt = J¼katyh

'kkSp = dkdwlq

flgrc[+'kq = lqBh flgr MhanM+˜

Bksl vif'k"V çca/u =

l[+rq dpjs tks bafrt+keq

eqafgatks lki+Q˜ HkkjrLoPN Hkkjr

4

fVi.khtk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky

û-ü vpks r leq>wa

lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&

1- xanxh iQfgyk, vlha dafga [ks uhaM Mhank vkfg;wa\

(v) efgekufu [ks (c) mLrknfu [ks

(l) chekfj;qfu [ks (n) ikM+sflfj;qfu [ks ¹ º

2- li+QkbZ j[k.kq dfgM+s fo+QLe th vknr vkgs\

(v) vtkbZ (c) okfg;krq

(l) [+kjkcq (n) lqBh ¹ º

3- chekfj;qfu eka Nk tks uqo+Qlkuq Fkhanks vkgs\

(v) efgur tks (c) iSls tks

(l) i?kj tks (n) foanqj tks ¹ º

rOgha ghm lco+Q˜ if<+;ksA fgu [ks ys[kq poank vkfgfuA ys[kq dafga fc fo"k; rs

fy[kh lf?kts FkksA tfgM+ksfd lkekftd] lkfgfR;d] oSKkfud] eu&oSKkfud ox+SjgA

ys[k esa mu fo"k; ckcfr lewjh tk.k fMuh osanh vkgsA ys[kq ua<ks fc Fkh l?ks Fkks ,sa

rekeq oMks fcA

fgu ys[k esa xanxhv ts uqo+Qlkufu ,sa li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu rs jksf'kuh fo/h osbZ vkgsA

fgu ys[k esa tsdh rOgha if<+;ks] mgks rOgha jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa iafgats vklikfl

fMBks gwanks r dhva ek.gwa xanxh iQfgykb±nk vkfgfu ,sa li+QkbZv tks è;kuq u j[kank

vkfgfuA mu ofD+r gqufu [ks xanxhv esa FkhanM+ chekfj;qfu tks ohpk# u b±nkss vkgs ,sa

li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu ts ckjs esa fc u lksphank vkfgfuA fgu lco+Q esa xanxhv lcfc

FkhanM+ chekfj;qfu Mkagqa è;kuq fNdk;ks fo;ks vkgs ,sa li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu tks fc ft+Øq

d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

rOgha cqfu;knh lco+Q esa ljdkjh ;kstukmfu ts ckjs esa tk.k gkflyq dbZA bu [kka lokb

xksBfu ,sa Ldwyfu esa fc ljdkj dsfrfj;wa bZ ;kstukÅa 'kq: d;wa vkfgfu] ftfu th tk.k

gkflyq dj.kq t+:jh vkgsA


5

xksBk.kfu byko+Qfu ykb lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku

Hkkjr ljdkj ikjka gyanM+ fueZy Hkkjr eqfge* çksxzkeq xksBk.kfu byko+Qfu esa ek.gqfu

th ?kqfjt rs c/yq ,sa tu&dsafær eqfge vkgs] tafga esa ek.gqfu ts li+QkbZv lka ykxkiks

j[kanM+ vknrqfu [ks cfgr# c.kkb.k] iafgats lgwfy;rqfu th ?kqfjt iSnk dj.k ,sa li+QkbZ

lgwfy;rqfu [ks eqgS;k djkb.k th ea'kk vkgs] tafga lka xksBk.kfu th thofr] jfg.khv

[ks cfgr# c.kk, lf?ktsA

ckfgfj;fu byko+Qfu ykb lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku

fe'ku tks ed+lnq 1-04 djksM+ dqVaqcfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans 2-5 y[k lkeqnkf;d

'kkSpky;] 2-6 y[k ljdkjh 'kkSpky; ,sa gjfgd 'kgj esa fgd l[+r vif'k"V

bafrt+ke th lgwfy;r eqgS;k dj.kq vkgsA bu çksxzke ts rgr fjgkb'kh bykdfu esa]

ftrs 'k[+lh ?kjsyw 'kkSpky;fu th vMkor dj.kq M˜f[k;ks vkgs] mrs fcjknjh 'kkSpky;fu

th vMkor dj.kq] lSjks&li+Qj ts ga/fu] ckt+k#fu] cfl LVSaM] jsyos LVs'kuqfu

tfgfM+;qfu vgeq tk;qfu rs fc ljdkjh 'kkSpky;fu th vMkor dbZ osanhA

lki+Q˜ Hkkjr lki+Q˜ Ldwy eqfge

bu flyflys esa FkhanM+ dkjZok;qfu esa 'kkfeyq vkfgfu&

Ldwy ts Dyklfu nkSjkfu gj jkst+ ckjfu lka li+QkbZ ,sa mu ts tqnk&tqnk igyqfu]

[+kkfl rkSj egkRek xka/hv ts li+QkbZ ,sa lqBh flgr lka okcLrk fl[;kmfu] ts

ckjs esa xkfYg;wa dfj;ksA

Dykl] dhE;k?kj ,sa fdrkc?kj ox+Sjg th li+QkbZ dj.kqA

Ldwy esa yxy dafga fc rLohj ;k Ldwy cikZ dj.k okjs 'k[+l ts ;ksxnku

ckcfr xkfYg;wa dj.kq ,sa mUgfu rLoh#fu th li+QkbZ dj.kqA

'kkSpky;fu ,sa ihv.k ts ik.khv okjfu byko+Qfu th li+QkbZ dj.kqA

fVi.kh


eqgS;k = e;lj

tu&dsafær = ek.gqfu [ks

è;ku esa j[kans

lSjks&li+Qj = ?kqe.k&fiQj.k

vMkor = Bkg&tksM+

6

fVi.kh

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk fgd flV esa tokc fM;ks&

1- ranq#Lrhv tks dafga lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgs\

2- dfgM+ks balkuq o/hd [+k˜'k&fetkt+ gwanks vkgs\

3- dfgM+s ga/ ts ek.gqfu esa xanxh fiQVh dj.k th vknr o/hd ut+fj vps Fkh\

4- xanxh iQfgykb.k lka Nk iSnk Fkhank vkfgfu\

5- vlka[ks iafgats Hkkjr [ks dhva Bkfg.kks vkgs\

6- Hkkjr ljdkj ^lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku* th 'kq:vkfr dMfga dbZ\

bLeq (laKk) Noundafga fc ek.gwv] fc, lkgokjs (çk.khv) ;k cstkfu 'kb] LFkku ;k xq.k (Hkko) ts

ukys [ks bLeq (Noun) pbcks vkgsA

jes'k dejs esa vacq [kk/ksA

fdrkcq dqlhZv rs j[kqA

ifgfj,a tqfeys esa jes'k* ek.gwv tks ukyks vkgsA dfejks* LFkkuq vkgs ,sa vacq* esoks

;kus 'kb vkgsA fc, tqfeys esa ^fdrkc* ,sa ^dqlhZ* cbZ 'k;wa vkfgfuA

fc;fu rs n;k dj.kq ?kqfjtsA

ifNrkm dj.k eka dfgM+ks i+Qkbnks\

efFk;fu fcUgha tqfeyfu esa ^n;k* ,sa ifNrkm* cbZ xq.kfu tk ukyk vkfgfuA bgs fc

bLe vkfgfuA bLefu tk fd+Le&

bLeq vkeq (Common Noun) tkfr okpd laKk

bLeq [+kklq (Proper Noun) O;fDr okpd laKk

bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) Hkko okpd laKk

vpks r bUgfu ts ckjs esa foLrkj lka leq>wa&

bLeq vkeq (Common Noun) tkfr okpd laKk& dafga fc çk.kh] 'kb] LFkku ts

ukys [ks bLeq vkeq pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd ?kksM+ks] dqlhZ] vkblØhe] unh] rykm]

efgykrqA

bgs lHkq jokth rkSj vkeq ukyk vkfgfuA bgs lHkq bLeq vkeq fFk;kA


lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&û-û

û-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

7

bLeq [+kklq (Proper Noun) O;fDr okpd laKk& dafga fc çk.kh] 'kb] LFkku ts

ukys [ks bLeq pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd lrh'k] rktegy] psrd] xaxk] dSMcjhA

lrh'k balku tks] rktegy efgykr tks] psrd ?kksM+s tks] xaxk unhv tks ,sa dSMcjh

pkWdysV tks ukyks vkgsA bgs lHkq bLeq vkfgfuA

bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) Hkko okpd laKk& bLeq vkeq ,sa bLeq [+kklq [ks

fMlh ,sa gFkq yxk, Nqgh lf?kts FkksA ij tafga [ks fMlh ;k Nqgh uFkks lf?kts] ,sa tafga

eka ohpk# ;k eu tks Hkko t+kfg# fFk, rafga [ks bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) pbcks

vkgsA tfgM+ksfd tqokuh] c˜<kiks] [+k˜'kh] Msf?k] osdfj] pqLrh] li+QkbZ] csjkst+xkjh] xqykeh]

nks[kks] esBkt] MiqA bu [kka lokb bLe tk fc;k fc fo+QLe vkfgfu&

bLeq rflx+h# (Diminutive Noun) vYikFkZd laKk& rflx+h# ekuk ua<ksA

bLe ts ua<s :i ts ukys [ks bLeq rflx+h# pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd fnyks&fnyh]

pksVks&pksVh] efVdks&efVdh] dd#&dfdjh] dVksjkss&dVksjh] pksyks&pksyh] fdrkcq&fdrkfcM+h

ox+SjgA

bLeq eqfjdcq] et+ewv ;k tem (Collective Noun) lewg okpd laKk&

?k.kfu ek.gqfu] tkuojfu] if[k;qfu th txg rs drfc b±nM+ fgd yÝ+t+ [ks bLeq

efjdcq pbcks vkgsA

if[k;qfu tks oy#

ef[k;qfu tks ekukjks

tkuojfu tks /.kq

jkanhxjfu th Vksyh

efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa oy#] ekukjks] /.kq] Vksyh] bgs lHkq bLeq efjdcq vkfgfuA fc;k

felky vkfgfu& o+Qchyks] vVkyks] >qfx;wa] twjh] dkesVh ox+SjgA

bLeq ftUl (Material Noun) æO; okpd laKk& vfgM+s fo+QLe twa 'k;wa]

ftfu eka fujkfy;qfu fujkfy;qfu lwjrqfu twa 'k;wa Bgh l?kfu fFk;wa] frfu [ks bLeq ftUl

lfMcks vkgsA thva r& pkaoj] df.kd] [kh#] mu] dig] lksu] pkanh] yksgq] dkBq]

js'keq] ik.kh ox+SjgA

1- bLeq dafga [ks poank vkfgfu\ bLe tk fo+QLe c˜/k;ks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fVi.kh


lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&û-ü

8

fVi.kh2- gsfB fMuy bLefu tk fo+QLe fy[kks&

xaxk ------------------------------------

rktegyq ------------------------------------

[+kq'kh ------------------------------------

dVksjks ------------------------------------

3- BfgdanM+ yÝ+t+ yhd ik, feyk;ks&

v c

li+QkbZ [+kpqZ

xanxh rdyhi+Q

chekfj;wa flgrean

nokÅa chekfj;wa

1- tsdMfga rOgka[ks jLrs ts fop rs xan th FksYgh ut+j vps r rOgha Nk dank\

fgu rs rOgha iafgatk lq>ko fM;ksA

2- ckx+ ts dafga dqaM esa IykfLVd tk twBk dksi] IysVwa] fxykl] nksuk ,sa ik.khv

twa [+kkyh cksrywa ut+fj vpfu r mUgfu [ks mrka lki+Q˜ dj.k ykb rOgha iafgatk

lq>ko fM;ksA

li+QkbZ j[k.kq lqBh vknr vkgsA

li+QkbZ j[k.k lka chekfj;wa u iQfgytafn;waA

vlha flgrean jgh l?kanklhaA

chekjhv esa rdyhi+Q Hkksfxts Fkh ,sa iSlks fc [+kpqZ fFk, FkksA

bu jhfr iSlk cpk, vlha [kh#] esok ,sa flgr&c[+'kq [kk/k [kkbZ l?kwa FkkA

xanxhv rs ef[k;wa ,sa eNj iSnk fFk;fu Fkk] tsds chekfj;wa iQfgykbZfu FkkA

eNj Msaxw ,sa eysfj;k tfgfM+;wa chekfj;wa iQfgykbZfu FkkA


ef'kx+™fy;wa&û-û

rOgha Nk fl[;k

9

fVi.kh


1- li+QkbZv tks flgr lka dfgM+ks ykxkiks vkgs\

2- ^;d ranq#Lrh gt+kj uber* foLrkj lka leq>k;ksA

3- xanxhv eka dfgM+k uqo+Qlku vkfgfu\

4- ^thm [+k˜f'k r tgkuq [+k˜f'k* [kksys leq>k;ksA

5- Hkkjr lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks ns'kq dhva cf.kth l?kanks\

6- dafga [ks fc jLrs ts ikls esa xanq mfNykb±ns fMlks r rOgha Nk dank\

7- nksLrfu lka xM˜ fidfud rs osank r xanxh u iQfgfyts] bu ykb Nk dank\

8- ^li+QkbZ eqfge* ckcfr dfgfM+;wa ljdkjh dksf'k'kwa d;wa os;wa vkfgfu\

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc

1- (l) 2- (n) 3- (c)

lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc

1-1 1- ranq#Lrhv lka

2- ranq#Lrq balku

3- egkuxjfu ts ek.gqfu esa

4- ef[k;wa ,sa eNj

5- lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr

6- 2 vkWDVkscj 2014

1-2 3- BfgdanM+ yÝ+t+fu tk tokc&

v c

li+QkbZ flgrean

xanxh chekfj;wa

chekfj;wa rdyhi+Q

nokÅa [+kpqZ

lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky

tokc

10

2

csofl twa dohrkÅa

fgu lcd+ esa vlha dohrk ts ckjs esa i<a+nklhaA ghv dohrk fla/hv ts egkdoh

fd'kupan csofl* th vkgs] tafga [ks vlha u,a nkSj tks ckuh 'kkb# fc poank vkfg;waA

csofl [kka iksb fc;k dsfrjk bZ uoka 'kkbj fFk;k vkfgfu] tsds lanfl iksbyx vkfgfuA

fgu lcd+ esa vlha csofl twa c dohrkÅa i<+anklha& oMh fnfy ,saa x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&

nqfu;k esa ekStwn fc;kbZv okjs Hksn [ks feVkb.k tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

x+jhcfu ts ykb gennhZ j[k.k th Hkkouk tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

ifjokj ykb] lekt ykb] ns'k ykb thv.k th Hkkouk ts bt+gkj tks c;kuq djs

l?kank_

'kkbjhv th lq×kk.ki djs mu ts Hkko [ks isf'k djs l?kank_

for [kka o/hd iSlks ;k fefyfd;r gqv.k lcfc mu eka iSnk FkhanM+ fodkjfu

[ks leq>h l?kank ,sa mu iSls [ks ijekFkZ ykb [+kpqZ dj.k ckcfr nyhy MsbZ

l?kankA

eo+Qln

fVi.kh

11

dfj nqfu;k esa fnfy oMsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgka]

vkf.k euo`rhv esa iQsjks] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

1- v.k btkt+r [kka u vkgs] 'kf[+l;r esa tkb ts]

fnfy ts dafga gennZ HkkÄs esa] Hkyk Fkksjh r Ms_

rqafgath eqafgath dfj >dsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

2- xfjps georuh u vkgha] nsl oklh Fkh xqt+kfj]

nsl oklhv [kka oMks] nqfu;k fuoklh Fkh fugkfj_

/fj ut+j iq[+rh idsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

3- rafx et+gc esa u ekiwa] o+QkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]

Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms_

NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

4- iafgats 'kkgh egy eka] ?kfV ts dansa fgd dksfBM+h]

csv>s ewa tfgM+s yb] ioanh Bgh lk >wfiM+h_

dfj reuk ?kfV fr[ksjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

5- rqafgats nLrj[+oku rka] tsdh o×ks vfi+Qjknq Fkks]

cky i+Qt+™yhv ts gFkka] tsdh fFk;s cjcknq Fkks_

rafga rs dfj pkSdfl pÄsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

6- v'kji+Qh I;kys eka rqafgats] cwan ts fgfdM+h cps]

dsbZ nk.kk vÂ tk Fkh] dwr x+fjck esa vps_

bva cpfr cdZr Hkysjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

7- ckx+&bf'kjr rqafgats eka ts] iwj daMfu tk cpfu]

cs fHkR;qfu Hkwaxfu Hkqrfu tk] gawn Fkh yks<+k ipfu_

leq> j[kq lkfyeq lpsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

8- eqYd xhjhv th gol\ fgu isV fpUrk ts les !!

[+kwu gkj.k th bNk\ ^csofl* lH;rk ts les !!

jkst+ jks'ku esa va/sjh !!! rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

oMsjh = oMh

euo`rh = eu th Hkkoukv.k btkt+r = fcuk vkKk

xfjps = tsrks.khfd

rax et+gc = /eZ ckcfrd;wa ohpkj

Hkkbih = fcjknjh

:gkfu;r = vkè;kfRedrk

nqbZ = fc;kbZ

nhn = ut+j] n`f"V

esjh = cqjhdksfBM+h = ua<ks dfejks

csv>s = tafga[ks edkuq u gqts

lkS = lqBh] lqfg.khreuk = bPNk

fr[ksjh = fr[kh] rst+

i+Qjk[+kfnyh = oMh fnfy j[k.kqo+QkSfe;r = jk"Vªh;rk] fcjknjh

oMh fnfy

ü-û (v) cqfu;knh lco+Q fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

12

xfjps gfeoruh u vkgha]nsl oklh Fkks xqt+kfj]nsl oklhv [kka oMks]nqfu;k fuoklh Fkh fugkfj_/fj ut+j iq[+rh idsjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

fVi.kh

vpks] csofl th fgu dohrk [ks vlka fgdq Hksjks ojh i<+a™A

csofl balku [ks nqfu;k esa oMh fnfy djs jg.k th fgnk;r Fkks djsA csofl tks po.kq

vkgs r nqfu;k esa fli+QZ iafgats ykb thb.kks u vkgsA bgk Hkkouk jf[kts r rwa fc jgq

,sa eka fc jgkaA lanfl po.kq vkgs r iafgats eu ;kuh vanj th o`rhv esa cfnykm vk.ks

xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk gqv.kq [kisA

csofl fgu dohrk ts eki+QZfr balku [ks nqfu;ka esa oMh fnfy djs jg.k th lykg Mhans

p;ks vkgs r fuLokFkZq Hkko lka thouq xqt+kj.kq [kisA

vt˜ nqfu;k esa balku tks thouq fli+QZ ik.k rkb± egnwnq vkgs] vfgM+s oD+r esa ghv

dohrk vlka ts euo`rhv esa iQsjks vk.ks l?ks FkhA bgk xkfYg loyh cksyhv esa leq>kbZ

osbZ vkgsA

rOgha bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r vt˜ fgu Hkt˜Hktka okjs ;qx esa gfjdks balkuq iafgats

de&dkfj esa bZ iwjks yxks fi;ks vkgsA fc, dafgats ykb dafga [ks lksp.k tks oD+rq bZ

u vkgsA vt˜ eksckbZy tks ;qxq vkgsA ua<ks gqts ;k oMks] tsdMfga oD+rq feyanks fc r

mgks eksckbZy esa bZ #/yq jgs FkksA csofl iafgath fgu HkkoukRed dohrk esa balku [ks

leq>kb±ns p;ks vkgs r iafgats 'k[+lh thou esa fc dafgats jg.k th txfg c.kkbA

tsdMfga bgks u djs l?kha r fnfy esa Fkksjh dh ?k.kh gennhZ r gwanh] n;k djs dafga

nq[kh] nfjæ] ?kqfjtkÅv [ks Fkksjh r tkb fM;.kq fl[kqA fVi.kh vfx;ka leq>kb±ns pos

Fkks r tsdk rqafgats eqafgats okjh fc;kbZv th Hkkouk vkgs] mu [ks ?kVkbA rwa ,sa eka

xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk j[kwaA

1- csofl fgu 'kbj esa balku [ks balkfu;r ,sa gennhZv tks lans'k fMuks vkgsA

2- 'kbj esa ckj ckj ^^rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka** nksgjk;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga lka yxs

Fkks r csofl th cksyh vyadkjfu lka Hkjiwfj vkgsA

3- fgu 'kbj esa vkRe fparu ,sa thou th dyk [ks mHkkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA

'kkbj fgu esa leq>k;ks vkgs r tsdMfga iafgats oru tks u leq>ha r ns'koklh Fkh

xqt+kfjA v×kk fc oMks ut+fj;ks j[kq r nqfu;koklh Fkh xqt+kfjA 'kkb# pos Fkks r iafgath

ut+j [ks iq[+rks j[kh rwa ,sa eka cbZ xfMth jgwaA

'kkbj fgu cSr esa oMks ut+fj;ks t+kfg# d;ks vkgs] tafga eka 'kkbj th i+Qjk[+k&fnyh

t+kfg# fFk, FkhA

dfj nqfu;k esa fny oMsjh]rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka Avkf.k euo`rhv esa iQsjks]rwa fc jgq] eka fc jgka A

csofl fgu dohrk esafu%LokFkZ Hkko lka jg.kth lykg fMuh vkgsA

v.k btkt+r [kka u vkgs]'kf[+l;r esa tkb ts]fnfy ts dafga gennZ HkkÄs esa]Hkyk Fkksjh r Ms_rqafgath eqafgath dfj >dsjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

ü-ü vpks r leq>wa

csofl twa dohrkÅa

13

fgu esa 'kkb# et+gc ;kuh /eZ ts egnwn nk;js esa u jgh o+QkSfe;r] Hkkbih] balkfu;r

,sa :gkfu;r esa tkb fM;.k okjh xkfYg Fkks djsA fc;kbZv :ih n`"Vh NMs balku [ks

Hkkbih ,sa balkfu;r lka xqt+kj.k th lykg Fkks fM,A

'kkbj 'kkgwdkj balku [ks p;ks vkgs r rwa iafgats 'kkgh

efgy eka tsdMfga fgd dksfBM+h ;kus dfejks ?kfV

dansa] mgk ua<h dksfBM+h x+jhcq tsdks cslgkjk vkgs]

cs&v>s vkgs] mu ykb fgd lqBh >wfiM+h Bgh ioanhA

'kkbj 'kkgwdkjfu [ks pos Fkks r iafgaft;qfu bPNkmfu ,sa

reukmfu [ks ?kVk,] xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk j[kksA

vt˜dYg x+jhcfu ts ykb 'kkgwdkj ijksidkj tk de

dfu FkkA [+kkfl djs fla/h o+QkSe ykb bgk csofl th

çsj.kk vkgs tks flaf/;qfu dsfrjk bZ Ldwy] dkWyst]

vLirkywa [kksfy;wa vkfgfuA

1- csofl fgufu 'kbjfu esa 'kkgwdkjfu [ks nqfu;k esa i+Qjk[+kfnyhv lka jg.k th lykg

Mhans p;ks vkgs r oMh fnfy djs jfgts ,sa bgk Hkkouk jf[kts r x+jhc] tsds

vkleku ts gsBka jgh xqt+j dfu Fkk] mUgfu x+jhcfu ykb fc dq>q dj.kq ?kqfjtsA

2- csofl iafgats 'kbj esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu] HkkbZpkjs th Hkkouk ,sa x+jhcfu tks fgek;rh

cf.kt.k ykb çsj.kk fMuh vkgsA

csofl th ^oMh fnfy* dohrk tks HkkokFkZq tk.kans] fc, dafga dohv th dohrk tks

vfgM+s fo+QLe tks Hkkoq t+kfg# d;ksAac

rafx et+gc esa u ekiwa]dkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]Hkkbihv] balkfu;r]:gkfu;r esa tkb Ms_NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

iafgats 'kkgh egy eka]?kfV ts dansa fgd dksfBM+h]csv>s ewa tfgM+s yb]ioanh Bgh lk >wfiM+h_dfj reuk ?kfV fr[ksjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

doh fd'kupan csofl*

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ü-û

14

fVi.kh

1- [+kky Hkfj;ks&

(1) vkf.k ------------------------- esa iQsjks] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA

(2) xfjps ------------------------- u vkgha] nsl oklh Fkh xqt+kfjA

(3) Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] ---------------------- esa tkb MsA

(4) dfj reuk ?kfV ----------------------- rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgkaA

(5) nsl&oklhv [kka oMks ------------------------ Fkh xqt+kfjA

2- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&

1& nqbZ v[kj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) fgd tfgM+kbZ (c) fc;kbZ

(l) ?k.kkbZ (n) FkksjkbZ ¹ º

2& nhn v[kj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) ut+j (c) n;k

(l) tks'k (n) nqvk ¹ º

3& csofl iafgats 'kkgh efgy eka Nk ?kfV dj.k ykb p;ks vkgs\

(v) dqlhZ (c) dksfBM+h

(l) ia[kks (n) iyaxq ¹ º

csofl twa dohrkÅa

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ü-û

15

1- tk vkgs tkbnkn u ols Zcoky [kkaFkhanh u t+sfj ckj u fxjohv ts [+;ky [kkavksuks u tafga[ks vkgs dks tks[kks tatky [kkagfydh jgs tk fga;ko rs loyh laHkky [kkatafga esa x+:# t+fj u ljklfj l?ks f?kM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

2- NkÄs Nuks vfM;kÅa ykeqfu y[kfu ea>kalknks v>ks flfV;kÅa iqjk.kfu i[kfu ea>kadk<ks df<;kÅa dfM+c ts dkufu d[kfu ea>kaiksjfg;ks ifV;kÅa ik.k ,sa ljrfu l[kfu ea>kaeqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph eqfM+l Fkh feM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

3- tafga rs u uD+'k lkt+ [ks dks ukt+ Fkks jgsjkt+ks M[k.kq u tafga rs dks yksgkj Fkks ogspwus] iFkj ;k flj tks u flj ckj lk lgs^eglwy tkb* xkg ts gsBka u tk xgselqokM+ cs fegkj th vkgs u tk fiM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

4- fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>kafrjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>kaHkqf.kdk danh Hkts gok tafgats fHkfr;qfu ea>kafN.kdkj ehagqa Fkks djs NqVdh fNfr;qfu ea>kao+Q˜fnjr lanh deky] flgr ykb lwf[kM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

5- tafga esa et+ks eps feBs <ks<s Tokj rslknks xqt+j fo>s u rchcfu raokj rsiksfjfg;ks fo>s Fkks okf/ oMsjh tekj rsx+kfyc ios u fglqZ [+k˜'khv ts [+k˜ekj rscsofl ftrs tyk, u fpark th pwfpM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

tkbnkn = fefYd;rols Zcoky=oMfu [kka fefy;y iwatht+sjckj = gsBkafxjoh = vks/fj ts ,oft+ esa j[k.kq(vks/fj ,oft+ t+ekur rkSj j[k.kq)fgek;rh = gennqZ] lt.kqvM.kq = Bkfg.kq] c.kkb.kqmtwjks = eqvkot+ksvksuks = fparktks[kks = tks[keqtatkyq = eqlhcrfga;ko = fnfyx:# = vfHkekuqt+fj = iSlksNkÄs Nuks = d[kkb± iukb± >wfiM+hykefu = d[k&iuv>ks = txgflfV;kÅa = Bkfg;kÅad[kkvksa = d[k&iudk<ks = fnfy th [+okfg'kdfM+c = twvfj ck>jhv tslaxfu tk lqdy dkukiksfjfg;ks = efgureqÝ+rh enn = iQksdV th ennuD'klkt+ = fp=kdkjjkt+ks] M[k.kq = ok<ks] [kkrh(ydM+hv tks deq dj.k okjks)eglwy = <y (dj] VSfDl)efgj = n;kxgs = xlscsfegkj = fcuk efgus okjkok>= fy;kdk ikb.kq (fy;k ikb.kq)frfjd;ks = frjd.kqHkqf.kdk = Hkq.k Hkq.k dj.kqfofFk;qfu = lksjk[+kfu ekalwf[kM+h = lkSx+krrchcq = gdheqx+kfyc = Nkabth o×k.kqfglqZ = yksHkq] ykyfpraokj = t+:jrxqt+jkuq = gy.kq] ?kkj.kq] clj dj.kqfpaxkjh = fpf.kx] ckfg] vkfx

x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h

ü-ý (c) cqfu;knh lco+Q fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

16

fVi.kh

'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv ckcfr c˜/k;ks vkgs r x+jhcfu [ks d[kkb± >wfiM+h

iafgats oMfu [kka ofjls tkbnkn esa u fefy;y vkgsA mu >wfiM+hv [ks u dMfga fxjoh

j[kh lf?kcks] u mu >wfiM+hv [ks dafga tksf[ke oxS+jg tks Miq vkgsA >wfiM+hv esa

jganM+ x+jhcfu tks fg;kam ;kuh fnfy gYdh jgs FkhA mUgfu th lkj laHkky fc loyh

jgs FkhA mu >wfiM+hv esa t+jks fc vfHkekuq] ?ke.Mq u Fkks f?kM+h l?ksA u mu >wfiM+hv

esa iSlks Fkks vpsA csofl x+jhcfu tks fgek;rh vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th

>wfiM+hv [ks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A

'kkbj x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv th cukoV tks ft+Øq fgu 'kbj esa d;ks vkgsA d[k dkuk

[k.kh djs x+jhc vk;kA mUgfu lka >wfiM+h vMhfu FkkA lknh >wfiM+h] iqjk.kk lqjk.kk

d[k dkuk] o.kfu ts Vkfj;qfu lka iafgatks v>ks ;kuh >wfiM+h vM.k th dksf'k'k dfu

FkkA ik.k eas xfMth nksLr ;kj efgur djs fgd fc, twa >wfifM+;wa [+k˜'khv lka vMhfu

FkkA fcuk mtwjks oB.k ts >wfifM+;qfu th vMkor dfu FkkA 'ky vfgfM+;qfu x+jhcfu

ts >wfifM+;qfu tks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A

'kkb# leq>k, Fkks r mu >wfiM+hv rs dafga ltkb±nM+ [ks dks ukt+ vkgs] u dafga dkB

ts deq dj.k okjs c<+bZ ([kkrh) ;k yksgkj th t+:jr vkgs ,sa u bZ mu >wfiM+hv th

vMkor ykb pwus] iFkj ;k fl#fu th t+:jr vkgsA u mu >wfiM+hv rs dk <y

(VSfDl) Fkh yxsA u bZ mu rs dk ekgokjh elqokM+ Fkh yxsA 'ky vfgM+h x+jhcfu th

>wfiM+hv tks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A

1-tk vkgs tkbnkn u ofjls coky [kka

Fkhanh u t+sfj ckj u fxjohv ts [+;ky [kka

vksuks u tafga[ks vkgs dks tks[kks tatky [kka

gfydh jgs tk fga;ko rs loyh laHkky [kka

tafga esa xq:# t+fj u ljklj l?ks f?kM+h

vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

2-NkÄs Nuks vfM;kÅa ykeu y[kfu ea>ka

lknks v>ks flfV;kÅa iqjk.kfu i[kfu ea>ka

dk<ks df<;kÅa dqfM+c ts dkufu d[kfu ea>ka

iksjfg;ks ifV;kÅa ik.k ,sa ljrfu l[kfu ea>ka

eqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph eqfM+l Fkh feM+h


3-tafga rs u uD+'k lkt+ [ks dks ukt+ Fkks jgs

jkt+ks M[k.kq u tafga rs dks yksgkj Fkks jgs

pwus] iFkj ;k flj tks u flj ck# lk lgs

^eglwy tkb* xkg ts gsBka u tk xgs

elqokM+ cs fegkj th vkgs u tk fiM+h

vyk! >wjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA

ü-þ vpks r leq>wa

csofl twa dohrkÅa

17

'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv eFkka

o+Q˜fnjr th efgj tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgs r

mu d[kkb± >wfiM+hv esa tsds fofFk;wa ;kuh

[+kky vkfgfu] mUgfu eka fltq] paMq fy;k

ikbZfu Fkk] rkjfu ,sa dfr;qfu tk frjfojk

fc nkf[+kyq fFk;fu FkkA >wfiM+hv ts fHkfr;qfu

eka gok ljljkgV djs fufdjs FkhA b,a Fkks

yxs t.kq gok Hkqf.kdk dans Hkth jgh

vkgsA >wfiM+hv ts fNfr;qfu eka ehaga tks

ofldkjks fc fFk, FkksA mUgfu x+jhcfu th

>wfiM+hv eFkka o+Q˜fnjr fc dekyq djs Fkh

t.kq mUgfu th ranq#Lrhv ykb uber

vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv

tks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A

'kkb# c˜/k, Fkks r >wfiM+hv esa x+jhc #[ks ,sa lqdy twvfj ts <ks<s rs xqt+jkuq dfu

FkkA mu eka fc [ksfu esBkt vps FkksA mu lkns xqt+j rs fgjh o×k.k lcfc [ksfu dafga

gdhe rchc th t+:jr uFkh iosA i?kj ts iksfjfg;s dj.k lka lanfu mfefj fc

o/s FkhA x+jhcfu th [+k˜'khv rs dafga fc fo+QLe tk 'kkSad gkoh uFkk fFk;fuA mrs dk

fc fpark :ih fpaxkjh tyk, uFkh l?ksA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv tks ok#

fc foaxks u fFk,A

5-tafga esa et+ks eps feBs <ks<s Tokj rs

lknks xqt+j fo>s u rchcfu raokj rs

iksfjfg;ks fo>s Fkks okf/ oMsjh tekj rs

x+kfyc ios u fglqZ [+k˜'khv ts [+k˜ekj rs

csofl ftrs tyk, u fpark th pwfpM+h


4-fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>ka

frjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>ka

Hkqf.kdk danh Hkts gok tafgats fHkfr;qfu ea>ka

fN.kdkj ehagqa Fkks djs NqVdh fNfr;qfu ea>ka

o+Qfnjr lanh deky] flgr ykb lwf[kM+h


fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

18

fVi.kh

1- [+kky Hkfj;ks&

(1) gfydh jgs tk ------------------------- rs loyh laHkky [kkaA

(2) eqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph --------------------- Fkh feM+hA

(3) vyk! >qjs e 'kky ---------------------- th >wfiM+hA

(4) o+Q˜fnjr lanh deky] ---------------------- ykb lwf[kM+hA

2- tkbnkn v[kj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) fefYd;r (c) ckl.k

(l) [kk/ks&ihrks (n) iks'kkd ¹ º

3- x:# v[kj tks ft+nq vkgs&

(v) vfHkekuq (c) fugBks

(l) ?keaMh (n) csle>q ¹ º

t+eh# (loZuke) Pronoun

rOgha bLe ts ckjs esa i<+h vk;k vkfg;ksA ij ckj&ckj bLe tks bLrsekyq u dfj.kks

ios] bu ykb bLe th tkb rs tafga yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgs rafga [ks t+eh#

pbcks vkgsA

dSyk'kq Mqdanks vk;ksA

gw Mqdanks vk;ksA

ifgfj,a tqfeys esa ^dSyk'k* bLeq vkgs] ij fc, tqfeys esa ^dSyk'kq* th tkb rs ^gw*

yÝ+T+k˜ drfc vk;ks vkgsA ^gw* t+eh# vkgsA vfgM+hv jhfr& eka] vlka] rwa] rOgha] gw]

gwv] gqufu] eqafgatks] rqafgatks] rOgkatks] ds#] dafga] dfgM+ks] bgs lHkq t+ehj vkfgfuA

t+ehj tk fo+QLe

û- t+eh# [+kkfyl Personal Pronoun (iq#"kokpd loZuke)& mgs t+ehj] tsds

xkYgkb±nM+] c˜/anM+ ;k fc, dafga [+kkfl ykb drfc vpfu] mUgfu [ks t+eh# [+kkfyl

pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd eka] vlka] rwa] rOgha] gw] mgsA t+ehj [+kkfyl tk Vs fo+QLe

vkfgfu&

ü-ÿ Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

csofl twa dohrkÅa

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ü-ü

19

(û) t+eh# eqfrdyeq (mÙke iq#"k) First Person& tsdks t+eh# xkYgkb±nM+ tscfnjka de vps Fkks rafga [ks t+eh# eqfrdyeq pbts FkksA tfgM+ksfd eka] vkÅa] vlka] vlhaA

(ü) t+eh# gkft+# (eè;e iq#"k) Second Person& tafga lka t+eh# eqfrdyeqxkYgkb±nks gqts rafga [ks t+eh# gkft+# pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd rwa] rOgkaA

(ý) t+eh# x+kbcq (vU; iq#"k) Third Person& tafga ckcfr xkfYg dts ij mgksgkft+# u gqtsA tfgM+ksfd gw] mgsA

t+eh# tMfga tqfeys esa drc vkf.k;wa Fkk rMfga mutks :iq cfnfyts FkksA mueqrkfcfo+Q t+ehj tk 6 fo+QLe vkfgfu&

ü- t+eh# b'kkjks Demonstrative Pronoun (fu'p; okpd loZuke)& vfgM+kt+ehj] ts fdfu bLefu Mkagqa b'kkjks dfu Fkk] frfu [ks t+eh# b'kkjks pbcks vkgsAtfgM+ksfd ghm] ghv] gh] fgu] fgufu] gqufu] gquA t+eh# b'kkjs tk c fo+QLe vkfgfu&

os>ks& ghm] gh] fgu] fgufu] ghvA ijs& gw] gqu] gqufu] gwvA

ý- t+eh# eq'rdZq Reflexive Pronoun (fut okpd loZuke)& mgs yÝ+t+]tsds i+Qkby lka xM˜ Fkh dfe vpfu ,sa dMfga dMfga î+Qkby* [ks oBk, ;kî+Qkby* ts cfnjka deq vpfu] mu[ks t+eh# eq'rdqZ pbcks vkgsA thva r ik.k][+k˜fn] iafgatksA îafgatks* ik.kq lq×kk.kqA eka ^[+k˜fn* rks ofV b±nqflA ewa ik.k [ks ^ls[kr* fMuhA

þ- t+eh# bflri+Qgkeq Interrogative Pronoun (ç'uokpd loZuke) &mgks yÝ+t+] tsdks lqoky iqN.k ykb drfc vps FkksA tfgM+ksfd ds#] dfgM+ks] NkA

^ds#* vk;ks vkgs\ ^dfgM+ks* fdrkcq [kisbZ\ ^Nk* Fkks poha\

ÿ- t+eh# ekSlwyq Relative Pronoun (lEcU/okpd loZuke)& ekSlwy ekukxa<hanM+A mgks yÝ+T+k˜] tsdks bLe ts cfnjka dfe vps Fkks ,sa fcfu tqfeyfu [ks xa<s Fkks]rafga [ks t+eh# ekSlwyq pbcks vkgsA felky rkSj& mgks fdrkcq xqeq Fkh fo;ks] fdrkceqEcbZv [kka vkanks gksfeA bUgfu [ks feyk,] ;dks tqfeyks fgu jhfr cf.kcks& mgksfdrkcq xqeq Fkh fo;ks tsdks eqEcbZv [kka vkanks gksfeA

^tks* ek.gw vfp.kks gks] ^lks* u vk;ksA

^mgk* xkfYg jfgth osbZ] ^tk* pfo.kh gqbZA

fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

20

fVi.khö- t+eh# tokc ekSlwyq Co-relative Pronoun (lglEcU/ okpd loZuke)& mgks

t+eh#] tsdkss t+ehj ekSlwy ts tokc esa de vps Fkks ,sa mu lka ykxkiks j[ks FkksA

^tks* vfp.kks gks] ^lks* u vk;ksA

^tk* vfp.kh gqbZ] ^lk* u vkbZA

^rafga* ,sa ^frfu* eqt+dj (iqfy±x) ,sa eksUl (L=khfyax) esa lkfx, :i esa drfc b±nk

vkfgfuA

eqt+dj eksUl

rafga Nksfdjs rafga Nksfdjhv

frfu enZfu frfu vkSjrqfu

÷- t+eh# eqcgeq Indefinite Pronoun (vfu'p;okpd loZuke)& ^eqcgeq*

yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs fydyq] xqeq ;k uk ebyweq] efrycq r tafgatks iwjks irks ;k [+kcj

u ios A tfgM+ksfd dk] ds] dks] dqNq] dafga] fdfu] dh ox+SjgA

^dks* ghva pos ^dks* gwva posA

fgu [ks ^dq>q* t+:# ?kqfjtsA

^fdfu* th vknr Fkhanh vkgs fxyk dj.k thA

ø- t+eh# eqrlyq Inseparable Personal Pronoun (futokpd loZuke)&

^eqrlyq* th ekuk vkgs xfM;y*A tMfga ds t+ehjh fu'kkfu;wa tfgM+ksfd e] ;e] l]

ghva lh] o fdfu bLefu ox+Sjg ts iqfB;ka 'kkfey Fkh deq b±fn;wa vkfgfu] mUgfu [ks

t+eh# eqrlyq pbcks vkgs A tfgM+ksfd& iqVfe] lk.kqfe] d;kslwa ] fga] b] oA

thva& iqVfga (rqafgatks iqV)] [kk/qo (rOgka [kk/ks)] ihro (rOgka ihrks)A

t+eh# x+kbcq twa fu'kkfu;wa&

thva& iqVfl (gqutks iqVq)] eaf>fl (mUghv eaf>)] p;kb± (gqu p;ks)A

1- t+ehj th ekuk Nk vkgs\ felky MsbZ leq>k;ks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu eka t+ehj ,sa mUgfu tk fo+QLe fy[kks&

tqfeyks t+ehj fo+QLe

dks dhva pos] dks dhva pos ------------------------- -------------------------

fga fdFks vkgs\ ------------------------- -------------------------

dfgM+k fdrkc [kisbZ\ ------------------------- -------------------------

csofl twa dohrkÅa

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ü-ý

21

fgu dohrk esa 'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th fgek;r dans iafgath dYiuk lka mUgfuth >wfiM+h vM.k th fgek;r dans bgks t+kfgj d;ks vkgs r gqufu efgur ,sati+Qkd'khv lka >wfiM+h Bkgh vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv [ksuqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A

dohrk esa 'kkbj ckj ckj ^^vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h** flV [ksnqfgjk;ks vkgs] dohrk esa laxhrq iSnk fFk, FkksA

t+kfgj vkgs r 'kkbj [ks x+jhcfu ykb lkst+] nnZq ,sa gennhZ vkgsA

fgu dohrk esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu tfgM+fu igyqfu [ks mHkkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA

rOgkats ut+j esa dks fc x+jhc balkuq cslgkjk ,sa cs&v>s gqts r rOgha ts eu esa dfgM+h

Hkkouk iSnk Fkhanh\ csofl th ghv dohrk i<+h iafgatks jk;ks fM;ks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fVi.kh

csofl twa dohrkÅa

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ü-ü

csofl tks tueq fla/q ts ykM+dk.ks 'kgj esa 1885 esa fFk;ksA gh fgdq vkn'kZvè;kidq] vkn'kZ firk] fgdq gdheq gksA ekLrjh is'ks lka xMksxM fgder fc danksgksA lanfl gFk esa 'ki+Qk gqbZAcsofl fla/h 'kkbjhv [ks uvksa eksM+ fMuksA fgu [kka vx˜ fla/h 'kkbjhv rs mnwZ ,sai+Qkjlhv tks ?k.kks vl# gksA fli+QZ vkRek ,sa ijekRek tk fo+Qlk ,sa :gkuh jkt+futks c;ku gksA csofl bUgfu lfHkuh jokbrh xkfYg;qfu [kka fla/h 'kkbjhv [ksvktks djk;ksA fgu fla/h 'kkbjhv esa uoka&uoka fo"k; [ka;kA ckjfu rs 'kkbjhfyf[k;kb±] mUgfu esa fc iatfu&Ngfu lkyfu ts mez okjfu ckjfu ykb mu Mkaoth 'kkbjh fyf[k;kb±A pksMgfu iaægfu ofjg;fu ts ckjfu ykb o+QkSeh ,drk]ns'kçse twa dohrkÅa fyf[k;kb±A bu [kka lokb L=khv rs] o+Q˜fnjr rs] lektokn rs]x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h oxS+jg dsfrjfu bZ fo"k;fu rs dohrkÅa fyf[k;wa vFkkb±A tMfgagw 16 ofjg;fu tks gks] ekLrjh Vsªfuax dans ifgjha dohrk cjlkfr* rs fyf[k;kb±Amu [kka iksb gqu 'kkbjhv ts [ks=k esa fo[k o/kbZ ,sa gqu fla/h 'kkbjfu esaegkdohv tks yo+Qcq gkflyqq d;ksA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

rOgha Nk fl[;k

22

fVi.kh

tokc

1- 'kkbj ^oMh fnfy* dohrk esa balku [ks Nk esa tkb fM;.k ykb p;ks vkgs\

2- iafgats 'kkgh egy eka dfgM+h 'kb ?kfV dj.k ykb 'kkbj p;ks vkgs\

3- 'kkbj ns'koklhv [kka fc oMks fFk;.k ykb dfgM+h lykg fMuh vkgs\

4- 'kkb# oMh fnfy* dohrk esa Hkkbihv ,sa balkfu;r th Hkkouk tks ft+Øq

dfgM+hv jhfr djs Fkks\

5- ^oMh fnfy* dohrk tks eqf[+rlj esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA

6- gsfB;qfu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&

(1) x+jhcfu [ks d[kkb± >wfiM+h fdFkka fefy;y vkgs\

(2) >wfiM+hv th vMkor dfgM+s uewus dbZ osanh vkgs\

(3) 'kkbj >wfiM+hv eFkka dafgath efgj tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgs\

(4) x+jhcfu tks xqt+jkuq Nk rs vkgs\

(5) i?kj ts iksfjfg, dj.k lka Nk Fkhanks vkgs\

7- gsfB,a 'kbj tks eryc leq>k;ks&

^^fltq paMq ok> rks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>ka]

frfjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>kaA**

8- csofl th dohrk x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv tks lk# eqf[+rlj esa iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu

esa fy[kksA


csofl twa dohrkÅa

lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc2-1 (1)- 1- euo`rh 2- georuh

3- :gkfu;r 4- fr[ksjh 5- nqfu;koklh

2-1 (2)- 1- (c) 2- (v) 3- (c)

2-2 (1)- 1- fg;kao 2- eqfM+l

3- x+jhcfu 4- lsgr

(2)- (v) (3)- (c)

23

3

c<k vkJeq

rOgka iafgats vkfl&ikfl ts ekgksy eas fMBks gwanks r ds balku xfM;y dqVqac esa jgfu

Fkk r ds t+ky eqfM+l vdsyk jgfu FkkA b,a Nks vkgs\ ds xM jg.kq pkghfu Fkk r

ds xM u jgh] vkt+knh ilafn dfu Fkk ,sa dafga fc fo+QLe th jksd&Vksd ilafn uFkk

dfuA rOgha bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r jksVh jkst+hv okLrs 'kgj NMs o×kfu FkkA iafgats

LokFkZ ykb vyfx jg.kq ilafn dfu FkkA

^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.khv esa fc bgks c˜/k;ks fo;ks vkgs r jsf'kek xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.kq

uFkh pkgsA vkt+knh ilafn Fkh djs] gqu [ks dafga th jksd&Vksd ilafn ukgsA ij Nk ?kj

tk fc;k Hkkrh fc b,a pkghfu Fkk\ cqt+xZ vyfx jg.kq pkghfu Fkk\ vpks r fgu

dgk.khv ts eki+QZfr tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa r xfM;y dqVaqc esa jg.k eka dfgM+k

i+Qkbnk vkfgfuA cqt+xZ ?kj ts Hkkfr;qfu [kka dfgM+h vk'kk j[kfu Fkk\


lekt ts VqVanM+ dqVqacfu ts lccfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

cqt+xZfu twa ijs'kkfu;wa c;kuq djs l?kank_

ua<s dqVqac ,sa xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.k tks i+QdqZ c;kuq djs l?kank_

dgk.khv ts vukljfu ts vk/kj rs dgk.khv tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

eo+Qln

fVi.kh

24

vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgkath enn ykb fgu dgk.khv esa vk;y

M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh o×ks FkhA

eksguq xqft+fj;y c˜/j Mhagqa iafgats ekm ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa nkf[+kyq djk, vk;ks

gks ---- fgufu th dkWyksuhv esa bu xkfYg th 'kq:vkfr olank.kh dqVqac dbZA mu dqVqac

esa pkj oMk ,sa c ua<k ckj vkfgfuA t+ky eqfM+lq ukSdjh dank vkfgfu] ckj Ldwy esa

i<+ank vkfgfuA lhfu;# olank.kh tksM+ks oyhjke ,sa lanfl t+ky ltks oD+rq ?kj esa gwank

gqvkA fgufu th uqaga [ks vph eu esa fFk;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa eksfdys]

ik.k vkt+knh ek.ksA fgufu th ekStwfnxhv esa gwv iafgath et+hZ gyk, uFkh l?ksA irhv

[ks fc iafgats ol esa djs u l?kh vkgsA gwv iafgatk ckj fc iafgathv et+hZv lka fuik,

uFkh l?ksA ckj [ks pÄs eBs rka dq>q pm r MkMks&MkMh fop esa Vifd;ks iofuA

'kke tks irh vki+Qhl eka eksVs r ifgjha ekbVfu ts

dfejs esa o×ksA fgufu ofV Mg iaæga feUV foganks]

[kkamfu gkyq vfgokyq oBh ---- nok nfjey

ckcfr iqNh iksb t+ky ofV b±nksA gw tMfga [kkamfl

iqNanks gks % gkb Mkfy±x ! dhva xqft+fj;ks Mhagqa] r

gwv poanh gqbZ % cfl xqft+jh fo;ks Mhagqa ---- gqu

[kss ?kksV lka xkYgkb.k ykb mRlkgq bZ u gwanks gksA

gwv pkghanh gqbZ r ?kksVfl ?kfj f?kM+.k lka ifgjha

lk.kqfl fogs ---- pakfg ik.kh ih,A gqu[ks llq

lgqjs th ekStwfnxh fcYdqyq daMs okaxq# pqHk.k

yxh ---- vkf[+kfj gqu fgdq jLrks xksfYg;ksA

vt˜dkYg c˜<k vkJeq Nks Bfg;k vkfgfu\ fgufu c˜<s c˜<hv [ks Nks u mrs eksfdfy;ks

o×ks\ gj efgus 15 gt+kj [kuq fM;.kk ioankA mgs fM;.kq loyk vkfgfuA fgu ?k.kk

bZ ghyk olhyk gyk, usfB eqfM+l [ks jkt+h d;ks ,sa cqt+xZ olank.kh tksM+ks o×kh c˜<k

vkJeq HksM+ks fFk;ksA

dkWyksuhv esa fgu ijEijk th 'kq:vkfr Fkh r iksb ?k.kfu bZ dqVaqcfu tss uqaga#fu [ks

NsMdq yxksA gw iafgatfu eqfM+lfu tk du [kkb.k yfx;wa r rOgha fc ekm ihm [ks c˜<k

vkJeq esa NMs vpksA eksguq fc mUgfu eqfM+lfu eka fgdq gksA

dqVqacq = ifjokj

lhfu;j = oMks] cqt+xZ

tksM+ks = c t.kk (t+ky eqfM+l)

fuik, = ikys

olhyk = t+jh;k] miko

t[+eh fta+nxh =

iafgath [+k˜fn th fta+nxh

[kqaf/&[kqaf/ dj.kq =

Vksd&Vksd dj.kq

csvf[+r;k# = vt+[+k˜fn]

ik.k eqjknks

egnwnq = lhfer

ý-û cqfu;knh lco+QfVi.kh

c˜<k vkJeq

25

'kq:vkfr esa gqu ?k.kh vkukdkuh dbZ r u] gw vfgM+ks o+Qneq gjfxft+ u [k.kanksA gqu

t+ky [ks ?k.kks bZ leq>k;ks r tMfga gw vlkats 'k[+lh ft+anxhv esa dks n[+kyq uFkk

fM;fu] iafgats eqagqa iafgatks thm thvkjs jfg;k vkfgfu_ rMfga t+kyfl [ks dfgM+ks gdq

vkgs tks gwv [ksfu ?kj eka rM+s c˜<k vkJeq esa eksfdys\ ij jsf'kek ts ?k.khv [kaqf/

[kqaf/ [ksfl etcw# d;ksA gqu ts ekm ihm th fnfy uqaga ts #[ks ofgaokj eka [kVh Fkh

isbZ ---- gqufu iqV [ks p;ks] ^^vlka[ks dks ,srjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq

esa NMs vpqA**

eksgu fnfy rs iFk# jf[k;ks gksA gqu [ks xqukg tks vglklq ?ksjs jfg;ks gksA gqu ts eqaga

rs ifgjha okjh jkSuo+Q u jgh gqbZA gw lHkq dq>q t.kq eFkkfNjks djs jfg;ks gksA fgd Mhagqa

usfB gquth t+cku eka fufdjh fi;ks] ^^jsf'kek ! vlkatks xqMks fc tMfga oMks Fkhanks]

rMfga t+ky ts po.k rs vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nksA**

eksgu th t+cku eka bgs yÝ+t+ c˜/h jsf'kek th t+cku eka csvf[+r;k# fufdjh fo;ks]

^^u u ! vlkatks xqMks vfgM+ks dksUgsA**

rMfga eksgu [ks fc xkYgkb.k tks o>q feyh fo;ksA p;kb±] ^^vlkatks xqMks vfgM+ks

dksUgs] ij eka eksguq vfgM+ks deh.kks iqVq vkfg;ka] tks rqafgats po.k rs iafgats ekm ihm

[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;qflA**

vkfjrokj tks Mhagqa gksA jsf'kek usjfu rs nkfy idoku Bkfg;k gqvk ---- ij usjfu [kk,

ds#\ ?kksVfl gwava v[+kckj i<+ans Mg ni+Qk poanks vkgs % jsf'kek! usjfu tYnh Bkfg]

cq[k yxh vkgsA ij vt˜ gw u v[+kckj i<+h jfg;ks vkgs ,sa u bZ usjfu ?kqjh jfg;ks vkgsA

,sa ckj r v×kk fuaM eka mfFk;k

bZ dksu vkfgfuA vkf[+kfj

jsf'kek usjfu eSt+ rs j[kh ?kksV

[ks p;ks] ^usjfu eSt+ rs j[kh

vFkoA**

iksb gwv ckjfu [ks fuaM eka

mFkkj.k osbZA iqV [ks /wa/kM+s

p;kb±] ^vM+s xqMw ! mFkqA Mg

Fkh fo;k vkfgfuA rqafgath

fnfy ilafn usjfu Bkgh

vFkfe** c pkj lM dj.k

fVi.kh

usjfu = uk'rks

frfMM+h = uaf<M+h

fxjkfVM+h ikb.kq =

fxy [kka iVs I;k# dj.kq

uqaga = iqV th dqaokfj

vkSo+Qkr = gSfl;r

vkjlh = vkbZuks

fljksVkss = xjh flj

mckf.kdk = ek;wlq] mnklq

c<k vkJeq

26

cSfn fc tMfga xqMw u mfFk;ks] rMfga jsf'kek dfd Fkh p;ks] ^ô×kh u mFkq] u [kkm

usjfuA** rMfga xqMw ga/ rs mFkh osgh jfg;ks ---- gqu vf[k;qfu eka xks<+k xkM+hans p;ks]

^û [kkb±nqfl usjfuA ifgjha c˜/kb] gqrs veka ckck [ks nkfy idoku ds# Mhanks\**

jsf'kek iqV ts eFks rs gFkq j[kh p;ks] ^^gqrs fc usjfu feyanh vkgsA rqafgatks iik r

vkJeq okjfu [ks iSlk MsbZ vk;ks vkgs ---- gw veka ckck [ks [kkjkb±nkA**

^îj gww Nks [kkjkbZfu\ gw ds# fFk;fu vlkatk\ ,sa veka ckck gqrs Nks jgfu\ gqufu [ks

iafgatks ?k# dksUgs Nk\ ?k# vkgs r veka ckck tks ----**

vksfprks jsf'kek tks è;kuq fo;ks gquth frfMM+h ds- th- Dykl esa i<+anM+ /hm ga/ rs

mFkh osBh gqbZ ,sa jksbZ jgh gqbZA

xqMw Hks.k [ks #vanks fMlh ofVfl fo;ksA gqu[ks fxjkfVM+h ik, iqfN;kb±] ^^Nks Fkh jksb±\

cq[k yxh vFksbZ\** gqu da/ lka ukdkj djs p;ks] ^cq[k u yxh vkgsA #vka Fkh] cfl

#vka Fkh_ ewa[ks veka [kisA**

jsf'kek leqf>;ks gks r llq lgqjs th x+SjekStwnxhv esa ckj fli+QqZ eqafgatks bZ p;ks

e×khank ---- gwava MkMs MkMhv ts dejs eka Mg ni+Qk lM djhfu] rMfga el vpfuA

vyk, MkMs MkMhv esa dfgM+ks lksuq fMBks vFkfu!

jsf'kek FkksM+h eqa>h isbZA ij iafgats vafnjka vkjlhv esa fugkj.k [kka uVk, jgh gqbZA ;kjgsa

cts de okjh ekbZ 'kdqaryk vkbZA gqu c˜gkjh iV dj.k cSfn jsf'kek [ks vph p;ks]

^^veka ckck okjks dfejks Fkh lki+Qq dfj;ka r fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA gw cbZ ewa lka [+kwcq

xkfYg;wa dank gqvkA rqafgath dsMh lkjkg dank gqvkA lnkb± poank gqvk r uqaga r

vlkathA**

jsf'kek [ks fnfy esa fgdq pqfgacnk# rh# pqHkh fo;ks ---- mu pqHkfu [ks cnkZ'r dans gqu

ckfgjka iafgathv de okjh 'kdqaryk [ks p;ks] ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr

fMlqA rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats ?kj ts xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA**

'kdqaryk ojkf.k;ks] ^^cjkcfj eka ukSfdfj;k.kh vkfg;kaA eqafgath vkSo+Qkr dfgM+h vkgsA

ij ekyfdf.k! ewa[ks iat lky Fkh fo;k vkfgfu fgu ?kj esa deq dansA veka ckck ,sa

rOgha lHkq ewa[ks iafgatk yxank vkfg;ks ---- ekyfdf.k! lksfp xqMw oMks Fkhanks ,sa 'kknh

danks] iksb rks[ks ,sa lsB [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nks r rks[ks dhva yxanks\**

jsf'kek [ks eu esa vk;ks r tsdj de okjhv [ks fgdq fljksVks Bdkm djs g.ks] ij gqu

vfgM+ks dq>q u d;ksA gwv jaf/.ks esa o×kh ea>afn ts ekuhv th r;kjh dj.k yxhA

jsf'kek jaf/.ks esa d<+h j/hans lksps Fkh r ewa leqf>;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa

fVi.kh

c˜<k vkJeq

27

eksfdys vkt+knh ek.khanflA ckfgfj vp.kq o×k.kq ---- [+kjhnkjh dj.kq ---- j/&ipkv esa]

gj xkfYg esa eka [+k˜neqf[+r;k# gwanfl] eka lgh ekuk esa fgu ?kj th ekyfd;k.kh

FkhanflA jsf'kek tks euq ejksfVth&ljksfVth jfg;ks vkgsA gqu dsMh efgur lka eqfM+l [ks

e×kk;ks r veka ckck [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA gqufu th x+SjekStwnxhv esa dfgM+h

ekfydh feyh vkgs ewa[ks\

ekuh j/hans [ksfl t.kq iafgath llq tks vkokt+ Fkks c˜/.kq vpsA gwv jf/.ks esa vph

[ksfl poanh vkgs] dqaokfj! vlkath pkaojfu piVh [k.kh vyfx jf/tkab] ik.khv <qdq

fof>tkabA vlka[ks ujeq pkaoj Fkk [kifu] Man det+ks# vkfgfu u ---- dqaokfjA

tqokuhv esa vlka[ks fc NqfM+;ks pkao# o.kanks gks ---- iQqydfu ,sa Hkkft;qfu ykb fc dk

u dk fgnk;r Mhanh gqbZA Nks r veka ,sa ckck fcUgha [ks [kk/ks pckM+.k ykb ujeq

[kk/ks [kianks gksA jsf'kek [ks [+;ky Fkks vps r c˜<k vkJeq esa gwv dafga[ks bgs fgnk;rwa

Mhanh ,sa ds# [ksfl ujeq pkaoj ,sa lUgM+ks ujeq iQqfydks ipk, Mhanks\ Hkkft;wa fc tsds

feyafn;wa] ls [kkb±nkA [ksfu [kk/ks o.ks ;k u] pckM+s l?kfu ;k u] c˜/j [kka oBh tsdh

feysfu] lks lr~ djs [kk/ks gwankÅaA

jsf'kek ea>afn th ekuh r;k# djs lksps bZ lksps jgh gqbZA gqutks euq jaf/.ks esa u gksA

dsfrjks yw.kq fepqZ fo>h jgh gqbZ] [ksfl [+kcj bZ u isbZ iosA [+kkfl djs bgs yÝ+t+ r

^^xqMw fc oMks Fkhanks] 'kknh danks r ewa[ks ,sa eksgu [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nks** gqu

ts fg;kao esa eka/k.kh fo>h jfg;k gqvkA ?kksVfl fc bgs yÝ+t+ p;k ,sa ukSfdfj;k.kh

'kdqaryk fc bgs yÝ+t+ p;k ---- b,a Fkh Fkks l?ks Nk\ erka fFk, r! eksguq fc r fgdq

vkn'khZ iqVq vkgs ij eqafgats po.k rs veka ckck [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;ksA veka

ckck gqrs iksVs iksVhv [kka lokb dsMk mckf.kdk

fFk;k gwankA 'kk;n fgd fc, [kka fydk,

xks<+k xkM+hank gqtfuA

jsf'kek ekuh jf/.k [kka iksb iafgats dejs esa

o×kh ga/ rs ysVh isbZA ea>afn tk c ot.k rs

gqvk ij gqu tk gFk u gyfu tks ekuh ik,

eSt+ rs j[ksA gwv fHkfr ikls eqagaq djs ysVh isbZ

gqbZA fgu ts vf[k;qfu eka xks<+k xM+h jfg;k

gqvk ---- gwv jaf/.ks eka fufdrh r fMBkb±

?kksVfl dqlhZv rs vf[k;wa c™Vs osBks vkgsA u

v[+kckj Fkks i<+s ,sa u dks fdrkcq Fkks i<+sA

fVi.kh

c<k vkJeq

28

gwava vkjrokj Mhagqa dks u dks fdrkc i<+anks vkgsA iqVfl fc cSV&cky [ksM.k u fo;ks

vkgsA gquts nksLrfu tk i+Qksu vph jfg;k vkfgfuA gw [ksfu dwM+ xkYgk, pbZ jfg;ks

vkgs r ewa[ks cq[+kk# vkgsA eka vt cSV&cky u [ksMhanqflA go+Qho+Qr esa gqutks euq

bZ u Fkh jfg;ks gks tks cSV&cky [ksM.k o×ksA uaf<M+h ccyh fc fdrkcfu tks FksYgks

[kksys] fcuk lcfc fdrkc FksYgs eka d<h ojh okifl j[kh jgh vkgsA fgu [kka

gkse&odqZ dj.kq fc uFkks iqtsA gwava [ksfl MkMks ;k MkMh gkse&odqZ dj.k esa enn dank

vkfgfuA

ea>afn tk lok c vph yxkA jsf'kek iafgats ga/ rka mFkh dejs eka ckfgfj vkbZA gqu

iafgats irhv ofV vph p;ks] ^gyks c˜<k vkJeq] veka ckck [ks okifl oBh Fkk vpwa]

iksb vph Fkk ekuh [kkÅaA**

Åankgs ?kj esa t.kq jks'kuq 'keknkuq cjh fi;ksA

lgh tokc xksYgs fMafx;qfu esa fy[kks&

1- ^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA** gh

yÝ+t+ dafga p;k vkfgfu\

(v) jsf'kek (c) eksgu

(l) 'kdqaryk (n) eksgu ts ekm ihm ¹ º

2- ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr fMlqA rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats ?kj ts

xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA** gh yÝ+t+ dafga[ks p;k fo;k\

(v) jsf'kek [ks (c) 'kdqaryk [ks

(l) xqMwv [ks (n) eksgu [ks ¹ º

3- ^^u [kkb±nqfl usjfu** ghm yÝ+t+ xqMwv Nks p;k\

(v) Nkdkf.k r usjfu lqBh dksu gqbZ

(c) xqMw ihm [kka ukjkt+ gks

(l) usjfu fnfy ilafn u Bgh gqbZ

(n) xqMwv tk veka ckck c˜<k vkJeq esa gqvk ¹ º

4- ^daMs okaxq# pqHk.k* bLrykg th ekuk vkgs&

(v) daMks yx.kq (c) cqjks yx.kq

(l) euk dj.kq (n) Vksd Vksd dj.kq ¹ º

fVi.kh

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky

c˜<k vkJeq

29

vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

dafga fc dgk.khv [ks leq>.k ykb [+kkfl rkSj Ng rRo fFk;fu FkkA fo"k;

(dFkkoLrq)] fdjnkj (ik=k)] xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki)] ekgksyq (okrkoj.kq)] Hkk"kk (cksyh)

,sa eo+Qlnq (mís';)A vlka bUgfu vukfljfu (rRofu) [ks è;ku esa j[kh] dgk.khv

th lekykspuk] vks[k Mks[k danklhaA dFkkoLrq esa dgk.khv th dFkk] [kkst th

xkfYg dbZ o×ks FkhA dgk.khv esa vk;y fdjnkjfu th lhjrfuxkjhv tks c;kuq vps

FkksA gw fli+QZ dgk.khv esa 'kkfeyq bZ u vkfgfu] ij iafgath 'kf[+l;r xM [k.kh vk;k

vkfgfuA xqÝ+rxw dgk.khv tks vaxq vkgsA bu lka bZ dgk.kh vfx;ka o/s FkhA yÝ+t+]

tqfeyk dfgM+k vkfgfu] ekgksyq (okrkoj.kq) lka Bfgdfu Fkk ;k u] bu xkfYg tks

è;kuq jf[k;ks o×ks FkksA dgk.khv esa ns'k] dky] okrkoj.k th xkfYg dbZ osbZ vkgsA

û-ü-û fo"k;&oLrw (dFkk&oLrw)

fgu dgk.khv esa ysf[kdk dyk çdk'k bgks c˜/k;ks vkgs r vtksds (ekStwnk) lekt

esa gfjdks vkt+knh pkgs FkksA vt˜dYg tk ckj vkt+knh ilafn dfu FkkA dafga fc

fo+QLe th jksd Vksd ilafn uFkk dfuA xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.kq uFkk ilafn dfuA oMfu

th] cqt+xZfu th bt+r uFkk dfuA vt˜dYg jkst+xkj ts ykb gfjdks lekt esa iafgath

fglsnkjh fuHkk, FkksA dqVqac [ks iky.k ykb gk.ks vkSjrwa fc ukSdjh dj.k ykb ckfgfj

fufdfr;wa vkfgfuA tafga lka mgs ?kj rfi+QZ è;kuq ?kfV fM;fu fFk;wa ,sa oD+rq ?kfV gqv.k

djs mgs xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.k okjfu cqt+xZfu rfi+QZ fc è;kuq ufFk;wa fM;fuA mUgfu

Mkagqa gennhZv Hkfj;ks ofgaok# u dj.k lcfc xfM;y dqVqac VqV.k yxk vkfgfuA

gfjdks ifjok# gk.ks vyfx vyfx jg.k yxks vkgsA

dgk.khv esa ysf[kdk bgks è;kuq fNdk;ks vkgs r xfM;yq dqVqacq gqv.k lka Hkkfr;qfu

esa çseq o/s Fkks] cqt+xZ fc iafgatfu ckjfu eka mesn dfu Fkk r vlka ckjfu lka xM˜ jgwa]

mFkwa fogwa] ?kqewa fiQ:aA iksVfu&iksfV;qfu lka xM˜ jkafn :afn dfj;aw] mUgfu tks ikyuq iks"k.kq

dfj;wa] mUgfu lka xM˜ oD+rq xqt+kfj;wa ij ?kj th uqaga [ks bgks cnkZ'r uFkks fFk,A gwv

mUgfu cqt+xZfu th lsok uFkh dj.k pkgsA gwv fli+QZ t+ky eqfM+l ,sa ckjfu rkb± iafgatks

ifjok# egnwnq dj.kq pkgs Fkh ,sa pkgs Fkh r mu tks irh fc fli+QZ iafgath t+ky ,sa

ckjfu rs è;ku fM,A c˜<s c˜<hv rfi+QZ iafgatks è;kuq u fM, ?kj esa fi.kq ?kj th jk.kh

Fkh jgsA ?kqes fiQjs] ds# mu [ks jksd Vksd dj.k okjks u gqtsA oMfu th pm&ipm

ý-ü vpks r leq>wa fVi.kh

c<k vkJeq

30

cnkZ'r uFkh djs] tafga lka ifjokj VqVfu FkkA gwv pkgs Fkh r c˜<fu [ks c˜<k ?kj esa

j[kh] vkjke lka jfgtsA

ij ysf[kdk fi.kq bu rfi+QZ è;kuq fNdkb.kq pkgs Fkh r vt˜ tk cqt+xZ fc gj gky esa

[+k˜f'k jg.k pkghfu Fkk] ?kj th fdyfdy] [kqaf/ [kqaf/ [kka cp.k ykb c˜<k vkJeq

esa jg.kq pkghfu Fkk] ckjfu th [+k˜'khv esa [+k˜f'k jgfu FkkA

ysf[kdk bu rfi+QZ fc è;kuqq fNdk;ks vkgs r vt˜ tk ckj fc iafgats MkMs MkMhv

rfi+QZ çse tks ofgaokj dfu FkkA ckjfu [ks fc MkMs MkMhv lka xM jg.kq lqBks Fkks yxs

,sa gw mUgfu ts fcuk uFkk jgh l?kfu ,sa vkf[+kfj esa iafgats ckjfu ts ft+n ts vfx;ka

jsf'kek gkjk, o×ks Fkh ,sa tMfga lksps Fkh r gh ckj fc ewa lka tsdMfga vfgM+ks ofgaok#

dfu ,sa vlka[ks fc oMs gwans c˜<k ?kj esa NMs vpfu r Nk FkhanksA tsdMfga [+k˜fn lka

vfgM+ks ofgaok# fFk, Fkks r ----\ gwv lksp.k rs etcw# fFk, FkhA lgh i+QSflyks djs

FkhA b,a bZ fgu dgk.khv esa jsf'kek fc okifl c˜<fu [ks ?kfj oBh vp.k ykb r;k#

fFk, FkhA

1- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fy[kks&

(1) eksguq dfgM+s Mhagqa ekm ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa nkf[+kyq djk, vk;ks\

(2) uqaga Nks pkfg;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpwa\

(3) uqaga] iqV] iksVs] de okjh ekbZv tk ukyk Nk gqvk\

(4) de okjh ekbZv uqaga [ks Nk p;ks\

fVi.kh

c˜<k vkJeq

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-û

31

2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fy[kks&

(1) ^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.khv esa uqaga] llq lgqjs lka dhva gyanh gqbZ\

(2) iqV tks ofgaok# ekm ihm ykb dfgM+ks gks\

(3) iksVks iksVh MkMs MkMhv ykb Nks #uk\

(4) jsf'kek xfM;y dqVqac esa Nks u Fkh jg.kq pkgs\

3- gokyk % dafga] dafga [ks p;ks&

(1) ^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgsA rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA**

(2) ^^u u ! vlkatks xqMw vfgM+ks dksUgsA**

(3) ^^Nks Fkh jksb±\ cq[k yxh vFksbZ\**

(4) ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr fMlq A rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats

?kj tss xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA**

1- jsf'kek th txg rs tsdMfga rOgha gqtks gka r Nk rOgha c˜<k vkJeq esa cqt+xZfu

[ks NMs vpks gk\

2- xqMwv tks MkMs MkMhv ts çfr çseq u gqts gk r Nk fFk, gka\

3- rOgha iafgats MkMs MkMhv lka dfgM+ks ofgaok# dank\

û-ü-ü fdjnkj ,sa fdjnkjfu tks fpVq fpV.kqvpks r fgu dgk.khv ts eq[;q fdjnkjfu ts pfj=k th [+kwfc;qfu [ks leq>.k th

dksf'k'k dfj;waA ysf[kdk dfgM+s uewus mUgfu tks fpVq fpfV;ks vkgsA

dgk.khv th eq[;q fdjnk# jsf'kek vkgs] tsdk vkt+knq [+;kyfu th vkt+knh ilafn]

ukSdjh danM+ L=kh vkgs] tsdk ?kj ,sa ckfgfj] fcUgha rfi+QZ eqagqa MsbZ jgh vkgsA ij gwv

lanfl irhv [kka mesn j[ks Fkh r gw iafgats ekm ihm Mkagqa u ij iRuhv rfi+QZ è;kuq

Ms] ckjfu rs è;kuq Ms] ?kqek, iQsjk,] vki+Qhl eka vp.k [kka iksb ifgjha lk.kqfl xM˜

osgh pkafg ih,] xkfYg;wa djsA

eksguq] jsf'kek tks ?kksVq] tsdks t+ky ts po.k rs ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs r

vps Fkks] ij eu esa nq[kh vkgsA ij vkf[+kfj tMfga gqu [ks yxs Fkks r vlka tk ckj

fVi.kh

c<k vkJeq

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ý-û

32

fc oMk Fkh b,a dank r ifNrk, Fkks ,sa jsf'kek [ks pos Fkks r vfxrs gyh vlka lka

fc b,a u fFk,A iksb jsf'kek ts ohpkjfu esa fc iQsjks vps FkksA

jsf'kek tk llq lgqjks fc fl/s lkns lqHkko tk vkfgfu] tsds ?kj ts 'kkarhv ykb c˜<k

vkJeq o×k.k ykb r;k# Fkh Fkk o×kfuA

xqMw ,sa xqMh ckj fc MkMs MkMhv lka çse dfu Fkk ,sa mUgfu fcuk uFkk jgh l?kfuA

bu jhr mUgfu lka fuLokFkZq çseq Ms[kkfj;yq vkgsA

lgh ,sa BfgdanM+ tokc rs tks fu'kku yxk;ks&

1- jsf'kek dfgM+s fo+QLe th L=kh vkgs\

(v) ?kjsyw (c) vkt+knh ilafn

(l) lsok Hkkoh (n) lqLrhv okjh ¹ º

2- eksguq dafgats po.k rs ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq NMs vk;ks\

(v) jsf'kek ts (c) nksLrfu ts

(l) ikM+s okjfu ts (n) xqMwv ts ¹ º

3- ^fg;kao esa eka/k.kh fo>.kq* bLrykg th ekuk fy[kh tqfeys esa deq vkf.k;ks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fVi.kh

c˜<k vkJeq

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-ü

33

û-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki@dFkksidFku)ik=kfu th xkfYg cksfYg [ks xqÝ+rxw pbts Fkks tsdk dgk.khv [ks vfx;ka o/k, Fkh]fdjnkjfu twa [+kwfc;wa c˜/k, FkhA dgk.khv esa ukVdh xq.k iSnk fFk, FkksA

fgu dgk.khv esa xqÝ+rxw ?k.kh dkUgsa ij fdjnk# fl/s uewus xkYgk, Fkks] tafga ekalanfl [+k˜'khv th tk.k fFk, Fkh] dgk.khv esa fnypLih iSnk fFk, FkhA fgu dgk.khvesa fut fla/h yÝ+t+ xqÝ+rxw esa deq vkank fo;k vkfgfu] tsds dgk.khv [ks fta+ngj[k.k esa enn dfu FkkA xqÝ+rxw ljy lqHkkohd vkgsA thva ekm&ihm pofu Fkk r^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA**

û-ü-þ ekgksy (okrkoj.kq)vlka fgu dgk.khv eka tk.kh pqdk vkfg;wa r c˜<k vkJeq dgk.kh ekgksy rs enkjFkh j[ksA vt˜ ts lkekftd ekgksy ewftc o.kZuq d;y vkgsA ij jsf'kek ts t+jh,ukfj;qfu ts euksn'kk tks o.kZuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs r fc, rfi+QZ ckjfu tks MkMs MkMhvrfi+QZ çseq Ms[kkjs] xfM;y ifjokj [ks VqV.k [kka cp.k tks lans'kq fc fMuks fo;ks vkgsAub± ih<+h fc cqt+xZfu ts çfr lgkuqHkwfr] çse tks ofgaok# djs ,sa cqt+xZ fc ckjfu th

[+k˜'khv esa [+k˜f'k jgfuA

1- rOgha ts vksM+s ikM+s esa fc, dafga dqVqac th tk.k vFko] tafga iafgats cqt+xZ ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;k gqtfu] vfgM+fu dqVqacfu th lwph Bkgs tk.kfM;ksA

2- rOgha tsdMfga eksgu th txg rs gqtks gk r Nk dfj;ks gk\

û-ü-ÿ Hkk"kk&'kSyhfgu dgk.khv th Hkk"kk 'kSyh ljy vkgsA fdFks fdFks bLrykgfu tks bLrsekyq d;ksfo;ks vkgs] thva& [kqaf/&[kqaf/ dj.kq] daMs okaxq# pqHk.kq] vkukdkuh dj.kq] fg;kao esaeka/k.kh fo>.kq ox+SjgA

û-ü-ö ed+lnlekt esa VqVanM+ dqVqacfu tks dkj.kq leq>h] mUgfu [ks nwfj dj.k tks rjhdks xksYgsl?kank ,aas xfM;y ifjokj esa jg.k th vgfe;r leq>h l?kankA cqt+xZfu th ifjokj ykbvgfe;r [ks lq×kk.ks l?kankA

fVi.kh

c<k vkJeq

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ý-ü

34

gsfB;fu c;kufu [ks i<+h] ,sa tk fu'kku yxk;ks&

1- uqaga llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vkbZA ¹ º

2- xqMw usjfu ykb jksbZ jfg;ks gksA ¹ º

3- de okjh ekbZ 'kdqaryk jsf'kek [ks p;ks r veka tks dfejks lki+Q˜ Fkh dfj;ka r

fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA ¹ º

4- xqMwv th Hks.k veka ykb jksbZ jgh gqbZA ¹ º

5- eksgu [ks xqukg tks vglklq ?ksjs jfg;ks gksA ¹ º

fgu dgk.khv eka rOgha fl[;k r oMfu ,sa cqt+xZfu lka çse Hkfj;ks ofgaok#

dfj;ksA çse lka bZ fnfy thrs lf?kts FkhA

cqt+xZfu th laHkky dfj;ksA

ekm&ihm th lsok dfj;ksA mUgfu [ks fc ik.k lka xM˜ j[kh dqVqac th laHkky

dfj;ksA

xfM;y ifjokj esa jgh yqRi+Qq ekf.k;ksA

oMk ekbV vlkatk lt.k vkfgfuA gw ik.k nq[k lgh fc vlka ckjfu [ks [+k˜f'k

j[k.kq pkghfu FkkA

fVi.kh

fla/h o.kZekyk (v[kjekyk)

v c c i Hk r B V l Fk i+Q iQ

x x Ä [k ; n t+ / M M < g

t t ×k p N [+k v x+ j t+ M+

e u y l 'k o d+ l t+ r t+

g .k > ?k d v (gEt+ks [+kkyh)

ý-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

c˜<k vkJeq

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-ý

rOgha Nk fl[;k

35

fVi.kh

c<k vkJeq

Loj ;k O;atu [ks o.kqZ ;k v[k# poank vkfgfuA

1- Loj

2- O;atu

Loj (Vowels)

v vk b bZ m Å , ,s vks vkS

Loj fcfu çdkjfu tk gwank vkfgfu&

1- y?kq ;k ua<k Loj

2- nh?kZ ;k fM?kk Loj

y?kq ;k ua<k Loj (Short Vowels)&ftfu Lojfu tks mpk# dj.k esa rekeq ?kfV ofD+rq yxs] mgs y?kq ;k ua<k Loj vkfgfuA

v] b] m A

nh?kZ ;k fM?kk Loj (Long Vowels)&ftfu tks mpk# y?kq ;k ua<s Loj ts HksV esa fM?kks ;k oMks dcks vkgs] mgs nh?kZ ;k

fM?kk Loj vkfgfuA

vk bZ Å , ,s vks vkSA

uksV% x t M c] bgs pkfj futq fla/h mpkj okjk v[kj vkfgfuA

bUgfu [ks var%LiQqfVr (Implosives) poank vkfgfuA

dyk çdk'k tks tueq 1934 bZ- esa fFk;ksA ghv fla/hv th e'kgw# ukWfoyuohlq

,sa dgk.khdkj vkgsA fgu iafgaft;qfu jpukmfu esa ukjhv ts dksey lw[;eq Hkkofu

[ks dkE;kchv lka fpfV;ks vkgsA gqu ?k: fta+ nxhv ts go+Qho+Qh lpk;qfu [ks

balkuh eu ,sa fj'rfu ts dksey Hkkokukmfu [ks loyhv cksyhv esa isf'k d;ks

vkgsA gqu [ks cfgrjhuq jpukmfu rs dsfrjk bZ buke feyh pqdk vkfgfuA gqu [ks

egkjk"Vª xkSjo lEekuq fc gkflyq vkgsA

^'kh'ks th fnfy*] ^fgdq lqiuks lq[kfu tks*] ^g;krh gksrfu js*] ^eqdZ ,sa eerk*]

lanfl dgkf.k;qfu tk etewvk vkfgfuA eerk twa yg:a* lanfl dohrkmfu tks

etewvks vkgsA vkfjlhv vkMks* fdrkc rs [ksfl lkfgR; vdkneh bukeq fefy;ks

vkgsA 5 vkxLV 2018 rs lanfl pkyk.kks fFk;ksA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

36

fVi.kh

1- vt˜ dYg xfM;y dqVqacq Nks uFkks o.ks\

2- fgu dgk.khv esa lekt tks dfgM+ks fpVq fpfV;yq vkgs\

3- ^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.kh rOgha[ks dsfrjs o+Qnq# o.kh\ [kksys fy[kksA

4- MkMs MkMhv th x+Sj ekStwnxhv esa ckjfu Nk efglwlq d;ks\

5- jsf'kek llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq eka okil Nks oBh vkbZ\

6- fgu dgk.khv eka vlka[ks dfgM+h fl[;k Fkh feys\



1- (n) 2- (c)

3- (n) 4- (c)

lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc

3-1 1- (1) c˜/j Mhagqa (2) vkt+knh ek.k.k ykb

(3) eksgu] jsf'kek] xqMw] 'kdqaryk

(4) veka ckck okjks dfejks lki+Q˜ Fkh dfj;ka r fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vps

2- (1) gqu[ks llq lgqjs th ekStwnxh daMs okaxq# pqHkanh gqvfl

(2) gqc Hkfj;ks gqvks

(3) gqufu [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vp.k ts djs

(4) vkt+knh ek.k.k ykb

3- (1) ekm ihm eksgu [ks (2) jsf'kek eksgu [ks

(3) xqMw Hks.k [ks (4) jsf'kek 'kdqaryk [ks

3-2 1- (c) 2- (v)

3-3 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-

tokc

c˜<k vkJeq

37

fVi.kh

4

xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq

çÑrhv tk lqanj ut+kjk vlka ts eu [ks [+k˜'khv lka Hkjs NMhank vkfgfuA lki+Q˜ ik.kh]

lki+Q˜ gok] lki+Q˜&lqfFkjks okrkoj.kq vlka ts fny ,sa fnekx+ [ks rjksrkt+k Fkk c.kkbZfuA

rOgha ,sa vlka ?k.ksbZ Hksjk ckx+fu esa ?kqe.k fo;k gwanklhaA mrs ts jax&fcjaxh xqyfu th

dkseyrk esa [+kq'kcwb tks vglklq fFk;ks gwanksA o.kfu&fV.kfu th Nkao gsBka osBk gwanklha

,sa o+Q˜fnjrh ut+kfju tks et+ks ekf.k;ks gwanksA i[khvM+fu tk fefBM+k cksy c˜/.k esa vk;k

gwankA

ij vt˜ ts okrkoj.k esa mUgfu xqyfu&iQqyfu] o.kfu&fV.kfu th dfgM+h gkyr Fkh

vkgs\ vt˜ lki+Q˜ ik.kh] lki+Q˜ gok] ,sa o+Q˜fnjrh [+kwclwjr ut+kjk ?kfVtank Fkk o×kfuA

fx+ykt+rqfu ts djs xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks dfgM+ks gky Fkks fFk,\ o.k dsjk;k Fkk

o×kfu ,sa i[khvM+k #vank mrka mMke.k Fkk yxfuA mUgfu tks nnhZyks vkokt+ balku

rkb± uFkks igqapsA vt o+Q˜fnjr iafgats cpko ykb iqdkjs jgh vkgsA vlka [kss mu iqdkj

[ks c˜f/.kks vkgsA rOgha [ks fc fgu lco+Q t+jh, bu tks iwjks vuqHkm FkhanksA


ckx+fu th o+Q˜fnjrh lwaga tks ft+Øq djs l?kank_

balku ,sa o+Q˜fnjr ts njE;kfu fj'rfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

vyfx vyfx fo+QLe ts fx+ykt+rqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

okrkoj.k [ks lki+Q˜ j[k.k th dksf'k'k ckcfr ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_

'kgjfu ts ekgksy esa feyanM+ gok&ik.khv tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

fx+ykt+rqfu = çnw"k.kmMke.k = mM+us yxuk

vuqHkm = vkt+ewnks

o.kfu&fV.kfu = isM+&ikS/s]

o.k c™Vk

eo+Qln

38

vpks] gk.ks fgu lco+Q [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A

rOgkath loykbZv ykb Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh osbZ vkgsA

'kgjfu ts fop esa ckx+ [ks fiQfiQM+ djs ysf[k;ks osanks vkgsA tfgM+hv rjg fiQfiQM+

gok eka vkWDlhtu [k.kh] dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM d<h] 'kjhj [ks ranq#Lrq j[kfu Fkk]

rfgM+hv rjg ckx+ esa yxy c™Vk u #xks lfHkuh [ks vkWDlhtu fM;fu Fkk] ij xqyfu

th [+k˜'kcwb ,sa 'khryq Nk;k fif.k fM;fu FkkA ij fMlks r 'kgjfu esa o/anM+ fx+ykt+rqfu

dhva u bUgfu xqyfu [ks M˜[kk;ks ,sa eqfj>k;ks vkgsA i[khvM+k fc dhva u nnZ Hkfj;k

nkLrku fi;k c˜/kbZfuA i[khvM+k vxs ckx+fu esa fViank dqMank ,sa ykfr;wa yoank gqvkA

HkkSajk] ek[khv twa ef[k;wa ,sa iksiV xqyfu [ks pkg fopka pqeank ,sa iQsfj;wa ik, [+k˜'khv

esa cfgdank gqvk ij vt˜ Nk Fkh fo;ks vkgs\

gw fMlksA ckx+ ts lkEgwa [+kkfl jLrs rka MqdanM+ LdwVj] eksV:a] dk:a ,sa fc;k vkenjÝ+r

tk lk/u] tsds fx+ykt+rwa iQfgyk, uqo+Qlkuq jlk, jfg;k vkfgfuA

gksMkagqa fMlks] gqu xqy th f'kfdyA eksV#fu] LdwVjfu ,sa dk#fu ox+Sjg ts nwagsa djs

ospkjks eqfj>kbth fo;ks vkgsA c˜/ks] c˜/ks] gw Nk pbZ jfg;ks vkgs& eka iafgatks nnqZ #xks

rOgka[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;ka] Nks tks vOgha vo+Q˜y okjk if<+;y fyf[k;y balku

vkfg;ksA vOgka foKku fo"k; fc if<+;ks ,sa leqf>;ks vkgsA vOgka tsdMfga eqafgatks nnZq

fiQfiQM+ = iQsiQM+snkLrkuq = c;kuq] o.kZuq

ykfr;wa yao.kq = cksfy;wa cksy.kq]

xhr xkb.kq

pkg fopka = I;kj lka

vkenjÝ+r tk lk/u =

vp.k o×k.k tk olhyk

jlk, = igqpk,

mft+ok = vax

rbnknq = ek=kk] eo+Qnk#

þ-û cqfu;knh lco+QfVi.kh


39

fVi.kh


u leq>ank r fc;ks ds# leq>anks\ vlha o.k tk mft+ok vkfg;wa] iu vlkatk Hkkmj

vkfgfu] ts flt th jks'kuhv esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM [k.kh] vOgka ykb vkWDlhtu

NMs] vOgka th çk.k j[;k dfu FkkA ij vOgka [ksfu eksV esa Nk Fkk fM;ks\ ,frjks r

nwagksa] tafga eas u #xks dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM] ij fc;wa fc dsfrfj;wa [+krjukdq xSlwa

vkfgfu] ts iufu [ks iafgatks [+kkfl

deq dj.k [kka jksdhfu fFk;waA vlka

tk Hkkmj lfHkuh lkg okjfu

thofu [kka dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM

[k.kh] mUgfu [ks vkWDlhtu MsbZ

l?kfu FkkA ij vkenjÝ+r ts uofu

lk/ufu ts o/anM+ nwagsa ts djs

,frjh vkWDlhtu fM;.kq eqf'dyq

Fkh fi;ks vkgsA iu tsdMfga [kk/ks u Bkgs l?kank ,sa ikM+a™ ik.kh u igqpk, l?kafn;wa r

xqy iQqy dhva fVM+h l?kank\ bu nwagsa u #xks iufu [kss] ij vlka lfHkuh [ks Mk<ks

uqo+Qlkuq jlk;ks vkgsA vlka oD+r [kka vx˜ bZ eqfj>kbth fdjh Fkk iÅaA vlka [ks

eqfj>k;yq fMlh HkkSajk] iksiV ,sa ek[khv twa ef[k;wa fc vph Nk dfu\ tks vlka ts

vanfj jlq bZ dhu vkgsA iksb vOgka [ks [+k˜'kcwb ykb vrqj] [kkb.k ykb ek[kh ,sa fc;wa

dsfrfj;wa 'k;wa dhava feyafn;aw\ o/hd Nk pokaA ik.k vo+Q˜yean vkfg;ks] lksfp;ksA u

#xks vlka tks nnZq nwfj dfj;ks] ij ik.k fc ekSt ekf.k;ksA [+kqf'k;wa eYgk, xhr xk;ks]

>weks ,sa upksA lpq fc bgks vkgs r fc;fu ts Hkys esa bZ iafgatks Hkyks vkgsA

b,a pbZ xqyq pqi Fkh fo;ksA t.kq r lkgq [k.k.kq fc M˜f[k;ks gksflA mu ofD+r fgd fc,

iqfB;ka b±nM+ Vªdqfu [+kwc nwagksa mMk, xqy [ks dkjks djs NfM;ks ,sa gw VqVh fdjh fi;ksA

ewa tMfga mu th bgk gkyfr fMBh r eqafgats vf[k;qfu esa ik.kh Hkfjth fo;ks ,sa fnfy

esa nnZq iSnk fFk;ksA i[kh fc ykfr;wa yao.kq folkjs osBkA gw lksp.k yxk r vlka fc

mMkeh fdFks o×kh jgwaA if[k;qfu tks v>ks r ftrs gw feyh xkbZfu] >wefu ,sa fVifu

dqMfu ,sa lfHkuh tks euq eksgs NMhfuA i[khvM+k fctfu iQfgykb.k tks fc deq dank

vkfgfuA i[kh o.k tk iQy ;k fct [kkb±nk vkfgfu] mu eka dq>q dpk ;k dq>q idy

gwank vkfgfuA mgs dq>q fct t+ehu rs fdjh ioank vkfgfu ;k gok esa gsMkagqa gksMkagqa

mMkeh osank vkfgfuA tsdMfga mrs th t+ehu mitkÅ gwanh vkgs r ojh mgs mflj.k

yxank vkfgfuA vfgM+hv rjg i[kh o+Q˜fnjrh fctfu ts iQfgyko ,sa o.kfu ts mfit.k

esa enn dank vkfgfuA

nwagksa = /qavka

eqfj>kbth = dwekbth o×k.kq

v>ks = jg.k th tkb]

if[k;qfu tk vk[ksjk

lkgq [k.k.kq = Lokl oB.kq

mflj.kq = o/.kq] mfHkj.kq

çnwf"kr = [+kjkcq] fx+ykt+r okjks

40

ij bu nwagsa tks Hkyks fFk,A ekYgh fc rafx Fkh fi;ks vkgs r bUgfu o.kfu&c™Vfu [ks

eqfj>kb.k [kka dhva cpk,\ gw Nk djs] thva o.k&fV.k lqdfu uA xqy&iQqy [+kwcq

fVM+fuA gw [+kqfn ijs'kkuq vkgs r ik.kh fc 'kq¼˜ lki+Q˜ uFkks feysA tks dkj[+kkufu tks

t+gjhyks ik.kh lki+Q˜ ik.khv lka feyh] mu [ks fc [+kjkcq djs FkksA vfgM+s x+yht+

ik.khv ,sa gok] o.kfu [ks lqdk, NfM;ks vkgsA i[khvM+k jkst+ xqyfu ,sa iufu [ks

N.kanks fMlh fgu ckx+ [ks NMhank fi;k o×kfuA gj ?kj eas c™Vs [ks o/.k tks ekSo+Qks ?kfV

Fkks feys tks gok th fx+ykt+r mUgfu [ks mflj.k [kka jksds jf[k;ks vkgsA vfgM+hv

gkyfr eas Nk dfu ,sa fdFks o×kh olfu\

'kgjfu esa ts o.k u gwank r 'kgjfu esa jganM+ ek.gqfu tk fiQfiQM+ [+kjkcq Fkh l?kfu

Fkk] tks o.k vkWDlhtu NMs] ik.k dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM [k.kfu Fkk ,sa chekfj;wa

jksdhfu FkkA Nkdkf.k r o.kfu esa o+Q˜fnjrh xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh gwanh

vkgsA o+Q˜fnjrh ok;qeaMy esa ,frjks r cfnykm vph fo;ks vkgs] tks euq"; thou ykb

bZ [+kfrjks iSnk Fkh fo;ks vkgsA vkdk'kq fc if[k;qfu ykb egi+Qwt+ txg u jgh vkgs

tks /jrhv [kka vkdk'k rkb± vfgM+h dk fc txg u vkgs] ftrs lki+Q˜ gok gqts]

lki+Q˜&lqfFkjks okrkoj.kq gqtsA budjs bgks nnqZ #xks o.kfu fV.kfu] xqyfu ;k i[khvM+fu

tks u vkgs ij gjfgd balku tks fc vkgsA mUgfu ts nnZ [ks iafgatkss nnZq leq>h] mu

[ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

x+yht+ = xanks

olfu = jgfuegi+Qwt+ = lyker

fVi.kh


41

fVi.kh



1- ^eka iafgatks nnZ #xks rOgha[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;ka* bgks tqfeyks dafga p;ks vkgs\

(v) xqy (c) ekYghv

(l) o.k (n) yss[kd ¹ º

2- o+Q˜fnjrh xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh dafga esa gwanh vkgs&

(v) if[k;qfu esa (c) tho tarqfu esa

(l) o.kfu esa (n) xqyfu esa ¹ º

3- jkst+ xqyfu ,sa iufu [ks N.kanks fMlh ds# ckx+ [ks NMhank fi;k o×kfu&

(v) i[khvM+k (c) ekYgh

(l) tkuoj (n) bUgfu eka ds# fc u ¹ º

bgks r rOgha lHkq leq>ks Fkk r balku esa bZ c˜f¼] foosdq ,sa dYiuk 'kDrh vkgsA budjs

gw tM+&psru esa nq[k&lq[k th dYiuk djs] mUgfu ts nq[k [ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k

danks vkgsA balkuq cstku lka fc iafgath dYiuk 'kDrhv t+jh, ekuo tfgM+ks ofgaok#

danks vkgs r iksb xqyfu ts nnZ tks fc gqu [ks dhva u vglklq Fkhanks\ o.k& fV.k]

xqy&iQqy] gok] çÑrhv ts okrkoj.k [kka eqrkfl# Fkk fFk;fuA fgu lcd+ esa xqyM+fu

,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ tks vglklq djk;yq vkgsA

bgk lpqipq fpark th xkfYg vkgs r o.k ?kfVth jfg;k vkfgfu] lkod xqe Fkh

jgh vkgs ,sa balku ts thou rs butks rckgh danM+ vl# ibth jfg;ks vkgsA

lksfp;ks r bu gkyfr ykb ds# ft+esnk# vkgs\ bu ykb vlka lHkq ft+esnk# vkfg;waA

vlka ykb ph[+k™a danM+ o.kfu th ihM+k lka vlkatks dks okLrks u vkgsA vlka #xks

iafgats LokFkZ esa va/k Fkh fo;k vkfg;waA eqLro+Qfcyq ,sa fc;fu th fpark dj.k fcuk

vlka lfHkuh 'k;qfu tks o/hd ,sa o/hd bLrsekyq djs jfg;k vkfg;waA bu vknr tks

mfxjks vl# o+Q˜fnjr ,sa ok;qeaMy rs ibth jfg;ks vkgsA butks lccq baalku th LokFkZ

Hkkouk vkgsA

rOgha bgks efglwlq d;ks gwanks r tMfga cjlkfr ioanh vkgs r o.k lki+Q˜&lqfFkjk ,sa

lkok Fkh osank vkfgfuA tMfga gok yxanh vkgs r o.k ,sa c™Vk [+kq'khv fopka >we.k

þ-ü vpks r leq>wa


lkod = gfj;kyhrckgh danM+ = fouk'kdkjh

eqLro+Qfcyq = Hkfo";

mfxjkss = uqo+Qlkudk#

o+Q˜fnjr = çÑfr

lkok = gjk&Hkjk] lkod okjk

42

yxank vkfgfuA rOgha dMfga o.kfu esa balkufu th dYiuk u dbZ vkgsA dMfga b,a

u fFk;ks vkgs r o.kfu twa Vkfj;wa rOgha [ks balkuh gFkfu tfgfM+;wa yfx;wa gqtfu\! o.k

dqYgkM+hv ts lnes [kka fMth iqdkj.k yxk gqtfuA o.kfu twa Vkfj;wa t.kq enn ykb

vlka[ks iqdkjhafn;wa gqtfuA

tMfga vlkatks dks iafgatks vlka [kka foNqM+h osanks vkgs r vlka[ks Mk<h rdyhi+Q Fkhanh

vkgsA vfgM+h bZ ihM+k dafgaa o.k ts dfVt.k lcfc fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA Nks tks mUgfu rs

vlkats thou tks nkjksenk# vkgsA mgs vlkath thou 'kDrh vkfgfuA mUgfu esa fc

thou vkgsA budjs dafga o.k ts dfVt.k lka vlka[ks b,a bZ lfneks yx.kq ?kqfjts] thva

iafgats 'kjhj tks dks vaxq dfVth fo;ks gqtsA

et+ewuq lkfgR; th fgd vfgM+h 'kk[+k vkgs] tafga esa ys[kdq] ikBd lka dfgfM+;wa

fc xkfYg;wa djs l?ks FkksA l`"Vhv th dfgM+h fc oLrw] dfgM+ks fc elbyks [k.kh

ys[kd mu ckcfr iafgatk [+;ky t+kfg# djs l?ks FkksA et+ewu esa eq[;q rRo gwank

vkfgfu&

vpks r fo"k;] bckjr ,sa cksyh] fnypLih] 'kf[+l;r] eqf[+rl# gqv.kq] c˜f¼ rRo

ox+Sjg rRofu ts vk/kj rs fgu ikB [ks le>waA

þ-ü-û fo"k;&oLrwfgu et+ewu th fo"k; okrkoj.k lka okLrks j[kanM+ vkgsA okrkoj.k tks i[khvM+fu

,sa xqyfu rs dfgM+ks vl# Fkks ios] tafga djs mUgfu [ks dfgM+ks nnZq Fkks feys] mu

tks o.kZuq vkgsA fgd lqBs et+ewu esa dks uvksa ohpk# ;k uvksa ut+fj;ks jganks vkgsA

fgu et+ewu esa 'kq:v [kka xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ tks vglklq vkgsA et+ewu esa

[+;ky th fpVkbZ gqv.kq t+:jh vkgs] thva ikBdq cs&ed+lnq u fHkfVdsA vtk;ks

?kqekm&fiQjkm u gqtsA bgks lHkq fgu et+ewu esa ekStwn vkgsA o.k&fV.k dkcZu

Mkb&vkWDlkbM [k.kh] vlka ykb vkWDlhtu NMhfu Fkk r vlka tks i+Qt+Z vkgs r

mUgfu ts nnZ [ks leq>waA

þ-ü-ü bckjr ,sa cksyh[+;ky ,sa ohpkj et+ewu tkss vgeq vaxq vkgsA tMfga mUgfu [ks lqBh bckjr esa cksyh

feys Fkh r mgks et+ewuq lyhlq] o.kanM+ ,sa leq>.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.kth Fkks iosA o+Qkfcy

et+ewu&fuxk# g:Hk: Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq u dankss vkgsA fgu et+ewu esa

xqy th ihM+k tks c;kuq dfgM+h u ljy cksyhv esa d;ks fo;ks vkgsA ^c˜/ks] c˜/ks] gw

Nk pbZ jfg;ks vkgs] eka iafgatks nnqZ #xks rOgha[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;kaA

nkjksenk# = fuHkZj

fVi.kh

et+ewuq = fuca/q

ut+fj;ks = n`f"Vdks.kq


lyhlq = ljy

Vkfj;wa = 'kk[+kkÅa

43

fVi.kh


1- rOgha ckx+fu esa ?kqeans xqyfu [ks dwekbtans fMBks gwankssA mUgfu ts eqfj>kb.k tks

dkj.kq fy[kks&

dkj.kq --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- Fkksjs esa iafgatk ohpkj fy[kks&

ohpkj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

þ-ü-ý fnypLihet+ewu [ks ljy ,sa fnypLiq c.kkb.k ykb bgks t+:jh vkgs r mu esa dq>q et+kd ,sa

rUt+ fc gqts] exfj mgk et+ewu lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ gqtsA et+ewuq lkfgR; th fgd

[+k˜'dq flUi+Q vkgsA fgu et+ewu esa fc ljy Hkk"kk drfc vkanh osbZ vkgsA thva ekYgh

fc rafx Fkh fi;ks vkgs r bUgfu o.kfu&c™Vfu [ks eqfj>kb.k [kka dhva cpk,] gw Nk

djs thva o.k&fV.k lqdfu uA xqyq fc pos Fkks r vlka[ks eqfj>k;yq fMlh HkkSajk] iksiV

,sa ek[khv twa ef[k;wa fc vph Nk dfu\ Nks tks vlkats vanj jlq bZ dksu vkgsA ij

fgu nwagas tks Hkyks fFk,A

þ-ü-þ 'kf[+l;ret+ewu esa ys[kdq fl/ks lavks ikBd lka ohpkjfu th Ms&oBq danks vkgsA bu esa ys[kdq

dafga ekSt+™v (fo"k;) rs iafgats 'k[+lh ohpkjfu] Hkkoukmfu] bNkmfu ,sa vk'kkmfu tks

bft+gk# djs FkksA fgu et+ewu [ks i<+ans vlkats eu esa fc ihM+k Fkh iSnk fFk,A et+ewu

esa ys[kd th 'kf[+l;r >ydanh vkgs r gw Nk Fkks lans'k fM;.kq pkgs\

xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ [ks nwfj dj.k ykb rOgha ds miko Mfl;ks&

miko ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

þ-ü-ÿ eqf[+rl#et+ewuq reke oMks u gqv.kq ?kqfjtsA mu esa bgk [+kwch gqv.kq ?kqfjts r mgks Fkksjs esa bZZ

?k.kks dq>q pbZ o×ksA fgu et+ewu esa i[khvM+fu ,sa xqyfu ts nnZ tks bZ o.kZuq u vkgs]

ij lewjh çÑrhv rs tsdks okrkoj.k tks vl# Fkks ios] tsds [+kjkcq urhtk Fkk

fufdjfu] mgs ikBd [kss dq>q dj.k ykb etcw# dfu FkkA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&þ-ü

ef'kx+™fy;wa&þ-û

Ms&oBq = ysu&nsu

bft+gk# = vfHkO;fDr

rUt+ = vkykspuk

flUi+Q = fo/k

eqfj>kb.kq = dwekbt.kq

44

þ-ü-ö cf¼ rRo

et+ewu tks ykxkiks c˜f¼ rRo lka vkgs] tafga esa dYiuk ,sa Hkkouk [ks rekeq ?kfV txg

vkgsA nyhy ç/ku ,sa ohpkj ç/ku gqv.k lcfc et+ewu c˜¼h rRo lka laca/ j[ks FkksA

i[khvM+k fc o+Q˜fnjr tks bZ fglks vkfgfu] mgs fc okrkoj.k th gkyfr esa iafgatks

;ksxnkuq Fkk fM;fuA xqy iafgath osnuk Fkk c˜/kbZfuA x+yht+ gok] x+yht+ ik.kh

fx+ykt+rqfu ts djs mUgfu th fta+nxh [+krjs esa vkgsA ij mUgfu tks vl# iwjs okrkoj.k

rss] lfHkuh lkg okjfu rs Fkks iosA budjs mgs pofu Fkk r vlkath fgi+Qkt+r dj.kq

vOgkatks i+Qt+Z vkgsA o/hd Nk pbts] ik.k vo+Q˜yean vkfg;ks] lksfp;ksA u #xks

vlkatks nnZq nwfj dfj;ks] ij ik.k fc ekSt ekf.k;ksA

fVi.kh


fpidks vkanksyuq&vt okrkoj.k esa tsds fx+ykt+rwa iQfgfy;y vkfgfu] mu tks eq[;q lccq vlka

lHksbZ balku vkfg;waA bu [+kjkcq okrkoj.k [ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

o.kfu&fV.kfu] xqyfu ,sa if[k;qfu th j[;k dfj;waA Nkdkf.k r bUgfu [kka lokb

thou th dYiuk dj.kq csdk# vkgsA vlka o.kfu [ks ifgjha okaxq# [+kwclwjrq

c.kk, l?kwa ,sa 'kq¼˜ okrkoj.k esa lkgq [k.kh l?kwa] thva fpidks vkanksyu* ts djs

dsfrjk o.k dfVt.k [kka cph fo;kA

fpidks vkanksyuq x<+oky ts peksyh ft+ys ts fgd xksB jSa.kh [kka 'kq: fFk;ksA

fgu xksB th fgd lk/kj.kq vkSjr xkSjk nsoh o.kfu ts vgfe;r ,sa o+Q˜fnjr th

ihM+k [ks leqf>;ks gksA Bsdsnkj tk ek.gwa uhyke fFk;y 2451 o.kfu [ks dV.k

vk;k gqvkA xkSjk nsohv mUgfu [ks p;ks r ghm >axyq ,sa o.k] vlkatk nsork

vkfgfuA bUgfu rs vlkats thou tks vk/k# vkgs] budjs vlka rOgha[ks bgs o.k

dV.kq u MhanklhaA bgks pbZ xkSjk nsoh ,sa mu twa lf[k;wa o.kfu lka fpidh chgh

jfg;waA bgks bZ fpid.kq fpidks vkanksyu* ts ukys lka e'kgwj Fkh fo;ksA lu~ 1987

esa bu vkanksyu [ks lE;d thfodk iqjLdkj* (Right Livehood Award) fMuks

fo;ksA

^fpidks vkanksyu* [ks yksdfç; c.kkb.k esa lqanjyky cgqxq.kk lfHkuh txfg;qfu

^o`{kfe=k* ts ukys lka e'kgw# fFk;ksA

o/hd tk.k

45

fVi.kh


o+Q˜fnjr tkss t+:jr [kka o/hd bLrsekyq danM+fu ,sa o+Q˜fnjrh olhyfu [ks

uqo+Qlkuq igqpkb.k okjfu th eq[+kkfyi+Qr tks bfrgklq rekeq yacks vkgsA bu

fo"k; esa fpidks vkanksyu* th gypy ts ckjs esa vOgka lcd+ esa eFks i<+h

pqdk vkfg;ksA

rOgha [ks [+kcj vkgs r x+Sj vkckn t+ehu [ks ljlCt+ c.kk, l?kwa FkkA

cjlkfr tks ik.kh dBks djs ,sa ryko Bkgs ;k rykofu th fgi+Qkt+r djs]

ik.khv th deh nwfj djs lf?kts Fkh\ ij tsdMfga tcy fgdq Hksjks uklq

Fkh fo;k r mgs chgj iSnk Fkh u l?kank\

çkphu dky esa igkM+ [ks Hkw/j lfM;ks osanks gks] tafga tks efrycq vkgs Hkwaba

;kuh /jrhv [ks /kj.kq dj.k okjksA tsdMfga igkM+ u gqtfu r iksb /jrhv

ts vanfj FkhanM+ gypywa] iSnk FkhanM+ xSlwa ,sa fc;wa dkjxqt+kfj;wa ;k mFky&iqFky

/jrhv [ks uklq djs l?kfu FkkA ij tcy bUgfu van:uh gypyqfu [kka

/jrhv th fgi+Qkt+r dfu FkkA

tcyfu eka o+Qherh eSfnuh inkFkZ fc feyank vkfgfuA

bgks fc tk.kks

eqrkfl# = çHkkforok;qeaMyq = i;kZoj.kq

fx+ykt+rwa = ok;qeaMy esa

if[kfM+;y xanxh

eq[+kkfyi+Qr = fojks/q

x+Sj vkcknq = cat#

ljlCt+ = lkod] gjksHkjks

fgi+Qkt+r = cpkmtcyq = igkM+

uklq = u"V

dkjxqt+kfj;wa = xfrfof/;waeSfnuh = [kfut

46

v& gsfB;fu c;kufu esa lgh ts vfx;ka () ,sa x+yfr ts vfx;ka () tks fu'kku

fMafx;qfu esa yxk;ks&

1- o.k vkWDlhtu NMs lfHkuh lkg okjfu th çk.k j[;k dfu FkkA ¹ º

2- vt˜ vlkats vklikfl tks ok;qeaMyq fcYdqyq lki+Q˜ ,sa fueZyq vkgsA ¹ º

3- vkenjÝ+r ts lk/ufu xqyfu ,sa o.kfu&fV.kfu [ks i+Qkbnks igqpk;ks vkgsA

¹ º

4- xqy [ks dkjks Fkh] fdjanks fMlh] i[kh fc ykfr;wa yo.kq NMs Fkk fM;fuA ¹ º

c& lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&

1- balkuh :i tks efrycq Nk vkgs\

(v) tsdks balkuq u vkgs] muth balku ts :i esa dYiuk dj.kq

(c) fc;fu ts nq[k lq[k [ks iafgatks leq>.kq

(l) o.kfu] igkM+fu ,sa ufn;qfu ox+Sjg ykb fpark t+kfg# dj.kq

(n) lpks balkuq cf.kt.kq ¹ º

2- okrkoj.k tks efrycq Nk vkgs\

(v) balku ykb t+:jh vklikfl th o+Q˜fnjrh gkyfr

(c) o+Q˜fnjrh o+Qfg#] thva r cksfM] lksd] Hkwdaiq

(l) o.kfu] ufn;qfu] tcyfu (igkM+fu) [ks balkuh :i esa isf'k dj.kq

(n) o+Q˜fnjr [ks ckjhdhv lka j[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r ({kerk) ¹ º

fØ;k (i+Qby) VerbfØ;k ;k i+Qbyq mgks vkgs] tafga lka dafga tks dq>q dj.k ;k fFk;.k th tk.k ios

FkhA

“A Verb is a main part of speech that is often used to describe or indicate an

action.”

thva& t;s'kq fo;ks] nhidq vk;ksA


lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&þ-û

þ-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

fVi.kh

47

fVi.kh


bUgfu okD;fu ;k tqfeyfu esa ^fo;ks* ,sa ^vk;ks* 'kCn fØ;kÅa vkfgfuA fØ;k tks

vk/k# /krw vkgsA

mgs yÝ+t+ ftfu eka gqv.k] dj.k] lg.k] fFk;.k ,sa io.k th ekuk fufdjs] frfu [ks

^i+Qbyq* pbcks vkgs A i+Qby th ekuk vkgs deq dj.kq ;k deq fFk;.kq A i+Qbyq c˜/k,

Fkks r dafga bLe ;k dafga t+ehj dfgM+ks deq d;ks vkgs A thva r&

gqv.kq & (1) gw lpks vkgs A (2) rOgha ds# vkfg;ks\

dj.kq& (1) eka fy[kka Fkks A (2) gqu fdrkcq if<+;ksA

lg.kq& (1) jksVh ips FkhA (2) isfUly ?kfM+ts FkhA

fFk;.kq& (1) >qM+ fFk;s Fkks A (2) deq dsfrjks fFk;ks\

io.kq& (1) ehagqa ios Fkks A (2) Fkf/ ioUnhA

i+Qby tk fo+QLe (KINDS OF VERBS) (fØ;k ds Hksn)

1- i+Qbyq ykft+eh (Intransitive Verb) (vdeZd fØ;k) & mgs i+Qby ftfu tks

ykxkiks i+Qdfr i+Qkby lka vkgs ,sa mutks vl# i+Qkby* [kka lokb fc;ks dafga fc yÝ+t+

rs uFkks ios] frfu [ks i+Qbyq ykft+eh pbcks vkgs A ykft+ehv th ekuk vkgs i+Qbyq iafgats

i+Qkby lka ykx™ jgs A

vfgM+k i+Qby ds de ;k gkyrwa Ms[kkjhfu Fkk A thva r&

(1) rksrks mMkeh fo;ks A (2) jkeq 'kkgwdk# vkgs A

2- i+Qbyq eqrbnh (Transitive Verb) (ldeZd fØ;k) & vfgM+s fo+QLe tk i+Qby

ftfu tks vl# u fli+QZ i+Qkby ij ei+Qmy rkb± igqps Fkks] frfu [ks ^i+Qbyq eqrbnh*

pbcks vkgs A eqrbnh yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs vfxrs of/;y*A vfgM+fu i+Qbyfu [ks tqfeys

esa i+Qkbyq ,sa ei+Qmy cbZ Fkhank vkfgfuA i+Qby tks ykxkiks ;k vl# fcUgh rs jganks

vkgs A

felkyq& xksiky fdrkcq if<+;ks A

fgu esa xksiky& i+QkbyqA fdrkcq& ei+Qmyq A if<+;ks& i+QbyqA

ykxkiks& dafga if<+;ks\ xksiky

Nk if<+;ks\ fdrkcq

lkxhv jhfr& (1) jktk fo+Qyks i+Qrg d;ks A

(2) rkulsuq jkx xkb±nks gks A

(3) vlka ekuh [kkb±nklhA

(4) jke lwi+Q˜ [kk/ks A

i+Qkbyq = drkZ

i+Qbyq = fØ;k

ei+Qmyq = deZq

48

i+Qby eqrbnhv tk Vs HkkÄk Fkhank vkfgfu&

(v) i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q (Active Voice) (drZ okP; fØ;k)

(c) i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwy (Passive Voice) (deZ okP; fØ;k)

(l) i+Qby eqrbnh ckyokLrg (Indirect Action) (çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k)

(v) i+Qbyqq eqrbnh ev#i+Q (Active Voice) (drZ okP; fØ;k)& tqfeys esa bgks

i+Qkbyq deq ik.k Fkks djs A i+Qkbyq tkryq ;k if/jks gqts] rafga[ks i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q

lfMcks vkgs A

thva r& (1) Å"kk dsyks [kk/ks A (2) jk/k [k+rq fyf[k;ks A

(3) eksfguhv bukeq [kfV;ksA (4) lhrk ?kfj vkbZ A

efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa ^^[kk/ks] fyf[k;ks] [kfV;ks ,sa vkbZ** i+Qby eqrbnh vkfgfu ij

tafga lwjr esa mUgfu tk i+Qkby ^Å"kk] jk/k] eksfguh] lhrk* de tk [kqfn danM+ vkfgfu]

rafgadjs mUgfu ts i+Qbyfu [ks eqrbnh ev#i+Q* Fkks lfMtsA

(c) i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwy (Passive Voice) (deZ okP; fØ;k)& vfgM+k i+Qby

eqrbnh ftfu tks ei+QÅyq fi+Qjh u fli+QZ i+Qkby th txg Fkks okykjs ij de tks dUnM+

fc [kqfn ei+QÅyq fFk;ks ios] rafga[ks ^i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwyq* Fkks lfMtsA etgwyq th

ekuk vkgs& uk ekywe ;k v.ktkryqA

felky& (1) o.kq dfVts Fkks A (2) [k+rq fyf[kts Fkks A

(3) dwvk ekfjtfu FkkA (4) fglkcq dcks A

efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa (o.kq] [+krq] dwvk ,sa fglkcq) ei+QÅyq vkfgfu ij i+Qkby th

txfg deq vkany vkfgfu] budjs (dfVts] fyf[kts] ekjtfu] dcks) i+Qbyq eqrbnh

etgwy vkfgfuA fgu rjg ts tqfeyfu ts iNkM+hv esa ts] Fkks] fo;ks] cks ox+Sjg b±nks

vkgs A

(l) i+Qbyq eqrbnh ckyokLrg (Indirect Action) (çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k)& mgks i+Qbyq

tafgatks i+Qkbyq fc, ts evji+Qr (Indirectly) deq djk,] rafga[ks ^^i+Qbyq eqrbnh

ckyokLrg** djs pbts Fkks A ckyokLrg tks efrycq vkgs fc, tks okLrks ;kfu fc,

ts evji+Qr deq djkbtsA

felky& (1) jke Hkkm [kka [+krq fy[kkjk;ks A

(2) 'kkgtgka rktegyq vMkjk;ks A (3) gqu eksgu [ks ekjk;ks A

(4) jktk i[kh ekjk, Fkks A (5) dafga fHkfr Hk×kkbZ\

fVi.kh


49

fVi.kh


3- i+Qbyq eqvkou (Auxillary Verb) (lgk;d fØ;k) & gh mgs i+Qby vkfgfu]

ts fdfu i+Qbyfu iqfB;ka xfMth uoka uoka t+eku Bkfg.k esa enn dfu Fkk A eqvkou

yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs enn danM+ (Helping Verb)A vfgM+s fo+QLe tk i+Qby gqv.kq] lg.kq]

fFk;.kq eLnjfu eka fufdjfu FkkA gh tqnk i+Qby Fkh dMfga fc de dhu b±nk vkfgfuA

tMfga bgks i+Qby vdsyks deq b±nks vkgs r mu[ks i+Qbyq ykft+eh* pbcks vkgs A i+Qby

eqvkou th fu'kkuh& Fkks] fi;ks] vkgs] Fkh] ibZ] gqvk] gkA bgs i+Qby lka xM yxank

vkfgfuA

felky& (1) jkeq ekuh [kk, Fkks A

(2) vkbuks dafga Hkxks vkgs\

(3) Nksfdjk Ldwy esa osank vkfgfuA

(4) jkeq ,sa eksguq nqdku rs fogank gqvkA

(5) y{eh ups FkhA

4- i+Qbyq ejdc (Compound Verb) (la;qDr fØ;k) & ejdc th ekuk vkgs

^xfM;y*A tMfga fgfdM+ks i+Qbyq fc, i+Qby lka xfMth fgdq ;dks i+Qbyq Fkks Bkgs]

rMfga mu[ks ejdc i+Qbyq Fkks pbtsA thva r&

(1) gw de danks jfg;ksA

(2) lk/w oklok.kh osanks jfg;ks A

(3) ewa[ks vkxjs of×k.kks ioUnks A

(4) ikl fFk;.k ykb rks[ks efgur dfj.kh ioUnhA

(5) ?kj tks cks>ks rks[ks [kf.k.kks vkgs A

(6) rks Bfg;y de fc Mkgs NfM;kA

efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa danks jfg;ks* fcVk i+Qby vkfgfuA lkxhv rjg osanks jfg;ks] of×k.kks

ioUnks ox+SjgA

ÿ- i+Qbyq vdrZjdq (i+Qby cs i+Qkbyq)& i+Qbyq vdrZjdq Bganks vkgs i+Qby ykft+ehv

ea>ka A bgks i+Qbyq tafga[ks i+Qkbyq u gqts] rafga[ks vdrZjdq i+Qbyq pbcks vkgs A thva r&

(1) MksfM+cks r pqLrq jfgcks A

(2) iha?ksa esa yqfMcks vkgs A

(3) ckx+ Mkagqa gfycks A

(4) losy lqfEgts losy mfFktsA

(5) eksxks u fFkts A

eLnjfu = /krw

50

fVi.kh

1- i+Qbyq Nk[ks Fkks pbts\ i+Qbyfu (fØ;kmfu) tk dq>q felky fy[kks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu tk i+Qby fy[kks&

tqfeyk i+Qby

jkts'k p;ks] egs'k c˜/ksA ------------------------------------

o×ks FkksA ------------------------------------

NfMA ------------------------------------

3& i+Qbyq ykft+eh Nk[ks pbcks vkgs\ felkyq fM;ks A

4& ^i+Qbyq ykft+eh* ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh* esa dfgM+ks i+QdZq vkgs\

5& gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka i+Qbyq ykft+eh ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh pwafM;ks&

(1) eksguq Hkth fo;ks A (2) ehuk fdrkcq if<+;ks A

(3) 'ks# MksM+s Fkks A (4) iwue xkfYg dbZA

6& i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh et+gwy esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ vkgs\

7& i+Qbyq eqvkou Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\

8& gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka i+Qbyq eqvkou pwafM;ks&

(1) xkab ik.kh ih, isbZ A

(2) gqu lqBks deq d;ks vkgs A

(3) eksguq ,sa lksguq Ldwfy osank vkfgfuA

(4) rOgha vlka ofV fi;k vfptks A

(5) iwue jkst+ ckx+ esa ?kqeUnh vkgs A

9& i+Qbyq ejdc Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\

10& gsfB;fu eka i+Qbyq ejdc pwafM;ks&

(1) pksj lewjks ekyq [k.kh fo;kA

(2) nosZ'k nqvk dank osank jfg;kA

(3) xka/hv [ks ns'knzksghv ekjs NfM;ks A

(4) gw ?k# NMs fo;kA


lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&þ-ü

51

fVi.kh


o.k&fV.k] xqy&iQqy] gok] o+Q˜fnjr ts okrkoj.k [kka eqrkfl# Fkk fFk;fuA o.kfu]

xqyfu th vlka lfHkuh [ks laHkky dj.kq ?kqfjtsA i[kh fctfu iQfgykb.k tks

deq fc dfu FkkA vklikl th t+ehu mitkÅ vkgs r o/hd o.k ,sa xqy mfljh

l?kfu FkkA ok;qeaMy [ks lq/kj.k esa ennxk# Fkh l?kfu FkkA o.kfu esa o+Q˜fnjrh

xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh gwanh vkgsA vfgM+hv rjg gw vlkath

/jrhv [ks [+kjkcq ok;qeaMy [kka cpk, jfg;k vkfgfuA

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&

1- ckx+fu [ks 'kgjfu tks Nk djs ysf[k;ks fo;ks vkgs\

2- 'kgj esa o.kfu [ks dfgM+hv rjg uqo+Qlkuq igqph jfg;ks vkgs\

3- xqyq dafga [ks iafgath nkLrku c˜/kb.k Fkks pkgss ,sa Nkss\

4- fc;fu ts Hkys esa iafgatks Hkyks vkgs] lks dhva\ felky MsbZ leq>k;ksA

5- ys[kd ts vf[k;qfu esa ik.kh Nks Hkfjth vk;ks\ tsdMfga vfgM+ks ut+kjks rOgha

fMlks r rOgkath dfgM+h gkyfr fFk,\

6- ^fpidks vkanksyu* tss t+jh, xkSjk nsohv thva o.kfu [ks dV.k [kka cpk;ks]

rOgha xkSjk nsohv ts txg rs gqtks gk r Nk dfj;ks gk\


lgh tokc pwaM.kq&

1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (v)

lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc4-1 v& lgh x+yr tokc&

1- () 2- () 3- () 4- ()

c& 1- (v) 2- (v)

4-2 [+k˜fn dfj;ksA

tokc


rOgha Nk fl[;k

52

5

fla/q tks bfrgklq

gj balku ykb bgks t+:jh vkgs r gqu[ks tk.k gqv.kq ?kqfjts r lanfl cq.kq cqfu;kn

dfgM+ks vkgs\ vt˜ dkYg lfHkuh eqYdfu esa tqnk&tqnk ga/fu tk ek.gw Fkk jgfuA

oMk&oMk fo}ku fc iafgats iafgats cqfu;kn th ryk'k fi;k dfuA

vlha fla/h vkfg;wa] ij vlka[ks iafgats fla/q th lq×kk.ki ts ckcfr o/hd tk.k u

vkgsA vlka[ks r bgk fc [+kcj u vkgs r fla/q fdFks vkgs] Nkdkf.k r Hkkjr esa

fla/q ukys okjks dks fc t+ehu tks Vqdjks u vkgsA vpks r fla/q ,sa flaf/;qfu ts ckjs

esa tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA

ln


bgks tk.kh l?kank r flaf/;qfu th tueHkwfe dfgM+h vkgs_

fla/q th 'kq:vkfr dMfga Fkh vkgs] bgks c;ku djs l?kank_

fla/q dfgM+fu dfgM+fu nkSjfu eka xqft+fj;ks vkgs] bgks c;ku djs l?kank_

flaf/;qfu th liQyrk tks jkt+ dfgM+ks vkgs] bu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

flaf/;qfu ts [+kwfc;qfu tks c;ku djs l?kank_

flaf/;qfu ts jhfr;qfu jLeqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

fla/w unhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs l?kank_

fla/q ts eq[;q /a/fu @ okikj tks ft+Øq djs l?kankA

tk.k = [+kcj] tkudkjh

cq.kq cqfu;kn = [+kkfyl]

vlqy uLy

cqfu;kn = ik;ks] ihf<+]

dqy] tM+

vlyh = ewy'kq:vkfr = ifg;kZfr

nkS# = t+ekuks] ;qx

jkt+ = x˜>q] ea>q] Hksnq

eo+Qln

fVi.kh

53

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

iqjk.kh = >wuh] o+Qnheq] vkxkVh

lH;rk = rgt+hc] laLÑrh

ekfFkjh = oknh] tcyfu tsfop okjh t+ehu

okfjlq = gdnkj

bykdks = eqYd tks fglks]

ijfx.kks

fofjgkÄks = okVks] foHkktu

eqi+Qkflyks = nwjh] foNksVhohjkuq = fiQVy] cckZnq fFk;y

Vhyks = eFkkagksa iVq

feVhv tks Vhyks = eqvyfu

ek.gqfu tks eFkkgksa iVq

vthcq = gSjrvaxst+

fla/q ts bfrgkl rs iat flVwa fy[kks&

(1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

flaf/;qfu th tue Hkwfe ;k ewyq Hkwfe vkgs fla/qA fla/h nqfu;k th lfHkuh [kka iqjk.kh

lH;rk ^fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk* tk okfjl vkfgfuA ij fla/q tks byko+Qks] tsdks

lu~ 1947 [kka ifgjha fganqLrku tks fgfdM+ks ijfx.kks gks] vt˜dYg ikfdLrku tks fgdq

lwcks vkgsA Nkdkf.k r lu~ 1947 ts fojgkÄs ofD+r] eqfLye vkcknhv th ?k.kkbZv

lcfc ikfdLrku esa 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ksA

ohgha lnhv rkb± nqfu;k esa

dafga[ks fc fla/w ekfFkjhv ts

lH;rk th tk.k dku gqbZA

mÙkj fla/ esa ykM+dk.ks 'kgj

[kka 25 ehy ijs ,sa Mksfdjh

LVs'ku [kka vfVdy lk<fu

fVfu ehyfu ts eqi+Qkflys rs

fgdq ohjkuq Vhyks gks] ftrs

fgfdM+ks Bqy ,sa c˜¼ tks eB

gksA Hkfj okjfu xksBfu ts ek.gqfu

tks ohpkj gqvks r mrs dsfrjk bZ

ek.gw ni+Quq fFk;y vkfgfuA

budjs xksBk.kk mu Vhys [ks

^eqvfu tks nM+ks* poank gqvkA

ij mrka Hkxy fHkfr;qfu twa

lqfgf.k;wa fl:a [kksVs [k.kh vph iafgatfu ?kjfu esa de vk.khank gqvkA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ÿ-û

ÿ-û cqfu;knh lco+Q

54

lu~ 1922 /kjs] fganqLrku ts vkD;kZykthdy [kkrs tks lqifjaVsaMaV Jh jk[kkynkl

cSuthZ] iatkc [kka fldanj ts t+ekus tk fu'kku xksYghans vph eqvfu ts nM+s rkb± igqrksA

mrs twa fl:a ,sa [kksfV;yfu ga/fu rka ds fBdj tk vthcq Vqdjk gkflyq djs] gqu tkrks

r mu gaf/ [kksVkbZv th t+:jr vkgsA lanfl MkbjsDVj lj tkWu ekW'kZy lu~ 1922

bZ- [kka lu~ 1927 bZ- rkb± [kksVkbZ djs dsfrfj;wa fc;wa 'k;wa gkflyq d;waA tMfga gqu

iafgath fjiksVZ nqfu;k ts fc;fu nkfu'keanfu Mkagqa eksfdyh r lfHkuh twa vf[k;wa p[+kZ

Fkh os;waA mu cSfn bZ lth nqfu;k ts vkfyefu o+Qcwy d;ks r fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk

eslksiksVkfe;k ,sa felz th lH;rkmfu [kka fc iqjk.kh vkgsA

^eqvfu ts nM+s* th [kksVkbZv eka bgk tk.k isbZ r mrs i+Qo+Qfr fgdq 'kgj u cfYd fgd

fc, eFkka ?kfV esa ?kfV pkj 'kgj nfc;y gqvkA mUgfu ts vkSt eka [+kcj Fkh ios r

lHksbZ 'kgj tsds pbfu t+ekufu tk vkfgfu] vt˜dYg ts LekVZ 'kgjfu [kka o/hd

mflfj;y gqvkA mrka fefy;y 'k;qfu ,sa mfg×kk.kfu eka ebywe Fkkss fFk, r mgk txg

okikj tks eq[;q edZt+ gqbZA

fla/w ekfFkjhv tk jgoklh fjFkkbrs uewus ofl;y 'kgjfu esa jgank gqvkA lanfu jg.k

twa txfg;wa dq'kkfn;wa] goknk# ,sa id&flfj;wa gq;waA gjfgd edku esa luku th tkb

gqbZA ?kj eka ik.kh <fd;y eksfj;qfu t+jh, ogh o×kh ckfgfj;qfu dfl;qfu esa ioanks gksA

mgs fif.k <fd;y gq;waA ?kjfu ofV [kwg fc gqvkA vke ek.gqfu ykb [kwg] rykv ,sa

iapk;rh gky fc gqvkA vfgM+h fjFkkbrh 'kgjh vMkor ;wjksi esa m.kohgha lnhv esa

fc uFkh feysA

ek.gqfu tks eq[;q /a/ks [ksrh gksA df.kd] to ,sa difg th iks[k dank gqvkA ?kksM+k]

xka;wa] fj<wa ,sa cfdfj;wa ikyhank gqvkA gw dr.k ,sa m.k.k esa HkM+ gqvk ,sa lksVh rksM+s Åuh

diM+ks Bkghank gqvkA lanfu efy* ukys lksVh diM+ks r felz rkb± e'kgwj gqvksA lanfu

eq[;q iks'kkd gqbZ /ksrh ,sa pknjA enZ rksM+s t+kywa ghjfu] tokgjfu tk 'kkSadhu gqvkA

[kksVkbZv eka gkj] eqafM;wa] dax.k ox+Sjg fefy;k vkfgfuA gw o+Q˜fnjrh vukljfu] paM]

vf[k;wa p[+kZ fFk;.kq = vtc

esa io.kq

rgt+hc = lH;rk

mflfj;yq = vkcknq fFk;yq

edZt+ = eq[;q ga/q] dsaæq

dq'kknh = [+k˜yklh] osfdjh

eksjh = x˜>h dlh] ukyh

vkSt = cqyanh] ÅapkbZ] 'kkuq

^eqvfu ts nM+s* th [kksVkbZv eka fefy;y vo'ks"k (cqr) ,sa t+soj

dr.kq = ,sV jLrs lqVq oV.kq

m.k.kq = diM+ks Bkfg.kq

HkM+ = ekfg#] gksf';k#

eqfgj = v'kji+Qh

mfg×kk.kq = fu'kkuqi[ksM+ = iQfgykm] ,jkt+h

[+k˜'dh = lqdy t+ehu

Hkfj;ks Hkkfx;ks =lqf[k;ks] 'kkgwdk#

[+kq'kgkyh = vklwnxh] lqf[k;kbZ

iQqj&yqV = t+ksjhv eky [kl.kq

?kjk.kks = dqyq

bfrgklq = rokjh[+k

gqdwer = jkt˜] ckn'kkghdkg = geyks] vksfprh p<+kbZ

eq;l# = gkflyq] çkIr

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

55

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

lwjt] gok] f'ko ,sa 'kDrhv th iwtk dank gqvkA lanfu eqfg#fu rs mfdfj;y v[kjfu

eka tk.k Fkh ios r gw fy[k.kq i<+.kq tk.kank gqvkA ij lanfu cksyhv [ks v×kk rkb±

dks fc leq>h u lf?k;ks vkgsA tMfga eqvfu ts nM+s* eka y/y 'k;qfu th HksV iatkc

ts gM+Iik eka fefy;y 'k;qfu lka d;kÅa r bgks r; d;ks fo;ks r fla/w ekfFkjhv th

rgt+hc [kka oBh vjch leqaM rkb± iQfgfy;y gqbZA

lu~ 1950 esa tMfga xqtjkr ts fcfu 'kgjfu <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky th [kksVkbZv eka

fif.k lkfx;wa 'k;wa fefy;wa r id Fkh r fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk th i[ksM+ [kka

M[k.k esa lwjr rkb± gqbZA lth ,jkt+h csgfn [+kq'kgkyq ,sa vklwnh gqbZA bgk [+kq'kgkyh

,sa vklwnxh fla/q th nq'eu c.kh ,sa 712 bZ- [kka vt˜ rkb± fla/q /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB

jfg;ks vkgsA

vlka[ks fla/q ts bfrgklq ts ckjs esa tk.k Ngha lnhv esa vjcfu ts fyf[k;y fdrkc

^ppukeks* eka Fkh iosA mu esa fMuy c;ku ewftfc fla/q rs lfHkuh [kka ifgjha bZjku

ts ckn'kkg nkjl tks dCt+ks bZLoh lu~ [kka 510 lky ifgjha fFk;ks gksA mu [kka iksb

lk/ csyks eafnj okWVj VSad

vkxkVs = çkphu] vokbyh

û- bfrgklq& vpks] fMlwa r bfrgklq Nk [ks Fkks pbtsA dafga ekuo lekt ts

lekth] jok;rh ,sa ekyh rjrhc tks flyflysok# vfgokyq tsdks mu lekt th

rjdhv tks c;kuq djs] mu[ks mu lekt tks bfrgklq poank vkfgfuA bfrgklq esa

mu lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ lekt ts ckjs esa 'kq:v [kka oBh vt rkb± lfHkuh

dks'k'kqfu tks c;kuq feys FkksA mu esa lekt th] lH;rk th] gjfgd pqfj&iqfj

fMuy gwanh vkgsA

ü- bfrgklq fy[k.k th t+:jr& bfrgklq tafga lekt ts ckjs esa fyf[kcks vkgs]

mu lekt ts 'k[+lfu [ks iafgats cqfu;kn th tk.k gkflyq Fkhanh vkgsA tsdMfga

mu lekt tk ek.gw iafgath rjdh dj.k pkghfu r gw bfrgklq th enn lka

iafgathv efgur t+jh, iafgats vkxkVs vkSt [ks gkflyq djs l?kfu FkkA

56

ojh bZLoh lu~ [kka 325 lky ifgjha tks c;kuq vkgs] tMfga xzhd ckn'kkg fldanj

Hkkjr rs geyks d;ksA fldanj ts o×k.k cSfn ex/ ts ekS;Z ?kjk.ks ts paæxqIr gquts

eqdjj fFk;y veynkjfu [ks gkjk,] fla/q rs iafgath gqdwer o+Qkbe dbZA ekS;Z ?kjk.ks

ts jktk v'kksd] c˜¼ /eZ [sk t+ks# fMuksA lanfl ys[k fla/q esa fc feyfu FkkA

fla/q ts bfrgklq esa ojh bZLoh lu~ [kka 180 lky ifgjha rkb± dks fc c;kuq eq;l# u

vkgsA bZLoh lu~ [kka 180 lky ifgjha cSfDV;kZ ts ;wwukuh yksdfu fla/q rs dCt+ks d;ksA

mu [kka iksb bZLoh lu~ [kka 70 lky ifgjha 'kd ;k lhfFk;fu yksd] tsds rkrkjh rqdZ

gqvk] fla/q rs dCt+ks djs mrs oflth osBkA lhfFk;fu [kka iksb dq"kk.k ?kjk.ks tk yksd

fla/q rs jkt dj.k yxkA lanfu jktk dfu"d fla/q esa c˜¼ /eZq iQfgyk;ksA lu~ 320

[kka oBh fla/q Hkkjr ts xqIr ?kjk.ks ts gFk gsfB jfg;ksA xqIr ?kjk.ks th gqdwer

vfVdy 150 lky jghA mu [kka iksb fla/q rs gw.kfu tks jkt˜ jfg;ks] tsdks lky 644

rkb± jfg;ksA mgks jkb ?kjk.ks tks jkt˜ gksA jkb ?kjk.ks tks jktk jkb lkglh fc;ksa fcuk

vkSykn eqvks r lanfl jk.kh lqganhv ot+hj pp lka 'kknh dbZA bu rjg jkt pp ts

gfFk vk;ks] tafga czkã.k dqy tks ik;ks fo/ksA lu~ 712 esa tMfga vjcfu

eqgen&fcu&o+Qkfle ts gFk gsfB fla/q rs geyks d;ks] mu oDr pp tks iqVq jktk

Mkfgjlsu fla/q tks jktk gksA

vfVdy 350 lky fla/q rs vjcfu th gqdwer gqbZA tMfga fla/q tk vjcveynkj det+ks# fFk;k r fla/q ts Msgh lwfejfu ljnkjfu lu~ 1060 bZ- [kka1350 bZ- rkb± fla/q rs jkt˜ d;ksA gqufu fc bLykeq o+Qcwy d;ks gksA lwfejfu th gqdwer[kka fla/q esa Msgh ljnkjfu th jktuhrh t+ks# isbZA budjs lwfejfu [kka iksb lefu tksjkt lu~ 1350 bZ- [kka lu~ 1520 bZ- rkb± jfg;ksA lek jktk ik.k [ks tke pokb±nkgqvkA lwfejfu ,sa lefu ts jkt esa fla/q twa b'o+Qh] cgknqjhv ,sa ns'kçse twa dgkf.k;waotwn esa vk;waA

otwnq = thouq] fta+nxh] gLrh

eks[k.kq = ukfe;kjks deq dj.kq

vfxjks = cfgr#] menks

ehjfu tks o+Q˜cks] gSnjkckn (fla/q)

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

57

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

mu [kka iksb ckcj ts t+ksj rs 'kkg csx+ vfjx+™u fla/q rs dkg dbZA vfjx+™ufu th gqdwer

lu~ 1520 bZ- [kka lu~ 1555 bZ- rkb± jghA gqufu ts oD+r esa gqek;wa fla/q esa vk;ks ,sa

vdcj tks tueq vejdksV esa fFk;ksA vfjx+™ufu [kka iksb fla/q rs rfj[+kkufu th gqdwer

lu~ 1555 bZ- [kka lu~ 1592 bZ- rkb± jghA lu~ 1592 bZ- [kka iksb fla/q rs eqx+yfu tks

jkt jfg;ksA bu oD+r esa dYgksM+k ?kjk.ks t+ks# ofjrksA dYgksM+fu th gqdwer lu~ 1780

bZ- rkb± gyhA lu~ 1782 bZ- esa fla/q th gqdwer Vkyiqjfu ts gfFk vkbZA gw cyksp gqvk

,sa ik.k [ks ehj lMkb±nk gqvkA ehjfu [ks vaxzst+fu lu~ 1843 bZ- esa fevk.khv th

yM+kbZv esa gkjk,] fla/q iafgats dCt+s esa dbZA vaxzst+fu ts jkt esa flaf/;qfu rbyhe]

lkfgr] bafrt+ke] jktuhrh ,sa nqfu;k ts ekeyfu esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks vkgsA okikj esa r

fla/h lfHkuh [kka vfxjk vkfgfuA ij lu~ 1947 bZ- esa vaxzst+fu vkcknhv th ?k.kkbZv

djs fla/q tks ltks byko+Qks ikfdLrku [ks fMuksA vfgM+hv rjg fla/q lu~ 712 bZ- [kka

oBh vt˜ rkb± /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB jgh vkgsA

ojh lu~ 1947 bZ- esa fganqLrku tks fofjgkÄks fFk;ks r fla/q ikfdLrku tks fglks cf.k;ks

,sa vfgM+hv rjg fla/q vt˜ rkb± /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB vkgsA

xqft+fj;y 1300 lkyfu esa fla/h [kf=k;qfu eka cfnfyth oS'; cf.kth fo;k ,sa iafgats

/a/s [ks o/k,] ckfgfj;fu eqYdfu esa olank fo;kA gw /kfj;fu eqYdfu esa jgans iafgaats

lekt] cksyhv ,sa laLÑrhv [ks o+Qkbe j[kank vk;kA gsfrfj;wa lfn;wa fc;fu ts gFk gsfB

jg.k djs gw gj gkyfr esa ik.k [ks lyker j[k.k ts gquj esa gqujeanq cf.kth fo;kA

fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu ,sa lektfu ts ek.gqfu lka esy esyki lka jg.k ykb gqufu lgu'khyrk

gqujeanq = ekfg#] leq>w

fla/q unh

58

tks xq.kq gkflyq d;ksA okikj esa gqufu tks vo+Qhnks vkgs r ^Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr*

budjs iafgathv gksf'k;kjhv ,sa bZekunkjhv djs gjgaf/ okikj esa ok/kjks djs [+k˜'kgky

cf.kth lf?k;k vkfgfuA bZekunkjhv] lPpkbZv ,sa fc;fu lka esy&esyki ts xq.kfu

dkj.k fla/h fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ts tqnk tqnk fglfu esa olh] iafgats efgur ,sa

vojpkbZv dkj.k lekt tks vVwVq vaxq cf.kth fo;k vkfgfu ,sa ns'k ts ok/kjs esa oMks

fglks oBfu FkkA

1-1


dafga fc lekt th lekth] jktuhfr ,sa ekyh rfjrhc ts flyflysok# vfgoky

[ks&

(v) vk[kk.kh pbts Fkks

(c) ukfoyq pbcks vkgs

(l) bfrgklq pbcks vkgs

(n) cSrq pbts Fkks ¹ º

2- fgd tqfeys tk lqoky&

(1) flaf/;qfu th tue&Hkwfe dfgM+h vkgs\

(2) lu~ 1947 bZ- esa fla/q çkarq dfgM+s eqYd tks fglks cf.k;ks\

(3) fla/q esa Mksfdjh LVs'ku dfgM+s ikls gqbZ\

(4) vkD;kZykthdy [kkrs tks dfgM+ks 'k[+lq eqvfu ts nM+s rkb± igqrks\

(5) eslksiksVkfe;k ,sa felz ts lH;rkmfu [kka iqjk.kh dfgM+h lH;rk vkgs\

(6) fla/q esa eq[;q rkSj dfgfM+;qfu 'k;qfu th iks[k dbZ osanh vkgs\

3- gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&

(1) xqtjkr ts fcfu 'kgjfu ----------------------- ,sa --------------------- th [kksVkbZv

eka fif.k lkfx;wa 'k;wa fefy;waA

(2) fla/q ekfFkjhv th lH;rk th i[ksM+ d'ehj [kka M[k.k esa --------------

rkb± gqbZA

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ÿ-û

lgu'khyrk = /hjtq] lcq#vo+Qhnks = ;o+Qhuq] fo'oklq

Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr =

?kfV i+Qkbns lka o/hd ok/kjks

vfojpkbZ = iq#"kkFkZq] le>nkjh

59

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

(3) vjcfu ts fyf[k;y fdrkc tks ukyks ---------------------------- gksA

(4) fla/q rs lfHkuh [kka ifgjha ----------------------- ts ckn'kkg --------------------

tks dCt+ks bZLoh lu~ [kka 510 lky ifgjha fFk;ks gksA

(5) ekS;Z ?kjk.ks ts ckn'kkg -------------------------- c˜¼ /eZ [ks t+ks# oBk;ksA

(6) lu~ 712 bZ- esa ---------------------------- fla/q tks jktk gksA

fli+Qr Adjective (fo'ks"k.k)fli+Qfr ,sa mutk fo+QLe&

fli+Qfr mgks yÝ+t+ vkgs] tsdks bLe ;k t+ehj lka yxh mutks xq.kq] voxq.kq] fo+QLe]

vnn] feo+Qnk# ;k vankt+] o+Qnq] gkyfr Ms[kkjs FkksA thva r&

(1) jkeq gksf'k;k# Nksfdjks vkgs A (xq.kq)

(2) lwi+Q˜ [kVks vkgsA (voxq.kq)

fli+Qfr [ks lrfu fglfu esa fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs&

(1) fli+Qfr oLi+Qh (2) fli+Qfr vnnh (3) fli+Qfr fednkj

(4) fli+Qfr b'kkjks (5) fli+Qfr t+ehjh (6) fli+Qfr bLeh

(7) fli+Qfr i+QbyhA

1- fli+Qfr oLi+Qh (Adjective of Quality) (xq.k okpd fo'ks"k.k) &

mgks yÝ+t+ tks bLe ;k t+ehj tks xq.kq] voxq.kq ;k fo+QLeq Ms[kkjs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr oLi+Qh

pbcks vkgs A thva r&

eksgu ofV dkjh dkj vkgsA

2- fli+Qfr vnnh (Adjective of Number) (la[;k okpd fo'ks"k.k) & gh mgs

yÝ+t+ vkfgfu ts bLe ;k t+ehj lka yxh mUgfu tks vUnkt+ ;k vnnq ;k Øe Ms[kkjhfu

Fkk] mUgfu [ks fli+Qfr vnnh pbcks vkgsA thva r&

eksgu ofV pkj dsyk vkfgfuA

3- fli+Qfr feo+Qnk# (Adjective of Degree) (ifjek.k okpd la[;k) & mgks

yÝ+t+˜ tks bLe tks feo+Qnk# ;k vUnkt+˜ Ms[kkjs rafga[ks fli+Qfr feo+Qnk# pbts Fkks A

thva r&

?k.kh [kaMq lsgr ykb [+kjkcq vkgs A

ÿ-ü Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

60

4- fli+Qfr b'kkjks (Demonstrative Adjective) (ladsr okpd fo'ks"k.k) &

mgks yÝ+t+ tks dafga bLe ts vfx;ka vph mu bLe Mkagqa b'kkjks djs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr

b'kkjks pbts Fkks A ^fli+Qfr b'kkjks* tk c fo+QLe Fkhank vkfgfu&

(1) fli+Qfr b'kkjks os>ks (2) fli+Qfr b'kkjks M™fjA

thva r& gh] gw] bgs] mgs] gwv] ghv ox+SjgA

(1) gh fdrkcq flU/h fo"k; tks vkgs A

(2) gw o.kq fM?kks vkgs A

5- fli+Qfr t+ehjh (Pronominal Adjective) (lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k)& mgks yÝ+t+˜

vlqy esa t+eh# gqts ;k t+ehj eka Bfg;yq gqts] ij dafga bLe ts vfx;ka deq vpsA

fli+Qfr tks deq djs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr t+ehjh* pbcks vkgs A vfgM+k yÝ+t+ lkfx, ofD+r

cbZ deq dank vkfgfu fli+Qfr tks ,sa t+ehj tks A thva r&

^eqafgatks* Ldwy lqBks vkgs A

6- fli+Qfr bLeh (Noun used as Adjective) (laKk fo'ks"k.k ds :i esa) &

mgks yÝ+t+ tks bLe eka Bfg;yq gqts ,sa dafga fc, bLe lka yxh fli+Qfr tks deq djs]

rafga[ks ^fli+Qfr bLeh* pbcks vkgs A thva r&

^flU/h* ek.gw csbt+rh lgh u l?kank vkfgfuA

7- fli+Qfr i+Qbyh (Verbal Adjective) (fØ;kFkZd fo'ks"k.k) & mgs yÝ+t+ ts

iQ+by (fØ;k) eka Bfg;y gqtfu ,sa bLefu ts vfx;ka vpfu FkkA fli+Qfr tks deq

dfu Fkk] frfu [ks fli+Qfr i+Qbyh* pbts Fkks A thva r&

oganM+ xaxk lnkb± ifo=kq jganh vkgs A

1- fli+Qfr (fo'ks"k.k) th ekuk c˜/k,] fli+Qfr (fo'ks"k.k) tk fo+QLe fy[kks&

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- gsfB fMuy fli+Qrqfu tk fo+QLe c˜/k;ks&

(1) dkjks ------------------------------------

(2) y[k ------------------------------------

(3) bykgh ------------------------------------

(4) tfgM+ks ------------------------------------

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ÿ-ü

61

fVi.kh

fla/q tks bfrgklq

lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc5-1 1- (l)

2- (1) fla/q (2) ikfdLrku

(3) ykM+dk.kks 'kg# (4) Jh jk[kkynkl cuthZ

(5) fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk (6) df.kd ,sa difg

3- (1) <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky (2) lwwjr (3) ppukeks

(4) bZjku] nkjl (5) v'kksd (6) Mkfgjlsu

fgu lcd+ eka rOgha[ks tk.k feyh r flaf/;qfu th tue Hkwfe fla/q vkgsA

eqvfu ts nM+s th [kksVkbZ] mu gsBka nfc;y 'kgj dfgM+k gqvkA

fla/q dfgM+fu nkSjfu eka xqft+jhA

'kgjh cankscLrq] /a/ks okik#] <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky th [kksVkbZA

fla/q tks /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB jg.kqA vjc] lfcjk] vjx+™u] dYgksM+k] ehj ,sa

vaxzst+A

1947 cSfn ikfdLrku tks fglksA xqft+fj;y 1300 lkyfu esa flaf/;qfu tks

[kf=k;qfu eka cfnfyth oS'; cf.kt.kqA Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr rs veyq ,sa

flaf/;qfu ts [+kwfc;qfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA

1- fla/q esa dfgM+fu dfgM+fu jktkmfu jkt d;ks\

2- jkb ?kjk.ks ts jktk tks Fkksjs esa ft+Øq dfj;ksA

3- ^eqvfu ts nM+s* ckcfr eq[+rlj esa tk.k fM;ksA

4- fla/q ts ek.gqfu tks eq[;q /a/ks okik# dfgM+ks gks\

5- ^fla/q tks bfrgklq* fo"k; rs uksVq fy[kksA

6- fla/q rs dfgM+fu dfgM+fu 'kkldfu jkt˜ d;ks\

7- ikB ts vk/kj rs fla/h ek.gqfu ts [+kwfc;qfu tks ft+Øq dfj;ksA

8- lekt tk ek.gw dafgath enn lka rjdh dj.k pkghfu Fkk\


rOgha Nk fl[;k

tokc

62

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6


o+Q˜fnjr twa lHkq uberwa lfHkuh [ks cjkcfj ulhcq fFk;wa fFk;fuA fltq iafgath jksf'kuh

lfHkuh [ks cjkcfj Mhanks vkgsA gok fc lfHkuh [ks lkxh feyanh vkgsA ik.kh fc dafga

lka dks HksnHkkm u danks vkgsA xqy fc iafgath lqxaf/ lfHkuh [ks Mhank vkfgfuA iQynkj

o.kfu tk esok fc lfHkuh [ks lkfx;ks loknq Mhank vkfgfuA r iksb balku [ks iqV ,sa

/hv esa i+QdqZ Nks dj.kq ?kqfjts\ iqVq ,sa /hv] fcUgha [ks cjkcjhv tks nfjtks Nks u

fey.kq ?kqfjts\


te.k [kka ifgjha bZ /hv [ks u ekj.k ts ckjs esa iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_

iqV ,sa /hv esa dks fc i+QdqZ u dj.k [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_

dsfrjfu dqVacfu ikjka /hv [ks u i<+kb.k tk lcfc c;kuq djs l?kank_

/hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k th vgfe;r o.kZuq djs l?kank_

pkSlwyq ukVd twa [+kkfl;rwa c;kuq djs l?kank_

pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa jaxeap ukVd tks i+QdqZ o.kZuq djs l?kank_

pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd th fgd&tfgM+kbZ c;kuq djs l?kankA

o+Q˜fnjr = ekfyd th Ñfr]

çÑfr

jksf'kuh = çdk'kq

lqxaf/ = [+k˜f'kcw

i+QdqZ = HksnHkkm] varj

nfjtks = LFkkuq

pkSlwyq ukVdq = uqDdM+ ukVdq

[+kkfl;rwa = xq.k

fgd&tfgM+kbZ = lekurk

eo+Qln

63

fVi.kh


fu%'kqYd = fcuk i+QhvpkSlwyq = uqDdM+ ukVdq

vnkdk# = ,DV#

uqaga = cgw

Hkkjr ljdkj bu Ml esa uoka dkuwu Bkfg;k vkfgfuA LdkWyjf'ki] fu%'kqYd rbyhe]

ysiVkWi] LdwVh ,sa fc;wa lgwfy;rwa fM;.k ckcfr ik.k esa xqÝ+rxw dfj;ksA

pkSlwyq ukVdq

c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks (b,a poank ,sa rkfM+;wa otkb±nk lHkq

vnkdkj jaxeap rs nkf[+kyq Fkhank ,sa v/q xksyq ;k ltks xksyq Bkgs chgankA dktfy

vfx;ka vph fop rs chgh poanh ,sa fc;k mu [ks nqfgjkb±nk)

dktfy % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA

lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA

dktfy % c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA

lHksbZ % c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA

dktfy % nqfu;k tks vfgokyq c˜/ksA

lHksbZ % nqfu;k tks vfgokyq c˜/ksA

dktfy % rqafgath eqafgath xkfYg c˜/ksA

lHksbZ % rqafgath eqafgath xkfYg c˜/ksA

lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ks] c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA

dktfy % vtcq vlkath vkfg dgk.khA

lHksbZ % vtcq vlkath vkfg dgk.khA

dktfy % u dksbZ jktk] u dkbZ jk.khA

lHksbZ % u dksbZ jktk] u dkbZ jk.khA

dktfy % u dks >ewjks] u dks enkjhA

lHksbZ % u dks >ewjks] u dks enkjhA

dktfy % vkSjr rqafgath vkgs dgk.khA

lHksbZ % vkSjr rqafgath vkgs dgk.khA

ö-û cqfu;knh lco+Q

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ö-û

64

lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA

(fopksyhv mfefj okjh vk'kk ,sa lanfl uqaga mrka ya?kfu fFk;wa)

dktfy % gjs jke pvksA

vk'kk % gjs jke] gjs jkeA

dktfy % dsMkagqa fFk;wa o×kks\

vk'kk % dqaokfj [ks MkDVj ofV oBh Fkh o×kkaA

dktfy % Nks] Nk fFk;ks vFkfl\

vk'kk % rfc;r r Bhdq vFkflA yxs Fkks ojh Mhagafu lka vkgsA

dktfy % iksb r ok/k;wa gqtfuo\

vk'kk % dfgfM+;wa ok/k;wa Fkh Mha\

dktfy % fgu [ks r Vs ckj vx˜ esa bZ vkfgfu u\ r iksb pksFkksa ck#\

vk'kk % gk! ij VsbZ /hv:a tf.k;wa vFkkb±A

dktfy % bu esa rOgkath uqaga tks dfgM+ks Mksgq\

vk'kk % fgu Hksjs rkoht+ fc Bfgjk, fMuks Fkhekafl r eu iqVq tesflA

Nksfdjh % (vfxrs vph)& rkoht+ lka Nk Fkhanks\ iqVq teanks\ dfgM+s t+ekus twa

xkfYg;wa Fkk d;ks\

dktfy % MkDV# Nk danks\

vk'kk % id dj.k ykb ----

dktfy % rafgath ekuk rOgha lksuksxzki+Qh djkb.k Fkk o×kksA tsdMfga /hv fufdrh

r Nk dank\

vk'kk % 'kqHkq 'kqHkq cksfyA

dktfy % /hv#fu esa dfgM+h cqjkbZ vkgs\

vk'kk % /hv:a ijkvks /uq vkfgfuA fc;fu tks ?k# olkb±fn;wa] ij dqy tks

ukyks r iqVfu lka bZ vfxrs gyanks u!

dktfy % ij lksuksxzki+Qhv th fjiksVZ fc dMfga dMfga x+yfr Fkh fufdjsA

vk'kk % r iksb Nk dts\ fc;ks dks jLrks fc r dksUgsA

dktfy % lksuksxzki+Qh gk.ks cso+Qkbns vFko!

vk'kk % gjs jke! gyq dqaokfj gyqA

Nksfdjh % (dktfy [ks)& flaf/;qfu esa te.k [kka vx˜ bZ /hv#fu [ks ekj.k tk

okD+vk Fkhank vkfgfu\

uqagaq = cgw

dqaokfj = cgw] uqagaq

Mhagafu lka = xHkZorh

ok/k;wa = eqckjdwa

tf.k;wa = iSnk d;wa

Mksgq = xqukgq

rkoht+ = j[;k ;a=kq

lksuksxzki+Qh = isV esa iqV ;k

/hm ts gqv.k tks irks

yxkb.k okjh pdkl

dqyq = [+kkunkuq

cso+Qkbns = x+Sj dkuwuh

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65

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dktfy % gwava r flaf/;qfu esa te.k [kka vx˜ bZ /hv#fu [ks ekj.k tk okD;k

fofjys Fkhank vkfgfu\ ij vlkats vklikfl vfgM+k fo+Qlk vkeq tkeq

fFk;fu FkkA budjs [+kcjnk# jg.k th t+:jr vkgs] tks b,a u fFk,

r bgk chekjh vlka flaf/;qfu esa fc iQfgfyth o×ksA py tkus ns !

(cbZ o×kfu fFk;waA fiQjh vph dksjl lka 'kkfey fFk;fu fFk;waA dktfy

fMlanM+fu [ks eq[+kkfrcq Fkh ukVdq vfxrs Fkh o/k,)

dktfy % iqNÅa rOgha [kka lqokyq Fkk fgfdM+kss ---- 2

Mhank rafgatks tokcq rfdM+ks (rfjlh) py tkus ns !

dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ NfM;ks [k.kh] lkab± NfM;ks [k.khA

dktfy % Mf[k;k vlkatk lqoky r yxank ---- 2

ysfdu iqfN.kk bZ ioank (rfjlh) py tkus ns !

(cbZ o×kfu fFk;waA fiQjh vph dksjl lka 'kkfey fFk;fu fFk;wa)

dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkab±] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA

dktfy % iqV ts tk, nqfgy nekek ---- 2] /hv ts tk, Åanfg Åanfg] xks<+k

xks<+k_ ek;wlh ,sa ykpkjh Nks\ py tkus ns !

dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA

dktfy % iqVfu [ks 'knen lka Fkk ikfy;ks ---- 2] ij te.k [kka ifgjha /hm [ks

ekfj;ks\ py tkus ns !


dktfy % bu th dfgM+h xkjaVh vk ---- 2] iqV lnkb± lq[k bZ MhankA

py tkus ns !


dktfy % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfu ---- 2] M˜[k esa ls bZ iqNafn;wa vkfgfuA

dksjlq % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfuA

dktfy % oMk oMk mfgnk fFk;wa laHkkyhfu ---- 2] eqYd tks dkjksck# laHkkyhfuA

dksjlq % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfuA

dktfy % bafnjk xka/h] enj VSjslk] ,suh fclsafV] dYiuk pkoykA

dksjlq % dfgM+k dfgM+k ukyk c˜/k;waA dhva rOgha [ks leq>k;wa\ dhva rOgha [ks

leq>k;wa\

dktfy % /hv#fu [ks ts b,a ekjhank ---- 2] iqV ykb dqaokfj fdFkka vk.khank\

nqfgy nekek = [+k˜'kh dj.kq

'knen = lqBs uewus

eq[+kkfrcq = :c: xkfYgkb.kq

rfdM+ks = tYnq

66

dksjlq % pvks] pvks] pvks\

dktfy % gh HksnqHkkm gk.ks u gyanksA fu;kf.k;wa ekj.kq cafn dfj;ksA lksuksxzki+Qh

cafn dfj;ksA

dksjlq % 'kjeq dfj;ks] dq>q 'kjeq dfj;ks] dq>q 'kjeq dfj;ksA

(lHksbZ dykdkj eqfB cafn djs] ckaga eFks djs poank ,sa Fkksjks chgh

jgank& tYnq bZ gwa ---- gwa ---- 'kq: dank)

(m"kk ,sa lanfl /hm vuhrk mrka yka?kkÅ fFk;wa fFk;fuA vuhrk jksbZ

jgh vkgsA dktfy vfx;ka o/h Fkh vps)

dktfy % (m"kk [ks)& Nks Fkh jks,\

(m"kk dks tokcq uFkh fM,)

dktfy % (Nksfdjhv [ks)& Nks Fkh jksb±\

vuhrk % eeh eqafgatks ukyks Ldwy eka d<k, vkbZ vkgsA eka i<+.kq Fkh pkfg;kaA

dktfy % (m"kk [ks)& rOgha [ks r [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq ?kqfjts r rOgha th /hv [ks

i<+.k tks 'kkSadq vkgsA

vuhrk % eka lnkb± Dykl esa fc;ksa uEc# b±nh vkfg;ka] rMfga fc ewa[ks ----

dktfy % gfgM+h rst+&i+Qgeq Nksfdjhv [ks r vfxrs i<+.k tks ekSo+Qks fM;.kq

?kqfjtsA

m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r o/hd i<+h Nk danh\ rafga [kka r ?kj tks deq&

dkfj fl[ks r iksb fgu th 'kknh djk, NfM;waA ifl isf'k Nksfdfj;qfu

[ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgsA i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\

dktfy % i<+kbZ djs ,sa ukSdjh djs iafgatfu isjfu rs chgh l?ks FkhA

m"kk % vlka [ks ukSfdjh djkb.kh bZ dkUgsA

dktfy % (vuhrk [ks)&rqafgath mfefj ?k.kh vkgs\

vuhrk % lksjgaA

dktfy % v×kk fgu th 'kknhv th mfefj Fkh fdFks vkgs\ vjM+agfu lkyfu

[kka ifgjha 'kknh djkb.kq x+Sj&dkuwuh vkgsA

m"kk % Nksfdjks ,sa ?k# xksYg.k esa fc r oD+rq Fkks yxh o×ksA

HksnqHkkm = fc;kbZ

yka?kkÅ = ya?kanM+

rst+&i+Qgeq = gksf'k;k#

ifl isf'k = vkf[+kfj esa

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67

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dktfy % rslha i<+anh jgs r dfgM+ks gfjtq vkgs\ if<+;y gwanh r fta+nxhv esa

dMfga fc eqlhcr ofD+r i<+kbZ dfe b±nflA

m"kk % vlka tks osBk vkfg;wa enn dj.k ykbA

dktfy % rOgha lnkb± r u gwankA

m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r Ldwy okjfu i<+kbZv th i+Qh] cfl th i+Qh ,sa

fcfYMax iQaM tk iSlk ,frjk r o/k, NfM;k vkfgfu] tks vlka

uFkk iqth l?kwaA

dktfy % ljdkjh Ldwy esa Nks uFkk i<+k;ks\ mrs r ,Mh i+Qh dkUgsaA

m"kk % ?k.kks i<+anh r Nksfdjks fc ,frjks bZ if<+;yq xksfYg.kks ioanksA if<+;y

Nksfdjfu tk uf[+kjk fc ?k.kk vkfgfuA mUgfu tk r okr iQkVk fi;k

vkfgfuA ,frjh Msrh ysrh fdFkka vk.khanklha\

dktfy % if<+;y ,sa ukSdjh danM+ Nksfdjhv ykb Nksfdjks xksYg.kq r loyks Fkh

ioanqvA

m"kk % enZfu [ks ds# leq>k,\

dktfy % rOgha leq>k;ksA

m"kk % rks[ks /hv vkgs\

dktfy % eka r v×kka dqaokjh vkfg;kaA

m"kk % rMfga mins'kq osBh MhaA iafgath /hm Fkhanb u] rMfga irks ioanqbA gyq !

(m"kk /hm [ks oBh o×ks Fkh)

dktfy % v×kk fc dsfrjk ekbV bgks Fkk lksphfu r /hm ijkvks /u vkgsA fc,

tks ?k# olkb±nh] budjs muth i<+kbZv fcys [+kpqZ dj.kq vtk;ks vkgsA

(ch Nksfdjh vfx;ka o/h Fkh vps)

Nksfdjh % bgks dksu Fkk lksphfu r iqVq i<+anks vkgs r fgdq 'k[+lq i<+anks vkgs]

ij /hm i<+anh vkgs r fgdq dqVaqcq i<+anks vkgsA

dktfy % Nkdkf.k r if<+;y ekm ckjfu [ks i<+kb±nh vkgs ,sa gqufu [ks lqBk

laLdkj Mhanh vkgsA

Nksfdjh % rOgha fc bUgfu iqjk.kfu nfo+Q;kuwlh ohpkjfu [ks rdqZ dfj;ks ,sa

/hv#fu [ks iqVfu ts cjkcfj nfjtks fM;ksA

dksjlq % /hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks_ iafgats eqYd tks ukma o/k;ks]

eqYd tks ekuq eFksjks Fkhanks_ tx esa Åpks xkVq Fkh ioanksA

iqth l?kwa = Hkjs l?kwa

okr iQkV.kq = reke ?k.kh ?kqj

fcys = rs] iqfB;ka] ykb

nfo+Q;kuwlh = iqjk.kh lksp

rdqZ = ijs dfj;ks

ukma = ukyks

ekuq = bt+r

xkVq = xnZu] fxph

gfjtq = ,rjkt+

68

1& lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&

1- vuhrk budjs isbZ #,] Nkdkf.k r&

(v) gwv fMft.kh vkgsA

(c) gwv o/hd i<+.kq Fkh pkgsA

(l) gwv dfet+ks# vkgsA

(n) gwv FkqYgh vkgsA ¹ º

2- m"kk dfgM+s fo+QLe th vkSjr vkgs&

(v) enZ tks fojks/q danM+

(c) enZ th ijokg u danM+

(l) reke i+QS'kuscqfy vkSjr

(n) enZ ts p, ewftcq gyanM+ ¹ º

3- ukVd esa dktfy vkSjrqfu ts ckjs esa pos Fkh&

(v) vkSjrqfu th gkyfr lqBh vkgs

(c) vkSjrwa reke et+s esa vkfgfu

(l) vkSjrwa nfc;y vkfgfu

(n) vkSjrwa csgfn [+k˜f'k vkfgfu ¹ º

rOgha tMfga dgk.kh] ukfoyq] eft+ewuq ;k ukVdq i<+ank gwank r rOgha [ks ukVd ,sa

fc;qfu flai+Qqfu esa fgfdM+ks i+QdqZ ut+fj vk;ks gwanks] mgks vkgs ut+kjfu tksA ukVd esa

ut+kjk budjs gwank vkfgfu] Nkdkf.k r mgs jaxeap rs fMlanM+fu vfx;ka isf'k d;k

osank vkfgfuA

pkSlwyq ukVd [ks fganhv esa uqDdM+ ukVd ,sa vaxzst+hv esa Street Play p;ks osanks vkgsA

bu eka bZ muth ofli+Q t+kfg# Fkh fFk,A mgks ukVdq] tsdks dafga fc pkSokVs] fVokVs] ckx+hps]

[kqfy;y eSnku ;k Ldwy dkyst ts gkrs ([kqfy, eSnku) esa d;ks osanks vkgsA

p, = po.k

flai+Qqfu = fo/kmfuut+kjk = n`';

ofli+Q = O;k[;kpkSokVks = ftrs pkj jLrk feyfu

fVokVks = ftrs Vs jLrk feyfu

gkrks = eSnkuq

ö-ü vpks r leq>wa

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfVi.kh


69

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yksd ukVd ft;ka pkSlwyq ukVdq fc vke rkSj Mhaga nkSjkfu d;ks osanks vkgsA pkSlwyq

ukVd ykb ukVd ?kj th t+:jr u ioanh vkgs] budjs ukVddkj [ks ukVd&?kj th

elokM+ u fM;.kh ioanh vkgsA

jaxeap rs ukVd okaxq# [+kkfl jksf'kfu;qfu] iks'kkdqfu] esd&vi ,sa lsV (Set) th t+:jr

u ioanh vkgsA budjs pkSlwy ukVd rs [+kpqZ ?kfV b±nks vkgsA

pkSlwyq ukVd esa fglks oBanM+ Nksfdjk Nksfdfj;wa thUl ,sa li+Qsn ;k jaxhu dqrksZ ikb±nk

vkfgfu ,sa jaxhu lafnjks ;k r psfYg esa c/ank vkfgfu ;k xys esa ei+Qyj ft;ka

yfVdkb±nk vkfgfuA

pkSlwyq ukVd esa xhrfu ,sa laxhr tks bLrsekyq ?k.kks Fkhanks vkgsA ukVd eaMyhv tk

bZ dykdkj ik.k lkt+ otkb±nk vkfgfu ,sa xkb±nk fc vkfgfuA

pkSlwyq ukVd [ks enkjhv ts rek'ks lka HksVs lf?kts FkksA thva enkjh dafga fc pkSokVs

rs chgh Me: otkb±nks vkgs ,sa caljh otkb±ns] ckanj [ks dykckft+;wa [kkjk,] ek.gqfu

[ks dBks danks vkgs ,saa iksb ckanj ,sa Nksfdjs lka xfMth tek fFk;y ek.gqfu [ks rek'kks

Ms[kkjhanks vkgsA ij yksd ukVd ;k enkjhv ts rek'ks ft;ka pkSlwyq ukVd tks eo+Qlnq

foanqjkb.kq u vkgsA pkSlwyq ukVd fgfdM+s fygkt+ [kka fojks/ tks ukVd vkgsA mgks dafga

u dafga lekftd cqjkbZv] gScfrukdq xqukg] fyÄ dkaMkjhanM+ ?kVuk Mkagqa è;kuq

fNdkb.kq ;k dafga x+yfr ikyhlhv f[+kyki+Q˜ vkokt+ mFkkj.k ykb d;ks osanks vkgsA

pkSlwyq ukVdq fcuk dafga vx˜okV fyf[k;y fLØIV (Script) ;k fyf[k;y fLØIV

(Script) ts vk/kj rs isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA

elokM+ = HkkM+ks] fdjk;ks

lafnjks = dej esa c/.k

ykb dfiM+ks

psfYg = dej

eaMyh = xzwi (Group)

dykckft+;wa = Vik fM;kj.kq

tek = xM˜

ft;ka = okaxq#

gScfrukdq = [+krjukdq

fyÄ dkaMkjhanM+ = dackb±nM+

70

gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+ drfc vk.ks [+kky Hkfj;ks&

1- vyfgnk 2- ?kfV 3- uqDdM+ ukVd 4- lsV 5- fgdtfgM+kbZ

(1) pkSlwy ukVd [ks ---------------------------- fc lfM;ks osanks vkgsA

(2) pkSlwy ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd esa ------------------------ vkgsA

(3) pkSlwy ukVd rs ---------------------- [+kpqZ b±nks vkgsA

(4) pkSlwy ukVd ,sa jaxeap ukVd -------------------- vkfgfuA

(5) pkSlwy ukVd esa ------------------------ th t+:jr u vkgsA

vpks] ukVd ts vukljfu ts vk/kj rs fgu lcd+ [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k

dfj;wa&

ö-ü-û fo"k; ,sa edZt+h [+;kyqedZt+h [+;kyq ukVd tks vgeq vaxq vkgsA edZt+h [+;ky tks okLrks ukVd esa c;ku

d;y fo"k; lka vkgsA edZt+h [+;kyq t+kfg# dj.k ykb ?kfVukmfu] gkyrqfu ,sa

fdjnkjfu [ks [+kfyfd;ks osanks vkgsA fgu pkSlwy ukVd tks edZt+h [+;kyq vkgs& tue

[kka ifgjha /hv#fu [ks u ekj.kq ?kqfjts ,sa /hv#fu [ks fc iqVfu lab± rbyhe fM;.kq

?kqfjtsA thva mgs iafgats isjfu rs chgh l?kfu ,sa fta+nxhv esa eqlhcrqfu tks eqo+Qkfcyks

djs l?kfuA

dktfy] vk'kk] m"kk ,sa vuhrk rksM+s xhrfu t+jh, pkSlwyq ukVd [ks vfxrs o/k,

edZt+h [+;kyq fpVks d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa c fo"k; [ka;ka fo;k

vkfgfuA /hv# cpk;ks ,sa /hv# i<+k;ksA

pkSlwyq ukVd esa /hv#fu [ks te.k [kka vx˜ esa ekj.k ts uqo+Qlkufu ,sa /hv#fu [ks

Åph rbyhe fM;.k ts i+Qkbnfu tks ft+Øq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA tsdMfga /hv#fu [ks

ekjhank jganklha ,sa mUgfu [ks tueq oB.kq u Mhanklha r iksb /hv#fu tks rbnknq enZfu

edZt+h = dsaæh;

lavksa = ts cjkcj

rbyhe = f'k{kk] i<+kbZ

t+jh, = eki+QZfr] olhysfpVks = lki+Qq

te.kq = tueq oB.kq

rbnknq = fxurh] x.ki

dqaokfj = cgw] uqaga

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-û

71

fVi.kh


[kka ?kfVth osanks ,sa iksb iqVfu ykb dqaokfj fey.kq M˜f[k;ks Fkh ioanksA rafga [kka lokb

bu lka lekt esa vkSjrqfu lka FkhanM+ dsfrjk xqukg tueq oBank ,sa o/ankA bgks fc

ft+fd# d;ks fo;ks vkgs r /hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k lka mgs iafgatfu isjfu rs chgh l?kafn;wa

,sa fta+nxhv esa eqlhcrqfu tks eqo+Qkfcyks djs l?kafn;waA mUgfu [ks dafgatks eqfgrktq

fFk;.kks u ioanksA

ö-ü-ü lhjrfuxkjh (pfj=k&fp=k.k)

fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa dktfy] vk'kk] lanfl uqaga] m"kk ,sa

vuhrk] bgs iat fdjknkj vkfgfuA rafga [kka lokb lHksbZ

fdjnkj xfMth dksjlq (Chorus) tks deq dfu FkkA dktfy

c;kuq danM+ ;kus lw=k/kj tks jksyq vnk Fkh djs ,sa xMksxM

fc;fu fdjnkjfu lka xqÝ+rxw djs ukVd [ks vfxrs Fkh o/k,A

vk'kk fopksys rfcds th ?k: vkSjr vkgs] tafga tks iafgatks dks vkokt+ dksUgsA gwv

eqfM+l ;k iqV ts po.k rs iafgats uqagqa th lksuksxzki+Qh djkb.k ykb gqu [ks MkDVj ofV

oBh Fkh o×ks r thva irks ios r lanfl uqaga ts isV esa iqVq vkgs ;k /hv] Nkdkf.k r

lanfl uqaga [ks ifgjha Vs /hv:a vkfgfu ,sa ?kj tk Hkkrh pkghfu Fkk r gk.ks iqVq tes]

tsdks dqy tks ukyks vfxrs o/k,A lanfl uqaga fc vfgM+h vkSjr vkgs] tafga th efjt+h

tk.k.k th dksbZ dk fc dksf'k'k uFkks djsA lanfl uqagqa ,sa m"kk ts fdjknkjfu eka bgks

t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r enZfu th vf[+kR;kjhv okjs lekt esa vkSjr [ks dks fc vkokt+ u

vkgsA gqu [kka dk jkb uFkh ofjrh o×ksA

vuhrk fgd gksf'k;k# Nksfdjh vkgs] tsdk vfxrs i<+.kq Fkh pkgs ij lanfl firk th

[+okfg'k eqrkfcfo+Q lanfl ekm Ldwy eka lanfl ukyks d<k, Fkh vpsA lanfl ihm pkgs

Fkks r gwv ?kj tks deq dk# fl[ks r iksb gqu th 'kknh djkbtsA vk'kk mu rfco+Qs

th uqekbafnxh Fkh djs] ftfu th ef×krk vkgs r /hv#fu [ks ?k.kks i<+kb.kq fi+Qt+™y

vkgsA Nkdkf.k r ifl isf'k /hv#fu [ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgsA

vuhrk mUgfu Nksfdfj;qfu th uqekbafnxh Fkh djs] ftfu [ks iqVfu ts cjkcfj lgwfy;rwa

ufFk;wa feyfu ,sa vfxrs o/.k tks ekSo+Qks uFkks fMuks o×ksA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa dksjlq

fc fgd fdjnkj tks jksyq Fkks fuHkk, ,sa mu t+jh, ukVduohlq n'kZdfu rkb± iafgatks

iSx+keq fnypLiq ,sa vljnk# uewus igqpk, FkksA

vf[+kR;kjh = vf/dk#

dqfguh = xanh

[+okfg'k = bNkuqekbafnxh = çfrfuf/Ro]

vx˜okuh

ef×krk = e×k.kfi+Qt+™y = vtk;ks

ifl isf'k = vk[+kfjdkfj

eqfgrktq = fc, dafga rs HkkM+.kq

uqagqa = cgw] iqV th t+ky

dqyq = [+kkunkuq

72


1- dktfy dsj vkgs\

(v) ufp.kh (c) jkanhfx;kZ.kh

(l) lw=k/k# (n) et+kdh vkSjr ¹ º

2- m"kk dsj vkgs\

(v) 'kkgwdk# vkSjr (c) fopksys rfco+Qs th vkSjr

(l) jksykdq vkSjr (n) [+kphZyh vkSjr ¹ º

3- vk'kk dfgM+s fo+QLe th vkSjr vkgs\

(v) ft+nh (c) ?kksew

(l) vkKkdkjh (n) cfdcdh ¹ º

4- vuhrk dfgM+s fo+QLe th Nksfdjh vkgs\

(v) i<+kbZv esa gksf'k;kj (c) det+ks#

(l) fo<+ganM+ (n) csMih ¹ º

ö-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki)

ukVd esa xqÝ+rxw th reke ?k.kh vgfe;r vkgsA xqÝ+rxw t+jh, bZ fdjnkjfu th

'kf[+l;r] [+kkfl;rqfu] xq.k&voxq.k rksM+s ofgaokj ,sa ohpkj tks irks ios FkksA ukVd

esa dMfga dMfga n'kZdfu lka fl/h xqÝ+rxw dbZ osanh vkgsA dsfrjk lqoky fc mFkkfj;k

osank vkfgfuA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa Mk;ykx ua<k vkfgfu ,sa Mk;ykx ua<k gwank

vkfgfu r ,DVjfu [ks ;kfn dj.k ,sa po.k esa loykbZ Fkhanh vkgsA budjs ukVd esa

jokuh b±nh vkgsA bgk [+kwch fc fgu ukVd esa ut+fj Fkh vpsA

felky rksfj&

m"kk % rks[ks /hv vkgs\

dktfy % eka r v×kk dqaokjh vkfg;kaA

m"kk % iafgath /hv Fkhanb] rMfga irks ioanqbA

bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r vlkats lekt esa /hv [ks cks>q ,sa iqVfu [kka ?kfV leqf>;ks

Fkks o×ks ,sa x+Sj&dkuwuh rjhds lka bZ lgh] /hv [kka futkr ikb.k [ks lgh leqf>;ks Fkks

o×ksA bu eka rat+ tks vglklq Fkks mfHkjsA

futkr = NksVdkjks

rat+ = O;ax

vgfe;r = egRo'kf[+l;r = foHkwfr

[+kkfl;rqfu = xq.kfu

[+kwch = fo'ks"krk

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ü

73

fVi.kh


fc;ks felky&

m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r ?k.kks i<+h Nk danh\---- ifl isf'k Nksfdfj;qfu [ks ?k# bZ r

laHkkfy.kks vkgs] i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\

bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r /hv#fu th rbyhe rksM+s dqVqac ts fc;fu ekeyfu esa

vk[+kjhfu i+QSflyks enqZ danks vkgsA iksb mgks ihm gqts ;k iqVqA bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk,

r Nksfdfj;qfu th rbyhe [ks dsfrjk dqVqac ?k.kh vgfe;r uFkk fM;fuA ukVd esa

dohrk ,sa laxhr tks rekeq vljkbrks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

ö-ü-þ ekgksyq (okrkoj.k)

gj ukVd tks iafgatks vyfx ekgksy gwanks vkgs] tsdks ukVd ts fo"k;] fdjnkjfu th

xqÝ+rxw ,sa lhjrfuxkjhv eka iSnk Fkhanks vkgsA gkykafd pkSlwyq ukVdq jaxeap ukVd [kka

vyfgnks vkgs] tafga esa [+kklq iks'kkdqfu] çkWiVhZt+ ;k lsV tks bLrsekyq u d;ks osanks

vkgsA rMfga fc rOgha [ks ,frjks t+:# irks fi;ks gwanks r fgu ukVd esa lekt ts vt˜

th gkyrqfu tks ft+Øq vkgs ,sa vkSjr th n;k tfgM+h gkyfr tks fpVq fpfV;ks fo;ks

vkgs] tafga [ks iafgatks dks vkokt+ dksUgsA lfHkuh i+QSflyfu ykb gwv enZ th eqfgrktq

Fkh jgsA


1- rOgha fc dfgM+fu lalfu esa fi;k vkfg;ks\** bgks tqfeyks ukVd esa dafga p;ks

vkgs\

(v) dktfy (c) vuhrk

(l) vk'kk (n) m"kk ¹ º

2- ^^iksb r rOgha [ks ok/k;wa gqtfuA** bgks tqfeyks dafga [ks p;ks fo;ks vkgs\

(v) vk'kk (c) vuhrk

(l) m"kk (n) dksjl ¹ º

3- ^^v×kk fgu th 'kknhv th mfefj Fkh fdFks vkgs\** bgks tqfeyks dafga ykb

p;ks fo;ks vkgs\

(v) vk'kk (c) m"kk

(l) dktfy (n) vuhrk ¹ º

rbyhe = f'k{kkdqVqacq = ifjokj

vgfe;r = egRo

vyfgnks = fHkÂ]

vyfx rjg tks

lhjrfuxkjh = fdjnkjfuxkjh]

pfj=k fp=k.k

ft+Øq = o.kZuq

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ý

74

ö-ü-ÿ Hkk"kk&'kSyh

ukVd th Hkk"kk vkeq xqÝ+rxw okjh gwanh vkgsA ukVd ts fdjnkjfu ts lkekftd

il&eat+j] rbyhe] is'ks ,sa ofgaokj iVkanfM+ gjfgd fdjnkj ykb vyfx Hkk"kk

bLrsekyq Fkhanh vkgsA fgu ukVd th Hkk"kk loyh vkgsA fgu esa xhrfu tks fc pÄks

bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgs ,sa mgk ekf=kd Nan esa fyf[k;y vkgs] tafga [ks lqj esa po.kq

;k xkb.kq loyks vkgsA bu lka ukVdq o/hd vfljkbrks Fkh fi;ks vkgs ,sa dohrk t+jh,

rat+ fc dbZ osbZ vkgsA n'kZdfu [kka lqoky iqN.k ts cgkus lekt ts x+yfr joktfu

th fc vkykspuk dbZ osbZ vkgsA

lgh c;ku ts lkEgwa () ,sa x+yfr c;ku ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh yxk;ks&

1- ua<k Mk;ykx ukVd th jokuhv esa #dkoV iSnk dank vkfgfuA ¹ º

2- fgu ukVd esa vkSjrqfu th gkyfr tks o.kZuq vkgsA ¹ º

3- vlka ts lekt eas vkSjrqfu th ?k.kh gyanh vkgsA ¹ º

4- pkSlwyq ukVd rs ?kfV [+kpqZ b±nks vkgsA ¹ º

5- pkSlwyq ukVdq ,sa jaxeap ukVdq fgdtfgM+k vkfgfuA ¹ º

6- pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd esa lekurk vkgsA ¹ º

gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu ykb fla/hv esa lkxh ekuk okjk yÝ+t+ fy[kks&

(1) fi+Qt+™y (2) ,fot+hi.kks

(3) ekgksyq (4) laÅa

(5) uberwa (6) fpVks

(7) eqfgrktq (8) dqyq

(9) dqfguh (10) iflisf'k

bLrsekyq = drfc] mi;ksxq

ekf=kd = feljkmfu rs chBy

vljkbrks = çHkko'kkyhrat+ = O;aX;

fVi.kh


ef'kx+™fy;wa&ö-ü

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-þ

75

fVi.kh


yÝ+t+ gsfB fy[kks&

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9) (10)

rOgha ik.k esa xfMth ghm ukVd iafgats ikM+s esa dfj;ksA

te.k [kka ifgjha bZ /hv [ks ekj.k ckcfr ikM+s esa vkSjrqfu [kka jk;k iqNh] mu

vk/kj rs fjiksVZ r;k# dfj;ksA

fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k (t+i+QqZ) Adverb

thva fo'ks"k.k laKk ;k bLe th [+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nk vkfgfu] rhva fØ;k fo'ks"k.k ;k

t+i+QZ fØ;k (i+Qby) th fo'ks"krk c˜/kb±nk vkfgfuA

fØ;k fo'ks"k.k (t+i+QqZ) fØ;k (i+Qby) ts vFkZ esa [+kkfl;r iSnk dfu FkkA

thva& ^fo'kkyq /hjs&/hjs fy[kh jfg;ks gksA*

bu tqfeys esa ^/hjs&/hjs* fØ;k fo'ks"k.kq ;k t+i+QqZ vkgs] tsdks ^fy[k.kq* fØ;k th

fo'ks"krk c˜/k, FkksA

fØ;k fo'ks"k.kfu ;k t+i+QZfu tk dq>q fc;k felky&

ea=kh ?kfV xkYgkb±nks vkgsA

fgdq Hksjks fla/h fdrkcq i<+h r fMlqA

gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka t+i+QZ fy[kks&

(1) gw /hjs&/hjs xkYgkb±nks vkgsA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ö-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ÿ

76

(2) dkj /hjs /hjs gyh jgh gqbZA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) tsBkyky o/hd xkYgkb±nks vkgsA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks pkSlwyq ukVdq vkgs] tafga [ks uqDdM+ ukVdq fc

lfM;ks osanks vkgsA fgu ukVd esa lekt esa vkSjrqfu th D+;kl tksxh gkyfr tks

o.kZuq vkgsA ukVd esa Ms[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgs r vt fc vfgM+k vusdq dqVqac

vkfgfu] tsds /hv#fu [ks cks>q Fkk leq>fuA te.k [kka vx˜ bZ mUgfu th

cso+Qkbns gR;k dj.k [ks x+yfr uFkk leq>fuA Nksfdfj;qfu th i<+kbZv [ks vgfe;r

uFkk fM;fu ,sa /hv#fu th i<+kbZv ts i+Qkbnfu [kka oko+Qqi+Qq u vkfgfuA lksphfu

Fkk r /hv#fu [ks r usfB 'kknh djs fc, tks ?k# olkb.kks vkgsA

1- dsfrjk ekbV /hv#fu [ks te.k [kka vx˜ bZ Nks ekj.kq pkghank vkfgfu\

2- /hv#fu [ks tue [kka vx bZ ekjhank jganklha r mutks dfgM+ks urhtks fufdjanks\

3- lksuksxzki+Qh Nk vkgs\

4- vk'kk iafgath uqaga th lksuksxzki+Qh Nks isbZ djkb.kq pkgs\

5- dsfrjk ekbV /hv#fu [ks ?k.kh rbyhe Nks uFkk fM;kj.kq pkghfu\

6- /hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k eka dfgM+k i+Qkbnk vkfgfu\

7- /hv#fu th i<+kbZv ckcfr vkf[+kjh i+QSflyks ds# danks vkgs ,sa Nks\

8- /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfu\ [kksys leq>k;ksA

9- ifl isf'k /hv#fu [ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgs] i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\

miVkj dfj;ksA

D+;kl tksxh = n;k tfgM+h

lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky

fVi.kh


rOgha Nk fl[;k

77

fVi.kh



1- (c) 2- (n) 3- (l)s

lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc

6-1 1- uqDdM+ ukVd 2- fgdtfgM+kbZ

3- ?kfV 4- vyfgnk 5- lsV

6-2 1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (l) 4- (v)

6-3 1- (v) 2- (v) 3- (n)

6-4 1- 2- 3-

4- 5- 6-

tokc

ef'kx+™fy;qfu ts lqokyfu tk tokc

6-2 (1) vtk;wa (2) çfrfuf/Ro] vx˜okuh

(3) okrkoj.k (4) cjkcfj] leku

(5) c[+'kh'kwa (6) Li"V] lki+Q˜

(7) vk/kj j[kanM+ (8) [+kkunkuq

(9) xanh (10) vkf[+kjdkfj

78

7

vklksikyo o.kq

rOgha dMfga dafga o.k th Nkao esa t+:# osBk gwankA rOgha dafga o.k th Vkjhv rs iha?k

c/h yqfM;k fc gwankA rOgha dafga o.k tk iQy r t+:# [kk/k gwankA gk.ks bgks

c˜/k;ks r rOgha dMfga dafga o.k [ks ik.kh fMuks vkgs\ mu tks [+;kyq jf[k;ks vkgs\

Hkyk bgks c˜/k;ks r rOgkats ?kj esa] ?kj ts lkEgaw ;k vklikl dksbZ o.kq vkgs\ dks u

dks o.kq r vofl gwanks bZA Nk rOgha dMfga lksfp;ks vkgs r mgks o.kq Nk efglwlq danks

gwanks\ gw dMfga [+k˜f'k Fkhanks gwanks ,sa dMfga nq[kh Fkhanks gwanks\ Nk rOgha dMfga mu lka

xkYgkb.k th dksf'k'k dbZ vkgs\ thva vlka[ks o.kfu th t+:jr vkgs] rhva o.kfu

[ks fc vlkath t+:jr vkgsA o+Q˜fnjr vlkatks [+;kyq j[ks Fkh r vlka[ks fc o+Q˜fnjr tks

[+;kyq j[k.kq ?kqfjtsA o.k&fV.k ,sa lth o+Q˜fnjr vlkats thou tks vgeq vaxq vkgsA

bUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [kka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ fFk;.k ykb vpks r c[+kZ fla/h doh Jh oklnso

^eksgh* ts dohrk tks vkuanq ekf.k;waA

fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&

balku ,sa o+Q˜fnjr ts laca/ [ks tk.kh l?kank_

balku ykb o.kfu th vgfe;r tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

o+Q˜fnjr ts ekuohdj.k tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

dohrk ts dkO;&lkSan;Z tks o.kZuq djs l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

79

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

[kaf?kdkj = [ka?k.kq

lwiM+ks = fdfpjks esM+.k tks

lk/uq

cfni+Qt+hyr = cs<axks] vf'k"V]

vlH;

dh&cksMZ = dEI;wVj tks

dh&cksMZ

vklksikyo o.kq = v'kksd tks

o.kq

'kkgh = fo'kkyq] olhgq

yxksyfx = ikls esa] os>ks

gn n[+kyh = xS+j&t+:jh]

n[+kyvankt+h danM+

okjs NM.kq = eksM+s NM.kq

fda>.kq = djkg.kq] nkaga dj.kq

iafgatfu nksLrfu lka xM ckx+hps esa jkafn dj.k o×kks ,sa jkafn&:afn dj.k lka xM˜

mrka ts o.kfu&fV.kfu [ks fc è;ku lka fMlksA mgs dfgM+k&dfgM+k o.k vkfgfu] bgks

fc irks dfj;ksA o.kfu ts thou ts ckjs esa fgd fc, lka xkYgk;ksA bgks fc c˜/k;ks

r rOgkath ilafn tk Vs o.k dfgM+k vkfgfu ,sa Nks\ Fkh l?ks r muts ckjs esa o/hd

tk.k gkflyq dfj;ksA

vpks] ghv dohrk fgdq ni+Qks è;ku lka i<+™a FkkA rOgkath enn ykb dohrk esa vk;y

Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh osbZ vkgsA

vklksikyo o.kq

eqafgath 'kkgh njhv th 'kh[+k˜fu eka

dMfga gquth dk Vkjh ?kqlh b±nh gqbZ

njhv ts yxksyfx jf[k;y dEI;wVj Vscqy rs

ghv r gn n[+kyh vkgs

x+ls esa Vkjh okjs NMhanks gksfl

iu fda>ank gqvkA

dMfga gw [kaf?kdkj djs

iafgatk ds iu i+Q'kZ rs Fkqdh NMhanks gks

ghv r xanxh vkgs !

lwiM+s esa iu [k.kh

gquts eqagqa rs ekjhanks gksflA

dMfga gqutk nksLr dkao vph

t+ksj lka dka dka dank gqvk

gqu okaxq# bZ cfni+Qt+hyr !

ij u] gquth lkfFkf.k dksby lqBh gqbZ

feBks xkb±nh gqbZ] o.kanks gks

eqafgaft;wa vkÄqfj;wa

dh&cksMZ rs #fdth osafn;wa gq;waA

÷-û cqfu;knh lcd+

ef'kx+™fy;wa&÷-û

80

cqrq = ljh#] cnuq

foFkh = fop th [+kkyh txfg

ya?kanM+ = ya?k.k okjks]

xqft+j.k okjks

eksghanM+ = eu [ks o.kanM+

ewjr = f'kfdfy] psgjks] lwjr

lky fFk;k] gw cqr esa Mk<ks Hkfjth fo;ks gksA

eqafgath 'kkgh njhv rs

ifjns ft;ka iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA

xyhv eka ya?kanM+ dksbZ fc

ewa[ks fMlh u l?kanks gksA

eka fMlh l?kanks gksfl

iufu ts fofFk;qfu eka]

dafga eksghanM+ ewjr [ks dq>q o/hd bZA

Vkfj;qfu th gn n[+kyh] iufu th xanxh

dkaofu tks 'kks#] dks;y tks jkx˜

cnLrw# tkjh gks] gh lHkq

eqafgats jkst+ejg tks vaxq Fkh fo;k gqvkA

ckfgfj;ka ek.gw eqafgatks iqNank gqvk

r ckj b'kkjks dank gqvk&

gw tks oMks vklksikyo o.kq vkgs u

mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA

dMfga ds Mhaga ckfgfj osanks gksfl

r gqu th Vkjh

dh&cksMZ rs lqfEg;y feyanh gqbZ

t.kq dq>q po.k ykb dht+ nckbZUns] Fkfdth

mrs bZ ysVh isbZ gqtsA

eka /hjs lka Vkjh [k.kanks gksfl

iu gYdks f[kyh poank gqvk

vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !

vt E;qfuflifyVhv okjfu

fgu [ks dVs dsjk, NfM;ks !

gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk gqvk

?kj vfx;ka fcYdqyq fu'py ysVh isbZ gqbZ

eqafgath lq×kk.ki !

μ oklnso ^eksgh*

ds Mhaga = dq>q Mhaga

dht+ = dEI;wVj ts

dh&cksMZ tk cV.k

jkx˜ = xhrq

cnLrw# = nLrwj ;k

fu;e ewftfc

jkst+ejg = jkst+ tks

fu'py = fcuk dafga

gypy ts] futhZo

lq×kk.ki = igpku

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

81

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

÷-ü-û fglks&û

vpks] gk.ks fgu dohrk tks ifgfj;ksa fglks leq>.k ykb bUghv [ks fgdq ni+Qks ojh

i<+a™&

eqafgath 'kkgh njhv eka ----------------------------------------------------------- #fdth osafn;wa gq;waA

thva r rOgha if<+;ks] dohv ghv dohrk vklksikyo ts o.k ckcfr fy[kh vkgsA

dohv ts ?kj ckfgjka vklksikyo tks o.kq gksA dMfga dMfga mu th dk Vkjh njhv

ts 'kh[+k˜fu eka vanfj gyh b±nh gqbZ ,sa njhv ts ikls esa jf[k;y dEI;wVj Vscy rs t.kq

vkjkeq danh gqbZA Hkyk ds# gwanks] tafga [ks o.kfu lka I;k# u gwanks\ dohv [ks fc

vkgsA rOgha lksphank r Hkyk dhava\ gw r xqLls esa Vkjhv [ks ijs djs NMhanks gks !

cjkcj] gw dMfga dMfga o.k th Vkjhv [ks xqLls esa ijs djs NMhanks gks] tMfga lksphanks

gks r fcuk iqNs lanfl dEI;wVj Vscy rs vkjke danM+ Vkjh gqu ts thou esa

n[+ky&vankt+h djs jgh vkgsA dohv ts b,a dj.k lka o.k th Vkjh ^fda>anh* gqbZ !

c˜/k;ks Hkyk o.k th Vkjh fc dMfga nkaga danh vkgs Nk\ r bu tks tokcq vkgs r

^gk*A Nks tks o.k ykb Vkjh b,a bZ vkgs] thva vlka ykb vlka th ckagaA ds# tsdMfga

vlka th ckaga ejksM+s NMs ;k ckaga [kka >ys f/dks fM,] r vlka [ks fc lw# Fkhanks ,sa

vlha fc fda>anklha ;kus djkghanklhaA

bgks i<+h rOgha bgks u leqf>tks r dks dohv [ks o.k lka I;k# ukgsA dohv ykb r

ghm o.kq t.kq gqu ts ?kj tks fglks bZ vkgs] rMfga bZ r gw mu lka xkfYg;wa cksfYg;wa

djs Fkks ,sa dMfga ukjkt+ fc fFk, FkksA

dohrk ts bu fgLls eka bgk fc tk.k ios Fkh r doh vklksikyo ts o.k [ks thvjks

tkxanks] lkg okjks Hkkb±nks gks] rMfga bZ r gw bu uewus xkYgk, Fkks] t.kq dafga o.k ts

ckjs esa u] ij dafga balku ts ckjs esa xkYgk, jfg;ks gqtsA

dMfga dMfga rOgha lka fc b,a Fkhanks gwanks u\ tMfga dksbZ vlka ts thou esa

n[+ky&vankt+h djs] dafga de esa vfVdk, ;k ijs'kkuq djs r vlha fc x+ls Fkhank

vkfg;wa u\ dkofM+ dank vkfg;wa u\ ij Nk rOgha dMfga dafga o.k lka ;k c™Vs lka

ukjkT+k˜ fFk;k vkfg;ks\ b,a r mgks bZ ek.gw djs l?ks Fkks] tsdks o.kfu [ks I;k# danks

gqts ,sa doh fgjns okjks gqtsA

÷-ü vpks r leq>wa

82

vfxrs gyh doh c˜/k, Fkks r vklksikyo tks o.kq dMfga dMfga t+ksj lka [kaf?kdkj*

djs iafgatk ds iu t+ehu rs ^Fkqdh NMhanks gks*A bgks i<+h ojh b,a yxanks] thva

vklksikyo dksbZ o.kq u ij ek.gw vkgs] tsdks [ka?kh djs Fkqd fiQVh Fkks djsA fgrs

bUgfu flVqfu lka efrycq bgks vkgs r tMfga t+ksj lka gok gyanh gqbZ r o.k tk iu

dohv ts ?kj ts i+Q'kZ rs vph fdjank gqvkA dohv [ks fc xanxh ilafn dku gqbZ]

budjs gw lwiM+s esa bgs iu [k.kh] o.k ts ikls esa bZ fiQVk djs NMhanks gksA fMlks] gqu

dhva ^fiQVk dj.k* ykb ^eqaga rs ekj.kq* p;ks vkgs !

o.kq vkgs r i[kh r b±nk bZA vklksikyo ts o.k rs fc dsfrjk bZ i[kh b±nk gqvkA dohv

dkao [ks o.k tks nksLrq lfM;ks vkgs ,sa dksby [ks lanfl lkfFkf.kA dohv [ks dkao

th dka dka ilafn dku b±nh gqbZ] bu djs gw ijs'kku Fkh ioanks gksA gqu [ks dksby tks

e/qj xhrq o.kanks gksA dksby tks xhrq c˜/ans bZ dEI;wVj ts dh&cksMZ rs gyanM+ lanfl

vkÄqfj;wa chfgth osafn;wa gq;wa ;kus dksby ts feBs vkokt+ rs lanfl è;kuq de rka gVh

osanks gksA

dohrk ts fgufu flVqfu eka bgk fc tk.k feys Fkh r dohv ts ?kj ts vfx;ka tsdks

vklksikyo tks o.kq vkgs] mu lka lanfl fj'rks nksLrfu okaxq# I;kj ,sa >sM+s okjks vkgsA

o.k th lkod gqu [ks o.ks Fkh ij o.k tks fdfpjks fMlh gw [+ki+Qs fc fFk, FkksA o.k

rs tsds i[kh vph fogfu Fkk] mUgfu eka dkam gqu [ks fcYdqy ilafn ukgs ij dksby

ts fefBM+s xhr [ks gw è;ku lka ,sa I;kj lka c˜/s FkksA

dohrk twa ghm flVwa i<+h rOgha [ks fc efglwlq fFk;ks gwanks u r vklksikyo ts o.k lka

dohv tks dfgM+ks u [kVks feBks laca/q vkgsA

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

83

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

dohrk esa rOgha vklksikyo o.k ts ckjs esa if<+;ksA vfgM+ks bZ fp=k.kq fc,a dafga o.k

tkss rOgha iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa dfj;ksA

Hkk"kk tks bft+gk#

rOgha dohrk esa ^dMfga*] ^vt*] ^lky*] ^jkst+ejg* yÝ+t+ if<+;kA bgs yÝ+t+

dafga [+kkfl oDr th ekuk fM;fu FkkA vpks] bu ckjs esa o/hd tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa

,sa fl[kwaA

1- mgs yÝ+t+] tsds tqfeys esa i+Qby (fØ;k) lka xM vpfu ,sa i+Qby th [+kkfl;r

;kus fo'ks"krk c˜/kbZfu] mUgfu [ks t+i+QZ (fØ;k fo'ks"k.k) pbcks vkgsA bgk [+kkfl;r

oD+r] tkb] feo+Qnkj (çek.k)] o+Qnqj ;k jhfr oxS+jg lka okLrsnkj gwanh vkgsA

felky rksj&

Fkksjks [kkmA (feo+Qnk# ;k çek.k)

lqHkk.ks t+:# vfptkabA (oD+rq)

t+ksj lka u xkYgkbA (jhfr)

gwv fnYyhv esa jganh vkgsA (txg)

2- mgs yÝ+t+] tsds oD+r th [+kkfl ekuk c˜/kbZfu Fkk] frfu [ks t+i+QZ t+ekuq (dky

okpd fØ;k fo'ks"k.k) pbcks vkgsA thva r vt] lqHkk.ks] dMfga] tMfga] Mhagqa] jkfr]

eghuks] lkyq] jkst+] ges'kk ox+SjgA gk.ks rOgha ^vklksikyo o.kq* dohrk eka vfgM+k

yÝ+t+ xksfYg;ksA

'kCn HkaMk#

rOgha dohrk esa ^cfni+Qt+hyr* ,sa ^cnLrwj* yÝ+t+ if<+;kA ifgfj,a yÝ+t+ esa ^cfn*

,sa fc, yÝ+t+ esa ^c* milxZ vkfgfuA milxZ ,sa çR;; t+jh, uoka yÝ+t+ Bgank

vkfgfuA

milxZ mgs vkfgfu] tsds yÝ+t+ ts vfx;ka yxkbtfu Fkk ,sa b,a dj.k lka yÝ+t+ th

ekuk cfnfyth o×ks FkhA felky rksj] ^fgalk* ts vfx;ka ^v* yxk, ^vfgalk*]

^'kkafr* ts vfx;ka ^v* yxk, ^v'kkafr*] ^fo+QLer* ts vfx;ka ^cfn* yxk,

^cfnfo+QLer* ox+SjgA bu rjg fgd yÝ+t+ eka fc;ks uvksa yÝ+t+ fc Bgs Fkks ,sa tqnk

ekuk fc fM, FkksA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&÷-ü

84


1- dohv th njhv eka dafga th Vkjh vanfj vph osanh gqbZ\

(v) vklksikyo o.k th (c) vac ts o.k th

(l) fiij ts o.k th (n) xqyeksgj ts o.k th ¹ º

2- ^n[+kyq fM;.kq* th ekuk gsfB;fu eka dfgM+s bLrykg eka feyanh\

(v) Vaxwa Bksd.kq (c) eFkks vfVdkb.kq

(l) Vax vM+kb.kq (n) gFk NaM.kq ¹ º

3- ^iafgatk ds iu i+Q'kZ rs Fkqdh NMhanks gks* esa Fkqdh NM.k* tks efrycq Nk vkgs\

(v) mMkb.kq (c) dsjkb.kq

(l) Fkqd fiQVh dj.kq (n) fdjh io.kq ¹ º

4- vklksikyo tks nksLrq ds# gks\

(v) gok (c) ik.kh

(l) ckt+ (n) dkao ¹ º

5- dohv twa vkÄqfj;wa dafga rs #dth osafn;wa gq;wa\

(v) dh&cksMZ (c) fdrkcq

(l) njokt+ks (n) fxVkj ¹ º

6- tksM+k feyk;ks&

o.kq fda>.kq

iu cfn&i+Qt+hyr

dkao lkfFkf.k

dksby dh&cksMZ

vkÄqfj;wa Vkjh

÷-ü-ü fglks&ü

vpks] gk.ks fgu dohrk tks fc;ksa fglks leq>.k ykb fgu [ks ojh i<+h oBwa&

lky fFk;k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-û

85

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

dohrk tks ifgfj;ksa fglks i<+h rOgkats eu esa bgks lqokyq r mfFk;ks bZ gwanks r vfxrs

Nk fFk;ksA dohrk ts fc,a fgls esa dohv eka vlka[ks [+kcj ios Fkh r dsfrjk bZ lky

xqft+jh fo;k vkfgfu ,sa vklksikyo tks o.kq cqr esa Hkfjth fo;ks vkgs* ekuk gw reke

oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgsA fMlks] bgks i<+h ojh b,a yxs Fkks r doh o.k th u ij 'k[+l

th xkfYg djs jfg;ks vkgsA vklksikyo o.kq ,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgs tks dohv ts

?kj th njh bZ <fdth osbZ vkgsA bu xkfYg tks c;kuq dans doh pos Fkks r vklksikyo

o.kq gquth 'kkgh ekuk oMh njhv rs ifjns okaxqj iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA

doh cq/k, Fkks r o.kq ,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks] tks njh <fdth osbZ ,sa f?kVhv esa vp.k

o×k.k okjk ek.gw njhv rs chBy dohv [ks fMlh bZ dksu l?kank gqvkA doh dsfrjk

Hksjk o.k th Vkfj;qfu fop eka fydh&fydh lfHkuh [ks fMlanks gksA

o.kq r oMks Fkh fo;ks ij gqu twa vknrwa dku cfnfy;waA o.k twa Vkfj;wa ifgjha okaxq#

dfov ts ?kj th njhv eka vanfj gyh b±fn;wa gq;wa] iufu th xanxh fc Fkhanh gqbZ] dkao

fc 'kks# dank gqvk ,sa dksby feBks jkx˜ xkb±nh gqbZA gsfrjfu lkyfu esa vklksikyo o.kq

,sa muts djs o.k twa Vkfj;wa] iu] dkao] dksby oxS+jg lHkq dohv ts thou tks fglks

cf.kth fo;k gqvkA doh tk.kk, Fkks r tMfga dksbZ ckfgfj;ksa ek.gw f?kVhv esa vph

gquts ?kj ts ckjs esa iqNk danks gks r ckj b'kkjks djs c˜/kb±nk gqvk r gw tks oMks

vklksikyo tks o.kq vkgs u] mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA

b,a Fkhanks vkgs u] vlka dafga [kka dksbZ irks iqNwa ;k dksbZ vlka[ks dafga tks irks vph

iqNs r vlka ?kj lka okLrsnk# dk fu'kkuh c˜/kb±nk vkfg;waA fgufu flVqfu eka irks ios

Fkks r vklksikyo tks o.kq] dohv ts ?kj th fu'kkuh cf.kth fo;ks gksA

86

bf[+rlk# (leq>k.kh)dohrk ts fgu fgLls [ks i<+h vlka[ks tk.k feys Fkh r /hjs /hjs oD+rq xqft+jans

vklksikyo tks o.kq dohv ts thou tks vgeq fglks cf.kth fo;ks vkgsA ,frjs o+Qnqj

tks lanfl ?kj th fu'kkuh fc vklksikyo tks o.kq bZ vkgsA

Hkk"kk&lkSan;Zdohrk esa doh pos Fkks r&

^^lky fFk;k] gw cqr esa Mk<ks Hkfjth fo;ks gks

eqafgath 'kkgh njhv rs

ijns T;ka iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA**

è;kuq fMtks r fgrs dohv dsfrjs u jkspdq uewus cq/k;ks vkgs r vklksikyo tks o.kq

,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgs ,sa lth njhv ts vfx;ka vfgM+s uewus vph fo;ks vkgs] t.kq

dks ifjnks gqts! dohv of/;y ,sa iQfgfy;y o.k th HksV ifjns lka dbZ vkgsA rOgha[ks

fc bgk xkfYg rqrZq leq> esa vph osbZ gwanhA Hkk"kk ts vfgM+s uewus bLrseky lka dohrk

th lwaga fc o/s Fkh ,sa leq>.k esa loykbZ fc fFk, FkhA

Hkk"kk th lwaga o/kb.k tk dsfrjk bZ rjhdk vkfgfuA mUgfu eka fgdq vkgs ^vyadkj*

;k ^jaxhu ft+ckuh*A fgu dohrk esa fc vfgM+k dsfrjkbZ bt+gkj vkfgfuA vt vlha

^r'kchg* (miek) ,sa bLrvkjks (:id) vyadkj fl[kanklhaA

û- ^r'kchg* (miek vyadkj)r'kchg ;kus fgd 'kb th [+kkfl;r th chv 'kb th [+kkfl;r lka HksV dj.kqA bu lka

mu th [+kkfl;r o/hd lqBs uewus leq>k, lf?kch vkgsA HksV dj.k ykb ôkaxq#*]

^thva*] ^fefly* oxS+jg tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA felky rksj&

^rktegyq [khj okaxq# vNks vkgsA*

bu tqfeys eka [+kcj ios Fkh r rktegy tks jaxq dfgM+ks vkgsA fgrs fcUgha th lkxh

[+kkfl;r vkgs ^vNks gqv.kq*A

ü- bLrvkjks (:id vyadkj)

fgu vyadkj esa fc fcfu 'k;qfu th HksV dbZ osanh vkgs ij HksV dj.k ykb ôkaxq#*]

^thva*] fefly* ox+Sjg tks bLrsekyq dksu d;ks osanks vkgs] Nks tks mgk fgfdM+h 'kb]

ch 'kb tks :iq oBh oBanh vkgsA felky rksfj&

êgkjk.kk çrkiq xtanM+ 'khagqa gksA*

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

87

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

fgu tqfeys th ekuk vkgs r egkjk.kk çrki esa xtanM+ cgknqj 'khaga tk xq.k gqvkA

b,a pbts r ^egkjk.kk çrkiq cgknq# jktk gks*] bu ts cfnjka gqu[ks ^xtanM+ 'khagqa*

po.k lka lanfl cgknqjhv tks vankt+ks o/hd lqBs uewus yxk, lf?kts Fkks ,sa bgks

bt+gk# o/hd vfljkbrks fc yxs FkksA

rOgha fc iafgats xkYgkb.k esa vyadkjfu tks bLrsekyq vofl dank gwankA fMlks] rOgha[ks

ds vfgM+k felky ;kfn vpfu Fkk\


1- vklksikyo o.k ts o/.k ,sa iQfgyt.k th HksV 'kkbj dafga lka dbZ vkgs\

(v) leqaMq (c) ftjki+Q

(l) ifjnks (n) vklekuq ¹ º

2- ^cnLrwj* esa ^c* milxZ vkgsA gsfB;fu eka fcuk milxZ okjks yÝ+t+ xksfYg;ks&

(v) ceqf'dy (c) cnd

(l) cfni+Qt+hyr (n) ckdk;nk ¹ º

3- dohv ts ?kj th fu'kkuh ds# cf.kth fo;ks gks\

(v) vklksikyo tks o.kq (c) dksby tks jkx˜

(l) ckjfu tks 'kks# (n) iufu th xanxh ¹ º

4- ^foFkh* yÝ+t+ th ekuk xksfYg;ks&

(v) fo>.kq (c) [+kkyq

(l) [+kkyh (n) os>ks ¹ º

÷-ü-ý fglks&ý

dohrk tk c fglk i<+h ,sa leq>h] rOgha ts eu esa ftKklk iSnk Fkh gwanh r vkf[+kfj

vfxrs Nk fFk;ks\ doh ,sa vklksikyo ts laca/ tks Nk fFk;ks\ fgufu lqokyfu ts

tokc ykb vpks r dohrk tks fV;ksa ,sa vkf[+kjh fglks è;ku lka i<+™a ,sa leq>waA

dMfga ds Mhaga ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- eqafgath lq×kk.ki !

rOgha bgks r leq>h bZ fo;k gwank r gk.ks dohv [ks o.k lka dk f'kdk;r ukgsA /hjs&

/hjs gw lanfl thou tks vaxq cf.kth fo;ks vkgsA gw tMfga dafga de lka 'kgj [kka

ckfgfj osanks gks ,sa okil eksVh b±nks gks r dsfrjk Hksjk vklksikyo o.k th dk u dk

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-ü

88

Vkjh ojh lanfl ?kj th njhv eka vanfj vk;y gwanh gqbZA dMfga dMfga r dEI;wVj

ts dh&cksMZ rs fc isbZ gwanh gqbZA doh reke lqfg.ks rjhds lka pos Fkks r vklksikyo

th Vkjh dEI;wVj ts dh&cksMZ rs t.kq vkjkeq danh gqbZ ,sa doh gqu[ks r Mk<ks /hjs lka

[k.kh iklhjks j[kanks gksA gqu[ks efglwlq Fkhanks gks r t.kq Vkjhv tk iu gqu lka xkYgk,

jfg;k gqtfu] gquts okil vp.k rs Lokxrq djs jfg;k gqtfuA Nk rOgha[ks dMfga b,a

efglwlqq fFk;ks vkgs r o.k] c™Vk] xqy rOgha lka dq>q xkYgk, jfg;k gqtfu\

dohrk twa iNkM+hv twa flVwa i<+ans eu [ks nq[k fFk, Fkks] Nks tks fgd Mhagqa vklksikyo

o.k [ks E;qfuflifyVhv okjk dVs Fkk NMhfu] Nks tks gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk

gqvkA tMfga doh vklksikyo ts fdfj;y o.k [ks fMls Fkks r gqu[ks ,frjks lfneks

igqps Fkks] tks [ksfl yxs Fkks r t.kq gquth lq×kk.ki bZ [+kreq Fkh osbZ gqts! vklksikyo

ts o.k lka dohv tks laca/q uksad&>ksad ,sa nksLrhv [kka fc o/hd vgeq Fkh fo;ks gksA

vklksikyo gquth ,sa gquts ?kj th lq×kk.i cf.kth fo;ks gksA mu [ks iV rs fdfj;yq

fMl.kq dohv ykb rekeq ?k.kh ihM+k th xkfYg gqbZA

ghv dohrk i<+ans doh ,sa vklksikyo cbZ vlkats lkEgaw vph o×kfu FkkA lpqipq]

dohv çÑfr ,sa ek.gwv ts laca/ [ks csgn ljy ,sa lgt <ax lka mHkkfj;ks

vkgsA


1- dohv [ks vklksikyo o.k th Vkjh fdFks lqfEg;y feyanh gqbZ\

(v) dqlhZ (c) Vscy

(l) iyaxq (n) dh&cksMZ ¹ º

2- dohv [ks ds# poanks gks r ^vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !* \

(v) nksLr (c) ekm

(l) o.k th Vkjh (n) ds# fc u ¹ º

3- vklksikyo o.k [ks dafga dVk, NfM;ks\

(v) E;qfuflifyVh (c) doh

(l) ikM+sfljh (n) dohv th iRuh ¹ º

4- o.k ts dfVth o×k.k lka dohv [ks b,a Nks yxks r gquth lq×kk.ki fc ejh osbZ

vkgs\

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-ý

89

(v) dohv ts ?kj tks dksbZ uac# dksu gks

(c) lHkq ikM+s okjk gqu[ks o.k ts djs bZ lq×kk.kank gqvk

(l) o.k ts dfVt.k lka xM gquts ?kj th uacj&IysV fdjh isbZ gqbZ

(n) o.kq dohv ts thou tks fglks cf.kth fo;ks gks ¹ º

çÑfr dafga u dafga :i esa balku th fta+nxhv tks fglks vkgsA

balku th o.k lka os>kbi fFk;.k rs gw o.k [ks fc dafga lkg okjs okaxqj efglwlq

djs FkksA

balkuq iafgats efryc ykb çÑfrv [ks uqo+Qlku igqpk, jfg;ks vkgsA

çÑfrv ts [+kkRes lka xM˜ balku tks [+kkReks fc r; vkgsA

dohrk th cksyh ljy] lgt ,sa o.kanM+ vkgsA

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

rOgha Nk fl[;k

oklnso fl/uk.kh eksgh* c[kqZ fla/h doh;qfu eka vkfgfuA gqufu tks tueq 2 ekpZ

1944 rs ehjiqj [+kkfl (fla/) esa fFk;ksA fla/h x+t+y ,sa ub± dohrk ts [ks=k esa

lanfu ;ksxnkuq rekeq vgeq vkgsA lanfu ifgfj;ksa fdrkcq ^rtknq* 1976 esa

çdkf'kr fFk;ksA gqufu tk ds reke e'kgwj etewvk vkfgfu& ci+QZ tks Bfg;yq*

(x+t+y)] e.kdw (ub± dohrk)] Ms< xaf< (dgkf.k;wa)A gqufu dsfrjfu bZ fdrkcfu

tks rtqZeks ,sa laiknuq fif.k d;ks vkgsA ci+QZ tks Bfg;yq* rs [ksfu lky 1999 tks

lkfgR; vdkneh vokMqZ gklqyq fFk;ksA [ksfu xqtjkr vdkneh tks xkSjo iqjLdkj]

fç;n'kZuh vdkneh tks vnch vokMqZ] Hkkjrh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn tks

lkfgrdk# luekuq] dohrk ts [ks=k esa xaxk/j us'kuy vokMZ ox+Sjg lueku fc

vrk fFk;k vkfgfuA

Jh ^eksgh* th dohrk esa o+Q˜fnjr rfi+QZ rekeq ukT+k˜dq ,sa laosnu'khy Hkkouk gwanh

vkgsA ukjk;.k ';ke*] gfj fnyxhj*] xkso/Zu Hkkjrh*] foEeh lnkjaxk.kh ox+Sjg

doh;qfu fc o+Q˜fnjr lka okLrsnk# fo"k;fu rs laosnu'khy uewus lqfgf.k;wa jpukÅa

isf'k d;wa vkfgfuA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

90

fVi.kh

vklksikyo o.kq

1- dohv vklksikyo o.kq* esa iafgats ?kj ts lkEgaw okjs o.k tks lqan# c;kuq d;ksvkgsA rOgkats ?kj ts vklikfl ts o.kfu c™Vfu tks bu vankt+ esa c;kuq dfj;ksA

2- doh ,sa vklksikyo ts o.k tks laca/q dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gks\ dohrk ts vk/kjrs ohpkjs fy[kksA

3- ^vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !* ds#] dafga[ks pos Fkks\ bu flV eka dfgM+h ekukfufdjs Fkh\

4- gsfB;wa flVwa leq>k;ks&vt E;qfuflifyVhv okjfufgu[ks dVs dsjk, NfM;ks !gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk gqvk?kj vfx;ka fcYdqy fu'py ysVh isbZ gqbZeqafgath lq×kk.ki !

5- rOgkats ?kj th lq×kk.ki Nk vkgs\ bu ckcfr lksfp;ks ,sa fy[kksA

6- çÑrhv esa rOgha[ks Nk o.kanks vkgs\ o.k&fV.k] leqaMq] i[kh] tcy ;k fc;ks

dq>q\ Nks\

7- ts ghv dohrk rOgha fy[kh gqts gk r rOgha fgu dohrk tks dfgM+ks mUokuq

fM;ks gk\

8- iafgats vkls&ikls eka vfgM+s dafga ek.gwv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;ks] tsdks

o+Q˜fnjr th lqBh laHkky danks gqtsA mu ckcfr iat&lr flVwa fy[kksA


lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc7-1 1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (c) 4- (n) 5- (v)

6- o.kq Vkjh

iu fda>.kq

dkao cfn&i+Qt+hyr

dksby lkfFkf.k

vkÄqfj;wa dh&cksMZ

7-2 1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (v) 4- (c)

7-3 1- (n) 2- (l) 3- (v) 4- (n)

tokc

91

8


dafga fc o+QkSe ts cqyanhv tks nkjksenk# bu rs vkgs r muts ukjhv [ks dsfrjh

vgfe;r fMuh Fkh o×ksA vt˜ vlka fMlh jfg;k vkfg;wa r ukjh gj [ks=k esa vfxrs

vkgsA Hkkjr ts jk"Vªifr rksM+s ç/kuea=kh in th lwaga fc ukjhv o/kbZ vkgsA fgu lcd+

esa rOgha i<+ank r tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa fla/h ukjhv dsfrjks ik.kq eks[ks ;ksxnkuq fMuks

vkgsA iafgath l?k] meax ,sa yxu lka jktuhfr] vnc] u`R;dyk] laxhr ,sa 'kkL=kh;

laxhr ts [ks=k esa fla/h ukjhv ts ;ksxnku ckcfr eq[+rlj tk.k gkflyq dankA


vtksds lekt esa ukjhv ts thou ,sa dk;Z [ks=k okLrs muth lqtkxhv]

vfofjpkbZv [ks leq>h] mutks c;kuq djs l?kank_

lekt esa iafgath lq×kk.ki ykb ukjhv ts tnkstgn th tk.k gkflyq djs] c;kuq

djs l?kank_

ukjhv th ftLekuh] tT+ckrh] euksoSKkfud l?k th NaMNk.k djs l?kank_

vkn'kZ ukfj;qfu ts gkflykr tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

vtksdh dkE;kcq ukjhv ts vkRefo'okl ,sa ik.k rs HkkM+.k th tk.k gkflyq

djs l?kank_

lekt ykb ukjhv ts l?k th vgfe;r ,sa mu[ks çfrikfnr dj.k ckcfr

leq>k.kh MsbZ l?kankA

vgeq = eq[;q

cqyanh = ÅapkbZik.kq eks[ks = dkE;kcq Fkh]

;ksxnkuq fM;.kq

l?k = rkdr] 'kDrh

tnkstgn = la?k"kZq

vojpkbZ = gkSlyks

ed+ln

fVi.kh

92

gsfB fMuy rLoh:a è;ku lka fMlks ,sa c˜/k;ks r mgs dafgatwa vkfgfu\

vfgfM+;wa fc;wa rLoh:a gfFk djs iQkbZy r;k# dfj;ksA

^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;ars

jears r=k nsork* (euq Le`fr)

;kuh& ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,

vkgs lpq lqxZ felfy ?k# lks

mrs nsorkmfu tks oklks

lnk 'kqHk eaxy mrs fFk,

ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,A

euq Le`rhv ts bu lyksd eka ukjhv tks lEekuq ,sa vgfe;r lkfcr fFk, FkhA xkxhZ]

eS=ks;h] xkSreh] vikyk ox+Sjg o+Qnheq t+ekus twa e'kg# ,sa ekukbfr;wa ukfj;wa vkfgfuA

fla/h lekt esa fc ukjhv [ks ekuq erZcks gkflyq vkgsA lekt ,sa dqVEc ts defu esa

[ksfl enZ ts cjkcj ntksZ Mhans lanfl lykgqfu [ks vgfe;r fMuh osbZ vkgsA

vlkats ^lkS czkã.k] fgd fu;k.kh* okjks ohpk# fu;k.khv ts vgfe;r tks 'kkfgnq

vkgsA ohjrk ts [+;ky [kka jktk Mkgj th jk.kh ykMhv tks Mkgj ts 'kghnq fFk;.k

[kka iksb nq'eu lka ohjrk lka yM+ans fc 'kkgh i+QkSt lkEgwa fcgh o+Q˜ckZuh MsbZ bfrgkl esa

felkyq o+Qkbeq d;ksA lanfl /hv#fu lkS;Z (lwjt) nsoh ,sa ijeky th gks';kjh ,sa

cgknqjhv [kka fc vlka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ vkfg;waA fla/q ts lwjfe;qfu [kka fc vlka oko+Q˜i+Q˜

vkfg;waA (fdrkc tks lco+Q˜ 13)

o+Qnheq = çkphuq] vkxkVks]

iqjk.ks oD+r tks

ø-û cqfu;knh lcd+

fVi.kh


ef'kx+™fy;wa&ø-û

93

tnhnq oD+r esa fla/h ukjhv iafgats lewjh l?k ,sa fgeFk] efgur ,sa leq>] fl;k.ki ,sa

gks';kjhv lka vkt+knh vkanksyu] fl;klr] vnc] u`R;] laxhr] :gkuh] fi+QYeqfu ,sa

ukVdfu eas vnkdkjh] rbyhe] MkDVjh] bathfu;fjax] ik;yV] varfj{k ;k=kh] jkt&dkjksckj]

ç'kklu] odkyr] gj [ks=k esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks vkgs ,sa lkfcrq d;ks vkgs r fdu [ks=kfu

esa gwv iq#"k [kka fc vxHkjh lkfcrq Fkh vkgsA #xks Hkkjr bZ u] fons'kfu esa fc ukyks

dek;ks vkgsA

nknh çdk'ke.kh (vkè;kRe)] bafnjk fganwtk (MkDVj&

VsLV V~;wc csch)] lk/uk (fiQYeh vnkdkjk)]

Hkxoarh ukok.kh (xkb.kh& fla/hv th yrk

eaxs'kdj)] iÁJh jk.kh djuk (u`R; dyk)] 'kkarh

ghjkuan ('kkL=kh; laxhr)] iksiVh ghjkuank.kh] lqanjh

mÙkepank.kh] dyk ,sa rkjk (fla/h vnc)] iQS'ku

'kks fMt+kbZuj paækA

vpks r vlka fVfu eq[;q fla/h ukfj;qfu ts ckjs esa foLrkj lka tk.k gkflyq

dfj;wa&

tsBh flikgheyk.kh

lnk g;kr dqekjh tsBh flikgheyk.kh deZ;ksfx.kh]

lsokHkkoh] cgknqj ,sa csMih ukjh gqbZA gqu tks

tueq 10 iQscjojh 1906 bZ- esa gSnjkckn

(fla/q) esa firk rqylhnkl flikgheyk.kh ts

?kj esa fFk;ks] tsdks ,e-bZ-,l- esa lqifjUVsaMsaV gksA

lanfl ltks dqVEcq ns'k Hkfxrhv ts jax esa

jfÄ;yq gksA tsBhv esa fc ua<iqf.k [kka ns'k

Hkfxrhv tks tT+cks Hkfj;yq gksA djkphv

tnhnq = gk.kksdks

fl;klr = jktuhfr

vncq = lkfgR;:gkuh = vkè;kfRed

tT+cks = Hkkouk

nknh çdk'ke.kh lk/ukbafnjk fganwtk Hkxoarh ukok.kh jk.kh djuk

'kkarh ghjkuan lqanjh mÙkepank.kh

fVi.kh


94

(fla/q) eka eSfVªd tks bfErgkuq ikl dj.k [kka iksb Mh- ts- fla/q dkyst esa nkf[+kyk

ofjrkb±A vkt+knhv th gypy t+ksj idfM+;ks ,sa gwv mu esa Vih isbZA [ksfl fla/q ts

ukE;kjfu dkSeh vx˜okufu vkpk;Z ts- ch- Ñikyk.kh] vklwnksey fxnok.kh] t;jkenkl

nkSyrjke] te'ksnth uojkst+h th jgcjh gkflyq FkhA 1942 okjh vkt+knh gypy esa

fxjÝ+rk# Fkh tsy ;k=kk d;kb±A l[+rq chek# Fkh ij vkf.k u ef×k;kb±A ns'k Hkfxrh]

lekt lsok tk de dans [+kwcq ukewl d<hA jktuhrhv esa ljxeqZ cfgjks oBh vfxjkbZ

gkflyq dbZ] tafgadjs [ksfl fla/q ysftLVysfVo vlsEcyhv esa ukbc Lihdj tks mfgnks

gkflyq fFk;ksA vfxrs gyh gwv Lihdj ts mfgns rs uket+n Fkh] tsdk mu ofD+r

fla/h txr ykb vuks[kh ,sa i+Q[+k˜j ykbo+Q˜ xkfYg ys[kh osbZA fgu egku~ ukjhv vkf[+kfj

rkb± 'kknh u dbZ] dqaokjh jghA gqu tks po.kq gks r ewa vkt+knhv th gypy lka ykÅa

yf/;wa vkfgfuA ewa[ks ofgaokjh 'kknh u dfj.kh vkgsA*

vkt+knq Hkkjr esa fgu Hks.k tks dk;Z [ks=k cEcbZ jfg;ks] tafga [ks 1960 esa egkjk"Vª

lwcs esa rCnhy d;ks fo;ksA mrs fc fguth fl;klh o+QkfcY;r ,sa lekt lsok

fMlh [ksfl egkjk"Vª ysftLysfVo dkÅafly th ukbc ln# eqo+Qj# d;ks fo;ksA mu

mfgns rs jgans ?k: vMkor [ks=k esa ljxehZv lka deq d;kb±A dsfrjfu ?kqfjtkÅ ek.gqfu

[ks fjgkb'kh tk;wa Bfgjk, fMukb± ,sa x+jhcfu [ks FkkabZdks djs :g th jkgr gkflyq

d;kb±A gqu uothou dks&vkWijsfVo lkslkbVh cikZ dbZ] muts t+sj lk;s pkj dkyksfu;wa

otwn esa vk;wa] lks fc cEcbZ tfgM+s egkuxj esaA bgks lanfl yklkuh ;knxk# ;ksxnkuq

vkgsA fla/h lekt [ks vfgM+h fgeFk okjh enkZuh fganw ukjhv rs ukt+ vkgsA fganq th

cqycqy ljkstuh uk;Mw ,sa ,suh fclsaV [ksfl ed+ln gkflyq dj.k esa iwjks lgdk#

fMuksA

lwi+Qh vl# gqv.k djs fi+QjdsijLrhv [kka ijs gwans fc gqutks fganw /eZ esa vVyq

fo'oklq gksA cs balki+Qh ,sa dwM+ f[+kyki+Q oMfu oMfu eqvrcjfu [ks lki+Q˜ poans

fNaHkhanh gqbZA

vkSjrqfu ts go+Qfu okLrs yM+.k [ks vfxjkbZ Mhanh gqbZA 1937 esa fla/q vlsEcyhv esa

vkSjrqfu ts olsZ ckcfr fcy [ks csckdhv lka isf'k d;ksA fofjgkÄs cSfn yM&iyk.k

ts ofD+r fla/h fganw vkSjrqfu [ks lgh lyker Hkkjr Mkagqa jokuks dj.k esa fgu lkjkg

tksxh ljtks'kh ,sa nwjkans'kh Ms[kkjhA

rbyheh [ks=k esa lkjkg tksxks deq d;ksA iwjh iquh ekyh gkyr gwans fc dq>q cpk,

?kqfjtkÅ 'kkfxnZfu ,sa Vsªfuax oBanM+fu [ks x˜>s uewus ekyh enn danh gqbZ] thva ds#

fc rbyhe [kka okaf>;y u jgsA

Vih isbZ = fgLlks ofjrks

ukE;kjfu = e'kgwjukewl = lkjkg

ljxeZq = tks'k lka deq dj.kq

vkf.k = gkj] f'kdLr

uket+n = euksuhr

?k: vMkor = x`g fuekZ.k

yklkuh = csfelkyukt+ = i+Q[+k˜#

fi+QjdsijLrh = lkEçnkf;drk

eqvrc# = oMs mfgns okjksvfxjkbZ = vgfe;r

csckdh = cgknqjh

nwjkans'kh = nwjnf'kZrkx˜>ks = fydyq

okaf>;yq = oafpr] eg:e

cikZ dj.kq = 'kq: dj.kq

fVi.kh


95

vfgM+h egku ukjh 21 ebZ 1978 bZ- lqcwg tks lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikBq dans vlka [kka

lnk lnk ykb tqnk Fkh futq /ke gyh osbZA osans osans iafgathv olhvr esa fy[kh osbZ

r lanfl fefYd;r ?kqfjtkmfu ,sa x+jhcfu [ks fMuh o×ksA iafgatwa vf[k;wa fc nku dj.k

ykb fy[kh osbZA vfgM+h usd fny ukjhv ts ;kfn esa eghe eqEcbZ esa ehjk jksM rs tsBh

Hks.k lkslk;Vh* cikZ d;y vkgs] tsdk lanfl ve# ;knxk# vkgsA vfgM+hv rjg

fgu fla/h ukjhv iafgats xq.kfu ts cy rs u i+QfD+r ukjh tkrhv tks xkVq Åpks d;ks]

ij ns'k lsok ,sa lekt lsok esa fc yklkuh ;ksxnkuq fMuksA

1- gsfB;fu lkyfu lkEgwa fFk;y ?kVukÅa flyflysok# fy[kks&

(1) 1978 tsBh flikgheyk.kh tks nsgkar

(2) 1906 tsBh flikgheyk.kh tks tueq

(3) 1942 vkt+knh vkanksyu esa ;ksxnkuq

(4) 1960 egkjk"Vª lwcks Bg.kq

(5) 1937 fla/q vlsEcyhv esa vkSjrqfu ckcfr fcyq

2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk eq[+rl# tokc fy[kks&

(1) dq- tsBhv dkyst th rbyhe v/ esa Nks NMh\

(2) dfgM+fu dkSeh vx˜okufu tsBhv th jgcjh dbZ\

(3) lwi+Qh vlj ts ckotwn dq- tsBhv tks dafga esa vVwVq fo'oklq gks\

(4) dq- tsBhv iafgath olhvr esa Nk fyf[k;ks vkgs\

(5) dq- tsBhv th ;kfn esa Nk cikZ d;ks fo;ks vkgs\

3- gsfB fMuy uqD+rfu eka lghv ts lkEgwa ¹º ,sa x+yr ts lkEgwa ¹º tks

fu'kkuq yxk;ks&

(1) ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,] mrs nsofu tks oklks vkgsA ¹ º

(2) xkxhZ eS=ks;h vikyk ox+Sjg vt˜ twa ukfj;wa vkfgfuA ¹ º

(3) dq- tsBhv eqEcbZv eka eSfVªd tks bfErgkuq ikl d;ksA ¹ º

(4) dq- tsBhv x+jhcfu [ks FkkabZdks dj.k ykb uothou dks&vkWijsfVo

lkslkbVh cikZ dbZA ¹ º

(5) tsBh flikgheyk.khv [ks fganq th cqycqy p;ks fo;ks vkgsA ¹ º

lwcks = çkarq

vx˜okufu = usrkmfu

ckotwfn = gwans fc

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-û

96

dq- iksiVh ghjkuank.kh (rbyhenkuq ,sa ysf[kdk)

^^eqafgath fta+nxh dMfga [kka iufu esa osf<+th osbZ

vkgs] ;kfn u vFkfe] i+QkbZy vanfj iuk] i+QkbZy

ts eFkka iuk] dcV ts vanfj iuk] dcV eFkka

iuk] est+ rs iuk] ilZ esa iuk] lkf<+;qfu ts fop

esa iuk ,sa CykÅt+fu ts Hkfjlka iukA b,a bZ iuk

ewa [ks ?ksjs fo;k vkfgfuA eka ges'kg iufu ts

lqfgcr esa jgh vkfg;kaA** bgs yÝ+t+ vkfgfu

fla/hv ts c[kZq ysf[kdk dqekjh iksiVh ghjkuank.khv

tkA tafgatks tueq rkjh[+k 17 lsIVsEcj 1924 rs

gSnjkckn fla/q esa fFk;ksA lanfl firk Jh jkepan

i+QkjsLV fMikVZesaV esa oMks veynk# gksA fgu 1939 bZ- eas eSfVªd ikl djs lk/w

oklok.khv ts ehjk dkyst gSnjkckn esa ekLrjh dans bUVj ikl dbZA lu~ 1943 bZ- esa

cukjl fganw ;wuhoflZVhv esa lHkq Hkk"kkÅa [k.kh ch-,- ikl dbZ ,sa lth ;wuhoflZVhv

esa iatksa uEc# vkbZA fofjgkÄs [kka iksb fganqLrku esa vph cEcbZv ts ds- lh- dkyst

esa çksi+Qsl# ,sa fla/h foHkkx th çeq[kqq c.khA lanfl fy;ko+Qr tks o+Qnq# dans cEcbZ

fo'ofo|ky; ikjka [ksfl ih-,p-Mh- ykb xkbM eqdj# d;ks fo;ksA

iksiVhv ts ysf[kdk gqv.k tks i+Qkbnks rbyhe [ks fc fefy;ks] tks laLÑr ,sa fganhv

rs nLrjl gqv.k djs fgu Hkk"kk foKku tfgM+s uhjl fo"k; rs fdrkcq fyf[k;ksA

eT+ewufu tk fdrkc fc 'kkfxnZu ykb ennxk# cf.k;kA vaxzst+hv esa fyf[k;yq lanfl

'kkunkj fdrkc 'History of Sindhi Literature' fgd ikls nqfu;k Hkj ts flaf/;qfu ykb

dkfjx# fFk;ks] fc, ikls x+Sj flaf/;qfu [ks 'kkgwdk# vkfyek.ks fla/h vnc th tk.k

fMuhA fla/h 'kkfxnZu tks vksuks j[kh gqu bu fo+QLe tk Mgkdks fdrkc fyf[k;kA

laxhr ,sa u`R; esa lanfl pkgq gksA Mkal cSys th fLØIV fyf[k;kb±] tafga rs vuhyk lqanj

LVst rs ?k.kk bZ 'kks djs e'kgwjh gkflyq dbZA lanfl ukfoy ^dkark* [ks nwjn'kZu rka

fi+QYek;ks fo;ksA

fla/h vnc esa tMfga ysf[kdkÅa u ts cjkcfj gq;wa] rMfga iksiVhv meax ,sa tks'k lka

vnch txr esa is# ikrksA gqu 'kq:vkfr eT+ewu fy[k.k lka dbZ ij iksb vnc th gj

flai+Q [ks ekykekyq d;ksA eT+ewu 16] [kkstukRed ys[k 4] dgkf.k;wa 11] ukfoy 4 ,sa

dohrkÅa 3] rtqZek 10 ox+Sjg tk 55 fdrkc lanfl dkE;kcq ysf[kdk gqt.k tk

lqfgcr = laxfr

c[kqZ = oMh e×kqrk gkflyqd;y

veynk# = vki+Qhl#

fy;ko+Qr = ykbo+QhnLrjl = egkjr] fo'ks"kKrk

flai+Q = fo/kdkfjx# = dkjkbrks] i+Qkbns okjks

uhjl = #[kks

fVi.kh


97

'kkfgn cf.k;kA fla/hv esa o/hd e'kgwjh

lanfl vkRe dFkk êqafgats g;krhv tk lksuk

jksik oo+QZ* rs gkflyq d;kb±] tsdj 'kk;n

Hkkjr th ifgjha fla/h ysf[kdk ikjka fy[kh

osbZA vkRe dFkk fnypLi lPpkbZv rs c/y

gqv.k ,sa vljkbrh o.kanM+ is'kdf'k ts djs

fla/q esa fc butks fc;ks Nkiks Nfith fganh

ejkBhv lesr fc;qfu cksfy;qfu esa mutk rtqZek

fFk;kA 1982 esa [ksfl fgu fdrkc rs lkfgR;

vdkneh tks vkc:nk# bukeq vrk fFk;ksA

nqcbZ tks ^yrhi+Q lEeku*] êgkjk"Vª xkSjo* (fgdq y[kq #i;k)] lEeku [kka lokb

vusdq ljdkjh ,sa [+kkuxh laLFkkmfu ikjka [ksfl bukefu ,sa lUekufu lka uokft+;ks

fo;ksA

lanfl 'kf[+l;r rs ^vf[ky Hkkjr fla/h cksyh ,sa lkfgR; çpkj lHkk* ikjka jk"Vªh;

lsehukj d;ks fo;ksA ^dwat*] ^fliwa*] ^jpuk* tfgM+fu fla/h vnch jlkyfu lanfl

'kf[+l;r rs [+kkfl ipkZ 'knen lka Nfi;kA fdrkcfu [kka lokb gj v[+kckj ,sa

jlkyfu esa lanfl jpukÅa use lka Nfitafn;wa jfg;waA

fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa vnc ykb deq danM+ lHk [kka iqjk.kh ,sa vgeq laLFkk ^vf[ky Hkkjr

fla/h cksyh ,sa lkfgr lHkk* th ifgjha ukjh tujy lsØsVªh c.khA enZfu lka dqYgks dqYgs

lka feyk,] rwi+Qkuh nkSjk danh jghA lth mfefj dqaokjh jghA lanfl 'kknh xks;k

fla/h lkfgR; lka Fkh gqbZA

fta+ngfnyhv ts 'kkunkj felky iksiVhv [ks ys[kdfu ^Vfgdfu th jk.kh*] ^rwi+Qkuh

ysf[kdk*] ênkZuh ysf[kdk*] ckx+h] cqnZck#] csckdq] tks'khyh tfgM+k f[+krkc vrk

d;kA lanfl ih-,N-Mh- 'kkfxnZ Mk- deyk xksdyk.khv ts jgcjhv esa Mk- o"kkZ

m/ksnklk.khv egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky; eka îksiVhv tk ukjh fdjnkj* fo"k; rs

ih-,N-Mh- th fMxzh gkflyq dbZA

fla/h thofr tks vDlq] lkekftd Å.kk;wa] vkfyek.kh bckjr ,sa ut+kdr okjh loyh

fla/hv esa jpukÅa fy[kh] fla/h lkfgR; [ks ekykeky danM+ iksiVh dq>q oD+rq

chekjhv lka tnkstgn dans vkf[+kfj 16-12-2005 rs vlka [kka ges'kg ykb tqnk Fkh

osbZ ij iafgaft;qfu jpukmfu djs vej vkgs] lnk g;krq vkgsA

jksik = pkanhv tk

vkc:nk# = ekukbrks

[+kkuxh = futh] x+Sj ljdkjh

'knen = eku 'kku

fVi.kh


cqnZck# = ft+esnk#

bckjr = fyf[k.kh

98


1& iksiVhv [ks tafga fdrkc rs lfgR; vdkfneh bukeq fefy;ks] lks vkgs&

(v) dkark

(c) fgdq iq"iq iaæga ia[kqfM+;wa

(l) eqafgats g;krhv tk lksuk jksik oo+QZ

(n) :g lanh #×k ¹ º

2& iksiVhv rs d;y ih-,p-Mh- tks fo"k; vkgs&

(v) iksiVh ghjkuank.khv th 'kf[+l;r ,sa i+Qu

(c) enkZuh ysf[kdk iksiVh

(l) iksiVh fla/h vnc th ,ot+h

(n) iksiVhv tk ukjh fdjnkj ¹ º

2- gsfB fyf[k;y lkyfu ts lkEgwa mu esa ?kfV;y ?kVuk tks yhd ik, feykuq

dfj;ks&

(1) 1924 lkfgR; vdkfneh bukeq

(2) 1943 iksiVhv tks tueq

(3) 1982 iksiVhv tks pkyk.kks

(4) 2005 cukjl fganw ;wuhoflZVhv eka ch-,-

1- iksiVhv tk fdrkc gfFk djs i<+ksA

2- fc;wa dfgfM+;wa fla/h ysf[kdkÅa vkfgfu\ tk.k gkflyq dfj;ksA

3- euilafn ysf[kdk rs i+Qhpj fy[kksA

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-ü

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ø-ü

99

vuhyk lqanj (c[kqZ u`R; dykdkj)

tafgatks ruq euq ,sa vkRek laqnj vkgs] vfgM+h

vuks[kh dykdkj vuhyk lqanj tks tueq

11 uoEcj 1951 rs Mk- ukudhv ts dqf[k

eka Mk- xksfcan ek[khtk.khv ts ?kj esa

fFk;ksA vuhyk lrfu lkyfu ts mfefj [kka

uR; lk/uk 'kq: dbZ] ekm ihm fc fgfeFkk;ks

,sa vuhyk u`R; ts eSnku esa Vih isbZA vt

rkb± [+kwcq tksg# Ms[kkjs pqdh vkgsA ns'k

fons'k esa i+Qu tks eqt+kfgjks djs pqdh vkgsA

lHk [kka vofy 1971 esa [ksfl ;wFk ,Dlpsat

çksxzke esa tkiku ?kqjk;ks fo;ksA 1975 esa

osLV vç+Qhdk ,sa yaMu esa LVst çksxzke ,sa

Vsyhfot+u çksxzke isf'k d;kb±A ykxksl] nqcbZ]

tdkrkZ lesr dsfrjfu eqYdfu esa ukewl

d<h vkbZA

b,a fla/h u`R; ts [ks=k esa fc;k fc vgeq ukyk vkfgfu& iÁJh jk.kh djuk] lksuw

pkS/jh ox+SjgA vuhyk th [+kkfl vgfe;r budjs vkgs] tks gqu fla/h u`R; ykb ik.kq

viZ.kq d;ks vkgsA u`R; ukfVdkÅa fla/h txr [ks lanfl yklkuh nsu vkgsA gjfgd eka

flaf/;r th [+k˜'kcw egdanh vkgsA flaf/;r [ks cqyanq j[k.k ykb 'kkg twa lwfeZ;wa u,a

rjhds lka isf'k djs flaf/;r tks 'kkuq o/k;ksA ub± Vghv rkb± dkfjx# ,sa fnypLiq uewus

fla/h cksyh ,sa lH;rk [ks igqpk;ksA fgu tk ;knxk# u`R; cSys vkfgfu& fld lt.k

th*] ^flaf/;r th lqjgkf.k*] ^fla/q twa ;knxhfj;wa*] ^Fkhm u tkuh tqnk ewa[kka*]

^fla/w* (eksgu ts nM+s rs vk/k# j[kanM+)] ^xhr xksfoan*] ^fla/q eqafgath vEek*]

^fla/q /kjk* (bfrgklq)] ^t+ky dMfga t+sfj dMfga t+cj* ox+SjgA

^I;k# djs fMlq* ,sa ^t; >wysyky* fi+QYeqfu esa fc bLe isf'k d;kA

LVst rs vuhyk tks gjfgdq mT+okss u`R; danks vkgsA dkbukr tk iat bZ vukflj lkfHk;k

djs l?kanh vkgsA gok [ks gyanks] ik.khv [ks olanks] /jrhv [ks lganks] vkdk'k th

fo'kkyrk [ks fugkjhanks ,sa ckfg th tj tks lsdq eglwlq danks vkgs ukt+jhuA vuhyk

tks u`R; fMlh vke n'kZd bZ u] ij vx™.kks ç/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktikb] ukbcq

tksg# = tyoks

i+Quq = dyk

eqt+kfgjks = Ms[kkj.kq] çn'kZuq

fVi.kh


tj = xekZb'kukt+jhu = fMlanM+] n'kZd

100

ç/ku ea=kh ,y- ds- vkMok.kh] gk.kksdks ç/kuea=kh ,sa xqtjkr tks vx™.kks eq[;q ea=kh

lanfl u`R; dyk [ks ek.ks ,ssa lkjkgs pqdk vkfgfuA

vkyeh fla/h lEesyu vksjykaMks ,sa fpdkxks esa 1999 esa Hkkx˜ oBh flaf/;r [ks cqyanq

d;ks vFkflA ysg yík[+k esa gj lky FkhanM+ ^fla/q n'kZu ;k=kk* esa fla/q unhv tks

lk[;krq l:iq cf.kth] vkyh'kkuq u`R; djs] fnyxhj ts xhr vkdk'k esa oganh vps*

[ks lkfHk;ka c.kk,] fMlanM+fu th okg&okgh yqVs pqdh vkgsA fla/h ?k.kkbZv okjfu

?k.kfu 'kgjfu esa fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk Mkal cSys isf'k djs pqdh vkgsA

dsfrfj;qfu ljdkjh ,sa [+kkuxh laLFkkmfu [ksfl i+Q[+k˜j lka lekfur d;ks vkgsA t;fgan

dkyst eka çksi+Qslj tks ekukbrks mfgnks NMs] fgu u`R; th nhokuhv lth mfefj

fla/h u`R; [ks viZ.kq dbZ] tafga esa lanfl ?kksV lqanj fupk.khv iw.kZ lgdk# fMuksA ub±

Vghv [ks fgeFkkb.k ykb gqu ^fla/q u`R; ,sa laxhr vdkneh* cikZ djs] mUgfu esa

lqtkxh vkanh vkgsA iafgath /hv jpuk [ks [+k˜fn okaxq# u`R; dyk th Mkfr esa ekfg#

c.kk;ks vFkflA vfgM+h yklkuh u`R; dykdkj rs vlka lfHkuh [ks ukt+ vkgsA

1- gsfB;fu tk [+kky Hkjs] tqfeyks iwjks dfj;ks&

(1) vuhyk laqnj tks tueq -------------------------- esa fFk;ksA

(2) vuhyk --------------------- lkyfu th mfefj esa u`R; lk/uk 'kq: dbZA

(3) u`R; ts [ks=k esa fc;k vgeq ukyk ------------------------------------------ vkfgfuA

(4) ub± Vghv [ks fgeFkkb.k ykb vuhyk --------------------------------- vdkneh

cikZ dbZ vkgsA

2- gsfB;fu eka lgh tokcq pwaMs fy[kks&

(1) vuhyk [ks 1971 bZ- esa ;wFk ,Dlpsat çksxzke esa ?kqjk;ks fo;ks&

tkiku @ vesfjdk

(2) 1975 bZ- esa LVst çksxzkeq isf'k dj.k ykb osbZ&

osLV vç+Qhdk @ uhjnySaM

(3) vuhyk tks u`R; fMlh vx™.ks ç/kuea=khv fc [ksfl lkjkfg;ks&

vVy fcgkjh oktikb @ yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh

(4) fla/q n'kZu ;k=kk esa lk[;krq l:iq cf.kth u`R; isf'k d;ks vFkfl&

fla/q unh @ xaxk unh

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-ý

ukbcq = milkfHk;k = gwcgw

101

ø-ü vpks leq>wa r i+Qhpj Nk vkgs

rOgha [ks [+kcj vkgs r v[+kck#fu esa lekpkj Nfick vkfgfuA lekpkjfu eka i+QfD+r

bgk tk.k Fkh feys r Nk fFk;ks\ thva tsBh flikgheyk.kh ysftLysfVo desVhv esa

Lihd# c.kh r v[+kck#fu esa [+kcj Nih r fla/h ukjh Lihd# c.khA ij bgk tsBh

Hks.k dsj vkgs\ mgk bu mfgns rkb± dhva igqrh] bu lka lekt [ks dfgM+h çsj.kk feyh]

lekt rss dfgM+ks vl# fi;ks\ bUgfu xkfYg;qfu [ks fnypLiq uewus c˜/k;ks o×ks r mgks

i+Qhpj Fkhanks\ ;kus Nk fFk;ks\ bgks c˜/kb.k [+kcj vkgsA tsdh fFk;ks] mgks Nks ,sa dhva

fFk;ks\ ,sa butks urhtks Nk Fkhanks\ bgks c˜/kb.kq i+Qhpj tks deq vkgsA i+Qhpj esa

?kVukmfu [ks vlkats vf[k;qfu vkMks lkfHk;k djs fpVks d;ks Fkks o×ksA dufu esa

?kVukmfu tks vkokt+ xwat.k yxs FkksA v[+kckj tk Vs de c˜/k;k o×kfu Fkk& lwpuk

fM;.kq] rbyhe fM;.kq ,sa foanqjkb.kqA i+Qhpj esa bu xkfYg tks è;kuq jf[k;ks osanks vkgs

r mgks o.kanM+ fc gqtsA i+Qhpj d,a fo+QLefu tk Fkhank vkfgfu ;k Fkh l?kank vkfgfuA

voke ts pkg okjk] lathng NaMNk.k okjk gYdk iQqYdk ,sa foanqj okjk ;k 'kf[+l;r

lka okLrsnk#A ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa 'kf[+l;r lka okLrsnk# ;k ilZusfyVh

i+Qhpj* vkgsA

i+Qhpj v[+kckjuohlh txr th vgeq flai+Q vkgsA tafga esa iafgats oDr th uCt+

VVksy.k [ks vgfe;r fMuh o×ks FkhA bgks bZ dkj.kq vkgs tks fgu[ks ^lekpkjRed

et+ewu* fc pbts FkksA fo"k; [ks isf'k dj.kq bZ i+Qhpj [ks l?k c[+'ks FkksA bgks dafga

i<+anM+ ykb] mLrkn jgcj tks deq djs FkksA fguth cksyh loyh] lgt ,sa lfHkuh [ks

leq> esa vp.k okjh gwanh vkgsA fgu esa fo"k; ts t+:jr eqrkfcfo+Q yÝ+t+fu th pwaM dbZ

osanh vkgsA bgs yÝ+t+ dafga fc Hkk"kk tk Fkh l?kfu Fkk] thva rOgha fgrs è;kuq fMuks gwanksA

i+Qhpj esa is'kdf'k tks [+kkfl è;ku jf[k;ks osanks vkgsA fgrs fnypLiq uewuks bLrsekyq

d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgu lka xM˜ rLoh:a fc gqtfu r mu[ks ^ckrLohj i+Qhpj* pbcks

vkgsA #xks i+QksVw bZ i+QksVw gqtfu r ^i+QksVks i+Qhpj*A jsfM;ks i+Qhpj fc Fkhank vkfgfu] ij

vkokt+h t+jhvks gqv.k djs muth is'kdf'k fcYdqy vyfx Fkhanh vkgsA

fojke fpg~u^fojke* th ekuk vkgs chgd] chg.kq ;k #fdt.kqA Hkko ;k ohpkj t+kfg# dj.k

efgy 'kCnfu (yÝ+t+fu)] okD;fu (tqfeyfu) ts fop esa Fkksjh nsfj chg.kks ioanks

vkgsA

fVi.kh


lathng = xEHkh#NaMNk.k = fo'ys"k.k

flai+Q = fo/k

uCt+ VVksy.k = uCt+ leq>.kqis'kdf'k = çLrqfrdj.k

ckrLohj = rLohj lesfr

ø-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

102

vjksd = tafga [ks jksds u lf?kts

eqokfi+Qo+Q˜ = mfpr] BfgdanM+

rOgha Nk fl[;k

bu chg.k [ks ^fojke* ;k ^chgd* pbts FkksA

bu ed+ln lka fy[kanM+ ys[kdq ftfu fu'kkfu;qfu tks ç;ksxq danks vkgs] mUgfu [ks

^fojke fpUg* poank vkfgfuA

Hkk"kk esa bUgfu fu'kkfu;qfu th ?k.kh vgfe;r vkgsA

fy[k.k esa fojke ;k chgd Ms[kkj.k ykb gsfB;qfu fu'kkfu;qfu tks ç;ksxq Fkhanks

vkgsA

1- iwjks neq&iw.kZ fojke (Full Stop) .

2- Fkksjks neq&vYi fojke (Comma) ,

3- v/q neq&v¼Z fojke (Semi Colon) ;

4- neq (Colon) :

5- lqoky th fu'kkuh (Question Mark) \

6- okd twa fu'kkfu;wa (Inverted Commas) “ ”

7- fMaxh yhd (Oblique) /

^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* fgdq i+Qhpj vkgs tks tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa e'kgwjh

,sa dkE;kchv th cqyanh gkflyq d;y ukfj;qfu rs fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgsA

ukjh enZ [kka ?kfV u vkgsA fla/h ukfj;qfu iafgats vkRe cy] efgur] lpkbZv

lka mgs cqyafn;wa gkflyq d;wa vkfgfu] ftfu lka Hkkjr esa fla/h o+QkSe tks ekuq

eFkkgksa fFk;ks vkgsA ukjhv esa vjksd l?k fydy vkgs] [ksfu eqokfi+Qo+Q˜ ekSdks

fey.kq ?kqfjtsA tsBh flikgheyk.kh] iksiVh] vuhyk lqanj tfgM+k felky vlka[ks

çsj.kk fM;fu Fkk] jgcjh dfu FkkA

nqfu;k th v/q vkcknh vkSjrqfu th vkgsA mUgfu ts rjo+Qhv rs bZ ns'k ,sa nqfu;k

th rjo+Qh eqfEduq vkgsA

ukjh 'kDrhv ts fygkt+ [kka Hkkjrq dafga fc eqYd [kka iksbrs dksUgsA fla/h o+QkSe

fc vfgM+fu felkyfu lka Hkjiw# vkgsA lcd+ esa 'kkfeyq rLoh#fu eka bgks lki+Qq

t+kfg# vkgsA vt th ukjh 'keZc™Vh u ij vFkkgq l?k th ekfyfd;k.kh vkgsA

'kfDr l:ik vkgsA

fVi.kh


103

fVi.kh



/hv ,sa iqV esa ri+Qkorq dj.kq csbalki+Qh vkgs] x+Sj dqfnjrh vkgs ,aas x+Sj dkuwuh fc

vkgsA te.k [kka vofy xHkZ th tkap ts f[+kyki+Q 1994 esa dkuwuq ikl d;ks fo;ks

vkgsA xHkZ ts tho th gpk vijk/q e×khans lt+k tks fu;eq fc ikfl d;ks fo;ks

vkgsA

ukjhv th egi+Qwft+xh ,sa [ksfl l?kkjks c.kkb.k ykb ?k.ksbZ ;kstukÅa vey esa

vkafn;wa o×kfu fFk;waA iq#"k ikjka ukjhv lka fgalk ;k ekufld fgalk dj.kq fc Mksgq

ef×k;ks fo;ks vkgsA tsrks.khfd ?k: fgalk tks f'kdk# t+kywa ghfl;y jgfu fFk;wa]

lHkq dq>q lgfu fFk;wa ij /hjs /hjs lqtkxh vph jgh vkgsA ?k.kkbZ ukjh laxBu cikZ

fFk;k vkfgfuA t+Ye lganM+ ukjhv [ks lgdk# MsbZ] eukscy o/k,] xfM;y :i

lka t+Ye th f[+kyki+Qr djs Mksghv [ks lt+k fM;kjh Fkh o×ksA

vt˜ th ukjhv iafgath l?k ('kfDr) [ks lq×kkrks vkgsA gqu csMikbZ] vkRe

fo'okl] i+QSlyks dj.k th bNk 'kfDr] i+Qt+Z ikyuk] bZekunkjh ,sa bafrt+keq j[kh

lekt esa iafgath lq×kk.ki o+Qkbeq dbZ vkgsA fdrkc esa 'kkfeyq lcd+ ts ukjhv tk

felky bu lp tk 'kkfgn vkfgfuA vt˜ th ukjh iafgats go+Qfu ykb lqtkx˜ jgh

csbalki+Qhv f[+kyki+Q˜ lafnjks c/h r;k# chBh vkgsA t+:jr vkgs [ksfl leq>.k]

lanfl l?k lq×kk.k.k] gkSlykvi+Qt+kbZ dj.k ,sa lkjkg dj.k thA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

1- tsBh flikgheyk.kh l[+rq chekj Fkh ij vkf.k u ef×k;kb±A rOgha ykb vfgfM+;wa

gkyrwa vpfu r Nk dank\

2- iksiVhv ts ysf[kdk gqt.k tks i+Qkbnks rbyhe [ks fc dfgM+hv jhfr fefy;ks\

3- iksiVhv [ks ys[kdfu dfgM+k dfgM+k f[+krkc fMuk\

4- vuhyk laqnj th [+kkfl vgfe;r dfgM+h xkfYg ts djs vkgs\

5- ^i+Qhpj* Nk[ks Fkks pbts\ ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* i+Qhpj vkgs] lkfcrq

dfj;ksA

6- fgu lcd+ tks mUokuq rOgha[ks dhva yxks ,sa Nks\

7- tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa fla/h ukjhv ts ;ksxnku th tk.k gkflyq djs] dafga ch

vgeq ukjhv rs i+Qhpj fy[kksA

mUokuq = fljks] 'kh"kZd

egi+Qwft+xh = lqj{kkl?kkjks = rko+Qro#

gkSlykvi+Qt+kbZ = fgeFk

o/kb.kq

104

lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc8-1 1- (1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3

(4) 4 (5) 1

2- (1) vkt+knh vkanksyu esa Vih io.k djs

(2) tSjkenkl] vkpk;Z Ñikyk.kh] ukSjsth

(3) fgaanw /eZ esa

(4) eqafgath fefYd;r x+jhcfu ,sa ?kqfjtkmfu [ks fMuh o×ks

(5) eghe esa tsBh Hks.k lkslk;Vh

3- (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

8-2 1- (1) l

(2) n

2- (1) 1924 & tueq

(2) 1943 & ch-,- dj.kq

(3) 1982 & lkfgR; vdkneh bukeq

(4) 2005 & ykMk.kks

8-3 1- (1) 1951

(2) 7

(3) jk.kh djuk] lksuw pkS/jh

(4) fla/q u`R; ,sa laxhr vdkneh

2- (1) tkiku

(2) osLV vç+Qhdk

(3) vVy fcgkjh oktikb

(4) fla/q unh

tokcfVi.kh


105

fVi.kh

9

fefYd;r

rOgha Hkkjr th vkt+knhv th ?kVuk ts ckjs esa tk.kank gwankA mu ofD+r 1947 esa

vkt+knhv lka xM˜ fofjgkÄks fc fFk;ks gks] tafga esa fganqLrku fcfu HkkÄfu esa fofjgkbth

fo;ks& Hkkjr ,sa ikfdLrkuA tafga djs fofjgkÄs [kka vx˜ okjs Hkkjr ts fgls fla/q esa

jganM+ fla/h fganw ifjokj fla/q NMs Hkkjr esa vph ofl;k ,sa Hkkjr tk eqfLye ukxfjd

Hkkjr eka ikfdLrku esa o×kh jfg;k ,sa ljgnqfu tk jLrk cafn Fkh fo;kA /hjs /hjs fcUgha

ns'kfu esa nksLrhv tks l.kkvks okm yx.k [kka iksb vp.kq o×k.kq 'kq: fFk;ksA Hkkjr esa

vp.k ofD+r vlka iafgath t+j t+ehu] tk;wa txfg;wa mrs NMs vk;klhaA fgrka tk

ukxfjd fc lHkq NMs fo;kA Nk bgks lHkq vlka th bPNk lka fFk;ks\ vpks r fgu

dgk.khv ts eki+QZfr tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&

fefYd;r dgk.kh euksoSKkfud fFk;.k ts dkj.kfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

yM&iyk.k ts gkyrqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

dgk.khv ts ewy lans'k tks iSx+keq c;kuq djs l?kank_

dgk.khv th Hkk"kk 'kSyhv rs fVi.kh djs l?kank_

dgk.khv ts rRofu ts vk/kj rs NaMNk.k djs l?kankA

ed+ln

HkkÄfu = fglfu

l.kkvks = eqokfi+Qo+Q˜okm = gok] ghj

eki+QZfr = ikjka] }kjka

106

vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgha th enn ykb dgk.khv esa vk;y

M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMts FkhA

njokt+ks [kksy.k lka vofy r eka Mkagqafl fugkjhanks bZ jfg;qflA ij iksb eka v×kka lqoky

iqN.k ykb iafgatk pi [kksfy;ka bZ [kksfy;ka] mu [kka vx˜ bZ fgu 'k[+l fugk;r vnc

fopka iqfN;ks] ^^vlha vanfj vph l?kwa Fkk\**

^^gk---- gk---- Nks u---- Nks u---- vpks----A** ,frjks poans bZ eqafgath fuxkg mu vkSjr

Mkagqa [kth osbZ] tk mu 'k[+l lka xM vkbZ gqbZ ,sa njokt+s [kka dqN ijHkjks pqipki

chBh gqbZA

ewa mu vkSjr Mkagqa fugkfj;ks r lanfl fgdq gFkq fugk;r ut+kdr fopka Fkksjks eFks

[kth vk;ks ,sa iksb lnafl pifu gYds vkokt+ esa ^vknkc* po.k ts vankt+ esa dq>q

Hkqf.kfd;ksA ewa[ks yxks r id bZ id gwv dafga lqBs ,sa lH; dqVqac lka rkyqo+Q˜ j[kanM+

vkgsA

ewa fc vf[k;wa >qdk, lanfl ^vknkc* [ks bT+t+r fMuhA vanfj vph [ksfl lksi+Qk rs

fog.k tks b'kkjks d;qfe ,sa iksb lqokyh fuxkgqfu lka eka Mkagqafl fugkj.k yx˜flA

eqafgaft;qfu fuxkgqfu eas fydy lqoky [ks mu 'k[+l 'kk;fn Hkkais ofjrks] budjs Fkksjks

eqdhZ p;kb±] ^^rOgha lka 'kk;fn ghv ifgjha eqykd+kr vkgs----A**

ewa fli+QZ gkdkj fopka da/q yksfM;ksA t.kq poanks gqtka] ^^gk 'kk;fn!**

bu rs mu 'k[+l ojh fc pifu rs lkxh eqdZ vk.ks p;ks] ^^vlha 'kk;fn v×kka fgd

fc, ykb vtuch bZ vkfg;wa ---- u\ ,sa eka leq>ka Fkks r eqyko+Qkr ;k lq×kk.ki ox+Sjg

[kka vx˜ lHkq balku fgd fc, ykb vtuch

bZ gwank vkfgfu----A** ewa fc Fkksjks eqdhZ ojh

iafgatk lkfx;k yÝ+t+ nqfgjk;k] ^^gk ----

'kk;fnA** bu rs fgu ;fdneq iafgatks rvk#i+Q

fMuks] ^^[+kkdlkj [ks eqgEen vehu poank

vkfgfu ---- ,sa ---- tsdk ewa lka xM vkgs]

eqafgath ?kj okjh vkgs i+QkfrekA** f[ku rjlh

fgu ojh ewa [kka lqokyq d;ks] ^^rOgha tks

bLe&'kjhi+Q----\**

Mkagqafl = gqu Mkagqa

vnc = i+Qt+hyrijHkjks = Fkksjks ijs (nwfj)

ut+kdr = vnk] vankt+

vknkcq = ueLdk#

rkyqo+Q˜ = okLrks

Hkkais ofjrks = leq>h ofjrks

eqyko+Qkr = HksVrvk#i+Q = okfDi+Q;r

[+kkdlk# = [+klhlq ek.gw]

ckUgksa

bLeq 'kjhi+Q = ukyks] lq×kk.ki]

igpku] okfD+i+Q;r

ljgn = ns'k th vkf[+kjhu

lhek] Nksj] ckWMZj

fofjgkÄks = caVokjkss] c fgLlk

fFk;.kq

fny ify;ks osBk gqvklha =

vkljks ykgs fog.kq

l.kkvks okm = lqBh gkyfreq[+kkesyks = eqyko+Qkr] xfMtk.kh

gqxko = lqxa/

yMiyk.k = yMks iV.kq]fgd txg rka ch txg rs

ù-û cqfu;knh lcd+fVi.kh

fefYd;r

107

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

ewa [ksfl iafgatks ukyks c˜/k;ks] r fgu ojh iafgath xkfYg [ks vfxrs o/k;ks] ^^vlha

ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka vk;k vkfg;wa ---- fojgkÄs [kka vx˜ vlha fgrs bZ jgank gqvklhaA

fli+QZ jgank bZ Nk] tkok&fuifu;k fgrs bZ vkfg;wa ---- budjs fnfy r ?k.kfu lkyfu [kka

gqbZ r fgdq ni+Qks mu ?kj] mUgfu f?kfV;qfu eka ?kqeh vpwa] ftrs th feVhv esa ;kjfu

lka jkafn;wa ---- fjgkf.k;wa d;wa gq;walha ---- ij vnk! ljgnwa cafn gq;wa ---- budjs fnfy

ify;ks osBk gqvklha ---- gk.ks tMfga fcUgha eqYdfu fop esa l.kkvks okm yxks vkgs]

rMfga o×kh fcUgha iklfu tk ek.gwa] fgd fc, lka eq[+kkesyks dj.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.k;k

vkfg;waA**

ewa[ks csgn [+k˜'kh Fkh r eka mu 'k[+l lka xfMth jfg;ks gksfl] tks eqafgats eqYd eka

vk;ks gks ,sa tafga eqYd th feVhv tks gqxkm vt˜ fc t.kq eqafgats ulqfu esa ?kqeh jfg;ks

vkgsA ewa mu 'k[+l [ks c˜/k;ks& eka fc ljgn ts ikfj tkvks gksfl ---- ,sa yM iyk.k

esa vlha iafgatks eqYdq NMs vk;k gqvklhaA**

rafga rs fgu p;ks] ^^ewa[ks [+kcj vkgsA rOgkatks n# [kfM+dkb.k [kka vx˜] rOgkats ikM+s

th Nksfdjhv [kka ewa rOgha ckcfr Fkksjh tk.k gkflyq djs ofjrh gqbZ ---- rMfga r b±ns

bZ ewa rOgha lka fgrs th edkuh cksyhv esa dksu xkYgk;ksA vlha fc gk.ks mrs rOgkath

cksyh xkYgkb.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;waA**

bu fop esa eqafgatks è;kuq mu 'k[+l th t+ky Mkagqa gfy;ks fo;ks] tsdk pqipki vlka

fcUgha twa xkfYg;wa c˜/h jgh gqbZA gwv ospkjh cks# u fFk,] budjs fc, dfejs eka ewa

iafgath t+ky [ks lM˜ d;ksA gwv vkbZ] [ksfl c˜/k;qfe r gh cbZ ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka

vk;k vkfgfuA

eqafgath t+ky fc Mk<h [+k˜f'k Fkh ,sa eqgEen ts t+ky

ts Hkfj esa osgh [ksfl [khdkfj;kb±A iksb gw cbZ fc

ik.k esa xkfYg;wa cksfy;wa dj.k osgh jfg;waA lanfu

xkfYg;qfu eka [+kcj isbZ r eu th eqjkn iwjh fFk;.k

ykb gqufu lq[kk dbZ gqbZ r vYykg rkyk lanfu

eqjkn iwjh dbZ r gw cbZ fgd Mhagqa [+oktk lkfgc

th njxkg rs pknj pk<+.k t+:# b±nkA 'kk;fn mu

bZ eqo+Qíl de lka gw cbZ fgrs vk;k gqvkA vlha

v×kka xkfYg;wa bZ djs jfg;k gqvklha] tks mu fop

esa eqafgath /hv efgekufu ykb dq>q uk'rks ,sa pkafga

[k.kh vkbZA

o×kh jg.kq

fuifu;k = ify;k

fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;wagqxkm = [+k˜'kcw

edkuh cksyh = LFkkuh; [ks=k

th Hkk"kk

[khdkj.kq = vknj Hkko dj.kq

f[+kner = lsok

eqjkn = bNk] eu th bNkeqo+Qílq = ifo=k] ikd

vfjlks = oDrq

vkaf/ ekaf/ = mf.k rqf.k] cspSuhxgjh Vqchv esa io.kq =

fpark esa io.kq

uhaM = fuea=k.k] dksB

vf[+r;k# = enk#] gdq fM;.kq

mijkb.kq = NM.kq] o×k.kq

ut+jkuks = lkSx+r] o+Q˜cZq] çseqlq[kk dbZ = ckl cklh

ukpht+ = canks] ik.k] [+k˜fn

108

gw cbZ pkafga ihvank jfg;k ,sa fop fop esa vlkats dejs ,sa vÄ.k ox+Sjg [ks è;ku

lka fMlank jfg;kA gw 'k[+lq j[kh j[kh dMfga iafgatfu vNfu okjfu rs gFk iQsjs jfg;ks

gks r dMfga ojh vf[k;wa cafn djs t.kq dq>q lksp.k fi;ks yxsA

tMfga fcUgha t.kfu pkafga ih ofjrh r ewa mu 'k[+l [kka iqfN;ks] ^ukpht+ ykbo+Q˜ dk

f[+kner gqts r gqdqe dfj;ks----A**

ewa[ks yxks r Fkksjh nsfj ykb gw 'k[+lq t.kq dafga ch nqfu;ka esa o×kh igqrks gksA eqafgats

lqoky rs fgu t.kq Fkksjks fNdqZ Hkjs p;ks] ^^u u] f[+kner ox+Sjg dk fc dkUgs] vlha

r cfl] b,a bZ rOgha[ks Fkksjh rdyhi+Q fM;.k gyh vk;klhaA**

eka leq>h u lf?k;qfl r gw vk[+kfj po.kq Nk Fkks pkgs\---- ;k ojh] ts vk;ks vkgs

r dfgM+ss de lka\ fgu 'kk;fn eqafgats eu th gkyfr tk.kh ofjrhA p;kb±] ^^vlha

rOgkatks edkuq fMl.k vk;k vkfg;waA**

eka okbM+ks Fkh fo;qfl r eqafgats edku esa vfgM+h dfgM+h [+kkfl xkfYg vkgs] tks gw

mu[ks fMl.kq Fkk pkghfuA

fgu 'k[+l ojh xkYgkb.kq 'kq: d;ks] ^^go+Qho+Qr esa yM iyk.k [kka vx˜ vlha fgu

edku esa jgank gqvklha---- vlkath mfefj tks fgdq yacks vfjlks fgufu nhok#fu esa bZ

xqft+fj;ks vkgsA vyk, Nks] lkyfu [kka ewa[ks bgk vkaf/&ekaf/ Fkh jgh gqbZ r o×kh mu

vÄ.k th feVhv [ks fgdq ni+Qks iafgatfu gFkfu lka Nqgka] tafga rs 'kke tks dykdfu

tk dykd osgh] vlha ?kj okjk [+okfg nksLr&nM+k fjgkf.k;wa dank gqvklhaA** ,frjks pbZ

gw 'k[+lq lksi+Qk rka mFkh] ckfgfj vÄ.k eas Vfgy.k yxksA iqfB;ka iqfB;ka lanfl ?kj okjh

fc mFkh vkbZA j[kh j[kh gw 'k[+lq vlkats ?kj ts fHkfr;qfu [ks b,a Nqgh jfg;ks gks]

thva dks MkMks lkyfu [kka iksb ijMsg eka eksVh vk;y iafgats iksVs [ks Nqganks gqtsA

lanfl t+ky fc gljr Hkfj;y fuxkgqfu lka edku ts pkSrfi+QZ fugkjhanh jghA dq>q nsfj

cSfn mu 'k[+l ojh xkYgkb.kq 'kq: d;ks] ^^lpq iqNks---- vlka r mrs b,a leq>h osBk

gqvklha] r vlkatks edku dafga Mfgjk, ifV d;ks gwanks---- ,sa iksb mrs iafgath et+hZv

eqrkfcfo+Q dks caxqyks ox+Sjg Bfgjk;ks gwankb±A go+Qho+Qr esa vlkatks edkuq Mk<ks iqjk.kks

gks----A**

ewa fc lanfl xkfYg th iqBHkjkbZ dans p;ks] ^vlka tMfga ghm edkuq ofjrks gks] rMfga

lpq ipq dki+Qh iqjk.kks fi, yxks] ij iksb gM+ka c iSlk yxk, vlka fguth ejEer

djkbZA vny! eqYd dfgM+s esa fc jfgts] ij v>ks r lHk [ks [kis----A**

vkaf/&ekaf/ = cspSuh

vÄ.kq = fojkaMks] vkaxu

fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;wa cksfYg;waVfgy.k = pgydfneh

ijMsgq = fons'kq

iqBHkjkbZ = leFkZuqgM+ka = tsc eka

v>ks = iafgatks ?k#] edkuq

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

109

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

fguts vf[k;qfu esa gYdk yqfM+d mfHkjh vk;kA Hkfj;y vkokt+ esa p;kb±] ^ewa[ks b,a

fi;ks yxs] t.kq eqafgats m?kkM+s edku [ks rOgha diM+k ifgjk, NfM;k vkfgfuA** gqu

eerk fopka ojh ?kj ts fHkfr;qfu rs gFk iQsj.kq 'kq: d;k] iksb ewa[kka iqfN;kb±] ^rOgha

mrs fdFks jgank gqvk\**

ewa [ksfl iafgats xksB tks ukyks c˜/k;ks r fgu ojh fc;ks lqokyq d;ks] ^mrs rOgha ofV

iafgatks edku ox+Sjg fc gwanks\**

iafgatks ik.k fgdq Fk/ks 'kwdkjks eqafgats okr eka fufdjh fo;ksA p;qfe] ^^gkA** ,sa iksb

ewa [ksfl c˜/k;ks r dhva vlha iafgats ?kj [ks lhaxkjs j[kh vk;k gqvklha r okifl r

vfp.kks bZ vkgsA lksfp;ks gqvkslha r ghv yM iyk.k r lHkq vkt+hZ vkgsA

bu xkfYg tks gw dfgM+ks tokcq fM,] bgks lksps eqa>h chgh jfg;ksA [ksfl 'kk;fn

lkfx;ks bZ vglklq fFk;ks r rMfga Hkyk dafga Fks tkrks r ljgnqfu tk yhdk v×kka fc

xfgjk d;k osank ,sa ljgnqfu ts daMfu okfj;wa rk:a b,a balkufu [ks iafgathv feVhv

[kka foNksM+s NMhafn;waA

fgu th ut+j iksb vÄ.k esa yxy fueq ts o.k Mkagqa [kth osbZA Fkksjks eqdhZ p;kb±]

^^fueq ts o.k eka jkst+ rkft+;wa Vkfj;wa iVs vlha Man.kq dank gqvklhaA** ,frjks pbZ]

fgd uaf<M+h Vkjh iVs] mutk iu vyfx djs] fgu Vkjhv [ks pckM+.kq 'kq: d;ks]

iksb ojh Fkksjks tT+ckrh Fkhans p;kb±] ^^lokn esa dks i+QdqZ dksUgs---- mrs th fueq tks fc

lkfx;ks loknq vkgs] tfgM+ks fgu fueq tks

vkgs----A** f[ku rfjlh] fgu ojh gYdks

f[kyh po.kq 'kq: p;ks d;ks] ^^rOgha[ks

fgd et+snk# xkfYg c˜/k;ka---- vlkath

xkMh tMfga ljgn rs igqrh] rMfga eqafgath

fuxkg vyk, Nks vkleku Mkagqa [kth

osbZA mu ofD+r eka lkssp.k yx˜fl] ^^r

ljgnqfu tk gh yhdk vkleku esa Nksu vkfgfu\ i[kh&i[k.k fgd eqYd [kka fc,

eqYd Mkagqa mMkeh jfg;k gqvk] mUgfu ykb fc ljgnqfu tk yhdk dksu vkfgfuA iksb

Hkyk vlka balkufu ts fop esa bgs yhdk dafga iSnk d;k vkfgfu\**

dks fc tokcq u MsbZ] ewa fli+QZ Fkksjks eqdhZ fMuksA

rMfga ojh xkfYg tks #[+k˜ cfnykb.k ts [+;ky [kka ewa [ksfu p;ks] ^^c˜/ks] fgdq vt+Z

vkgs] mEesn r rOgha badk# u dankA**

Fk/ks = lhryq] Bfj;yq

'kwdkjks = lkgq

vkt+hZ = Fkksjs oD+r ykbVkjh = o.k th 'kk[+k] Vfguh

Man.kq = nkrqu

f[kuq = iyossfurh = vt+Z] fcurh

yfgtks = vankt+

osyks = igj] oDrqekuh = [kk/ks

110

fgu ;fdneq iQqrhZv fopka tokcq fMuks] ^û---- u---- rOgha gqdqe dfj;ksA**

rMfga ewa ojh osurhv Hkfj, yfgts esa [ksfu p;ks] ^êqafgats eqYd eka vk;k

vkfg;ks---- efgeku r vkfg;ks] ij xMksxM˜ t.kq vlkatk iafgatk fc vkfg;ks] vk;k

vkfg;ks r fgdq osyks vlka ofV ekuh [kkbZ o×kks----A**

fgu Fkksjs ytkjs yfgts esa p;ks] û! rOgha g:&Hk: bgk rdyhi+Q Nks Fkk dfj;ks\**

ewa p;ks] ^bu esa rdyhi+Q th dk xkfYg dksUgsA vykbts Nks ewa[ks [+k˜'kh Fkh jgh vkgsA

fMlks u] jksVh r;k# fFk, isbZ----A**

eqafgath t+ky fc i+Qkfrek rs jksVh [kkb.k ykb t+ks# ck# vk.k.k yxh] rMfga fgufu ojh

badk# u d;ksA

vanfj dfejs esa b±ns b±ns gqu fgdq ni+Qks jaf/.ks Mkagqa fy;ks ikrks ,sa iksb jaf/.ks th njhv

Mkagqa ;dfVd fugkjhanks jfg;ksA dq>q rfjlh gqu ewa[kka iqfN;ks] ^jaf/.ks [ks rOgha Hk×kk,

Bfgjk;ks vkgs ;k cfl fli+QZ eFkka ejer djkbZ vFko\**

ewa p;ks r ^^fli+QZ eFkka bZ ejer djkbZ vFkÅaA** bu xkfYg rs gww cfl Fkksjks eqfdZ;ks

,sa iksb vlha vanfj dejs esa gfy;k vk;klhaA

tslha jlksbZ r;k# fFk,] vlha ik.k esa xkfYg;wa dank jfg;klhaA fgufu ts xkfYg;qfu eka

yxks r fc, Mhagqa gw fgrka jokuk Fkh osank ,sa iksb dq>q 'kgj ?kqeank ?kqeank iafgats ekfx

eksVh osankA

jksVh [kkb.k ofD+r] cbZ t.kka [+kkeks'kq jfg;kA ewa[ks yxks] eqgEenq t.kq dafga xfgjhv

Vqchv esa ibth fo;ks vkgsA

jksVh ik.kh [kkbZ fgufu vlka [kka eksfdykb.kq pkfg;ksA mu uaf<M+h eqykdkr esa

vlka fcUgha dqVqacfu ts fop esa ,frjh r iafgatkbi iSnk Fkh osbZ gqbZ] tks osans osans gw

vlka[ks fc uhaM Mhank fo;k r ^^dMfga vlkats eqYd esa vpks] rOgkath r iafgath

feVh vkgsA** tokc esa ewa cfl [ksfu ,frjks bZ p;ks] ^^tsdks vÂ&ty ts vf[+r;k#

vnkA**

Fkksjks rfjlh ,sa dq>q fgfpdans fgu ojh p;ks] ^vnk ! rOgkats fueq twa dq>q Vkfj;wa ewa[ks

VksM+.kq Mhank\---- eka crkSj ;knxkj ts mgs ik.k lka [k.kh o×k.kq Fkks pkfg;kaA**

ewa p;ks] ^^gk] gk] Nks u ! Hkyh [k.kh o×kksA** fgu mFkh fueq twa dq>q Vkfj;wa VksfM+;wa

,sa b,a laHkkys gFkfu esa [ka;kbZ] t.kq dks dfpM+ks ckj gFkfu esa [ka;ks gqtsA mu cSfn gw

o×k.k yxkA vlka cbZ t+ky eqfM+l iksb [ksfu ckfgfj,a njokt+s th pkamfB rkb± miM+kb.k

fo;klhaA eqafgath /hv fc ckfgfj fufdjh vkbZA

jaf/.kks = jlksbZ ?kj

fy;ks ikrks = fMBks] >kafd;ks

ekfx = fBdk.ks Mkagqa

Vqchv = ohpkj] fpark

iafgatkbi = viukiu

uhaM = dksB] fuea=k.k

vf[+r;k# = ol esa

miM+kb.k = fonk dj.kq

lqtkx = tkfx;yq

ekuq = bt+r

efgeku uokt+h = vkft;ka

osNk = foNksVh] i+QdqZ] ri+Qkor

okftcq = equkflcq

eq[+kkfrcq = :c:] lkEgwa

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

111

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

fgufu fcUgha fgdq ni+Qks lts edku [ks ojh x+kSj lka fMBksA dq>q nsfj cSfn b,a bZ edku

[ks fMlank jfg;kA

iksb ojh t.kq dq>q fuaM eka lqtkx˜ Fkhans eqgEen p;ks] ^^fMlks rOgha vlka[ks dsMks u

ekuq fMuks---- vlkath dsMh u efgeku uokt+h dbZA lpq iqNks] eka ltks oDrq bgks bZ

lksphanks jfg;qfl r ik.k esa r dks ri+Qkorq vkgs bZ dksu] iksb gh lHkq ohNk dafga

fo/k vkfgfu vlka eas\---- dafga fo/k vkfgfu\**

gw csgfn tT+ckr esa vph fo;ksA budjs ewa pqfi jg.kq bZ okftcq leqf>;ksA

rMfga ojh fgu eqafgath /hv [ks ik.k Mkagqa lM˜ djs] lanfl dqYgs rs gFkq j[kh] ewa

Mkagqa eq[+kkfrcq Fkh p;ks] ^^vny] ghv rOgkath bZ u] vlkath fc fu;k.kh vkgs--- osans

osans fgdq uft+jkuks Fkks fM;kao----A eksVkbtks uA** dq>q rfjlh gqu ojh p;ks] ^^rOgkats

jaf/.ks th njhv gsBka tsdks rkdq vkgs] mu[ks Hk×kkbtks---- yM iyk.k ofD+r osans osans

vlka mrs iafgath dq>q fefYd;r fydk,] fHkfr [ks fyack, fo;k gqvklhaA rOgha th

csbafrgk fld ,sa rOgkatks dqcqZ fMlh lksfp;qfe----** gw v×kka o/hd dq>q pos] mu [kka

vx˜ ewa pbZ fMuks] ^u vnk! rOgkath fefYd;r vkgs] rOgha [k.kh o×kks] vlka[ks fc,

tks u [kisA** ij fgu ;fdneq eqafgath /hv [ks Hkkdqj esa Hkjs p;ks] ^^rOgha[ks [+k˜nk

tks o+Qleq vkgs---- eqafgatks vt+Z dcwyq d;ks vny! /hv th 'kknhv rs bgks lHkq

dq>q vlkats rji+Qka rOgkath fu;k.khv [ks fMtksA** ,frjks poans] yqfM+d VfiVfi djs]

fgu ts vf[k;qfu eka og.k yxkA i+Qkfrek ts vf[k;qfu eka fc c yqfM+d yM+h

vk;k ----A**

,sa iksb---- fcUgha ;fdneq eqagqa iQsjs rfdM+k o+Qne Hkj.kq 'kq: d;kA vlha fMlank bZ

jfgth fo;klhaA

tMfga gw vf[k;qfu [kka vks>y fFk;k r fMBqfe] t+ehu rs gqufu ts yqfM+dfu th

vkykf.k v×kka fc ekStwn gqbZA ewa[ks yxks] t.kq yqfM+dfu th fefYd;r gw eqafgath

pkamfB ckfgjka gkjs fo;k gqvkA

uft+jkuks = lwf[kM+h

rkdq = tkjks

fyack, = pq.kk,] iyLr# djk,

csbafrgk = rekeq ?k.kks

o+Q˜cqZ = I;k#

fu;k.kh = /hv] dU;k

yqfM+d = xksM+gk] vkalwa

vks>y = xqeq] x+kbcq

pkamfB = ngyht+

112


1- ^^vlha vanfj vph l?kwa Fkk\** bgks dafga p;ks\

(v) i+Qkfrek (c) ys[kd

(l) eqgEen vehu (n) ys[kd th t+ky ¹ º

2- ^^vlha ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka vk;k vkfg;waA** efgeku ljgn ts ikj dfgM+s

eqYd eka vk;k gqvk\

(v) Jhyadk (c) usiky

(l) ikfdLrku (n) phu ¹ º

3- ^^eka lksphanks jfg;qfl r ik.k esa r dks ri+Qkorq vkgs bZ dksu] iksb gh lHkq ohNk

dafga fo/k\** eqgEen vehu dfgM+s foNksM+s th xkfYg djs jfg;ks gks\

(v) ns'k ts (c) t+ky eqfM+l ts

(l) vYykg ts (n) fganw eqfLye ts ¹ º

vpks r leq>wa dgk.khv esa eq[;q :i lka 6 vuklj (rRo) vkfgfu&

1- fo"k; (dFkkoLrq) 2- fdjknkj (ik=k) 3- xqÝ+rxw (laokn)

4- ekgksyq (okrkoj.k) 5- Hkk"kk (cksyh) 6- eo+Qlnq (mís';)

vlka bUgfu rRofu [ks è;ku esa j[kh] fgu dgk.khv th lekykspuk] NaMNk.k

danklhaA

dFkkoLrwv esa dgk.khv tks ft+Øq dts FkksA fgu esa vk;y fdjnkjfu th lhjr

fuxkjhv tks c;kuq vps FkksA fdjnk# iafgath 'kf[+l;r [k.kh vps FkksA

xqÝ+rxw (laokn) dgk.khv tks eq[;q vax vkgsA fgu lka dgk.kh vfxrs o/s FkhA

fdjnkj ik.k esa tsdk xqÝ+rxw dfu Fkk] mu eka gqufu tks pfj=k] 'kf[+l;r] ohpkj]

ofgaokj] xq.k&voxq.k ekywe fFk;fu FkkA

dgk.khv th Hkk"kk eka [+kcj ios Fkh r dgk.khv [ks dfgM+hv rjg isf'k d;ks fo;ks

vkgs] yÝ+t+ dafga fo+QLe tk vkfgfu] dgk.kh po.k tks rjhdks dfgM+ks vkgsA

ekgksy eka [+kcj ios Fkh r dgk.khv esa dfgfM+;qfu gkyrqfu] oD+r] ekgksy th xkfYg

dbZ osbZ vkgsA

lhjr fuxkjh = fdjnkj fuxkjh

fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;aw cksfYg;wa

ù-ü vpks r leq>wa

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfVi.kh

fefYd;r

113

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

ù-ü-û fo"k;&oLrw (dFkkoLrw)

fgu dgk.khv esa c˜/k;ks fo;ks vkgs r tMfga fganqLrku tks fojgkÄks fFk;ks] rMfga

ns'k fcfu HkkÄfu esa fojgkbth fo;ksA ns'k ts ljgnqfu [ks cafn djs NfM;ks fo;ks ij

tMfga /hjs /hjs fcUgha ns'kfu ts fop esa l.kkvks okm yxks r ljgn ts ikj ts ek.gqfu

esa iafgats oru [ks fMl.k th pkguk jghA bUghv bNk ts djs eqgEen vehu fc

iafgats ihj rs pknj pk<+.k ykb vp.k ofD+r iafgats iqjk.ks ?kj [ks fMl.k th pkguk

lka bgks fMl.kq Fkks pkgs r lanfl iqjk.kks edkuq vkgs ;k uA mu [ks dafga Bfgjk;ks]

fc;ks uvksa edkuq r u Bfgjk, NfM;ks vkgs] budjs gw iafgats iqjk.ks edku [ks fMl.k

ykb ys[kd ts ?kfj o×ks Fkks ,sa tMfga gw mrs iafgatks bZ iqjk.kks edkuq fMls Fkks] tafga

[ks ys[kd ejer djk, uvksa d;ks vkgs ij nhok:a lkfx;wa bZ vkfgfu] rMfga gw mu

edku [ks gljr lka fMls Fkks ,sa iafgatwa ;knxhfj;wa rkft+;wa djs Fkks ,sa ys[kd lka

fjgkf.k;wa djs FkksA ys[kd fc eqgEen vehu ts Hkkoukmfu tks ft+Øq dgk.khv eki+QZfr

d;ks vkgsA

1- iafgats oMfu [kka fofjgkÄs ckcfr dq> vfgfM+;wa bZ ?kVukÅa iqNh fy[kksA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- fofjgkÄs ts djs vk;y ijs'kkfu;qfu th tk.k gkflyq djs fy[kksA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ù-ü-ü fdjnkj ,sa fdjnkj fuxkjh

fgu dgk.khv tk eq[;q fdjnkj eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek vkfgfu] tsds ljgn ts gqu

ikj [kka Hkkjr esa ihj rs pknj pk<+.k vk;k vkfgfu] tsds fugk;r lH; dqVqac tk]

fugk;r 'kjhi+Q˜ Fkk yxfuA gqufu ts xkYgkb.k eka [+kcj ios Fkh r gw eqfLye ifjokj

tk vkfgfu ,sa iafgats oru th ;kfn [ks rkt+ks dans fugk;r bZ lqBs uewus ys[kd lka

fjgkf.k;wa dfu FkkA

ys[kd [ks iafgats ?kj twa xkfYg;wa cksfYg;wa dans iafgatkbi tks vglklq djkbfu fFk;waA

ys[kd th fu;k.khv [ks iafgath fu;k.kh leq>h lanfl NMs fo;y fefYd;r tks

uft+jkuks (lkSx+kr) isf'k dfu FkkA bu eka t+kfgj Fkks fFk, r lanfu fnfy dsMh u lki+Q˜

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-û

114

vkgs] tks lth fefYd;r fu;k.khv [ks rksgi+Qs (lkSx+kr) esa MsbZ o×kfu Fkk ,sa fli+QZ

[k.kh o×kfu Fkk fgrka tk vglkl] ;knwa] fueq twa Vkfj;wa] ftfu esa lanfu cpiuq

xqft+fj;y gksA lanfu xkfYg;qfu eka LokfHkeku fc ut+j Fkks vps] tMfga ys[kd lanfu

fefYd;r [k.kh o×k.k ykb pos Fkks] rMfga bZ LokfHkeku fopka uFkk o+Qcwyhfu ,sa

iafgatkbi tks c;ku dans fu;k.khv [ks lkSx+kr Fkk fM;fuA

ys[kdq fc fugk;r o+Q˜cZ fopka efgeku uokt+h djs Fkks] çse Hkfj;ks ofgaokj djs

HkkbZpkjks fuHkk, FkksA


1- eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ys[kd [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tk efgeku yxk\

(v) iafgatk (c) ijkok

(l) dfd danM+ (n) tklwl ¹ º

2- eqgEen vehu ys[kd tks edku fMl.kq pkfg;ks Fks] Nkdkf.k r&

(v) gw fgufu ts ?kj [ks ilafn dj.k yxk gqvk

(c) gw fgu ?kj esa ifgjha jgh fo;k gqvk

(l) lanfu bPNk ts djs

(n) gw tklwlh dj.k vk;k gqvk ¹ º

3- ^^ljgnqfu tk yhdk vkleku esa Nksu vkfgfu\** bgs yÝ+t+ eqgEen vehu Nks

p;k\

(v) tT+ckr fopka (c) I;kj fopka

(l) ui+Qjr fopka (n) et+s oB.k ykb ¹ º

ù-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw

fdjnkjfu (ik=kfu) th xqÝ+rxwv [ks laokn pbts FkksA bgk xqÝ+rxw bZ vkgs] tsdk

dgk.khv [ks vfxrs o/k, Fkh ,sa fgd fgd ?kVuk c˜/kb±ns pfj=kfu twa [+kwfc;wa c˜/k,

Fkh ,sa dgk.khv esa ukVdh xq.k iSnk djs FkhA fefYd;r dgk.khv esa xqÝ+rxw o/hd

dkUgs] Nkdkf.k r ys[kd ikBd lka fl/ks bZ xkYgk, jfg;ks vkgs ,sa ?kVukmfu th

tk.k MsbZ jfg;ks vkgs_ tafga eka mUgfu ts fdjnkjfu tks pfj=k fp=k.k] ofgaokj ,sa

[+kwfc;qfu tks irks yxh jfg;ks vkgsA thva efgeku pbZ jfg;ks vkgs r ^^vlka vanfj

o+Q˜cZq = çseq] I;k#

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-û

pfj=kfu = fdjnkjfu

[+kwfc;wa = [+kkfl;rwa] fo'ks"krkÅa

115

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

vph l?kwa Fkk\**] ^^vlha rOgha tks edku fMl.k Fkk pkfg;waA**] ^^go+Qho+Qr esa yM

iyk.k [kka ifgjha vlka fgu bZ edku esa jgank gqvklhaA**

fgufu tqfeyfu eka fdjnkj ts iafgatkbi ,sa i+Qt+hyr th tk.k feys FkhA ^rOgha vlka

ts m?kkM+s edku [ks diM+k ifgjk, NfM;k vkfgfuA** fgu tqfeys esa #v.kgkfjdks Fkh

lanfu Hkkoukmfu tks ft+Ø vps FkksA fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA ys[kd fc çse fopka

efgeku uokt+h dans efgeku [ks Mk<ks ekuq Mhans] ekuh [kkbZ o×k.k ykb feUFkwa Fkks djsA

tafga eka lanfl ifgatikbZv] efgeku uokt+hv ts [+kwfc;qfu tks irks Fkks iosA

gsfB bLrykgfu th ekuk fMuy vkgs] mUgfu [ks tqfeyfu esa de vkf.k;ks&

1- tsdh vu ty ts vf[+r;kj & vkthfodk ;k fjft+d rs enkjA

tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- xgjh Vqchv esa io.kq & lksp esa ibth o×k.kqA

tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- osNks fo>.kq & nwfj;wa io.kq (fui+Qko+Q˜ o/kb.kq)A

tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ù-ü-ý ekgksy

ns'kdkyq ,sa okrkoj.kq& fgu dgk.khv tks vk/kj euksfoKkfud vkgs] tafga esa fcfu

ifjokjfu [ks Ms[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgs& fgdq fganw ,sa fc;ks eqfLyeA yMiyk.k [kka iksb

fcUgha ifjokjfu tks ns'k cfnyth o×ks FkksA ljgnqfu tk yhdk fo/k o×kfu Fkk] tafga

lka iafgats eqYd esa vph o×kh uFkks lf?ktsA tMfga ns'k esa le>kSrs ts djs l.kkvks okm

yxs Fkks] rMfga cbZ eqYd fgd fc, ykb vp.k o×k.k tk jLrk [kksyhfu Fkk r iafgats

oru o×k.k th pkg iSnk fFk, FkhA dgk.khv esa tt+ckr Ms[kkfj;k fo;k vkfgfu r

lHkq dqN lkfx;ks vkgsA fcUgha dkSeqfu ts ek.gqfu ts Hkkoukmfu esa HksnHkko dksUgs iksb

eqYd tks fojgkÄks Nks d;ks fo;ks\ ljgnqfu tk yhdk Nks ikrk fo;k\ eqgEen vehu

fdjnkj ts eki+QZfr ys[kd oru th gqc] ifgatkbi] HkkbZpkjs tks iSx+keq fMuks vkgsA

fojgkÄs [kka vx˜ eqgEen vehu ys[kd ts ?kj esa bZ jganks gks ij fofjgkÄs djs [ksfl

nslq NfM.kks fi;ks ,sa ys[kd fc iafgatks ?kj fla/ esa NMs] fgrs fgan (Hkkjr) esa vk;ks

fjft+d = jkst+h jlkb±nM+gqc = I;k#] fld

ykylk = pkg] bNk

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-ü

feUFkwa = vkt+h&uht+kjh

116

vkgs ,sa mUghv edku eas jgh jfg;ks vkgs] tsdks eqgEen vehu [+oktk lkfgc th

njxkg rs vph eÂr th pknj p<+k, Fkks ,sa iafgats iqjk.ks ?kj ts fMl.k th ykylk

lka ys[kd ts ?k# vps Fkks] ftrs lanfl fefYd;r iwfj;y vkgs ij ifgatkbi th

Hkkouk djs mgk fefYd;r ys[kd th fu;k.khv [ks lkSx+kr esa MsbZ o×ks FkksA

eqgEen vehu th txg rs tsdMfga rOgha gqtks gk r iafgath fefYd;r ts ckjs esa

dfgM+ks i+QSflyks dfj;ks gk\

ù-ü-þ Hkk"kk

fgu dgk.khv th Hkk"kk ljy lyhlq vkgs] tsdk jÝ+rkj lka i<+.k esa vph o×ks FkhA

fdjnkjfu th xqÝ+rxw fc ljy cksyhv esa vkgsA fgu esa fla/h ,sa mnwZ yÝ+t+ de

vkank fo;k vkfgfuA mnwZ Hkk"kk fc loyh bLrsekyq dbZ osbZ vkgs] tsdk leq> esa vps

FkhA thva& ^^[+kkfdlkj [ks eqgEen vehu poank vkfgfuA**] ^^rOgha tks bLeq

'kjhi+Q**---- ox+SjgA

ys[kd th Hkk"kk fc leq> esa vp.k okjh loyh Hkk"kk vkgsA fdFks fdFks bLrykgfu

tks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA thva ekfx eksV.kq] eq[kkesyks dj.kq] vkaf/&ekaf/ fFk;.kq

ox+sjgA

dgk.kh po.k ts rjhds [kss muth 'kSyh pbts FkksA fgu dgk.khv esa ys[kd ts ?kfj

vph efgeku iafgafta;wa ;knxhfj;wa rkt+k djs o×kfu Fkk] tafgaa esa gw iafgats ckyi.k twa

dq>q ;knxhfj;wa vlka lka oaMhfu Fkk] tt+ckrfu tks ft+Ø dfu FkkA

ù-ü-ÿ ed+lnq

fgu dgk.khv tks ed+lnq vkgs r vlka tsdk fefYd;r fgrs esM+h vkgs] mgk fgrs bZ

jfgth osanh] vlka lka xM˜ u gyanhA gyanks fli+QZ çseq] Hkkbih] ofgaok# ,sa iafgatkbiA

budjs tkfr] /eZ] et+gc tk osNk folkjs balkfu;r ,sa balkuh eqYg dkbeq j[kwaA ?kj

th pkj&nhokjh bZ u] mu esa ekStwn o.k&fV.k fc vlkatk iafgatk Fkh o×kfu FkkA thva

fgu dgk.khv esa fueq tks o.kqA

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-ý

117

gsfB fMuy lgh ,sa x+yfr tqfeyfu vfx;ka fMafx;qfu esa ;k tk fu'kku yxk;ks&

1- xqÝ+rxw fdjnkjfu th ?kVuk tks o.kZuq djs Fkh ij fdjnkjfu (ik=kfu) th [+kwch

([+kkfl;r) uFkh c˜/k,A ¹ º

2- fefYd;r dgk.kh euksoSKkfud dgk.kh vkgsA ¹ º

3- fdjnkjfu th xqÝ+rxw u ts cjkcfj vkgsA ¹ º

4- eqgEen vehu tks vp.kq ys[kd [ks fcYdqy u of.k;ksA ¹ º

dgk.khv esa rOgha eqgEen vehu tks fgan esa vph iafgatks ?k# fMl.k th bNk [ks

if<+;ksA vfgM+ks bZ dafga fc, tkry lq×kkry 'k[+l tks fp=k.kq iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa

dfj;ksA

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-ü

ijlxZ (Preposition)ijlxZ mgs yÝ+t+ ;k 'kCn vkfgfu] tsds laKk (bLe) ;k loZuke (t+ehj) ts iqfB;ka

vph ykxkiks Ms[kkjhfu FkkA bUgfu [ks lca/ cks/dq fc poank vkfgfuA

thva& Ms] Mkagqa] ykb] [ks] esa] ofV] ox+SjgA

dq>q felky&

[ks & panwv [ks ?kqjk,

lka & t+ksj lka xkYgk,

ykb & ckjfu ykb

esa & eanj esa

rs & oD+r rs

ù-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-þ

118

dks fc i+QSflyks Hkkoukmfu ts vk/kj rs u ij lksps leq>h dj.kq ?kqfjtsA

efgekufu th vkoHkxr (efgeku uokt+h) dj.kq ?kqfjtsA vk, [ks ekuq fMtsA

vlyh fefYd;r /u nkSyr u ij iafgatkbi] çseq ,sa lqBks ofgaok# vkgsA

balku fdFks fc gqts ij iafgats ns'k ykb gqc ,sa oD+r th ;kfn lanfl fnfy esa jgsA

rOgha Nk fl[;k

gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu eka ijlxZ (Post Position) fy[kks&

(1) fdrkcq [kksys r j[kqA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) oMfu lka i+Qt+hyr lka xkYgkbtsA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) ehuk [ks dohrk c˜/kbA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(4) gw mÙkj Ms fo;ksA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fp=k.kq = fpVq fpV.kqeqo+Qkeq = LFkkuq

fgu dgk.khv tks ys[kd Jh bZ'ojpaæ vkgs] tsdks ub± ih<+hv ts ys[kdfu esa

[+kkfl txg okykjs FkksA fgu fla/h lkfgR; th [+kwcq 'ksok dbZ vkgsA lanfl

jpukmfu esa go+Qho+Qr] lki+Q˜ ut+j] lknxh] balkfu;r ut+fj vps FkhA fla/hv lka

xMksxM˜ fganhv esa fc [+kwcq jpukÅa fyf[k;wa vFkkb±] tafga ykb [ksfl ljdkjh] x+SSj

ljdkjh laLFkkmfu ikjka buke fif.k fefy;y vkfgfuA lr dgkf.k;wa] eqvyq

ekdksM+ks] iafgats bZ ?kj esa] l[+rq psgjs okjks ek.gw] fgd chekj x+t+y lanfl

dgkf.k;qfu tk etewvk 'kk;b Fkh pqdk vkfgfuA fla/h dgkf.k;qfu esa lanfl

[+kkfl eqo+Qkeq vkgsA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-ý

119

fVi.kh

fefYd;r

tokc


1- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&

(1) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek th okfDi+Q;r fM;ksA

(2) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ts eu esa ys[kd tks edkuq fMl.k lka

dfgM+k ohpkj iSnk fFk;k\

(3) eqgEen vehu edku [ks dfgM+hv gkyfr esa NfM;ks gks\

(4) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek o×k.k ofD+r ys[kd th /hv [ks dfgM+h

lkSx+kr fMuh\

(5) eqgEen vehu edku ts fHkfr;qfu rs gFk Nks fi;ks iQsjk,\

2- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk fy[kh] tqfeyfu esa dfe vkf.k;ks&

vkjt+h] gljr] ut+jkuks] vks>y] vtuch] vkaf/&ekaf/] [+kkeks'kq] mijkb.kq]

Hkkais oB.kq] l.kkvks okm yx.kq] eq[kkesyks dj.kq] yqfM+d mfHkj.kq] ekfx eksV.kqA

3- gsfB;ka gokyk leq>k;ks&

(1) ^^vlha fc gk.ks mrs rOgkath cksyh xkYgkb.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;waA**

(2) ^^vlha rOgkatks edkuq fMl.k vk;k vkfg;waA**

(3) ^^vny! eqYd dfgM+s esa fc jfgts] v>ks r lHk [ks [kisA**


1- (l) 2- (l) 3- (v)


9-1 1- (v) 2- (c) 3- (v)

9-2 1- 2- 3- 4-

120

10'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

fla/h lkfgR; ts lksugjh nkSj th fVewrhZ 'kkgq] lpyq ,sa lkehv eka lfHkuh tks fljeks#

'kkgq vCnqy yrhi+Q (1689&1752) vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa vlha lanfl cSr i<+anklhaA

cSrq] fla/h 'kkbjhv tks vgeq Nan vkgsA fcfu flVqfu [kka Ngfu lrfu flVqfu rkb±

cSrfu th jpuk Fkhanh vkgsA 'kkg yrhi+Q [kka vx˜ 'kkgq vCnqy djhe] dkt+h dknu

fc cSrfu th jpuk dbZ ,sa iksb ts doh;qfu fc cSr fyf[k;k vkfgfu] ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q

iafgatks eVq ik.k vkgsA 'kkg [ks fla/h rgt+hc tks :gq ef×k;ks fo;ks vkgsA lwi+Qh 'kkb#

'kkgq yrhi+Q fgdq njos'kq gksA thva fganhv esa dchj] jghe ox+Sjg tk nksgk e'kgw# ,sa

ed+cwy vkfgfu] rhva 'kkg tk cSr pof.k;qfu ,sa igkdfu ts :i esa bLrsekyq fFk;fu

FkkA lanfl d+yke esa ckc cfnjka lqj yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgs] ts ;k jkx

jkxf.k;qfu ;k lwjfe;qfu lwjefu ts ukyfu rs c/y vkfgfuA fgufu cSrfu esa 'kkg

yrhi+Q ijekRek [ks Mkrk#] l?kkjks] gchcq] rchcq] nq[k ykghanM+ ef×k;ks vkgsA cSrfu

esa 'kkbjk.kh lwaga ekStwn vkgsA

fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&

ijekRek esa oslkgq j[k.k tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

dkvks dekb.k] eksfr;qfu ts okikj dj.k tks i+QdqZ leq>h c;kuq djs l?kank_

ykbo+Q [ks jsVs v.k&ykbo+Q˜ [ks i+Qkbnk fey.k tks lpq c;kuq djs l?kank_

cSr ts Nan [ks lq×kk.kh] muts bLrseky ckcfr leq>k, l?kank_

cSr ts 'kkbjk.kh [+kwfc;qfu rs fVi.kh djs l?kank_

lkfx, Hkko okjk cSr i<+h] mUgfu th HksV djs l?kank ,sa oD+r rs mUgfu tks

bLrsekyq djs l?kank_

paM tks ekuohdj.k dans fijhav [ks mu [kka cfgrj leq>.k th lpkbZ c;kuq

djs l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

121

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

eo+Qcwyq = e'kgw#] çfl¼

rsfM;kbZ = vksfrjh

eÄk = ?kqjka

js = [kka lokb

dqtkjks = Nk

dgkab = poka

gchc = lkFkh gennZ

rchc = gdhe] oS|

nk:a = nok

iQfd;wa = nokÅa

veq# = n;k

of.ktvk = okik# d;ks

lhgs = vHkzd

o[k# = okik#

lanksfe = eqafgatks

mcgka = ikj ioka

yqM+ = esjks

dkyksfj;ks = dkjks d;ks

dkaxfu = dkaofu

lj = ryko

gatM+k = gal i[kh

ikfM+;ka = HksfV;ka

lksf>jks = mtkyks] jksf'kuh

vpks] fgdq ni+Qks bUgfu cSrfu [ks i<+a™A

1- tsMks rqafgatks ukam ck> fc rsfM;kbZ eÄk

js FkaHkss js Fkw.ks rwa Ni# rwa Nkb

vkm dqtkjks dgkab rks[ks ekywe lHkdh

2- Mkrk# r rwa fc;k feM+sbZ eÄ.kk

ehaga eqankbrk ol.kk lnk olha rwa

ts ?kj vpha ewa r esfj;kbZ ekuq ygka

3- rwa gchcq rwa rchcq rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu

rwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrkj ! [ks M[kanfu

rMfga iQfd;wa i+Qjo+Q˜ dfu] tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ks

4- dkvks dek;ksfe eksrh ewa u of.ktvk

lhgs tks l;nq p, o[k# ogk;ksfe

gfgM+ks gkyq lanksfe] rksg rqafgats mcgka

5- vPNks ik.kh yqM+ fFk;ks dkyksfj;ks dkaxfu

b±ns yt ejfu

rafga lj eFks gatM+k

6- paM rqafgath t+kfr ikfM+;ka u fijhav lha

rwa vNks esa jkfr lt.k fur lksf>jks

cSrq&û-

vpks] 'kkg yrhi+Q tks ifgfj;ksa cSrq fgdq ni+Qks ojh i<+a™A

'kkg yrhi+Q fgu cSr esa ijekRek [ks lHk [kka 'kfDr'kkyh e×kh p;ks vkgs r tsfrjks

Åpks rqafgatks ukyks ,sa ukewl vkgs] eka rks[kka vksfrjh bZ ck> ?kqjka FkksA fcuk FkEHks ,sa

ûú-û cqfu;knh lcd+

ûú-ü vpks r leq>wa

122

fNfr ts rwa Ni# ,sa Nkao c.kh eqafgaath j[;k Fkks djhaA eka

rks[ks Nk pbZ c˜/k;ka] tks rks[ks lHkq dq>q ebywe vkgsA rwa

tk.kh tk.k.kgk# vkghaA

fgu cSr esa doh c˜/k, Fkks r jokth ?kj [ks fc FkEHkfu tks

lgkjks gwanks vkgs] fNfr gwanh vkgs] ij çHkw fcuk vk/kj

vlkatks Nij cf.kth n;k th Nkao c[+'ks FkksA

fVi.kh1- çHkwv ckcfr iafgath xkfYg fpVh dj.k ykb 'kkg yrhi+Q ^js FkEHks js Fkw.ks* tks

loyks felkyq MsbZ vljkbrs uewus xkfYg fpVh dbZ vkgsA

2- FkEHks Fkw.ks] Ni# Nkab] dqtkjks dgkb esa fgd v[kj tks nqfgjkm Fk] N] drtuhl gi+QhZ (vuqçkl vyadkj) tks lqfg.kks felkyq vkgsA

3- ukm Nkb dgkb lkfx, dkfi+Q, okjk yÝ+t+ gqt.k djs laxhr th y; iSnk fFk,FkhA

cSrq&ü-

vpks] fc;ksa cSrq ojh i<+a™A

fgu cSr esa 'kkg yrhi+Q çHkwv [ks nkrk ,sa MhanM+ ,sa fc;fu lfHkuh [ks ?kqjanM+ ef×k;ks

vkgsA vlka ofgaokj esa fMlwa Fkk cjlkfr #xks pkSekls esa olanh vkgs ij ijekRek th

efgj lnkb± isbZ olsA vfgM+s n;kyw /.khv [ks doh pos Fkks r tsdMfga rwa eqafgats ?kfj

vpha r eqafgatks ekuq eFkHkjks FkhanksA feVq ekbVq fc fgdq c ni+Qks enn djs usfB ukdkj

danksA ijekRek tfgM+ks Mkrk# nqfu;k esa fc;ks ds# fc dksUgsA

fVi.kh1- fgu cSr esa fc doh çHkwv ts nkrkj gqt.k th ok[kkf.k djs FkksA ltks lalk#

mu [kka ?kqjanM+ vkgsA

2- ^ehaga & eqankbrk] ol.kk & olha] esfj;kbZ & ekuq* esa e] o] Hk ts nqfgjko djsvuqçkl vyadkj tks lqfg.kks bLrsekyq fFk;yq vkgsA

3- eÄ.kk] ol.kk ge dkfi+Q;k yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA

4- ehaga ts felky lka iafgath xkfYg [ks fpVks dj.kq dohv ts bt+gkj th l?k tks

'kkfgnq vkgsA

iafgats vkt+ewns eka ijekRek ts ck>kjks ,sa Mkrk# gqt.k tk felky fy[kksA

tsMks rqafgatks ukam ck> fc rsfM;kbZ eÄkjs FkaHkss js Fkw.ks rwa Ni# rwa Nkabvkm dqtkjks dgkab rks[ks ekywe lHkdh

Mkrk# r rwa fc;k feM+sbZ eÄ.kkehaga eqankbrk ol.kk lnk olha rwats ?kj vph ewa r esfj;kbZ ekuq ygka

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûú-û

123

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

cSrq&ý-

vlka[ks iafgath fta+nxhv esa gchc ;kus nksLr lkFkhv th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA chek#

fFk;.k rs rchc ;kus MkDVj gdhe ofV fc osank vkfg;wa] mu twa c˜/k;y iQfd;wa nokÅa

oBank vkfg;waA fgu cSr esa doh ijekRek [ks bZ gchc ,sa rchc e×ks Fkks& nq[kq chekjh

MhanM+ fc mgks [+k˜fn vkgs ,sa nwj danM+] nq[k ykghanM+ fc mgks ik.k vkgsA MkDVj th

nok] oS| th i+Qdhv lka i+QdqZ rMfga ioanks] tMfga muth n;k fFk,A vlka fMlank

vkfg;wa y[ksa #i;k nokmfu vkWijs'ku rs [+kpqZ dj.k [kka iksb fc pk<+ks u gwanks vkgs

ij dMfga ebewyh ?kj ts Ml ia/] dk<+s eka ejht+ ukScuks Fkh ioanks vkgsA piqVh HkHkwr

eka Bhdq Fkh osanks vkgs ;k xksBfu esa >kM+ ikb.k ox+Sjg tk fo'okl çHkwv ts mu veqj

Mkagqa bZ b'kkjks dfu FkkA efrycq 'kkgq iwjhv jhfr vkfLrdq vkgs] ijekRek th 'kDrhv

esa vVwVq fo'oklq vFkflA gw lHkq dq>q mu [ks bZ e×ks FkksA ij ,frjks os>ks] tks mu ykb

^rOgha* ,oft+ ^rwa* yÝ+t+ bLrsekyq Fkks djsA

fVi.kh1- 'kkg lkfgc ijekRek th 'kDrhv rs vVwVq fo'oklq Fkks j[ksA chekjhv ykb

nokmfu tks vl# rMfga ioanks] tMfga muth efgj FkhanhA

2- nnZfu] M˜[kanfu] i+Qo+QZ dfu esa ge dkÝ+;k yÝ+t+ du jlq vrk djs laxhr tks

vkuan c[+'khu FkkA

3- nk:a nnZfu] i+Qfd;wa i+Qo+QZ dfu esa n ,sa i+Q v[kjfu tks nqfgjkm vuqçkl vyadkj

th lwaga Ms[kkjs FkksA

4- vkfLrdrk tks tT+cks ,sa o+Qkfcfy;r iSnk dj.k esa ghm cSrq dke;kcq vkgsA


1- ^ehaga eqankbrk ofl.kk lnk olha rwa* esa doh lnkb± olanM+ dafga [ks Fkks pos&

(v) lkao.k (c) ehagqa

(l) ekfyd th n;k (n) fcuk eqan tks ehagqa ¹ º

2- 'kkg yrhi+Q iafgats cSr esa dafgatks okik# u djs l?k.k th xkfYg pbZ vkgs&

(v) dkvks (c) 'khgks

(l) lp (n) eksrh ¹ º

rwa gchcq rwa rchcq rwa nk:a [ks nnZfurwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrkj ! [ks M[kanfurMfga iQfd;wa i+Qjo+Q˜ dfu]tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ks

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûú-û

124

dkvks dek;ksfe eksrh ewa u of.ktvklhgs tks l;nq p, o[k# ogk;ksfegfgM+ks gkyq lanksfe] rksg rqafgats mcgka

cSrq&þ-bgk e×kqrk vkgs r euq"; tks tueq Hkkxfu lka feyanks vkgsA vlkatk lkal ('okl)

eksfr;qfu felfy veqYgq vkfgfu] tsds Hkfxrhv :ih okikj esa liQyk dtfu ij balku

ykijokgq cf.kth [+klhlq jokth nqfu;oh lq[kfu :ih vHkzd (lhgs) tks okik# dfu Fkk

ij dohv [ks fo'okl vkgs r çHkq efgj djs lalkj lkxj eka ikfj danksA

'kkgq l;n ?kjk.ks eka gks] budjs cSrfu esa fdFks [+k˜fn ykb 'kkgq] fdFks yrhi+Q r fdFks

ojh l;n r[+kyql (miuke) dfe vk.ks FkksA fgu cSr t+jh, çsj.kk Fkks fM,& f[k.k

Hkaxqj dkap dekb.k th ykyp NMs eksfr;qfu tks okik# dfjA balkuq uklokuq lq[kfu

iqfB;ka nkbeh lq[kq fo×kk, Fkks NMsA tMfga gks'kq vpsfl Fkks] rMfga l?k uFkh jgsfl

ij dohv [ks çHkwv rs fo'oklq vkgs r mgks bZ lanfl fgu gky rs D;klq djs ikfj

mrkjhanksA

fVi.kh1- fgu cSr t+jh, doh dkvks dekb.k ykb eksfr;qfu tks okik# NM.k th balkuh

vknr rs jksf'kuh fo>s FkksA

2- dkvks&dek;ksfe] lhgs&l;nq] o[k#&ogk;ksfe] gfgM+ks&gkyq] rksg&rqafgats esa d]l] o] g] r v[kjfu tks nqfgjkm vuqçkl vyadkj tk lqfg.kk felky vkfgfuA

3- lqtkxh j[kh euq"; tue tks o+Qnq# dj.k th o+Qkfcfy;r ls[kkjs FkksA

4- uezrk ,sa Mksgq o+Qcwy.k th [+kwch ls[kkjs FkksA

cSrq&ÿ-vt˜ dYg vlha fMlwa Fkk iSls] rko+Qr ;k gi+QZr ckt+hv ts t+ksj rs v.k ykbo+Q˜ ek.gw

dke;kc Fkk fFk;fu ,sa Hkyk] lqBk] xq.kokuq 'k[+l iklhjk fFk;ks o×kfuA bu lpkbZv

[ks fpVks dj.k ykb doh gal ,sa dkao tks felkyq fM, FkksA gal tks jaxq vNks dkao

tks dkjksA tMfga dkam 'kq¼˜ 'ki+Qki+Q˜ ik.khv esa o×ks Fkks] mu [ks dkyksjs feV~Vhv tfgM+ks

c.kk, Fkks NMsA gal th vknr vNs ik.khv esa o×k.k th vkgsA gw vfgM+ks esjks ik.kh

fMlh] ryko rs vp.k esa bZ yt eglwlq Fkks djsA fgu cSr [ks t+eku edku [kka

eFkHkjks gqt.k tks #rcks gkflyq vkgs tks vt˜ fc fl;klh] lekth ,sa ekyh gkyfr

bgk bZ vkgsA

fVi.kh1- doh jokth vf[k;qfu fMBs felky [ks cSr th ekyk esa iks, x+Sj jokth oMh

fl[;k fM, FkksA vlha ryko rs vf[k;qfu lka fMlank vkfg;wa r dkao ts luku

dj.k djs ik.kh esjks fFk;.k rs mrs gal [ks vp.k esa bZ yt Fkh fFk,A

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

vPNks ik.kh yqM+ fFk;ksdkyksfj;ks dkaxfub±ns yt ejfurafga lj eFks gatM+k

125

2- dkyksfj;ks dkaxfu ^d* tks nqfgjkm mRçs{kk vyadkj th lwaga lkfcrq djs FkksA

3- n`"Vkar vyadkj tks fc ghm cSrq lqfg.kks felkyq vkgsA

4- 'kCn th y{k.kk 'kDrhv tks bLrseky d;y dkax ,sa gal tk çrhd vkfgfuA

cSrq&ö-

rOgha paM [ks jkst+kuks fMlank vkfg;ks] muth Fk/h pkaMksdh ek.khank vkfg;ksA paM lka

çsfedk ts lwaga th HksV fc t+:# i<+h gwanoA ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ fgu cSr esa paM [ks pos

Fkks r eqafgats egcwc vfx;ka rwa dq>q dksu vkgha] Nkdkf.k r Mhaga tks flt th

jksf'kuhv esa rwa ut+fj bZ uFkks vpha] #xks jkfr tks raqfgath lwaga if/jh fFk, FkhA ij

eqafgatks fijha ges'kk mtkyks lksf>jks i[ksM+hanM+ vkgsA

fVi.kh1- fgu cSr esa doh paM tks ekuohdj.k danss mu lka xkfYg;wa Fkks djsA

2- fgu esa eqckfyx+kss (vfrf'k;ksDrh) vyadkj dfe vkanyq vkgsA fijhav th lwaga

[ks o/k, c˜/k, FkksA

3- ikfM+;ka&fijha] lt.k&lksf>jks esa i ,sa l tks nqfgjkm mRçs{kk vyadkj tks lqfg.kks

felky vkgsA

4- fgu cSr th van:uh ekuk ewftfc fijha ijekRek ykb] tks mu tks uw# lnkb±

fi;ks fpeds] o+Qkbeq nkbeq vkgsA paM okaxq# #xks jkfr tks jksf'kuh uFkks c[+'ksA


1- ^b±ns yt ejfu rafga lj eFks gatM+k* esa lj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) rykm (c) lM+.k

(l) yk'k (n) lkj.kq ¹ º

2- rOgkats dkslZ esa 'kkg ts jpukmfu th tsdk 'kk[+k 'kkfey vkgs] lk vkgs&

(v) okbZ (c) cSr

(l) x+t+y (n) nksgk ¹ º

3- ^paM rqafgath t+kfr* cSr esa tssdks vyadkj dfe vk;ks vkgs] lks vkgs&

(v) mRçs{kk (c) eqckyx+ks

(l) ;ed (n) miek ¹ º

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

paM rqafgath t+kfr ikfM+;ka u fijhav lharwa vNks esa jkfr lt.k fur lksf>jks

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûú-ü

126

^cSr* Nan th okfDi+Q;rrOgka[ks dq>q cSr ;kfn vkfgfu\ Nk rOgha[ks bgk tk.k vkgs r ifgjha dohrk fy[k.k

ykb doh Nan tks bLrsekyq dank gqvk] vt fc dfu FkkA Nan ek=kkmfu ;k v[kjfu

rs vk/k# j[kfu FkkA eqo+Qj# ek=kkmfu ;k v[kjfu [kka iksb mu esa chgd fojkeq ;k

;fr b±nh vkgs ,sa rqd tks iky.kq d;ks osanks vkgsA

cSr i<+ans rOgha[ks muts ?kM+fr ;k ?kkM+sVs ckcfr dq>q tk.k Fkh pqdh gwanhA

tsdMfga cSrq fVfu flVqfu tks vkgs r ifgjha flV tks v/q] cha flV th iNkM+h ,sa Vha

flV ts v/ esa lkfx, mpkj.k okjk v[kj Fkhank ,sa tsdMfga fcfu flVqfu tks vkgs

r ifgjha flV th iNkM+h ,sa cha flV ts v/ okjk v[kj lkfx, mPpkj.k tk FkhankA

thva vkf[+kjh cSr esa daxfu ,sa ejfuA

rOgha cSr [ks [+k˜fn lq×kk.k.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;ksA c˜/k;ks r gsfB;fu eka dfgM+ks cSrq

Nan vkgs\

(v) dhva fNuk ghm iQwy

fVfM+;yq b,a bZ 'kk[+k rs

lkabZ ios o+Qcwy

(c) dpq dek;qfe dwM+ Hkxfe vgn vykg tk

fi×kjks tks ikifu tks pksVhv rkb± pw#

ekywe vFkbZ ew# x™M+gk bufge xkfYg tks

(l) rwa vkgha gsewa lnk g;kr

/kfj;k y[k :i rqafgats cfynku

fl[kfu Fkk lcdq lHksbZ toku

fuM# Fkh liQyq d;b Fk×kq ekr

ijekRek lfHkuh [kka 'kfDr'kkyh vkgsA gw fcuk fNfr fHkfr ts Nij ,sa Nkaoc[+'ks FkksA

cjlkr iafgats eqan rs ols Fkh ij /.khv th efgj vlka rs lnk olh jgh vkgsA

çHkw bZ nksLr] MkDVj ,sa nnZfu th nok vkgsA iQfd;wa rMfga i+Qo+QZ dafn;wa] tMfgamuth efgj FkhanhA

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

rOgha Nk fl[;k

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûú-ü

127

balkuq [+klhlq jokth lq[k ikb.k ykb o+Qherh ghjk eksrh fo×kk, Fkks NMsA

dkam ik.kh esjks Fkks djs] gal mrs vp.k esa yt Fkk eglwlq dfuA ?kfV ykbo+Q˜

ek.gwv th dke;kch fMlh] ykbo+Q˜ ek.gw iklhjks Fkks Fkh o×ksA

'kkgq fijhav th lwaga paM [kka o/hd e×ks FkksA

'kkg lkfgc loyk felky Mhans xgfj;wa Kku twa xkfYg;wa leq>k;wa vkfgfuA

vyadkjfu ts bLrseky lka Hkk"kk ,sa bt+gkj th lwaga o/h o×ks FkhA

cSr th ?kM+fr vfgM+h o.kanM+ vkgs] tks xkb.kk mu[ks MksghM+s felfy lqj lka

vkykiq MsbZ] xk, l?kfu FkkA

cSrq fla/h dohrk th futh e[+lwlq 'kk[+k vkgsA o+Qnheq gwans fc ub± Hkkls FkhA

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

fganhv lesfr fc;qfu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkmfu felfy fla/h fc vnc ts [+;ky

[kka 'kkgwdk# cksyh vkgsA fgu [ks gt+kj lkyfu [kka o/hd iafgath lkjkg

tksxh vnch jok;r vkgsA fla/h vnc [ks eq[;q :i lka fVfu nkSjfu esa

fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs&

(1) vokbyh nkSj& 712 bZ- [kka 1520 bZ- rkb±

(2) fopksa nkSj& 1520 bZ- [kka 1843 bZ- rkb±

(3) uvksa nkSj& 1843 bZ- [kka gyanM+

fopsa nkSj esa fla/h dohrk m:t rs igqph] cqyafn;wa gkflyq d;waA tafga [ks

fla/h vnc tks lksufgjh nkSj ef×k;ks o×ks FkksA

'kkgq yrhi+Q lksugjh nkSj ts dfo;qfu th fVewrhZv tks fljekSj doh vkgsA

tafga Nan fo|k ewftfc cSr ,sa ok;wa fyf[k;waA lanfl lr lwjfe;wa [+kkfl

e'kgw# yksd dFkkÅa vkfgfuA

fla/hv esa egkdkO; fy[k.k th jok;r dksUgsaA [kaM dkO; ,dM+ csdM+A

?k.kks r.kks iQqVdj dkO; feys FkksA

fla/h xzke# laLÑr ,sa fganhv lka feyanM+ tqyanM+ vkgsA

fy[k.k ykb gk.ks nsoukfxjh fyihv tks okfgiks of/;yq vkgsA ifgjha

vjch fla/h fyih fy[kh osanh gqbZA okikjh gV okf.kdh fyih dfe vk.khank

gqvkA t+kywa xq#eq[kh fyfi ,sa vt˜ tk ckj jkseu fyfi fc dfe vk.khfu

FkkA

128

fVi.kh

'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr

1- gsfB,a cSr th ekuk fy[kh iafgath fVi.kh fy[kks&

dkvks dek;ksfe ------------------------------------------------------------------ rksg raqfgats mcgkaA

2- ^rwa gchc rwa rchc rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu* fgu flV esa doh dafga[ks gchc rchc

e×ks Fkks ,sa Nks\

3- dkam ,sa gal tks felky doh dafgats ykb Fkks fM;.kq pkgs\ fpVhv rjg

leq>k;ksA

4- doh çHkwv [kka dsfrjh ck> Fkks ?kqjs ,sa Nks\

5- cSrfu esa vk;y ge&dkfi+Q;k (lkfx, mpkj.k okjk) yÝ+t+ pwaMs Vs&Vs felky

fM;ksA

6- lkfx;ks v[k# fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk dfe vps r vuqçkl vyadkj ;k rtuhl

gi+QhZ Fkhanks\

7- lanksfe yÝ+t+ th ekuk fy[kh c˜/k;ks r mgks xzkej ewftfc bLe ;k t+ehj ts

dfgM+s fo+QLe esa b±nks\

8- dafga fc, dfov tks fgdq cSr fy[kksA

9- 'kkgq dfgM+ks nyhy MsbZ paM [kka fijhav [ks cfgrj Fkks pos\


10-1 1- (l) 2- (n)

10-2 1- (v) 2- (c) 3- (c)


tokc

129

11


vkt+knh gj lkg okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th uber vkgsA vkt+knh gj balku tks

cqfu;knh] tksfM+tdh] tuefl¼ go+Q˜ vkgsA vkt+knhv tks efrycq NqM+okxh u vkgs ;k

iafgath bPNk] pkfguk] et+hZv eqrkfcfo+Q jsy&Nsy ?kqe.kq u vkgsA vkt+knhv tk tqnk

tqnk :i vkfgfuA balkuh vkt+knh] ok.khv th vkt+knh] eqYdh vkt+knh] /kfeZd

vkt+knh ox+Sjg ox+SjgA eqYdh vkt+knhv ykb vlkats Hkkjr vkt+knh vkanksyu gyk;ksA

vusd d"V] lwj] lf[+r;wa lgu d;waA vaxzst+fu lka cx+kor dbZA Økarhv th ygj lts

ns'k esa if[kfM+th osbZA vkt+knhv ts vusdq ijokufu [ks iQklhv rs yfVdk;ks fo;ksA

vaxszt+fu] vkt+knh vkanksyu [ks nckb.k ykb iafgats olka dhu ?kVk;ksA ns'k okfl;qfu lka

xM˜ fla/q esa flaf/;qfu fc vkt+knhv ykb dqckZfu;wa fMfu;waA fla/q] flaf/;qfu ts vkt+knh

gypy ,sa eqYdh vkt+knhv ykb ofjry dksf'k'kqfu [ks tk.k.k ykb vpks r fla/hv

ts ys[kd MkDVj tsBks ykyok.khv ts ukVd ^^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl**] tsdks vej

'kghn gsewa dkyk.khv ts thou ts ?kfVukmfu rs vk/kfjr vkgs] i<+a™ ,sa vkt+knh

gypy th tk.k gkflyq djs Kkuq o/k;waA


ukVd ts vk/kj rs vkt+knhv ts vkanksyu ts nkSj ts gkyrqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_ vkt+knhv ts ckjs esa ,sa ns'k çse ykb iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_ thou esa lkgl] fger lka Hkjiwj eukscy ,sa vkRefo'okl th vgfe;r c;kuq

djs l?kank_ fgd flai+Q ts :i esa ukVd ts vgfe;r Hkfj;y [+kkfl [+kwfc;qfu] [+kkfl;rqfu]

lccfu [ks leq>h] mu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_ vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ts nkSjkfu Hkkjfr;qfu rs fFk;y vR;kpkjfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

uber = c[+'kh'k

tksfM+tdh = laoS/kfud

tuefl¼ = tk, te [kka]

tue [kka

ok.kh = xkYgkb.k

lf[+r;wa = d"V

olka dksu ?kVk;ks =

gfjdk dksf'k'k dbZ

dqckZfu;wa = cfynku

ed+ln

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130

gkgkdk# = ekreq] fgjklqeqo+Qneks = dslq

VksM+iQksM+ = Hk×kqMkg

lkft+'k = eulwcks]fydy nxk+ckt+h

vpks r fgu ukVd t+jh, bUgfu xkfYg;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

vpks r fgu ukVd [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A

lw=k/kj&

vkt+knh balku tks cqfu;knh] tksM+tdh] tuefl¼ vf/dk# vkgsA vkt+knh gj lkg

okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th uber vkgsA balkuq] tafga [ks lfHkuh thofu esa Js"B lfM;ks

fo;ks vkgs] mgks dafga ts fc rkcs x+yke cf.kt.kq u pkghanks vkgsA ij lÙkk] iSls ts

cy rs gqu [ks x+yke c.kk;ks osanks vkgs r gw X+k˜ykehv tk can VksM+.k ykb gj dher

pqdkb.k ykb r;k# Fkh osanks vkgsA balkuh vkt+knh] eqYdh vkt+knh] ok.kh vkt+knhv

ykb ofD+r fc ofD+r vusd dqckZfu;wa fMfu;wa os;wa vkfgfuA vkt+knhv th yM+kbZ Hkkjr

fc yM+h vkgsA tMfga vlkatks Hkkjr vaxzst+fu ts ukikdq gjdrqfu] eukso`fr;qfu esa

?ksfj;y gks] rMfga vkt+knhv ykb ftrs fdFks cx+kor rgjdq] gypy 'kq: FkhA

Økarhv th ygj 1852 esa mfHkfjdks [kk/ksA

vkt+knhv ts ijokus ukStqoku gsewa dkyk.kh]

tafgatks tueq 23 ekpZ 1923 esa l[kj fla/ esa

ekrk tsBh ckbZ dkyk.khv ts ?kfj fFk;ks gksA mgks

erokyks vkt+knhv ts rgjd esa f?kM+h fi;ksA

vkt+knhv tks >aMks [k.kh eSnku esa fVih fi;ks ,sa

ej.k ykb r;k# Fkh fo;ksA gsewav [ks tk.k feyh r

fgd vaxzst+ i+QkSt th xkMh lD[kj eka Fkhanh]

dksbfV;k of×k.kh vkgsA mu esa i+QkSft;qfu lka xM

dki+Qh vankt+ esa ck:n] ce] e'khu& xuwa vkfgfuA

bgs gfFk;kj Økarhdkfj;qfu [ks ekj.k ykb eksfdfy;k

Fks fo;kA i+QkSth xkMhv [ks dsjkb.k] ekj.k ykb

gsewa idM+] ikuks] gFkksM+ks [k.kh] nksLrfu lka xM˜ jsy xkMh dsjkb.k ykb jsy ifVfM+;qfu

twa fi+Q'k IysVwa d<.k ykb fgd jkr igqph fo;ks ,sa lj t+ehu rs vaxzst+ iqfyl }kjka

fxjÝ+rk# Fkh fo;ksA gsewav ts ?kj] lthv fla/q esa gkgkdk# eph fo;ksA gsewav eFkka

ek'kZy&ykW dksVZ esa eqo+Qneks gyk;ks fo;ksA ljdkjh odhy gsewav eFkka vaxzst+ gqdwer

f[+kyki+Q VksM+iQksM+] ce /ekdk] i+QkSth xkMh dsjkb.k th lkft+'k flV.k tks Mksgq

yxk;ks ,sa tk.kk;ks r fgu tk fc;k fc lkFkh vkfgfu] tsds Hkth fo;k vkfgfuA dki+Qh

tksM+tdh = cankscLrqq] bafrT+kkeq

uber = nqvk] c[+'kh'k

Js"B = lHk [kka oMks

rkcs = dCt+s] v/hu

eukso`fr = eu tks ykM+kscx+kor = cyoks

rgjdq = gypy] vkanksyuq

Økafr = bafo+QykcqmfHkfjdks = ojh 'kq: fFk;.kq

ûû-û cqfu;knh lcd+

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131

d"V vt+kc fM;.k [kka iksb fc gw dq>q uFkks c˜/k,A vkf[+kjdkfj dksVZ esa fgu rs

eqo+Qneks gyk;ks Fkks o×ksA

dksVZ tks ut+kjks

ttq % (gFkksM+s lka Bd Bd dans)& tqoku] raqfgatks ukyks Nk vkgs\

gsewa % eqafgatks ukyks bafo+Qykcq vkgsA eka Økardkjh vkfg;kaA Hkkjr ekrk tks liwrq

vkfg;kaA

ttq % raqfgatfu lkfFk;qfu tk ukyk Nk vkfgfu\

gsewa % eka vdsyks vkfg;ka] eqafgatks lkFkh vkgs bafo+QykcqA

ttq % rqafgats firkthv tks ukyks Nk vkgs\

gsewa % fganqLrku] Hkkjr egku~A

ttq % ,sa /a/ks\

gsewa % ns'k çse tks iQfgyko] eqdfeyq vkt+knh gkflyq dj.kqA

ttq % (xqLls esa)& gsewa] rks fgdq laxhuq tqeZq d;ks vkgsA rks vaxzst+ i+QkSt ts

flikfg;qfu [ks ekjs] mUgfu ts lqgkfxf.k;qfu [ks Mgkfxf.k;wa c.kkb.k th

ukikdq dksf'k'k dbZ vkgsA rwa ns'kHkDr u] fgdq eqtfjeq] fgd [+kkSi+Qukdq

okD+, th lkft+'k ykb tokcnkj vkghaA dksVZ i+QSflyks djs] mu [kka vx˜

rks[ks iafgath li+QkbZv esa tsdks pfo.kks vkgs] pmA

(gsewa dkyk.khv tks firk Jh islweyfl#fu ts HkVs rs)

(iqjk.kks l[kj 'kgj&gsewa dkyk.khv tks tue LFkku)

vt+kc = d"V] rdyhi+Qwa

bafo+Qykcq = iQsjks] rCnhy

liwrq = iqVq] vkSykn

eqdfeyq = iw.kZ

laxhuq = Hkkjh] xkSjks

tqeZq = Mksgq] xqukgqlqgkfxf.k = tafgatks ifr

g;kr gqts

M˜gkfxf.k = tafgatks ifrejh fo;ks gqts

fVi.kh


132

(gsewa dkyk.khv thekrk tsBhckbZ dkyk.kh)

gsewa % ewa[ks i+Q[+k˜# vkgs] eka iafgats ekrk firk th vkSyknq vkfg;ka] ftfu ns'k çse

tk laLdkj fMukA Hkkjr ekrk th larku vkfg;ka] tsdk vt˜ x+ykeq vkgsA

mu[ks vR;kpkfj;qfu [kka NksfVdkjks fM;kj.kq tqeZq u vkgsA

ttq % gsewa ! gqdwer lka Vd# [kkb.k tks vatkeq rwa tk.kha Fkks\

gsewa % gkA lt+k&,&ekSr] mfefj Hkfj dSn] dkjks ik.kh ;k iQklhv tks iQanksA

ttq % gsewa] rwa ft+nh] vfHkekuh vkghaA rks rekeq ?k.kk Mksg d;k vkfgfuA rks[ks

mfefj Hkfj dSn th lt+k fMuh o×ks FkhA

gsewa % ([+k˜f'k Fkh)& bafo+Qykcq ft+angckn] oans ekr`e] Hkkjr ekrk th t;A

lw=k/kj % gsewav [ks mfefj Hkfj dSn th lt+k fey.k rs gqu tk dqVach] 'kgjoklh]

fla/oklh Mk<k nq[kh fFk;kA gsewav th lt+k eki+Q djkb.k ykb oMfu

eqfncjfu dksf'k'kwa ofjfr;wa] ij lHkq ukdkfe;kcqA mYVks duZy fjpMZ~lu

gsewav [ks [+kkSi+Qukdqq] [+krjukdq ,sa veu veku ykb oMks [+krjks tk.kk,]

mfefj Hkfj o+QSn th lt+k [ks iQklhv th lt+k esa rcnhy djs] 29 fMlEcj

1942 rs mu dkjh iQrok rs eqgj yxkbZA lth fla/ esa ekreq Nkabth fo;ksA

21 tuojh 1942 gsewav [ks iQklh

fM;.k tks dkjks Mhagqa eqo+Qj# d;ks

fo;ksA gsewav [ks iQklh fM;.k twa

r;kfj;wa fFk;.k yfx;waA fli+QZ gqu ts

ekrk&firk [ks tsy esa xfMt.k th

btkt+r feyh gqbZA fgd Mhagqa gquth

ekrk tsBh ckbZ] firk Jh islwey

gsewav lka xfMt.k lsaVªy tsy igqrkA

tsy tks ut+kjks

vkokt+ % gsewa] rqafgatk ekrk&firk rkslka xfMt.k vk;k vkfgfuA

gsewa % ckck] veka] isjs Fkks iokaA

islwey % (nq[kh yfgts esa)& gsewa] lHkq dksf'k'kwa ukdkfe;kcq os;waA vlha gkjk, pqdkvkfg;waA

gsewa % ckck] tsdks fFk;.kks gwanks] vofl FkhanksA eqafgats Hkkx esa ekr`Hkwehv eFkkadqckZu fFk;.k fyf[k;ks vkgsA ns'k lsok th okV ewa [+k˜fn ilafn dbZ vkgsArOgka nq[kh u fFk;ksA xq:v th fc bgk bZ bNk vkgsA

vR;kpk# = t+Yeq

NksfVdkjks = eqfDrxqukgq] tqeZ = Mksgq

tuefl¼ = tue [kka oBh

vf/dk# = go+Q˜gqdwer = ljdkj

vatkeq = urhtks

Vdj = lkeuks] pdjh] >fxM+ks

ft+nh = gksMh] gBhyks

eqfncjfu = vx˜okufu

[+krjukdq = [+kfrjs lka Hkjiwj[+kfrjks = Miq] tks[keq

veu veku = 'kkarh

eqfgj yxkbZ = eat+™jh fMuh

vcgeq = csle>q] eklweq

ykokfjlq = vukFkq

eqtfjeq = Mksgkjh] xqugxk#

[+kkSi+Qukdq = Hk;kudq

okD;ks = ?kVuki+Q[+k˜# = xoZ

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133

ekrk % eka iqNka Fkh r Hkxoku th bgk bNk Nk ykb vkgs\ ekmj ckyd [ks

tueq Nk ykb fM;fu fFk;wa\ (#, Fkh)

islwey % ('kkafr djkb±ns)& gsewav ekm] Mkgh FkhA nq[k dj.k] #v.k lka dq> dksu

ojanksA 'kkafr FkhA iqV gsewa ! fla/ lwcs tks Lihdj Hkkst fla?k ifgyktk.kh]

lk/w oklok.kh v×kk rkb± dksf'k'kqfu esa yxy vkfgfuA

gsewa % ckck] i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu nq"Vq] ft+nh] gksMh] vR;kpkjh] nqjkpkjh

vkgsA eka uFkks pkfg;ka r eqafgatk iwtuh; xq:tu] lar] vx˜oku] fgu ikih

dBksj vfx;ka eqafgats ykb n;k th ch[k fiufuA efgjckuh djs eqafgats

NksfVdkjs twa lHkq dksf'k'kwa u d;wa o×kfuA

ekrk % dekaM# t+Yeh vkgs] 'kSrkuq vkgsA gsewa] rks[ks fxjÝ+rk# djs dky dksBjhv

esa iwfj;ks fo;ksA eqafgath eerk Mhaga jkr #uks vkgsA bgks fdFkka tks balki+Q˜

o+Qkuwuq vkgs\ fgd bZ Mksg ykb ifgjha mfefj dSn iksb iQklh\ ghm ?kksj

vU;km vkgsA

islwey % gk] ghm vaxzst+fu ts va/s] cksM+s] xwaxs o+Qkuwu] ek'kZy&ykW th iQ+rok vkgsA

lHkq ljdkj tk deZpkjh vkfgfuA tsdh pkghfu] thva o.ksfu] rhva

i+QSlyks dfuA bgk bZ r rkuk'kkgh vkgsA

ekrk % (vkis [kka ckfgfj fufdjh)& eki+Qhv cfnjka iQklh ! u] u] eka r ejh

osanflA gpkjk gsewav [ks iQklh fM;fu] mu [kka ifgjha eka t+Yeh vaxzst+fu

[ks ekjs NMhanfl] iksb eka ejanflA

islwey % lHkkxh] ik.kq laHkkfyA le>nkjhv [kka deq oBqA

ekrk % eka fgrka gsewav [ks ?kfj oBh osanflA gsewa] rwa ekm [+kkfr# eki+Qh oBqA eki+Qh

oB.k lka balku ua<ks u ij egkuq cf.ktanks vkgsA ljdkj tsds ukyk ?kqjs

Fkh] MsbZ NfM ij rwa ?kfj gyqA (jks, Fkh)

gsewa % veka] rOgka ts vf[k;qfu esa vkalw\! u] uA veka] rOgka r eqafgath cgknq#

ekm vkfg;ks] eqafgath çsj.kk vkfg;ksA rOgka bZ r ns'k çse th çsj.kk fMuhA

rOgka [ks ik.k [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA rOgka tk fMuy laLdkj dkfe;kcq

cf.k;k vkfgfuA eka rOgkath Fk×kq th yt j[kanqflA iQklhv rs p<+h ns'k

tks dt+Z ,sa iafgatks i+QT+kZ vnk danqflA

islwey % iqV] vlka tks po.kq e×kq] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq cf.kth o×kqA lHkq dq>q Bhdq Fkh

osanksA

vofl = vo';

Hkkx˜ = fo+QLerokV = jLrks

xHkZ = isV

ihM+kÅa = lwjfd'kksj = ua<ks ukStqokuq

voLFkk = mfefj

tyknq = iQklh MhanM+dklkbZ = dqganM+

Mkgh = le>nk#

lwcs = jkT;nq"Vq = ikih

gksMh = ft+nh] fuBj

nqjkpkjh = cnpyuiwtuh; = bt+r ykbo+Q˜

NksfVdkjks = fjgkbZ

dkydksBjh = tsy[+kkukstue Vhi = mfefj Hkfj tsy

i+Qrok = gqdqe

?kksj = reke oMksyt = bt+r] ifr

i+Qt+Z = dÙkZO;

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134

flU/q ekrk tsBh ckbZ ,sa iatkc ekrk fo|korh ('kghn Hkxr flag th ekrk)

gsewa % u ckck u] eka x+íkjh gjfxt+ u danqflA eka tk.kk Fkks] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq

fFk;.k lka eki+Qh feyanh] oMk mfgnk feyank] f[+krkcq fc feyanks] ij ns'k

çseq bu ykyfp [kka ?k.kks ?k.kks eFks vkgsA

ekrk % ij iqV] eka Nk dfj;ka\ eqafgath eerk] eqafgatks eksgq] eqafgath vkSykn ----

gsewa % lfHkuh ca/ufu [kka vkt+knq Fkh ewa[ks vk'khokZn fM;ks] thva eka eqd±ns

eqd±ns iQklhv rs p<+kaA

ekrk % iqV] eka nsoh dku vkfg;ka] ekm vkfg;ka ekmA Hkyk ekm iafgath larku

[ks ekSr ts eqaga esa dhva Fkh fMlh l?ks\

gsewa % vOgka bZ r ls[kkfj;ks vkgs r tuuh tueHkwfe lqxZ [kka o/hd egkuq Fkhanh

vkgsA veka] fla/q] Hkkjr ekrk] tue&Hkwehv th lsok dj.kq fc eqafgatks

i+Qt+Z vkgsA Hkkjr ekrk cyhnku ?kqjs FkhA ns'k lfno+Qs vusd ekrkmfu iafgatk

dwa/j dqgk;k vkfgfuA veka] rOgka [ks fc o+Q˜ckZuh fM;.kh ioanhA

ekrk % (#vans] fxjkfVM+h Hkjhans)& gsewa eqafgatk yky] I;kjk iqV] eaqfgaft;qfu

vf[k;qfu tk uwj ----

gsewa % gk veka] eka lpq Fkks poka& eka okil eksVh b±nqflA tslharkb± ns'kq vkt+knq

u fFk;ks vkgs] rslharkb± ckj&ckj ejanqfl] ojh&ojh teanqfl ns'k lfno+QsA

mfgnk = in

f[+krkc = yo+Qc] bukeg;kr = thvjks

iflcks = fMflcks] ut+j b±nks

fNt.kq = VqV.kqMksgq = xqukg

t+Yeh = t+kfye

gR;kjk = ikih] ekjhanM+lHkkxh = Hkkxokuq

çsj.kk = eu mNy] mRlkgq

x+íkjh = eqYd lka nq'euh]

csoi+QkbZ

Fk×kq = ekm tks [kh#

inoh = bt+r tks yo+Qcqdwa/j = larku

dqfg;k = cfynku d;k

fVi.kh


bafd+ykcq ft+ngckn

135

ekrk % gs xq: ckck] eka Nk dfj;ka\ dkMs o×kka] rwa bZ dk ck> dfjA

gsewa % veka] opu fM;ksA eqafgath iQklhv rs rOgka nq[kh u FkhankA vf[k;qfu esa

xks<+k u vk.khankA eka ojh fc o+QkSyq Fkks dfj;ka] eka eksVh b±nqflA gk.ks

eksdy fM;ks---- vk'khokZnq fc fM;ksA

ekrk % ij iqV] eka vfgM+ks i+QkSyknh ftfx# fdFkka vkf.k;ka\ dfgM+h fnfy lka

eerk tks xyks ?kqVs] rks[ks iQklhv rs yfVd.k th vklhl fM;kaA

gsewa % veka] eu th tt+ckr [ks csyx+keq fFk;.kq u fM;ksA 'kkafr fpr lka lksps

fMlksA ghm ekSrq u] ij eqafgats ykb] dqVaqc lekt ykb i+Q[+k˜# vkgs] 'kkuq

vkgsA

ekrk % eu] fprq] 'kkafr---- ykfMyks dky tks c[kq cf.kth jfg;ks vkgsA vf[k,a

ekSr tks uaxks ukpq osBh fMlkaA (#, Fkh)

gsewa % veka&ckck] rOgka vdsyk u vkfg;ks] vej 'kghn Hkxr flag th ekrk

fif.k gqu [ks eqf'danM+ psgjs lka iQklhv rs yfVd.k tks gqdqe fMuks gksA

gqufu ts vf[k;qfu esa iqV fo×kkb.k tks nq[kq] vi+Qlkslq u ij [+k˜'khv tk

vkalw gqvkA rOgka fif.k f[kyans vkKk dfj;ksA (lqfMdfu tks vkokt+)

gsewa % veka] ewa rfi+QZ fugkfj;ks ---- iQklhv th [+kksjkd eqafgatks ot+uq fc o/k;ks

vkgsA tsy# fc leq>h fo;ks vkgs r ewa[ks ekSr th lt+k ghlk;ks Mdk;ks

dksUgs] ik.k o/hd l?kkjks c.kk;ks vkgsA

ekrk % eqafgatk yky] I;kjk iqV] lfno+Qs o×kka rksrkaA

gsewa % ckck] ckck] rOgka r eqafgath dqckZuhv lka [+k˜f'k vkfg;ks u\

islwey % gk iqV [+k˜f'k vkfg;kaA bZ'oj nfj osfurh vkgs r fla/q ts gj ?kj esa rks

tfgM+ks oh# liwrq tueq oBsA (lqfMdk)

gsewa % veka] eu [ks fLFkj dfj;ksA fgdq gsewa iQklhv rs yfVdanks r Nk Fkhanks\

Hkkjr tks] fla/q tks gj liwr rOgka [ks ^^veka veka** pbZ iqdkjhanksA gj

fgd ckj esa rOgka[ks gsewa ut+j b±nksA

ekrk % (i+Q[+k˜j fopka)& iqV] eka folkjs osBh gqvfl r rwa ns'k th fefyfd;r

vkghaA eka gk.ks ik.k eka eksgq d<ka Fkh I;kjk iqV gseaw ! çHkq] >wysyky]

iYys okjk] okfgxq: ckck gsewav [ks fgeFk fMtksA bafo+Qykcq ft+ngckn th

ifr jf[ktksA Hkkjr ekrk [ks vkt+knq djkbtksA rOgka nfj bgk bZ osfurh

vkgsA

R;kx˜ = gFkq [k.k.kq] lU;klq

dky = ekSr tks nsorkvklhl = vk'khokZnq

dqfjc = ikfljhv ts daMs okjks

gsfB;ksa fglks

lq×kk.ki = okfDi+Q;r

uw# = jksf'kuh

ck> = n;kteanqfl = tueq oBanqfl

tkxkb±nk = tkx`r dank

o+QkSyq = ç.kq] opuqi+QkSykn ftfx# = et+cwr fnfy

vklhl = vk'khokZn

cfgcwnh = HkykbZ] i+QkbnkstT+ckr = meax

csyx+ke = NqM+okx

ykfMyks = I;kjksc[kq = fxjgq] fuokyks

uaxks = m?kkM+ks

ukpq = u`R;

eqf'danM+ = eqLdjkb±nM+

[+kksjkd = [kk/ks

ghfl;y = Mjiksd

l?kkjks = rnqa#Lrohj liwr = cgknqj iqVq

fLFkj = et+cwr

f>jfej = frtyks] jkSuddk;j = Mjiksd] fMft.kks

[+okfg'k = bPNk] pkfguk

fVi.kh


136

gsewa % veka ckck] isjs Fkks iokaA

ekrk firk % NqV iqV] vlkath rks[ks vkKk vkgsA

lw=k/kj % gsewav tsy vanfj bafo+Qykcq ft+ngckn] oans ekrje~] Hkkjr ekrk th t;*

tk ukjk yxkb±ns] iafgath vkf[+kjhfu [+okfg'k esa tsyj] eSftLVªsV] MkDVj]

iQklh&?kj eas gkft+j flikfg;qfu ,sa tYykn lesfr

lfHkuh [kka ^Hkkjr ekrk th t;* tk ukjk yxk;k ,sa

tYykn [kka dkjks diM+ks oBh] iafgatfu gFkfu lka

eFkka fo>h] iQanks fxphv esa fo>h] iQklhv rs p<+h

ns'k eFkka dqckZu Fkh fo;ksA oans ekrje~] Hkkjr ekrk th

t; t;dkj vt˜ fc fi+Qt+k esa xwatth jgh vkgsA


1- vaxzst+fu dafga rs t+Ye d;k gqvk\

(v) tkuojfu rs (c) fonsf'k;qfu rs

(l) Hkkjrokfl;qfu rs (n) flikfg;qfu rs ¹ º

2- gsewav tks tueq fdFks ,sa dMfga fFk;ks\

(v) 1947 Hkkjr esa (c) 23 ekpZ 1923 lD[kj esa

(l) 1942 fla/ esa (n) 15 vkxLV 1950 fgan esa ¹ º

3- gsewav [ks iQklh dMfga fMuh osbZ\

(v) 20 tuojh 1945 (c) 21 tuojh 1942

(l) 20 tuojh 1942 (n) 2 vDVwcj 1950 ¹ º

4- gsewav [ks cpkb.k ykb dfgM+s lar dksf'k'k dbZ\

(v) Lokeh 'kkafr çdk'k (c) lkab± /eZnkl

(l) lk/w oklok.kh (n) Lokeh yhyk'kkg ¹ º

5- i+QkSth dekaMj ds# gks\

(v) lj fofy;e (c) lj tksau

(l) i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu (n) i+QkSth dekaMj ljkYV ¹ º


fVi.kh


137

vpks] ukVd ,sa mu tss vukljfu ts vk/kj rss lcd+ [ks pÄhv rjg leq>.k th

dksf'k'k dfj;waA

ûû-ü-û fo"k; ,sa edZt+h [+;kyq

ukVd th dgk.khv [ks dFkkoLrw fif.k lfM;ks osanks vkgsA IykWV ukVd tks vgfe;r

Hkfj;ks rRo vkgsA dFkkoLrw ukVd th vkRek vkgsA dFkkoLrwv tks laca/q ukVd esa

c;kuq d;y fo"k; lka gwanks vkgsA dFkkoLrwv [ks fpVks dj.k ykb okD;fu] gkyrqfu

,sa fdjnkjfu th jpuk dbZ osanh vkgsA fgd vfgM+h ?kVuk tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs]

ftrs ekrk firk th iafgats vkSykn ykb eerk] thv.k th ykylk lka xM˜ fgd

ukStqoku th ns'k eFkka o+Q˜ckZu fFk;.k th ns'k çse Hkkouk mfHkjanh ut+fj vps FkhA

islwey] tsBh ckbZ] tt ,sa gsewa dkyk.khv ts fdjnkjfu t+jh, fgd vkt+knhv ts

ijokus [ks ns'kæksgh lMs] iQklhv rs yfVdk;ks o×ks FkksA iQklhv th lt+k c˜/kb.k ,sa

dksVZ th ?kVuk t+jh, ,sa ekrk&firk tks iafgats iqV [ks leq>kb.k ,sa eerk eksg ts

vglkufu lka dgk.khv th vkslfj fFk, FkhA

rOgka ukVd i<+.k cSfn mu esa ft+Øq d;y dgk.khv [ks leqf>;ks gwanksA vkt+knhv

tks yM+kdw gsewa i+QkSth xkMhv [ks dsjkb.k ykb jsy ifVjhv twa fi+Q'k&IysVwa d<ans

ifdfM+th ios FkksA ek'kZy dksVZ esa fgu rs dslq gys FkksA gsewa lkfFk;qfu tk ukyk

c˜/kb.k [kka badkj djs FkksA eki+Qh oB.k ykb fc r;k# dksUgsA iQklhv th lt+k

c˜/ans gqu tk ekrk firk nq[kh fFk;fu FkkA gqu [ks eki+Qh oB.k ,sa ljdkjh 'kkfgnq

cf.kt.k ykb leq>kbZfu Fkk] ij gsewa frjhv rsyq uFkks ykb.kq fM, ,sa eksVh vp.k tks

okbnks djs ekrk&firk [ks leq>k,] [+k˜'khv [+k˜'khv iQklhv ts iQans rs p<+h o×ks FkksA

gsfB fMuy tqfeyk dafga p;k vkfgfu] mgs tk.kk, fMaxhv esa fy[kks&

1- veka] eka rOgka [ks fo'oklq Fkks fM;kfj;ka r eqafgath 'kknhv tks tqywl 'kku] eku]

vku] ncncs lka fufdjanksA ¹ º

2- ns'k i+Qt+Z fuHkkb.kq] oi+Qknkjh eqafgath J¼k vkgsA ¹ º

3- gsewa rwa eki+Qh oBqA ¹ º

4- iqV] vlkatks po.kq e×kq] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq cf.kth o×kqA ¹ º

ûû-ü vpks r leq>wa

edZt+h = dsUæh;] lsUVªy

vkslfj = fodklq

frjhv rsyq uFkks ykb.kq =

u e×k.kq

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûû-û

138

5- rks fgdq laxhuq tqeZ d;ks vkgsA ¹ º

6- lt+k, ekSr] mez Hkfj dSn] dkjks ik.kh ;k iQklhv tks iQanksA ¹ º

7- gsewav [ks iQklh fM;.k twa r;kfj;wa fFk;.k yfx;waA ¹ º

ûû-ü-ü fdjnkjfuxkjh^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* esa ekrk tsBh ckbZ] firk islwey] gsewa dkyk.kh ,sa fjpMZ~lu eq[;qfdjnkj vkfgfuA tsBh ckbZ eerk e;h ekm] lgu 'kDrhv okjh] vkSykn [ks ns'k çsetk laLdkj MhanM+ vkSjr] ukjh l'kDrhdj.k th fu'kkuh vkgsA

gsewa dkyk.kh lkglh] fgeFkokuq] vVyq bjkns okjks] vkRe fo'oklh] lpks ns'kHkDrq]fla/q tks lPpks ohj] fla/q liwrq vkgsA tuuh tue Hkwehv] ns'k ykb ej.k feV.k okjks]d"Vfu d'kkyfu [kka u Md.k okjks vfxrs vfxrs dne o/kb.k okjks 'k[+lq vkgsA ns'kth vkt+knhv ykb] cyhnku fM;.k ykb r;k# vkgsA

ûû-ü-ý ekgksyekgksy ukVd tks vgfe;r Hkfj;ks rRo vkgsA fgu [kst+eku] edku ,sa ekgksy fc lfM;ks osanks vkgsA ^vekaeka eksVh b±nqfl** ukVd i<+.k lka n`';fu ,sa fdjnkjfuth xqÝ+rxwv eka bgk tk.k feys Fkh r ukVd tksekgksy vaxzst+fu ts jkt lrk lka xM fla/q ,sa Hkkjr easvkt+knhv ts gypy okjks gks ,sa ns'kçse] Hkkjr tsgjfgd ukxfjd esa dwV dwV Hkfj;y gksA vaxzst+fu tst+Ye [kka Hkkjroklh rax gqvkA

ûû-ü-þ Hkk"kk&'kSyh

fgu ukVd [ks i<+.k ofD+r rOgka tks è;ku Hkk"kk ts [+kkfl;rqfu rfi+QZ fif.k fo;ks

gwanksA fgu ukVd th cksyh fgd [+kkfl fo+QLe ts ekgksy [ks vlkats lkEgwa lkdk# djsFkhA dksVZ ,sa tsy ts n`';fu rfi+QZ è;kuq fM;.k lka b,a yxanks r vlha [+k˜fn mu ekgksytks fglks cf.kth lkf[k;kr fMlh jfg;k vkfg;waA fgu ukVd esa bgks deq cksyhv t+jh,d;ks fo;ks vkgsA lw=k/kj t+jh, vkt+knhv tk eat+j [kM+k d;k fo;k vkfgfuA tMfgagsewa pos Fkks& ckck] isjs Fkks ioka ,sa eksV eas ^NqVq iqV* ,sa fxjkfVM+h Hkj.k tfgfM+;waxkfYg;wa laLdkjfu tks ekgksy [kM+ks dfu fFk;waA ^oans ekrje~*] ^bafo+Qykcq fta+ngckn*]^Hkkjr ekrk th t;* ukjk vkt+knhv ts yM+kdqfu ts tks'k] mRlkg ,sa vkt+knhv ts

ekgksy [ks vf[k;qfu lkEgwa vk.ks chgkjhfu FkkA

(vaxzst+fu tk t+Ye)

q

fVi.kh


139

ûû-ü-ÿ vnkdkjhvnkdkjhv tks erycq vkgs eap rs jksyqq dj.kqA dafga

fc ukVd [ks dkfe;kcq c.kkb.k ykb ghm rRo eq[;q

vkgsA tsdMfga dafga ukVd esa vnkdkjhv tks xq.kq u

vkgs r mgks ukVd LVst rs isf'k uFkks djs lf?ktsA ghm

ukVdq vxfj rOgka eap rs isf'k dj.k pkfg;ks Fkk r

rOgka [ks ukVd ojh è;ku lka if<+.kks ioanks] vH;klq

dfj.kks ioanksA bgks fc ohpk# dfj.kks ioanks r ukVdq

eap rs [ksM.k ofD+r rOgka [ks dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa

rdyhi+Qwa isf'k vph l?kfu fFk;waA ukVd esa vfgM+ks dks

fc n`'; ;k gkyfr u vkgs] tafga [ks eap rs isf'k u

djs lf?ktsA ukVdq csgn loykbZv lka] ?kfV 'k;qfu lka

liQyrk lka isf'k djs lf?kts FkksA

ûû-ü-ö ed+lnqbgks r rOgha tk.kh fo;k gwank r fgu ukVd [ks fy[k.k tks ed+ln vaxzst+h gqdwer

ts djs Hkkjr th tsdk [+kjkcq gkyfr c.kh gqbZ ,sa mu th eq[+kkfyi+Qr esa tsdk

vkt+knhv th ckfg HkfM+dh gqbZ ,sa ukStqoku ns'k eFkka o+Q˜ckZuq fFk;.k ykb r;k# Fkh

fo;k gqvk] mu tks fpVq fpV.kq vkgsA

fgu ukVd tks okD+;ks go+Qho+Qh ,sa rokjh[+kh vkgsA vej 'kghn ukStqoku gsewa dkyk.khv

ts vkt+knh vkanksyu ykb fMuy yM+r tks gwcgw fpVq vkgsA ghm ukVdq vlka[ks ns'k

çse] ns'k vkt+knh] eqYdh eqgcr tks ut+fj;ks c[+'ks FkksA

ûû-ü-÷ xqÝ+rxw

ukVd ts dgk.khv th vkslfj dykdkjfu ts fdjnkj fuxkjh xqÝ+rxwv lka dbZ osanh

vkgsA ukVd ^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* th xqÝ+rxw t+ksjnk#] ot+unk#] rqt+ vkgsA

ukVd esa xqÝ+rxw th [+kkfl vgfe;r gwanh vkgsA vpks] dq>q felkyfu lka ukVd th

xqÝ+rxwv ts [+kwfc;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

^^Hkyk ekm iafgats larku [ks ekSr ts eqaga esa dhva Fkh fMlh l?ks\ rks[ks dky [k.kh

o×ks] vfgM+h vklhl rks[ks dhva fM;ka\**

gsewav th fnfy [ks NqganM+] ukStqokufu esa ns'k çse tkxkb.k ykb fgu th isf'k d;y

xqÝ+rxw fMlks&

(gsewa dkyk.khv th ;kn esatkjh d;y Viky fVfdyh)

fVi.kh


140

^^veka rOgka bZ r ls[kkfj;ks vkgs r tuuh tue Hkwfe lqxZ [kka o/hd egkuq Fkhanh

vkgs] ekm ts isjfu esa lqxZ Fkhanks vkgsA** laLdkjfu th ,sa thou eqYgfu th is'kd'k

vkgsA

ûû-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

rOgka ukVd if<+;ksA rOgka tk.kh pqdk vkfg;ks r ukVd esa vaxzst+fu ts vU;k;q t+Ye

lka Hkji# gqdwer tks ofgaok# ,sa ns'k çsfe;qfu] vkt+knh vkanksyudkfj;qfu rs vR;kpk#

dj.kq] ekj.k th dksf'k'k dj.kq gksA vkt+knhv ts yM+kdqfu esa tks'kq] meaxq Hkjiw# gksA

bUgfu xkfYg;qfu ts ens&ut+j ukVd esa cksyhv tks okfgiks fc vfgM+ks bZ d;ks fo;ks

vkgs tafga esa yÝ+t+ tfgM+ksfd eq[+kkfrcq fFk;.kq] igkdfu] pof.k;qfu ox+Sjg tks

bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA vpks r dq>q mUgfu tks vH;klq dfj;waA

1- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu tk ft+n fM;ks&

(1) vkt+knh (2) ikdq

(3) fta+ng (4) dka;#

2- gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc bLe t+kr okjk yÝ+t+ fy[kks] ftfu th iNkM+hv esa

^r* gqtsA

felky& fo+QLer

------------------------------ ------------------------------

------------------------------ ------------------------------

3- gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka fli+Qrwa Bkfg;ks&

c˜<kiks] gksf'k;kjh] pkykdh] oi+Qknkjh] bZekunkjh

4- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu eka bLe t+kr Bkfg;ks&

x+ykeq] x+jhcq] csdk#] ykpk#] etc#

5- dafga fc lkgokjs ;k cstku ts ua<s :i [ks bLe rlx+hj pbcks vkgsA

felky& cpks = cfpM+ksgsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu tk bLe rlx+hj Bkfg;ks&

gVq] yksVks] fnyks] efVdks] FkkYgq

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûû-ü

141

6- gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc yÝ+t+fu th cukoV fy[kks&

laxzkgy; = laxzg + vky;

okpuky;] iqLrdky;] dk;kZy;] fgeky;

7- gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka fgdq yÝ+t+] tsdks xzwi ts ckdh yÝ+t+fu lka BfgdanM+

u gqts] mgks xksYgs fy[kks&

(1) tksfr] Mhvks] jksf'kuh] uw#

(2) jkgh] eqlkfi+Q#] okVgM+™] okgh

(3) lhaxk#] BkgBwg] lwaga] ltkoV

(4) et+ks] Nksyh] rjax] ygj

8- gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka bLrykg xksYgs fy[kks&

(1) eqYd esa jr twa ufn;wa og.k yfx;waA

(2) eqafgath xkfYg rs fgu HkfM+dks [kk/ksA

(3) rwa fdFks fyd fNi esa Fkks jghaA

(4) pkS/kjh gkgkdk# eph fo;ksA

(5) vaxzst+fu Hkkjrokfl;qfu [ks Mk<k vt+kc fMukA

9- gsfB;fu esa [+kky Hkfj;ks&

(1) vkt+knh gj lkg okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th -------------------------- vkgsA

(2) vaxzst+ i+QkSt th xkMh lD[kj eka Fkhanh ---------------------- of×k.kh vkgsA

(3) ns'kçse tks iQfgyko eqdfey ----------------------- gkflyq dj.kA

(4) eqafgats Hkkx esa -------------------------- eFkka o+Q˜ckZu fFk;.kq fyf[k;yq vkgsA

(5) thva o.ksfu] rhva i+QSflyks dfu] bgk r --------------------- vkgsA

rOgka iafgats ?kj ts oMfu] ekLrjfu] ikM+s ts cqt+xZfu lka fla/ ,sa Hkkjr ts vkt+knhv

ckcfr xkfYg&cksfYg dfj;ksA mUgfu oVka tsdk tk.k feys ,sa vkt+knhv lfnds

ftfu&ftfu dqckZfu;wa fMfu;wa] mu tks fgdq pkVqZ Bkgs 'kkfxnZfu] ukStqokufu [ks dBks djs

tk.k gkflyq dfj;ks r Hkkjr th vkt+knhv tks dsfrjks Kkuq gqufu ofV vkgs ,sa dfgM+h

mfefj tk ukStqoku dsfrjh tk.k j[kfu Fkk\ pkVZq Bkfg;ksA

fVi.kh


ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûû-û

142

^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* ukVd rokjh[+kh ukVdq vkgs] tafga esa vaxzst+fu ts gqdwer

ts csesy gkyrqfu tks ft+Øq d;yq vkgsA

fgu ukVd esa ek'kZy&ykW tsdks rkuk'kkghv tks vaxq vkgs] rkuk'kkg lÙkk vkgs]

tafga t+jh, turk tks jrq pwl.k tks deq d;ks Fkks o×ks] mu tks ft+Øq vkgsA

fgu ukVd t+jh, fgd vkt+knhv ts flikghv ts thou okD+;s t+jh, vaxzst+h

gqdwer ts ek'kZy&ykW rs djkjh tqyg d;y vkgsA

ukVd esa bgks lans'k fMuyq vkgs r ns'k gj gkyfr esa egkuq vkgsA ns'kçseq

egkurk tks xq.kq vkgsA ekr`Hkwfe lqxZ [kka fc egkuq vkgsA

ukVd th xqÝ+rxw ekuk[+kst+ ,sa Hkkofu [ks laHkkyhanM+ vkgsA

ukVd th cksyh] vkt+knh gypy ts ekgksy rs jksf'kuh fo>s FkhA

ukVd veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* esa jaxeap rs is'k fFk;.k ts o+Q˜orqfu lka Hkjiw# vkgsA

yksd'kkgh ,sa rkuk'kkghv esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ vkgs\

thou eqYgfu ,sa laLdkjfu esa bt+ki+Qks FkhanksA

f[+krkcfu] mfgnfu] yo+Qcfu] lÙkk ykyp [kka ns'kçseq ?k.kks ?k.kks egkuq vkgsA

ukyks dfgM+h ,sa dsfrjh tk.kfVi.kh


rOgha Nk fl[;k

143


1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (l)

4- (v) 5- (l)


11-1 1- gsewa 2- gsewa 3- ekrk 4- islwey

5- tt 6- gsewa 7- lw=k/k#

11-2 1- yÝ+t+fu tk ft+n&

(1) x+ykeh (2) ukikdq (3) eqnZg (4) fnys#

2- bLe t+kr&

o+Q˜fnjr] fgfder] gSokfu;r] okfDi+Q;r] jok;r


tokc

1- rOgka ghm ukVd pÄhv rjg if<+;ks vkgsA fgu ukVd esa rOgka [ks dfgM+ks

fdjnk# o/hd lqBks yxks ,sa Nks\

2- gsewav tks tueq fdFks ,sa dMfga fFk;ks\ fgu ts ekrk&firk tks ukyks Nk gks\

3- gsewav [ks Nks fxjÝ+rk# d;ks fo;ks ,sa efFkfl dfgM+ks Mksgq yxk;ks fo;ks\

4- gqdwer lka Vdj [kkb.k tks vatkeq gsewav th ut+j esa dfgM+ks gks\

5- i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu ckcfr gsewav Nk p;ks\

6- vkf[+kfj esa gsewav [ks eksdy Mhans ek.kfl Nk p;ks\

7- islwey bZ'oj nfj dfgM+h osfurh dbZ\

8- gsewa dfgM+k dfgM+k ukjk g.kanks gks\

9- ukVd th cksyh ,sa 'kSyhv rs ua<ks uksVq Bkfg;ksA

10- Hkkjr th vkt+knhv th gypy ts ckjs esa rOgka[ks dfgM+h tk.k vkgs\ 40&50

yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA

fVi.kh


144

3- fli+Qrwa&

c˜<ks] gksf'k;k#] pkykdq] oiQ+knk#] bZekunk#

4- bLe t+kr&

x+ykeh] x+jhch] csdkjh] ykpkjh] etcwjh

5- bLe rlx+hj&

gfVM+h] yksVh] fnyh] efVdh] FkkYgh

6- okpu + vky;] iqLrd + vky;]

dk;Z + vky;] fge + vky;

7- (1) uw# (2) okgh (3) lwaga (4) et+ks

8- eqgkojk&

(1) jrq twa ufn;wa og.kq

(2) HkfM+dks [kkb.kq

(3) fyd fNi esa jg.kq

(4) gkgkdk# ep.kq

(5) vt+kc fM;.kq

9- [+kky&

(1) uber

(2) dksfV;k

(3) vkt+knh

(4) ns'k

(5) rkuk'kkgh

fVi.kh


145

12fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd

rOgka [ks bgk tk.k gwanh r thou esa jhfr;qfu jLeqfu th oMh vgfe;r vkgsA ckj tstue [kka oBh iNkM+hv rkb± ;kuh ej.k rkb± ds u ds jhfr;wa jLewa tqfM+;y gwafn;wavkfgfuA jhfr;qfu jLeqfu tks laca/q laLdkjfu lka fc vkgsA

bUgfu jhfr;qfu jLeqfu ts t+jh, balku lekt lka tqfM+;yq jgs FkksA bgs dafga u dafgaofD+r rs balku [ks vkxkgqq dfu fFk;wa r gw iafgats ifjokj ,sa lekt esa jgh e;kZnkewftfc iafgatks thou xqt+kjsA

fM.k okj balku [ks [+k˜f'k;wa cf[+'khfu FkkA fM.kfu okjfu ts ekSo+Qs rs vlha çse Hkko ,saHkkbZpkjs th Hkkouk [ks fi.kq dkbeq j[kank vkfg;waA

jhfr;wa jLeaw] lkB lks.k] fM.k okj] fo'okl ef×krkÅa gjoaQfga lekt esa iafgatwa iafgatwafFk;fu fFk;waA flaf/;qfu esa iafgath lH;rk ,sa laLÑfr] ftfu twa [+kkfl [+k™fc;wa vkfgfu]ftfu th vygnh lq×kk.ki o+Qkbeq vkgs] te.k [kka ej.k rkb± lHkq jhfr;wa jLewa fjoktgyank vpfu FkkA

thva& NBh] equ.kq] tf.k;k] efÄ.ks ,sa 'kknhv th jLeA

vpks r fgufu jhfr;qfu jLeqfu rs fgd ut+j fo>wa] tafga lka tk.k feyanh r fla/hlaLÑrhv ts tM+fu [ks fgufu lka dhva lgkjks feyanks vkgs ,sa bgs jhfr;wa jLewalaLÑrhv [ks dhva o+Qkbeq fFk;wa j[kfuA


iafgatfu oMfu cqt+xZfu [kka jhfr;qfu jLeqfu th tk.k oBh] mUgfu th NaMNk.kdjs l?kank_

jhfr;qfu jLeqfu eki+QZfr laLdkjfu [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_

jhfr;qfu jLeqfu ts lqBk;qfu ,sa Å.kk;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k djs l?kank ,samUgfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

jhfr;qfu jLeqfu t+jh, lekt esa ,drk o+Qkbeq dj.k tks lans'kq MsbZ l?kankA

[+kwfc;wa = [+kkfl;rwa

vygnh = vyfx

ed+ln

fVi.kh

146

v&NBhghv jLe fganw /eZ esa tue [kka iksb ckj tks ukyksj[k.k th vkgsA ds Ngsa Mhagqa r ds rsjgsa Mhagqa bgkjLe dank vkfgfuA fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu esa bu [ks ukedj.klaLdk# fc poank vkfgfu ,sa bu jLe rs ckj tkukuk.kk ,sa fc;k feV ekbV fc ?kqjk;k osank vkfgfu,sa [+kkfl djs iqV th NBhv rs ,frjh [+k˜'kheYgkb±nk vkfgfu] tks feVfu ekbVfu [ks ch.kks djsMhank vkfgfuA ckj tks ukyks ckaHk.kq d<anks vkgsA

equ.kq

ghv jLe fc fganw laLÑrhv ewftfc u

fli+QZ fla/h o+QkSe] ij fc;wa o+QkSewa fc dafn;wa

vkfgfu] tafga [ks equ.k laLdk# fc pbcks

vkgsA fgu jLe esa fla/h o+QkSe iafgats tkoy

ckjfu tk okj fV;sa] lrsa] ;kjgsa] rsjgsa efgus

;k nlfgM+s rs ykjkghank vkfgfuA

tf.k;k

fganw laLÑrhv esa ghv jLe lfHkuh o+QkSeqfu esa Fkhanh vkgsA yxHkx ckj [ks iatsa [kka

ckjgsa lky th mfefj ts fop esa tf.k;k ikrk osank vkfgfuA gh laLdk# fc 'kknhv

okaxq# reke [+k˜'khv ,sa /ke/we lka eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA fdfu

ek.gqfu [ks eub gwanh vkgs] mgs iafgats ckjfu [ks fyd pksjhv

;kuh fcuk dafga jLe ts dafga eafnj] fVdk.ks ;k rhFkZ LFkku rs

tf.k;k ikjk, b±nk vkfgfu ,sa dk fc Ms oBq u dank vkfgfuA

tf.k;s esa Vs /kxk gwank vkfgfu] tsds 'k[+l [ks ;kfn Fkk

fM;kjhfu r efFkfl Vs dt+Z vkfgfu& nso ½.k] ½f"k ½.k]

fir` ½.kA gj 'k[+l [ks nsorkmfu] xq: ,sa ekm ihm ts

,glkufu tks dt+Z pqdkb.k ykb i+Qt+Z iky.kq [kisA

NBh fFk;.kq = Ngsa Mhagqa ukyks

j[k.k th jLe

equ.kq = tue tk okj yfgjkb.kq

ûü-û cqfu;knh lcoQ+

vpks r vlha fla/h jLeqfu th tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&

fVi.kh


147

efÄ.ks ,sa 'kknhv twa jLewa

efÄ.kks ,sa fefljhdpk idk v[kk (ewM+k) Nksfdjhv okjk Nksfdjs okjfu [ks MsbZ id dank vkfgfuA

Nksfdjks eqaMh ik, r pÄk nx fMck vkfgfuA iksb eqgwrqZ d<k, 'kknhv th id dank

vkfgfu ,sa iksb lkB lks.k] Mso] gSM tks lkBq] taM c˜dh] ?kM+h [k.k.kq] rsy tk lkB]

fM[k tk lkB] cksfN.kh] vksjaxh] eqVqd c/.kq] ykMk ox+Sjg xkb.kqA lrfu lqgkfxf.k;qfu

tks ?k.kks deq gwanks vkgsA Nksfdjs lka xM˜ vfgu# jganks vkgsA Nksfdjh esganh yxkb±nh

vkgsA ?kksVsrfu th vkft;ka dqaokjsrk 'kku

lka dank vkfgfuA pkamfB rs ?kksV [ks

chgkjs Nksfdjh eqVqd tks n'kZu danh vkgsA

llq nj Mkao.k tks lkBq danh vkgsA tafga

esa FkkYg esa ?kksV ,sa dqaokfj tks lktks isj

j[kk,] mu[ks dqaokfj ekm [khj ik.khv

lka /ksvanh vkgsA iksb ?kksV ,sa dqaokfj tks

gfFk;kyks c/ks osanks vkgsA iym iyh

c/h eaMi esa osMhv ykb fogkjs] ?kksV

tks eqVqd ykgs] ix ikbch vkgs ,sa egjktq

osMh i<+h lkFkq fuHkkb.k th fl[;k Mhanks

vkgsA 'kknhv ofD+r vXuh nsork ts

pkS/kjh lr iQsjk fc lkFkq fuHkkb.k tks

vatkeq dj.kq bZ vkgsA iksb ls.kfu th

xfMtk.kh Fkhanh vkgsA dqaokjsrk ?kksVsrfu

[ks Mktks Mso.kq MsbZ fonk dank vkfgfuA

dqaokfj [ks tMfga ?kksVq ?kfj oBh b±nks

vkgs] ?kksV ekm [kh# NVhanh vkgsA iksb

eFks rs Mhvks ,sa <d.kq j[kh] dqaokfj [ks

vanfj Msofu ofV fogkjs] fMfrj eb.k th

jLe Fkhanh vkgsA ifgjha dqaokfj ?kksV lka]

iksb llq lgqjs ,sa fc;fu ekbVfu lka yw.k

;k df.kd tk c˜d Vs ni+Qk fgd fc, [ks

Mhank oBank vkfgfuA ds dqaokfj [kka fnys

tksx = lqBs ?kj th ryk'kefÄ.kks = Nksfdjs Nksfdjhv ts

fj'rs th id dj.kq

fefljhv th jLe = efÄ.ks esafj'rks id dj.k rs ukjsy

,sa fefljh fM;.k th jLe

nx = eky] ykx ys[kMktks = ngst] Msrh&ysrh

lkB lks.k = jLewa

Mso = nsoh nsorkmfu th iwtktaM c˜dh = 'kknhv th jLe

?kM+h [k.k.kq = iqV th 'kknhv

rs ?kksV ekm eFks rs efVdh

[k.kanh vkgs] mgk jLe

fM[k tk lkB = ?kksM+hv rs

p<+.k [kka vx˜ ?kksV [ks

ltk;ks osanks vkgs

cksfN.kh = xqykch jax th

pquh (jvks)

vksjaxh = fcfu dqaMqfu th FksYgh

Bkgs] ukjsy fefljh fo>.kq

eqVqd c/.kq = ?kksV [ksfM[k efgy JhÑ".k tks

vork# leq>.kq

ykMk = [+k˜'khv ts ekSds rs

xk;y xhr

vfgu# = ?kksV tks Hks.kfo;ks

iym iyh c/.kq =?kksVq fMf[kthlkgqjs ?kfj vps r dqaokfj lka

xM˜ iym c/.k th jLe

fVi.kh


148

Hkfj;y ik.khv eka #i;k d<kb±nk vkfgfuA lkfy;wa xfMth ?kksV th tqqrh pksjkb±fn;wa

vkfgfu ,sa Hks.koh;s th [+kphZ fey.k rs tqrh okil Mhafn;wa vkfgfuA

fc, Mhagqa dqaokjsrk Nksfdjs Nksfdjhv [ks ik.k ofV ?kqjkb±nk vkfgfu] mu[ks ^lrkfoM+ks*

pbcks vkgsA

(v) fgd tqfeys tk lqoky&

1- NBhv th jLe Nk Fkhanh vkgs\

2- ckj tks equ.kq dMfga ykjkfgcks vkgs\

3- equ.k [ks fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu esa dfgM+ks laLdk# poank vkfgfu\

4- efÄ.ks th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\

5- ?kM+h [k.k.k th jLe ds# vnk danks vkgs\

6- eqVqd dafga[ks cf/cks vkgs\

7- v[kk oB.k th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\

8- osMhv th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\

(c) gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&

1- NBh fFk;.kq ekuk --------------------------

2- ?kksV lka xM ---------------------- jganks vkgsA

3- efgjkt osMh i<+h ---------------------- th fl[;k Mhanks vkgsA

4- lkfy;wa xfMth ?kksV tks -------------------- pksjkb±fn;aw vkfgfuA

5- dqaokfj [ks Msofu ofV fogkjs --------------------- th jLe Fkhanh vkgsA

nj Mkao.kq = ?kksV lkgqjs ?kj

gfFk;kyks c/.k ykb

f?kM+anks vkgs r llq

bgks lkBq danh vkgs

gfFk;kyks c/.kq = ?kksV dqaokfj

tks gFk esa gFkq feyk, c/.kq

osMh = 'kknhv tk ea=k

fMfrj e;.k th jLe = ub±dqaokfj ?kj esa b±nh vkgs r lkgqjs

?kj tk Hkkrh yw.k tk c˜d Hkjs

dqaokfj ts gFkfu esa Mhank vkfgfu

lrkfoM+ks dj.kq = 'kknhv ts

fc, Mhagqa Nksfdjhv tk isdk

/hm ukBh ,sa ls.kfu [ks ?kqjkb±nk

vkfgfu


fVi.kh


149

ekSr lka okLrsnkj laLdkj

dafga çk.khv ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rs ekSr okjs

?kj esa ekre Nka;y gwanks vkgsA çk.khv ts

Hkfjlka dkuks ,sa Mhvks ckjs jf[kcks vkgsA

rafga cSfn çk.khv [ks Lukuq djk,] pkj

dka/h dkbZv rs [k.kh elk.k esa tyk,

b±nk vkfgfuA rafga [ks ^l#* pbcks vkgsA

lqgkfxf.k vkSjr ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rs lanfl

lha/ fpVh osanh vkgsA fV,a Mhagqa elk.k eka

gkfB;wa pwaMs] 'kke tks ifxfM+;wa Fkhafn;wa

vkfgfuA Mgsa Mhagqa Mgkds twa yksfV;wa iafMr

Hkjkb±nks vkgsA ;kjgsa Mhagqa iq"dj] gfj}kj ;k oaQfga fc rhFkZ rs o×kh fØ;kdeZ djkb±nk

vkfgfu ,sa ckjgsa Mhagaq fiaM nkuqq djs] ckjgs th jLe vnk dbZ osanh vkgsA rafga cSfn

ifgjha ekfld* ;kus efgus efgus egjkt (iafMr) [ks [kkjkbcks gks] iksb ckjgaeklh*

dch gqbZ ij gk.ks lHkq dqN ckjgs rs bZ jLewa djs mt+j ykgs NfMcks vkgsA mt+j ekuk

x+eq [+kreq d;ks osanks vkgsA x+eq ;kus x+ehv tks ekgksy lekIr Fkh osanks vkgsA

1- dafga 'k[+l ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rss mu [ks Nk

pbcks vkgs\

2- çk.khv [ks dqYgks MhanM+fu [ks Nk pbcks vkgs\

3- lha/ dafgath fpfVch vkgs\

4- ckjgsa Mhagqa dfgM+h jLe vnk dch vkgs\

5- ckjgaeklhv th jLe Nk Fkhanh vkgs\

dkuks = lqdy xkg tks

fgdq fo+QLeq

dka/h = dqYgks fM;.k okjk

dkbZZ = vFkhZ

elk.kq = 'ke'kkuq

lha/ fpV.kq = ekax Hkj.kq

gkfB;wa pwaM.kq = xqy pwaM.kqifxM+h jLe = çk.khv ts

xqft+j.k [kka iksb fV;ksa Mhagqa

ckjgaeklh = olhZ (iq.;frfFk)mt+# = x+e esa jg.kq

ekreq Nka;y = 'kksdq (nq[kq)

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-û

150

c&fla/h iks'kkdwa

fla/ esa vlkatk vck MkMk iafgath [+kkfl iks'kkd /ksrh] ik;tkeks] vNh ix ,sa dqYgs

rs cksN.kq j[kank gqvkA iSls okjk 'kkgwdkj dksVq ;k lfnjh fc ikbZ ank gqvkA dksVq fc

'ksjokuhv okaxq# fM?kks ikbZ ank gqvkA t+kbi+QkÅa pksykss is'kxhj (iM+ks) pknj] tsdk ?kj

[kka ckfgfj o×k.k rs ikb±fn;wa gq;wa ,sa vf[kM+h d<h ik.k [ks <ds gyafn;wa gq;waA ?kj esa

t+kbi+QkÅa jvks] pksyks] lqFk.k (ik;tkeks) ikb±fn;wa gq;waA ofM;wa ud esa ^uFk*] tafga esa

fgdq xkM+gks ;ko+Q™rqq ,sa c vNk eksrh gwank gqvk] ikb±fn;wa gq;waA ckaga esa pwwfM+;wa ,sa BwaB

Bdkm ikb±fn;wa gq;waA fxphv esa yqfdM+h ikb±fn;wa gq;waA dufu esa nqj] vkÄqfj;qfu esa

NfyM+k eqafM;wa ,sa isjfu esa Nsj (dM+h) ikb±fn;wa gq;waA okjfu esa lksuk cdy ikb±fn;wa gq;waA

enZ fif.k lksuk chM+k fo>h [+kehl ikbZ ank gqvkA fxphv esa fc lksuks Mksjks ,sa gFkfu esa

eqaMh ikbZ ank gqvkA

fla/h f'kfdfy 'ksi] chgd] j/s ids] ikb.k [kkb.k] jfg.khv dfg.khv esa lHk [kka

fujkyk] Hkyh dfgM+h fc Hkk"kk xkYgkbZfu] r fc mUgfu eka flaf/;r th lqjgkf.k isbZ

c[ksA flaf/;qfu tks ofjlks folkj.kq M˜f[k;ks vkgsA otwn [+kre dj.k ykb vt rkb±

dafga[ks u tqjZr Fkh vkgs] u FkhanhA

1- fla/h enZfu ts iks'kkdqfu tk ukyk fy[kksA

2- fla/ esa t+kywa dfgM+k t+soj ikb±fn;wa gq;wa\

3- fla/h t+kywa vf[kM+h Nks d<afn;wa gq;wa\

4- fla/h t+kyqfu th [+kkfl iks'kkd dfgM+h vkgs\

t+kbi+QkÅa = t+kywa

chM+k = cV.k

Mksjks = psu] t+athj

tqjZr = fgeFk] rko+Qr

gk.ks vlka fla/h iks'kkdqfu th tk.k gkflyq danklha&fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-ü

151

l&fla/h fM.k okj

fM.k okj vlkath fta+nxhv tks vfge fglks vkfgfuA bUgfu lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ jhfr;wajLewa tqfM+;y vkfgfuA vlkats lq×kk.ki th uqekbanxh danM+ bgs t'ku vlkats ykb[+k˜f'k;qfu tk [+kt+kuk vkfgfuA fla/h lekt esa oMk oMk fM.k eYgkb.k tks joktvkgsA lky esa ckjga bZ efguk fM.k okj yxk fi;k vkfgfu& psV esa psVhpaM rsmMsjsyky tks tueq Mhagqa oMs /we/ke lka eYgkb±nk vkfgfuA dsfrjk okikjh mu Mhagqauvksa lky gqv.k djs ofg;wa [kkrk j[kank vkfgfuA oslk[k esa v[k.k Vht /kfeZdqR;kSgkj rs fu;kf.k;qfu [ks fnyk efVdk] fof×kf.k;wa ,sa iQyq çQwVq fMuks osanks vkgsA tsBesa tsBh paMqq ;k mekl eYgkbZ osanh vkgsA t+kywa l;wa iqykm p.kk ox+Sjg rke Bkgs]nfj;kg rs o×kh iwts] iqVfu] Hkkmjfu] irhv] isdfu] lkgqjfu ykb nqvkÅa ?kqjafn;wavkfgfuA vk[kkM+ esa vDlfj 'kkfn;aw eqjkfn;wa fFk;fu fFk;waA lkao.k esa xksfxM+ks] uaf<M+hFkf/M+h (lrba)] jk[kh] VhftM+h] oMh Fkf/M+h (lrba)] tUek"Veh] vÂ efV;ks ox+SjgfM.k eYgk;k osank vkfgfuA cMs efgus esa Jk¼ fFk;fu Fkk ,sa lgkbZv v"Vehv rsegky{ehv tks lfxM+ks c/ank ,sa NksM+hank vkfg;waA vlwv esa n'kgjks ,sa fM;kjh /we&/ke lka eYgkbZ osanh vkgsA drhv esa dkjdr] xq:ukud 'kkg tks tue mRloeYgk;ks osanks vkgsA ukfgjhv esa ios lhmA pfo.kh vkgs& ukfgjh Ms c˜gkjh] >fV MhagaqiwjksA* iksg esa frjewjh* mrjk.k b±nks vkgsA rafga esa frjfu tk cksM+haMk] lqdks esoks ox+Sjg[kkbcks vkgs] nku dcks vkgsA eka?k esa vps ^f'kojkf=k*A rafga [kka iksb iQx˜.k esa gksyhb±nh vkgsA

vpks r fla/h fM.k&okjfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&fVi.kh


152

psVhpaMq (flaf/;r Mhagqa)& fla/h lekt esa psVhpaM th oMh efgek vkgsA vlka

flaf/;qfu rs tMfga eqlhcr vkbZ r lEcr~ 1007 psV ts efgus esa fla/w unhv ts fdukjs

uljiqj xksB esa Bdqj jrujk; ts ?kfj >wysyky tueq ofjrksA gqu vR;kpkjh jktk

fe[kZ'kkg [kka vlkath j{kk djs] fganw /eZ

ts vfLrRo [ks o+Qkbeq jf[k;ksA fgu psV ts

efgus [kka vlkatks uvksa lky 'kq: Fkhanks

vkgs ,sa fgu Mhaga rs lq[kks lslk* fojgkbcks

vkgsA fla/h t+kywa nfj;kg 'kkg rs Mhvks

ckjs ty th iwtk dafn;wa vkfgfuA fla/h

fganw lekt esa >wysyky [ks o#.k nsork tks

vorkj ef×k;ks o×ks FkksA fofjgkÄs [kka iksb

psVhpaM [ks flaf/;r Mhagqa djs eYgk;ks o×ks

FkksA

v[k.k Vht (vk[kk rht)& ghm fM.kq oslk[k ts lgkbZ Vht frFkhv rs fFk, FkksA

vtksds Mhaga rs Hkxoku ij'kqjke tueq ofjrks gks] tafga e;kZnk tks ikyuq u danM+

ex+:# jktkmfu tks 21 ni+Qk lagkj d;ksA vt˜ ts Mhagaq tsfrjks fc nkuq dts Fkks] mgks

ges'kk o+Qkbeq jgs FkksA

tsBq iwt.kq& tsB th mekl ;k paM rs fla/h t+kywa nfj;kg rs iym ik, ghm fM.kq

eYgkb±fn;wa vkfgfu ,sa iafgats oj ,sa iqVfu th oMh mfefj ykb çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfuA

fgu Mhaga rs l;wa] ekyiqjk] iqyko] p.kk] feBk;wa ox+Sjg dsfrjk bZ rke ,sa fxfnjk] iQkjoka]

tewa] vac ox+Sjg iQyfu lka tsBq iwftcks vkgsA

Jh >wysyky pkyhgks& gj lky 16 tqykbZ [kka

24 vkxLV rkb± bUgfu 40 Mhagafu esa fo/h fo/ku

lka ozr j[kh] yky lkb±v th Lrqfr dch vkgsA

fgufu 40 Mhagafu esa jkst+kuks 'kke tks nfj;kg ts

fdukjs rs osgh] yky lkb±v tk iaftM+k xk,] vkjrh

djs] iym ikbcks vkgsA

xksfxM+ks (ukx iapeh)& lkao.k ts efgus esa

lgkbZ iatba rss ukax vfx;ka [kh#] iQy j[kh iwtk dch vkgsA fgu fM.k eka tho n;k

th Hkkouk fc t+kfg# vkgs ,sa c˜/k;y vkgs r nq'eu lka fc HkykbZ dtsA

b"V nso = tafga nsork esa

iafgatks fo'okl gqts

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx vyfx

lqq[kks lslk = çlkn

t'kuq = [+k˜'khnkaxh = fBdj tks rvks

iha?kks = >wyks

lacr~ = fganqfu tks uvksa lky

rke = loknh [kk/k

fVi.kh


153

VhftM+h (dtyh rht)& lkao.k th Åankgh Vht ;kus Vha rkjh[+k rs dqekfj;wa ,sa

lqgkfxf.k;wa VhftM+hv tks ozrq j[kh lqgkx th yach mfefj ykb çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfuA

lkao.k ts lgkbZ X;kjl rs czkã.k eqaÄ iks[khank vkfgfu] tsds VhftM+hv rkb± o/h gFk

tsMk Fkhank vkfgfuA VhftM+hv Mhagqa ek.gwa mgs lyk czkã.k ts ?kjka oBh b±nk vkfgfu]

ozr okfj;wa ea>afn tks mgs lyk iha?ks esa j[kh yksMhafn;wa vkfgfuA la>k tks czkã.k [kka

vk[kk.kh c˜/h] paM [ks vxZ MsbZ ozrq NksM+hafn;wa vkfgfuA paM [ks vxZ fM;.k ofD+r

poafn;wa vkfgfu&

^^vxZ fM;ka dksBs p<+h]

paæeka fufdrks [kqfgack djs]

lkbZ yhd djs] xk<+h yhd djs]

xksfj;wa fM;ful [khj dVksjk HkjsA**

Fkf/M+h (cM+h lkre)& ua<h Fkf/M+h ,sa oMh Fkf/M+h cbZ lkao.k ts efgus esa b±fn;wa

vkfgfuA bu 'kqHkq ekSo+Qs rs lhryk ekrk [ks [+k˜f'k dj.k ykb ua<fu ckjfu [ks NaMk

gf.kck vkfgfuA vVs twa lr vf[kfM+;wa rjs] ckjfu ts vf[kfM+;qfu rs Nqgkb±nk vkfg;waA

Fkf/M+hv [kka fgdq Mhagqa vx˜ fefB;wa ekfu;wa (yksyk) ipk,] nkaxh Bkfjch vkgs ,sa Fkf/

M+hv Mhagqa xjeq jksVh u [kkbch vkgs ,sa iafMr czkã.kfu [ks eu eqrkfcfo+Q nku fMcks

vkgsA bUghv Mhagqa iwtk ofD+r t+kywa ghv çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfu&

^^lkao.k th lrba vkbZ] vkbZ Ñ".k i{kh

eka lhryk iwft;ka] iqVfu iksVfu fop djs

rks nj fuok.kh esjh osurh lq.khtA**

egky{ehv tk lfxM+k (jk/k v"Veh)& cMs ts lgkbZ vBba rs gSM ts jfÄ;y

lqV ts lksjgfu ranqfu okjs /kxs esa lksjgka xaf<;wa MsbZ] egky{ehv th vk[kk.kh c˜/h]

lfxM+ks cf/cks vkgsA ojh Åankgh vBba rs NksfM+cks vkgsA

yky yksbZ (yksfgjh)& ghm fM.kq mrjk.k [kka fgdq Mhagqa vx˜ fFk, FkksA vt˜ [kka Ng

gt+kj lky vx˜ uvksa lky ukfgjh efgus [kka 'kq: Fkhanks gks] tsdks fgu ofD+r psV [kka

'kq: fFk, FkksA oSfnd t+ekus eas mu Mhaga rs ½"kh equh ;K gou dank gqvkA ghm yky

yksbZ fM.kq mUghv çkphu fM.k th fu'kkuh vkgsA

mrjk.kq @ frjewjh (edj laØkfr)& tksfr"k esa es"k ox+Sjg ckjga jkf'k;wa vkfgfu]

ftfu [ks laØkfr pbcks vkgsA fltq gjfgd laØkfr esa fgdq efguks jgs FkksA fgufu [ks

edj jk'khv [kka oBh feFkqu jk'khv rkb± Ng jkf'k;wa vkfgfuA tMfga edj jk'khv esa

fVi.kh


154

fltq ços'k djs Fkks] mUghv Mhaga [ks mrjk.k pbts FkksA mu Mhagqa frjfu lka xM ewfj;qfu

tk nkuq [+kkfl p;yq vkgsA /eZ 'kkL=k ewftfc tsdks balku mrjk.k okfj;qfu jkf'k;qfu

esa 'kjhj NMs Fkks] mgks nso yksd (lqxZ) Mkagqa o×ks FkksA bgks bZ dkj.k vkgs tks Hkh"e

firkeg dq#{ks=k th yM+kbZv esa ?kk;y Fkh] rhjfu th lstk rs rslharkb± jfg;ks] tslha

mrjk.kq 'kq: fFk,A fgu Mhaga rs fla/h ifjokjfu esa rkfgjh ,sa nky okjh lkbZ Hkkth Bkgh

osanh vkgsA iQqYdk ,sa rfj;y iVkVk [kkb.k tks fc iqjk.kks joktq vkgsA mrjk.kq vp.k

rs fl;kjs th eqan esa iQsjks b±nks vkgsA rMfga bZ p;ks osanks vkgs& ^mrjk.kq mrfj;ks]

v/q fl;kjks dqrfj;ksA*

vfgM+hv rjg ckjga bZ efguk mRlkg] meax] gkSalys] fger ,sa vkRefo'okl lka

thv.k okjfu fla/h lekt esa fc;ks lHkq dq>q lkfx;ks vkgs] ij vlha iafgatfu fM.kfu

okjfu twa iqjkf.k;wa jhfr;wa o×kwa Fkk HkqfytankA

vpks r ladYiq dfj;wa r vlha iafgats ofjls [ks o+Qkbeq j[kanklhaA

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk fgd yÝ+t+ esa tokc fM;ks&

1- oslk[k ts efgus esa lgkbZ Vht rs dfgM+ks fM.kq eYgk;ks osanks vkgs\

2- xksxM+s esa dafgath iwtk dbZ osanh vkgs\

3- >wysyky tks tueq dfgM+s lEcr~ esa fFk;ks gks\

4- tMfga fltq edj jk'khv esa b±nks vkgs] mu fM.k [ks Nk pbcks vkgs\

rOgka fgu lcd+ eka jhfr;wa&jokt] fla/h iks'kkdwa ,sa fM.kfu&okjfu ts ckjs esa tk.k

gkflyq dbZA

NBh] equ.k] tf.k;k ,sa 'kknhv th jLe ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgsA

enZfu t+kyqfu th vyfx vyfx fla/h iks'kkdqfu th tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgssA

v[k.k Vht] tsB iwt.kq] VhftM+h ,sa Fkf/M+h ox+Sjg fla/h fM.k okjfu th tk.k

gkflyq dbZ vkgsA

fVi.kh


lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-ý

rOgha Nk fl[;k

155


(v) 1- ckj ts te.k [kka Ngsa Mhaga rs ukyks d<.k th jLeA

2- iatsa] lrsa] ;kjgsa eghus ;k ckj ts te.k [kka iksb ifgfj,a nlfgM+s rsA

3- ewM+k MsbZ Nksfdjhv okjk Nksfdjs okjfu [ks id Mhank vkfgfuA

4- Nksfdjs @ Nksfdjhv th 'kknhv rs lanfu ekm# ?kM+hv [k.k.k th jLe

vnk dafn;wa vkfgfuA

5- fM[k tk lkB dj.k efgy ?kksV [ks eqVqdq ikbcks vkgs ;kus Ñ" k

Hkxoku tks :i leqf>;ks osanks vkgsA


1- psVhpaM Nks eYgk;ks Fkks o×ks ,sa fofjgkÄs cSfn mu[ks dfgM+ks ukyks fMuks fo;ks

vkgs ,sa Nks\

2- v[k.k Vht (vk[kk Vht) tks fM.kq dfgM+s efgus esa b±nks vkgs\ muth dfgM+h

vgfe;r vkgs\

3- mrjk.kq Nk [ks Fkks pbts\ mu Mhaga rs dfgM+ks nku iq×kq dcks vkgs\

4- yky tks pkyhgks dMfga iwjks dcks vkgs\

5- ukax iapehv tks fM.kq vlka[ks Nk Fkks ls[kkjs\

6- yky yksbZ dMfga eYgkbZ osanh vkgs\

7- oMh Fkf/M+hv th dfgM+h vgfe;r vkgs\

8- VhtM+h fM.k rs iwtk dhva dbZ osanh vkgs\

9- fla/h lekt ts jLeqfu ckcfr rOgka[ks dfgM+h tk.k vkgs\

10- ckjgfu efgufu ts fM.kfu tk ukyk fy[kksA

11- fla/h fM.kfu&okjfu rs et+ewuq fy[kksA

12- 'kknhv ts jLeqfu ckcfr [kksys fy[kksA

13- fla/h jLewa dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu\

tokc

fVi.kh


156

(c) 1- ukyks j[k.kq

2- vfgu#

3- lkFkq fuHkkb.kq

4- cwV

5- fMfrj eb.k


12-1 1- l#

2- dka/h

3- lqgkfxf.k

4- mt+˜#

5- efgus efgus efgjkt [ks [kkjkb.kq

12-2 1- /ksrh] ik;tkeks] ix] pksxks] lfnjh] dksVq

2- uFk] pwfM+;wa] BwaB Bdkm] yqfdM+h] nqj] NfyM+k] eqafM;wa] Nsj

3- ik.k [ks <d.k ykb

4- pksyks] is'kxhj (iM+ks)

12-3 1- v[k.k Vht

2- ukax th

3- lEcr~ 1007

4- mrjk.kq

fVi.kh


157

13

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

'kkg lkgc bZ fgdq ;xkuks 'kkb# vkgs tafga tk yksd xhr ,sa yksd dgkf.k;wa fla/h

lkfgR; esa vofy ntksZ Fkk okykjhfuA 'kk;n ghm fgdq bZ 'kkb# vkgs tafga xksBk.kfu

,sa xksBkf.k;qfu [ks mUghv in~ohv rs jlk;ks vkgs ftrs fc;fu Hkk"kkmfu ts lkfgR; esa

nsfo;wa ,sa nsork] lwfáZ ,sa igyoku] Kkuh ,sa riLoh fcjktekuq vkfgfuA

'kkg lkgc lwjfe;qfu tks 'kkb# vkgsA lanfl fgd lwjehv th lhjr chv [kka fujkyh

vkgsA [ksfl vkSjr ts meaxfu] tT+cfu ,sa gSjrvaxst+ lgu 'kDrhv th tk.k gqbZA [ksfl

vklikl ts vH;kl eka ekywe fFk;ks r ukjh çse th iqryh vkgsA çse esa oB.k [kka

o/hd fM;.kq tk.ksA lanfl 'kbj tk fo"k; fc vkfgfu& b'o+Q˜] foNksM+ks] o+Q˜ckZuh ,sa

[+k˜nh [+kReq dj.k [kka iksb ek'kwo+Q ,sa vkf'ko+Q tks folkyA fgufu lfHkuh ekSt+™vfu lka

fuHkkb±ns lanfl dykefu esa lwjfe;wa Nkabth os;wa vkfgfu ,sa lwjek >dk Fkh fo;k

vkfgfuA ftfu lqjfu rs lwjefu tk ukyk vkfgfu r mgs lwjfe;qfu ts ukyfu [kka iksbA

thva lhrkjke] jk/s';ke] rhva yhyk puslj] uwjh tkeq rekph] lksjB jkbfM;kp ox+Sjg

fdjnkjfu eki+QZfr vke ,sa [+kkfl [+kYd th ft+anxhv tks bt+gk# d;ks vkgsA


yksd lkfgR; ts >wfu;qfu yksd dFkkmfu ts ckjs esa o.kZuq djs l?kank_

'kkg ts lqjfu esa vk;y fdjnkjfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

'kkg ts lwjfe;qfu esa fMuy ukjks fdjnkjfu th vgfe;r* tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

lwjfe;qfu th lhjr eki+QZfr fl[;kmfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

;xkuks = ;qx tks ,ot+h

okykjhfu = ek.khfu] jksdhfu

dykefu = xhrfu] cSrfu

>dk = ?kfV] gYdk

[+kYo+Q = HkhM+] ifCyd

ed+ln

fVi.kh

158

lwjfe;wa rokjh[+k tk mgs vljnk# fdjnkj vkfgfu] ftfu th cjkcjh danM+ fdjnkj

fc, dafga fc lkfgR; esa dksu vkfgfuA lanfl bt+gkjfu eki+QZfr fli+QZ fla/h o+QkSe ,sa

lH;rk vej jgank ij lanfl ghv gklykfr gj nkSj esa ljp'eks cf.ktanhA fgu

iafgath [kqfy;y vf[k ,sa lks>hv lka fi+Qrjr tks ÅUgks vH;kl djs] fupksM+ [ks

lwjfe;qfu th ft+cku] t+ekus ts #[+k ewftfc c;kuq d;ks vkgs ,sa lanfu lhjr eki+QZfr

dsfrjk b'kkjk fMuk vkfgfuA

'kkg yrhi+Q twa fyf[k;y lr yksd dFkkÅa vkfgfu& yhyk pusl#] ewey jk.kks] me#

ek#bZ] uwjh ,sa tke rekph] lqfg.kh esgkj] llqbZ iqUgwa] lksjfB jkbfM;kpqA bUgfu yksd

dFkkmfu esa 'kkg yrhi+Q lwjfe;qfu [ks vgfe;r fMuh vkgsA budjs mUoku esa ifgjha

lwjehv tks ukyks vps FkksA bUgfu lwjfe;qfu eki+QZfr 'kkg :gkuh jkt+ fc c˜/k;k

vkfgfuA fgfr vlka fcfu lwjfe;qfu ek#bZ ,sa lksjfB tks ft+Øq danklhaA

vpks r fgu lcd+ [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgkath enn ykb fgu lcd+ esa vk;y

M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh o×ks FkhA

me# ek#bZ

Fkj ts xksB eyhj esa fgdq 'k[+lq jganks gks] tafga tks ukyks gks ikfy.kksA ikfy.ks [ks fgd

MksfgVh gqbZ_ tsdk vfgM+h r lqfg.kh gqbZ] tks lanfl ukyks bZ gks ek#bZ ;kus dkfeuhA

lanfl ekm tks ukyks gks ekMksbZA gw Fkj esa /.kq pkjhank gqvkA fgufu [ks cuhv Vqdq#

fc gks] tafgath laHkky lanfu ukSd# iQksxlsu danks gksA iQksxlsu ek#bZv th lwaga rs

fnfy gkjs osBks gksA gqu fgd Mhagqa fgeFk c/h [kkamfu o×kh ek#bZv tks laxq ?kqfj;ksA

ek#bZv tks efÄ.kks vxs bZ [ksrlsu lka Fkh pqdks gks] budjs ikfy.ks ukcqjh okjhA lanfl

ukdkj c˜/h iQksxlsu lkM+ fopka osj oB.k tk ig ipkb.k yxksA gw Fkj ts gkfde mej

ofV mejdksV dgh fo;ks ,sa gqu lka ek#bZv th lwaga th lkjkg d;kb±A fcuk fMBs bZ

me# ek#bZv rs eksfgr Fkh fi;ksA gw iafgatks 'kkgk.kks 'kkuq folkjs] iQksxlsu lka xM˜

eyhj xksB Mkagqa jokuks fFk;ksA tMfga gw xksB ckfgfj [kwg ofV igqrk] rMfga iQksxlsu

b'kkjs lka mej [ks ek#bZ Ms[kkjh] tk mu oD+r [kwg rka ik.kh Hkjs jgh gqbZA lanfl lwaga

ilh me# gSjkuq Fkh fo;ks ,sa ik.k rka t+kCrks fo×kk, [ksfl [kwg rka mB rs pk<+s vph

iafgats ekfx jfl;ksA

ig ipkb.kq = ghyk gykb.kq

MksfgVh = /hv th /hv

/.kq = tkuojcuh = [ksr

ûý-û cqfu;knh lcd+

ljp'eks = çsj.kk tks vk/k#

lks>h = leq>

fi+Qrjr = o+Q˜fnjr] dkbukr

lhjr = pfj=k tk xq.k

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

159

mej ek#bZv [ks egy esa jgk;ks ,sa [ksfl ?k.kfu bZ jktkbZ lq[kfu th ykyfp fM;.k

yxks ,sa po.k yx˜fl r tsdMfga rwa ewa lka 'kknh danhva r eka rks[ks iVjk.kh c.kk,

NMhanqflA gh lHkq ghjk eksrh] rsy iQqysy] 'kkgh rke] lHkq rks ykb gkft+# vkfgfuA

ek#bZv ojk.kh fMufl r eqafgatks efÄ.kks [ksrlsu lka fFk;yq vkgsA gk.ks eka fc, dafga

lka 'kknh ew# u danflA eka i[kfu th çhr egyfu lka dhu eVhafn;flA iksb mej

[ksfl d+Sn esa cafn djs NfM;ksA d+Sn esa [ksfl ?k.kk bZ M˜[k fMukb±] thva gwv ijs'kkuq

Fkh 'kknhv ykb gk djsA ek#bZ m×kwa cq[kwa d<h det+ks# Fkh osbZ] ij iafgats lr rs d+kbeq

jghA lnkb± vck.kfu [ks ;kn danh jgh

,sa mej [ks vt+Z d;kb± r tsdMfga eka

iafgats oru [ks ;kfn djs ejh o×kka r

eqafgatks e<+ eyhj Mkagqa futkab ,sa eFkkamfl

Fkj th Fk/h feVh olkbtkabA

vkf[+kfj mej lanfl lr vfx;ka fl#

fuok;ks ,sa ek#fu Mkagqa fu;kiks eksfdfy;kb±

r vph iafgath vekur oBh o×kksA fu;kiks

feyans bZ ek: mej dksV igqrk ,sa ek#bZv

[ks ik.k lka xM˜ oBh vk;kA ek#bZ ek#fu

lka r feyh] ij [ksrlsu ts vanj esa

[kqfVdks jfgth fo;ks r ek#bZ iafgats lr

rs d+kbeq gqbZ ;k u] eyhj esa lanfl

cnukeh fFk;.k yxhA tMfga bu xkfYg th [+kcj mej [ks isbZ r gqu dkfofM+th vph

eyhj rs dkg dbZA ospkjk ek:vM+k fMth fo;k ij ek#bZv mej vfx;ka vph p;ks

r ^^ts ek#fu eqafgath fxyk dbZ r bgks bUgfu tks go+Q˜ gksA rks[ks dfgM+ks go+Q˜ vkgs

ek:vM+fu rs dkg dj.k tks\** mej iafgats d, rss i'ksekuq fFk;ks ,sa dks fc bfErgkuq

fM;.k ykb r;k# fFk;ksA ek#bZv p;ks] ^^fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs bfErgkuq eka

MhanflA**

usfB i+QSflys ewftcq ckfg ts ep esa fgd 'kh[+k rik, yky d;kÅaA ek#bZv mgk

rfi;y 'kh[+k iafgats gFkfu esa [kabZ ij [ksfl dk ygl fc u vkbZ ,sa ek#bZ lrh lkfcrq

FkhA [ksrlsu 'keZlkj fFk;kss ,sa ek#bZv lkjh g;krh [ksrlsu th lqfgcr esa lq[k ,sa vkuan

lka xqt+kjhA

vt+Z = osfurh

e<+ = eqvy cqr] e`r 'kjhj

futkab = eksfdys NfMtkab

dkg dj.kq = lsuk lka xM˜

geyks dj.kq

fVdks = dyad] nkx+

iVjk.kh = lfHkuh [kka

vge jk.kh

rke = loknh [kk/k

i[kfu = d[kkb± dph >wfiM+h

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

160


1- ek#bZ dafga lka efÄ;y gqbZ\

(v) [ksrlsu lka (c) iQksxlsu lka

(l) mej lka (n) jk.ks lka ¹ º

2- ek#bZv [ks dafga lka çhr gqbZ\

(v) jk.ks lka (c) [ksrlsu lka

(l) ek#fu lka (n) oru eyhj lka ¹ º

3- ek#bZv ts oru tks ukyks gks&

(v) dsp edjku (c) mej dksV

(l) eyhj (n) HkaHkksj ¹ º

[+kky Hkfj;ks&

4- mej ek#bZv ts ------------------------- vfx;ka fl# fuok;ksA

5- fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs ------------------------- eka MhanflA

lksjfB ,sa jkbfM;kpq

dafga t+ekus esa >wukx<+ esa fgdq jktk jkt danks gksA ukyks gksfl jkbfM;kpqA [ksfl fgd

Hks.k gqbZ] tafga [ks vkSykn dksu gksA ?k.kk ihj i+Qdhj iqfN;kb±] usfB fgd tksfr"khv p;qfl

r rks[ks iqVq teanks ij rqafgats Hkkm tks fl# dVhanksA jktk th Hks.k ç.kq d;ks r iqVq tkvks

r mu [ks ekjs NMhanflA ck# tkvksA tksfr"khv th vxdFkh ;kfn djs mu [ks [+kreq dj.k

ykb iafgath nklhv [ks p;kb±A nklhv po.kq r ef×k;ks ij ckj tks eklweq psgjks fMlh]

mu [ks lanwo+Q esa fo>h nfj;kg esa fiQVks d;kb±A lanwo+Q yq<+anh&yq<+anh vph xqtjkr ts

jktk vuhjk; ts eqYd esa fufdrhA fgd pkj.k [ks mgk lanwo+Q gfFk vkbZA ckj [ks


lps lkfyd [ks fgu nqfu;k ts canh[+kkus esa vlqyq vkjkeq dksu Fkks vpsA ek#bZv

tks o+Qkfycq dksV esa gks ij o+Qycq eyhj fi;ks lkjsA uÝ+l fc mej okaxq# [katwa [ka;ks

chBks vkgs r [ksfl /qrkjs /.khv [kka /kj dfj;kaA ek#bZv mej [ks bgk bZ bfYrtk

dbZ r ,s gkfde! ewa[ks NfM r ek#fu lka xM˜ o×kh ekyq pkfj;kaA

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

161

[k.kh vph t+ky th >ksyhv esa fo/kb± ,sa ukyks jf[k;kÅafl chtyA ckyd vt˜ ua<kss]

lqHkka oMks fFk;ks r xksB twa xk;wa esfg;wa pkj.k osanks gksA fgd Mhagqa gqu ts du rs dafga

lkt+ tks vkokt+ fi;ksA gsMkagqa&gksMkagqa fugkj.k lka ds# fc ut+fj u vk;qflA usfB gqu

th ut+j o.k rs fi;y gj.k ts lqdy vkaMfu rs isbZ] tks gok yx.k djs mu eka lqjhyks

vkokt+ fi, fufdrksA lks vkaMk [k.kh vph lqjanks tksfM+;kb±A iksb jkst+ lqjanks otk,]

gj.kfu tks f'kdk# djs] iafgats ?kj ifjokj tks xqt+jkuq danks gksA

fgd Mhagqa jkbfM;kp [ks [+kcj isbZ r jruq dqEHk# iafgath lqfg.kh /hv lnk [ks xqtjkr

ts jktk vuhjk; lka ifj.kkb.k Fkks o×ks] bgk [+kcj c˜/h jkbfM;kp jRuh dqEHkj [ks

lMs] mu [ks p;ks r rks[ks [+kcj vkgs] vuhjk; th mfefj dsfrjh vkgs\ r gqu tokcq

fMuks& jktk r vkgsA jkbfM;kp p;ks r Nk eka jktk u vkfg;ka\ rqafgath /hm eqafgats

egy esa jganhA lks jRuh dqEHkkj th /hm lksjfB jkbfM;kp th jk.kh c.khA

jktk vuhjk; bgk xkfYg c˜/h [+kkeh fo;ks ,sa oMks

y'd# dkgs vk;ks ij jkbfM;kp lka iqth u lf?k;ksA

vanj esa [+kkj jfgth fo;fl ,sa cfnyks oB.k tks uewuks

lksp.k yxksA ghjfu tokgjfu tks FkkYgq Hkjs lkjs eqYd

esa gksdks fM;kfj;kb± r tsdks vuhjk; th ea'kk iwjh danks]

rafga [ks ghm FkkYgq feyanksA chty th t+ky ghm FkkYgq

ofjrksA xkfYg c˜/h chty jktk vuhjk; ofV vk;ksA

tMfga [+kcj fi;fl r jktk [ks jkbfM;kp tks fl# [kis

r ljkfith fo;ks ij iksbrs gV.k lanfl ol [kka ckfgfj gksA lks chtyq lqjanks [k.kh

vph >wukx<+ fufdrksA lanfl lqjhyks vkokt+ c˜/h jkbfM;kp [ksfl opu fMuks r

^^?kq#] tsdh [kisbZ] lks ?kq#A** chty p;ks& ^^jktk] eka rqafgats flj tks lqokyh vkfg;kaA**

jktk opuq ikM+s] iafgatks fl# o<s lanfl vfx;ka jf[k;ksA iksb eFkks [k.kh jktk vuhjk;

ofV vk;ksA jktk vuhjk; eFkks fMlh dkofM+ d;kb±flA tafga ykyfp l[kh ljnkj tks

fl# dfi;ks] rafga eka ik.k [ks fc Miq yx˜fl lks ns'k usdkyh MsbZ NfM;kb±flA chty

[ks foosd tk o< io.k yxkA jkbfM;kp th jk.kh lksjfB fc ifrozrk ukjh gqbZ] tafga

jkbfM;kp ts fo;ksx esa o+Q˜ckZuh fMuh ,sa fgdq felkyq dkbeq d;ksA

bu yksd dFkk esa 'kkg lksjB th o+Q˜ckZuhv tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgsA bu fglkc lka lksjfB

tks fdjnkj jkbfM;kp [kka fc eFks vkgs tks eqfgc [ks ges'kk ges'kk ykb ikb.k ykb

lHkq Hksn Hk×kh Hkksjs NMs Fkh ,sa i+Qkuh 'kjhj ts ,oft+ irhv lka vnch folkyq ek.ks

FkhA

[+kkeh = dkofM+] xqLlks

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

ljkfith = fMth o×k.kqvkM+kg = ckfg] vkx

[+kkd = j[k

eqfgc = çhreq

162


1- >wukx<+ ts jktk tks ukyks gks&

(v) jktk vuhjk; (c) jktk jkbfM;kpq

(l) jktk mej (n) tke rekph ¹ º

2- xqtjkr ts jktk tks ukyks gks&

(v) jktk n'kjFk (c) jktk tud

(l) jktk vuhjk; (n) jktk Mkfgj ¹ º

fgufu lwjfe;qfu ts dFkkmfu ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc fgu lcd+ esa yksd dFkkmfu ts

t+jh, c˜/k;ks vkgs r nqfu;oh b'o+Q lka go+Qho+Qh b'o+Q rs igqph lf?kts FkksA gqu

cqfu;knh b'o+Q [ks bZ'oj rkb± igqp.k th Mkdf.k c˜/k;ks vkgsA fgu lrfu lwjfe;qfu

ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc bZ'oj [ks ikb.k tks jLrks c˜/k;ks vkgsA

'kkg lkfgcq ik.k [ks L=kh :iq leq>h] bZ'oj [ks ikb.k ykb ckMk, FkksA thva ek#bZ

,sa lksjfB iafgats b'o+Q [ks ikb.k ykb iafgath [+k˜nhv [ks [+kReq djs] iafgats ek'kwo+Q [ks

ik, folkyq ek.khfu fFk;waA lpks vkf'ko+Q˜ mgks bZ vkgs] tafga iafgatks lHkq dq>q o+Q˜ckZuq

djs NfM;ks vkgsA fgu yksd dFkkmfu ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc vlka [ks bgks bZ lans'kq

fMuks vkgs r ^^ik.k ekjs gw ygq] ik.k ea>ka bZ ikbA**

ek#bZv ts lr th HksV lhrk lka dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZ iafgats lr rs o+Qkbeq jghA jktkbZ

egy esa jgans fc gqu [kk/s&ihrs tk rke R;kfx;k ,sa Fkj eqYd ts MFk ,as MkSajfu [ks

lnkb± ;kfn danh gqbZA ek#bZv th gqc vyoruh ;kus iafgats oru ykb I;k# 'kkg

iafgats jlkys esa fgd lqfg.ks felky lka isf'k d;ks vkgsA

'kkg lkfgc fla/hv tks fljeks# 'kkb# vkgsA 'kkg iafgaft;qfu yksd dFkkmfu esa

lwjfe;qfu ckcfr :gkuh jkt+fu Mkagqa b'kkjk d;k vkfgfuA

fgu lcd+ esa mej ek#bZv tks fo+Qlks i<+ans rOgka bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r ek#bZv

th lhjr&fuxkjh rekeq lqfg.ks uewus t+kfg# dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZv th HksV lhrk lka

dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZ [ksrlsu lka efÄ;y gqbZA mej ckn'kkg mu [ks yksHk ykyp MsbZ

gfFk dj.k th dksf'k'k dbZ] ij gqu mej ckn'kkg ts lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [ks Bqfdjk,]

ûý-ü vpks r leq>wa

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûý-û

163

iafgats [ksrlsu lka ,sa iafgats oru Fkj ts ek:vM+fu lka iwjh oi+Qknkjh Ms[kkjhA fgu

lcd+ esa bgks fc leq>k;ks fo;ks vkgs r balkuq iafgath eaft+y [ks gkflyq dj.k ykb

lp th jkg rs gysA nqfu;k esa dsfrfj;wa fc yg:a ,sa yksMk Nks u vpfu] mUgfu [kka

csMiks Fkh] eqo+Qkfcyks djs r mu th thr t+:# FkhanhA thva ek#bZv ts lcd+ esa vlka

flf[k;klhaA

fgu lcd+ ts t+jh, vlka ch ekuk fc leq>h l?kwa Fkk r balkuq dfgM+s uewus ijekRek

th eaft+y rs igqph l?ks FkksA

fgu lcd+ esa 'kkg th lwjeh lksjB tkss pfj=k fp=k.k 'kkg reke lqfg.ks uewus ,sa lkst+

Hkfj;ks d;ks vkgsA

chty xkb.ks ghjfu tokgjfu th ykyfp rs jktk jkbfM;kp tks fl# ?kqfj;ks] rMfga

jktk iafgats opu ewftfc fl# /M+ [kka vyfx djs ykgs fMuksA lksjfB dsfrjk bZ ghyk

gyk;k r jktk ts flj oB.k cfnjka ltks jkt dkjksck#] eky fefyfd;r [k.kh o×ks

ij chty fgd u c˜/h ,sa iafgats ft+n rs vfM+;ks jfg;ksA

'kkg twa bgs lwjfe;wa fla/h vnc tk cscgk xfg.kk cf.kth fgdq felkyq o+Qkbeq dfu

fFk;waA

1- fgu lcd+ esa gsfB;ka bLrykg dfe vk;k vkfgfuA mUgfu tk vFkZ fMuk o×kfu

FkkA mUgfu ts vFkZ tks okfgiks dans uoka tqfeyk Bkfg;ks&

(1) dkg dj.kq & p<+kbZ dj.kq] geyks dj.kq

tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) rih ckfg fFk;.kq & ?k.kks Øks/ dj.kq

tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) ?kksM+k ?kksM+k dj.kq & xksM+ dj.kq

tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- me# ek#bZ ukVd ts fdjnkjfu ts vk/kj rs Dykl esa ukVdq dfj;ksA

3- 'kkg ts lrfu lwjfe;qfu tk ukyk fy[kh pkVqZ Bkfg;ksA

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûý-û

164


gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd tqfeys esa fy[kks&

1- ek#bZ oru [ks ;kn dans mej [ks dfgM+h osfurh djs jgh gqbZ\

2- jktk jkbfM;kp ts flj tks lqokyh ds# gks\ ,sa jktk iafgatks fl# Nks ykgs

fMuks\

fgu ikB esa rOgka 'kkg lkfgc ts lwjfe;qfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ r xksBkf.k;qfu]

?kfV if<+;y fL=k;qfu esa fc dfgM+h u lhjr] lwaga] tt+ckr] go+Qho+Qh b'o+Q ikb.k

th yyd vkgsA lanfu tT+cs esa meaxq] mRlkgq Hkfj;yq vkgsA iafgats egcwc [ks

ikb.k ykb gj rdyhi+Q tks eqo+Qkfcyks dans eaft+y rs jl.k th bNk [ks iw.kZ

d;ks vkgsA

lkalkfjd ihM+k [ks Hkksxhans] balku ijekRek [ks ikb.k ykb dksf'k'kwa djs FkksA

tMfga bgk bPNk o/h o×ks Fkh] tafga esa balku iafgatks lHkq dq> Hkqyk, NMs Fkks]

rMfga ijekRek lka feyh fgdq fFk, Fkks ,sa ije lq[k [ks ek.ks FkksA

1- ek#bZv th lhjrfuxkjhv rs eqf[+rl# esa jksf'kuh fo>ksA

2- lksjB tks pfj=k fp=k.k dfj;ksA

3- ek#bZv ts gqc vyoruhv tks ft+Øq dfj;ksA

4- lksjB th lhjrfuxkjhv rs jksf'kuh fo>ksA

5- mej ek#bZv ,sa lksjB jkbfM;kp yksd dFkkmfu esa fMuy :gkuh jkt+ rs fgdq

ua<ks uksV fy[kksA

6- lksjB ,sa jkbfM;kp yksd dFkk tks lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA

7- ^^fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs bfErgku eka MhanflA** fgu flV ts lek;y

ekgksy rs ohpkj is'k d;ksA

rOgha Nk fl[;k

fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûý-ü

165

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (l)

4- lr 5- bfErgkuq


13-1 1- (c) 2- (l)

13-2 1- mej [ks iafgats ek:vM+fu ofV eksfdy.k ykb osfurh Fkh djsA

2- chty& opu [+kkfrfjA

tokc fVi.kh

fla/q twa lwjfe;wa

166

14lk/w oklok.kh

fla/q larfu] njos'kfu ,sa lwfi+Q;qfu th /jrh vkgsA thva& lar daojjke] ork;ks i+Qdhj]

jksgy i+Qdhj] ckck usHkjkt] lar vklwnkje] Lokeh VsÅajke ,sa lar fgjnkjke ox+SjgA

vfgM+fu larfu eka fla/q th /jrhv rs lk/w oklok.kh fc fgdq egku larq Fkh xqft+fj;k

vkfgfuA gw et+gch rblqc [kka ijs jgh fgd bZ'oj esa bZ oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu

osnfu] mifu"knfu tks ÅUgks vH;klq d;ks gksA gqufu [ks Hkkjrh; laLÑrhv ,sa lH;rk

lka çse gksA gqufu ns'k esa iQfgfy;y iaxrh Å.kk;qfu [ks [+kreq dj.k ykb reke ?kf.k;wa

dksf'k'kwa d;waA gw ohpkjd] fpard] ,sa :gkuh 'kkb# fc gqvkA gqufu ts thou tks

ed+lnq gks nhu nqf[k;qfu th 'ksok Hkko ,sa balku t+kfr ykb çse ij ilwa if[k;qfu ykb

fc lanfu fgnsZ esa n;k Hkko gks] budjs lk/w oklok.khv tks tue Mhagqa 25 uoEcj

lthv nqfu;k esa ^os'uw Mhagqa* djs eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA


fla/q ts lar lk/w oklok.khv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs] c;kuq djs l?kank_

lk/w oklok.khv ftfu ts xq.kfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

ukfj;qfu th f'k{kk ts ckcfr iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_

lk/w oklok.khv ts pfj=k ts dq>q [+kkfl;rqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

fla/ ts larfu njos'kfu [ks rOgka if<+;ks gwanksA dafga fc fgd lar th thouhv ts ckjs

esa tk.k gkflyq dans eqf[+rl# esa fy[kksA

et+gch = /kfeZd] /ehZ

rblqc = dVjrk

oslkgq = fo'oklq

ÅUgks = xgjks

iaxrh = lkekftd

Å.kk;qfu = cqjk;qfu

ed+lnq = mís';

os'uw Mhagqa = 'kkdkgkjh fnolq

(Meetless Day)

ed+ln

fVi.kh

ef'kx+™fy;wa& ûþ-û

167

thou ifjp;

(v) ckyiqf.k

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ftfu tks tueq 25

uoEcj 1879 rs fFk;ks gksA tue ts ofD+r bZ

lanfu eq[k rs vykSfdd eqdZ gqbZ ,sa vf[k;qfu

esa uwjkuh rstq gksA lanfu ukyks Fkkaojnkl gks]

tafgath ekuk vkgs fLFkj ;kuh /hjt okjksA

lanfu firk tks ukyks yhykjke gksA gw fla/ esa

t+ehank# gqvk] ftfu tks thou Kku] J¼k ,sa

lcqj lka Hkfj;yq gksA lanfu ekrk tks ukyks ojka

nsoh gksA ckyiq.k esa bgks vuqeku dj.k Mf[k;ks

gks r /.kh lkab± lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks

vusdq ckjfu ,sa Hkxrfu tks I;k# c[+'khanks]

tsds ekrk lkfgc [ks fc J¼k fopka ;kfn

dankA ckyd oklok.kh jkst+ lqcwg tks losy

mFkh lwtqZ ueLdk# dank gqvkA gqufu [ks

oslkgq gks r lwtqZ bZ ek.gqfu [ks 'kDrh ,sa thouq Mhanks vkgsA gw ,dkar esa 'kkarhv lka

iafgatks oD+rq ?kkjhanks gksA

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks c Hkkmj ,sa fgd Hks.k gqbZA oMs Hkkm tks ukyks

ifgyktjk; gksA gqufu [ks bgks vglklq Fkh fo;ks gks r vlkatks bgks vueksyq thouq

/u nkSyr xM dj.k okLrs dksu vkgs] cfYd lekt th 'ksok dj.k okLrs vkgsA

ckyd oklok.kh iafgats oMs Hkkm th 'kf[+l;r lka reke ?k.kks eqrkfl# gksA lk/w Vh-

,y- oklok.khv th ua<h Hks.k th dkWyst ;k ;wfuoflZVhv esa i<+.k th reke ?k.kh

bPNk gqbZ] ij gwv dksu o×kh l?kh] budjs p;kÅa gquth lth fefYd;r eka

ckfyfd;qfu ,sa vkSjrqfu th rbyhe ykb dkWyst cikZ d;k o×kfuA

(c) rbyhe

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh ua<iqf.k [kka bZ i<+kbZv esa reke ?k.kks gksf'k;k# gqvkA gw

gSnjkckn fla/qq esa ,dsMeh* ukys Ldwy esa if<+;k gqvk] tsdks lk/w ghjkuUn cikZ d;ks

vykSfdd = vt+x+Sch

eqdZ = eq'd

lcqj = /S;Z

ÅUgks = xfgjks

[+okfg'k = bNk

vkl = mehn

?kkjhanks = xqt+kjhanks

g;krh = fta+nxh

eqrkfl# = çHkkfor

i+Q[+k˜# = ukt+

dksBhank = poank

eqgdeq = idks

fefYd;r = tk;nkn] lEifr

ûþ-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

168

gks ,sa fçafliy fif.k gksA lk/w ghjkuan rbyhe;kÝ+rk] lekt lq/kjdq ,sa lar vkRek

gqvkA gqufu ts mlwyfu ,sa vkn'kZfu tks ckyd oklok.khv rs rekeq xgjks vl# fi;ks

gksA ckyd oklok.khv esa Kku lka xMksxM˜ lfHkuh ykb J¼k ,sa vknj gksA gqufu ts

vkn'kZ thou tks felkyq lk/w ghjkuan fc;fu ckjfu [ks r Mhank bZ gqvk ij Ldwy tk

lHksbZ ekLrj fc gqufu ts ofgaokj [kka rekeq ?k.kks eqrkfl# gwank gqvkA ckydq

oklok.kh t+ghuq 'kkfxnqZ gksA gqufu 1900 esa ch- ,- ,sa 1902 esa ,e- ,- ikl dbZA

rafga [kka iksb gw fgd dkWyst tk fçalhiy cf.k;kA gw reke lqBk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA

gqufu ts ro+Qjhj esa c [+kkfl xkfYg;wa gq;waA ifgfj;ksa gquts yÝ+t+fu esa tks'k gwanks gksA

tsdk xkfYg poank gqvk] mu rs iq[+rks oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu th yxu bZ lanfu

yÝ+t+fu [ks vljkbrks c.kkb±nh gqbZA gqufu ts Hkk"k.k tks fc;ks xq.kq gks lanfu fefBM+ks

vkokT+k˜A laxhr okaxqj gqufu tks vkokT+k˜ fc ek.gqfu ts fnfy;qfu [ks Nqganks gksA

(l) pfj=k twa [+kkfl;rwa

d#.kk th Hkkouk&

ckyd oklok.khv ts eu esa lfHkuh ykb d#.kk th Hkkouk gqbZ] tsdk vlka[ks mUgfu

th g;krh ts fdfu xkfYg;qfu ,sa :ifu esa ut+j Fkh vpsA gw iafgath ekrk ,sa firk

lkgc [kka x+jhc ek.gqfu th gkyrqfu ykb iqNank jgank gqvkA fgdq ni+Qks vfgM+h bZ

xkfYg [ks oBh mUgfu [ks cSpsuhv esa tkxans fMlh ek.kfl lccq ifN;ks r gqufu tokcq

fMuks& ^vefM+] eka mUgfu cs?kj ,sa cslgkjk ek.gqfu ts ckjs esa lksps&lksps dach jfg;ks

vkfg;ka r gh x+jhc fgu l[+rq Fkf/ ts ekSle esa jkfr dhva xqtkjhank gwankA** vfgM+h

gqbZ ckyd oklok.khv ts eu esa lfHkuh ykb d:.kk th HkkoukA

i+Qt+Z 'kuklh (drZO; fu"Bk)&

uaf<iqf.k [kka bZ ckyd oklok.khv ftfu ts eu esa o+Q˜fnjr ykb I;k# gksA fgd Mhagqa

gqufu mrs dq>q fct iksf[k;k ,sa Mk<h cslczhv lka c™Vfu ts mflj.k tks bafrt+k# dj.k

yxkA fgd Mhagqa tMfga c™Vks fufdrks r gw cksfn esa Hkfjth fi;kA gqufu [ks fta+nxhv

th mu lpkbZv tks n'kZuq Fkh fi;ks

r ^tfgM+ks fctq iksf[kcks] rfgM+ks bZ

iQyq ikbcksA* Fkwe iksf[kch r Fkwe bZ

feyanhA gqufu [ks bgks eglwlq Fkh

fi;ks gks r thouq fc fgd deZHkwfe

vkgs] tafga esa deZfu tk fct iksf[k;k

r[+kyqlq = miuke

rbyhe;kÝ+rk =

if<+;yq fyf[k;yq

mlwyfu = o+Qkbnfu

t+ghuq = gksf'k;k#

'kkfxnqZ = fo|kFkhZ

ro+Qjhj = Hkk"k.kq

iq[+rks = idks

vljkbrks = vljnk#

iksf[k;k = yxk;k

<a< = >hy

mflj.kq = o/.kq

cksfn esa Hkfjt.kq = [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq

Fkwe = yglqu

dac.kq = Md.kq

c™Vks = ikS/ks

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

169

osank vkfgfuA budjs vlka [ks lqfg.kfu] 'kq¼ deZfu ts ifo=k ohpkjfu ,sa fefBM+fu

yÝ+t+fu tk fct iks[k.kq ?kqfjtfuA

mifu"knfu tks vH;klq&

ckyd oklok.khv ifgfj;ksa ni+Qks Kkuokuq] caxkyh ,sa egkRek mikè;k; czãcka/o ts

eq[k eka Hkkjrh; Kku HkaMkj& mifu"knfu tk opu c˜/k gqvkA tMfga czãcka/o gqufu

[ks bZ'kksifu"kn~ tks ifgfj;ksa 'yksdq i<+h c˜/k;ks] t.kq dafga gqufu th varjkRek ts rk#fu

[ks Nqfg;ks gqtsA ckyd oklok.khv ts Ldwy esa ch Hkk"kk laLÑr i<+kbZ osanh gqbZ]

rafgadjs gqufu [ks ifgjha [kka bZ laLÑr Hkk"kk tks Kkuq gksA budjs gqufu mifu"knfu [ks

laLÑr Hkk"kk esa bZ i<+.k tks fu'pks d;ksA

(n) lqBks lkekftd thou

ehjk vkanksyu th 'kq:vkfr&

dMfga&dMfga dafgath g;krhv ts ckyi.k esa dq>q vfgfM+;wa ?kVukÅa Fkh osafn;wa

vkfgfu] tafgatks ckyd ts dksey eu rs Åugks vlj ioanks vkgsA b,a bZ fgd okfd,

tks] tafga esa ekLr# Fkksjh xkfYg ykb ckj oklok.khv [ks ekjs Fkks] ckyd oklok.khv

ts eu rs xgjks vl# fi;ksA rafga ofD+r bZ gqu iafgats eu esa fgdq vfgM+ks Ldwy cikZ

dj.k tks iq[+rks ladYiq d;ks] ftrs ekLrjfu ,sa fo|kfFkZ;qfu ts fop esa çse] I;k# ,sa

iafgatkbi gwanhA fgd [+k˜'kgky dqVqac tks ukrks gwanksA fgufu xkfYg;qfu djs bZ gqufu eu

esa ehjk ewoesaV 'kq: dj.k tks i+QSlyks d;ksA

t+ukuh rbyhe (L=kh f'k{kk)&

lk/w oklok.kh fgu lkekftd Økarhv [ks ,sa L=kh 'kDrhv [ks tkx:d dj.k okjk

ifgfj;ka lar gqvkA gw ges'kg rbyhe ts ok/kjs ykb lksphank gqvkA gw tMfga fc

tqokufu lka eqykdkfr dank gqvk r vtksds rbyheh flfj'rs ts cnyko ts ckjs esa

t+:jr eglwlq djkb±nk gqvkA gqufu ç.kq d;ks r ub± Vghv ykb lqBfu Ldwyfu th

t+:jr [ks eka ik.k bZ iwjks danqflA

vksfprks = vpkud

eq'd.kq = eqLdqjkb.kq

rih ckfg = xqLls esa yky

pekV = FkiQM+

okfd+vks = ?kVuk

iafgatkbi = iafgatkbZ

?kkby&ekby =

fgfj;y&fefy;y

rbyhe = f'k{kk

flfj'rs = çfØ;k

o+Qnheq = iqjk.kks

rih ckfg = xqls esa ykyq

Vgh = ih<+h

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

170

okdqi+Q˜ = lq×kkryq

ok/kjks = rjdh

dqVqacq = ifjok#

fijgiQqVh = vlq#] çHkkr

[kqM = pksV

fMlk = fn'kk

lM = vkokT+k˜

if/jkbZ = ?kks"k.kk] t+kfgjkr

gw ges'kg oD+r [kka vfxrs th lksphank gqvkA gw fgu xkfYg [kka okdqi+Qq Fkh fo;k gqvk

r tsdMfga dafga lekt tks lgh ekuk esa ok/kjks dfj.kks vkgs r mgs vkSjrwa bZ vkfgfu]

ftfu [ks fgu cnyko tks t+fj;ks Bkfg.kks ioanksA gw poank gqvk ^fgd ckfydhv [ks

rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj vkgsA** vkSjrqfu th vkfRed

'kDrhv rs gqufu [ks iwjks ;dhuq

gksA gqufu [ks id gqbZ r vkSjrqfu

th rko+Qr bZ fgu lekt [ks vfxrs

,sa ÅapkbZv rs oBh o×kh l?kanhA

lk/w oklok.kh fgd Mhagqa iafgatfu

HkDrfu [ks xkfYg&cksfYg esa p;ks

r vt˜ Hkkjr ns'k [ks lfHkuh [kka

o/hd dU;k 'kkykmfu th t+:jr

vkgsA bUghv xkfYg lka lHksbZ rekeq ?k.kks [+k˜f'k fFk;kA gdhdr esa mu ofD+r lekt

lq/kj ,sa L=kh fl[;k th ygj gyh jgh gqbZA

16 tuojh 1966 rs lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv lalkjh pksyks NfM;ksA ij vlha b,a

Hkka;wa Fkk r gh egkiq#"k iafgatfu vkn'kZfu lka vlkats fop esa bZ vkfgfuA vlka[ks lqBk

de dj.k ykb fgeFkkbfu FkkA lanfl okfjlq nknk t'ku oklok.kh cf.k;kA gw u fli+QZ

Hkkjr esa bZ] cfYd fc;fu eqYdfu esa fc iafgats xq#nso lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks

iSx+keq igqpkb±nk jfg;kA vt˜ lk/w oklok.kh fe'ku tk de lthv nqfu;k esa Fkh jfg;k

vkfgfuA thva& rbyhe] vLirkywa] nhu nqf[k;qfu th 'ksok ox+SjgA

Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k tks vcks (firkeg) egkRek T;ksfrjko iQwys [ks p;ks fo;ks

vkgsA vkSjrqfu ts rbyhe ykb iQwys ts eu esa Økafrdkjh ohpkj gqvkA iaxrh

lq/kjs ykb vusd de d;kA thva& L=kh f'k{kk] fo/ok fookg tk leFkZd gqvk

,sa cky fookg [ks jksd.kA rafga ofD+r ns'k ts ok/kjs ykb fc;fu fc lekt

lq/kjdfu iafgatks iafgatks ;ksxnkuq fMuksA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] tafga czã lekt tks

ik;ks fo/ksA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh vk;Z lekt tks ik;ks fo/ksA Lokeh foosdkuan

,sa jkeÑ".k ijegal tk dsfrjk bZ 'ksok dk;Z gyh jfg;k vkfgfuA

vt˜ Hkkjr ljdkj ckyfd;qfu ykb reke ?kf.k;wa ;kstukÅa gyk, jgh vkgs] ftfu

eka ^/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks* ;kstuk rs reke ?k.kk de gyh jfg;k

vkfgfuA jkafn;qfu ts eSnku esa fc ckyfd;qfu [ks cfgjks oB.k ykb fgeFkk;ks o×ks FkksA

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

171

fglks& û

lk/w oklok.kh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fu'pks d;ks A

gquts ofgaokj esa ges'kg /hjtq gwanks gksA lkalkfjd xkfYg;qfu [kka ijs jgh] bZ'oj thHkfxrhv esa bZ exu jganks gksA gquth ekm 'kkafr lqHkko okjh gqbZ ,sa firk ts lqHkko esalcq# gksA fcUgha ts lqHkko tks vl# lk/w oklok.khv ts lqHkko esa ua<iqf.k [kka bZut+fj b±nks gksA tMfga ckfgfj is# ik, Fkks r ?k.kfu 'kf[+l;rqfu lka feys FkksA dafgau dafga 'kf[+l;r ts vkn'kZfu lka gw eqrkfl# fFk, FkksA ekm&ihm ts lqHkko [kka lokb?kj ts fc;fu Hkkfr;qfu tks vl# fc lk/w oklok.khv ts lqHkko esa ua<iqf.k [kka bZut+fj b±nks gksA

ckyd oklok.kh jkst+ lqcwg losy mFkh lwtqZ ueLdkj dank gqvkA gqufu [ks bgk xkfYgls[kkjh osbZ gqbZ r lwtZ eka ek.gqfu [ks 'kDrh ,sa thou feyanks vkgsA lwtqZ ueLdk#dj.kq flgr ykb rekeq ?k.kks i+Qkbnsean vkgsA vt˜dYg ek.gw iafgath fta+nxhv esareke ?k.kks ef'kxwyq Fkh fi;k vkfgfuA gqufu [ks ^;ksx* dj.k tks oD+rq bZ dksu vkgsAvlkats çkphu ½f"k;qfu eqfu;qfu lqBh flgr ykb ;ksxq dj.k th lykg fMuh vkgsAvt˜dYg Ldwyfu esa fc ;ksx th rbyhe t+:jh Fkh isbZ vkgsA lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khiafgatks thouq use lka xqt+kjhank gqvkA vlka lfHkuh [ks fc iafgatks thouq use lka xqt+kj.kq?kqfjtsA gqufu ts fnfy esa fc;fu ykb d#.kk ,sa n;k th Hkkouk Hkfj;y gqbZA

gw fc;fu th [+k˜'khv ykb iafgath [+k˜'khv tks R;kx˜ dank gqvkA vlka[ks fcuaf<;qfu&uaf<;qfu 'k;qfu tks nkuq dj.kq ?kqfjtsA fgufu xkfYg;qfu lka tsdk thou esa[+k˜'kh gkflyq Fkhanh vkgs] mgk chv dafga xkfYg esa dku feyanh vkgsA fgu ckcfrex+jch fo}ku ,elZu p;ks vkgs& ^^go+Qho+Qh nkuq iafgatks nkuq vkgsA**

lk/w oklok.khv [ks ilqfu if[k;qfu lka reke ?k.kks çse gksA gw csT+k˜ckuq ilqfu if[k;qfuth gR;k dj.k [kka euk dank gqvkA uwjh* xzaFk esa gqufu tks fyf[k;yq cSrq bgks iSx+keqfM, Fkks&

tho n;k th tksfr txk;ks] nqfu;k [ks iSx+keq lq.kk;ks !cfdjk ospkjk ckdkjhfu Fkk] i[kh ospkjk ckdkjhfu Fkk !u oslfj esa o/hd fogks] ilqfu if[k;qfu [ks I;k# fM;ks !ekl eNhv [kka jgks ijs] fgalk tx eka d<ks rM+s !nq%[k nnZ okjfu th ygks laHkky] xqfxnke vFko xksfcan tk cky !jksT+k˜ jge ykb fugkjhfu Fkk] vanj xks<+k xkjhfu Fkk !uwjh fuek.kh djs iqdkj] lq.kq lqfMdfu lanh ghv yydkj !

ûþ-ü vpks r leq>wa

csMikbZ = fuMjrk

fofjgkÄks = foHkktuq

jrq = [+kwu

dkofM+ = xqlks

vT+kZ = osfurh

/.kh = bZ'o#

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

172


1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks tueq dMfga fFk;ks gks&

(v) 25 uoEcj 1878 (c) 25 uoEcj 1876

(l) 25 uoEcj 1877 (n) 25 uoEcj 1879 ¹ º

2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks firk fla/q esa gks&

(v) okikjh (c) t+ehank#

(l) vki+Qhl# (n) odhyq ¹ º

3- ifgyktjk; lk/w oklok.khv tks gks&

(v) pkpks (c) HkkbfV;ks

(l) oMks Hkkm (n) ua<ks Hkkm ¹ º

fglks& ü

lk/w oklok.kh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iwjks dUnqflA

^fgd ckfydhv [ks rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj vkgsA*

lpqipq ! rafga ofD+r p;y lk/w oklok.khv th bgk xkfYg lkS lSdM+ks lgh vkgsA

ukjhv ts eFkka lts dqVqac th ft+Eesnkjh gwanh vkgsA gqutks iafgatks vDlq bZ ckjfu esa

ut+fj b±nks vkgsA tsdMfga mgk ukjh ik.k if<+;y fyf[k;y gwanh r ifgjha xkfYg iafgatfu

ckjfu ts jks'kuq vkb±ng ykb lqfg.ks uewus lksps l?kanhA ch xkfYg dafga fc fo+QLe th

ijs'kkuh vp.k rs ik.k eqagqa MsbZ l?kanhA budjs lk/w oklok.khv lekt ts ok/kjs ykb

ifgjha ukfj;qfu esa cnyko vk.k.k ts ckjs esa lksfp;ks ,sa ehjk Ldwy cikZ d;ksA fgu

lqfg.ks de th lkjkg MkWDVj v:aMys ,sa MkWDVj jk/kÑ".ku fif.k dbZ vkgsA

dydÙks esa tMfga lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks bgk [+kcj isbZ r fla/q ljdkj ½f"k

n;kuan ts lR;kFkZ çdk'k* rs jksd yxk, NMh vkgs r gqufu p;ks& ½f"k n;kuanq lp

tks flikgh vkgs] tsdks lekt ts lq/kjs ykb deq fi;ks djsA thva& ua<h oghv twa

'kkfn;wa jksd.k] lekt esa t+kyqfu tks ntksZ Åpks dj.kq ,sa 'kjkc ,sa u'ksnk# 'k;qfu

ofjrkb.k ts f[+kyki+Q˜ çpk# dj.kqA

egkRek xka/hv th gÝ+rsok# eSx+t+fu esa ^U;w bafM;k* ts ifgfj,a ed+kys ts ifgfj,a

lqÝ+gs rs lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks fyf[k;y ys[k fi+Qyklki+Qh vki+Q okj* Nfi;ksA

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûþ-û

173

gw fla/ çns'k esa egkRek xka/hv ts vlg;ksx vkanksyu tk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA gw fc

Hkkjr ns'k tks iqutkZxj.kq pkghank gqvkA fgd u,a Hkkjr th pkguk gqvfuA gw L=kh

'kDrhv [ks tkx:dq dj.k okjks ifgfj;ksa larq gksA gw nwjkans'khv okjk gqvkA


1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv dfgM+ks vkanksyu gyk;ks gks&

(v) fpidks vkanksyu (c) yw.k vkanksyu

(l) lR;kxzg vkanksyu (n) ehjk vkanksyu ¹ º

2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks ?k.kk Hkkmj ,sa Hksu:a gq;wa&

(v) c & c (c) c & fgd

(l) fgdq & c (n) Vs & c ¹ º

3- thou fgdq Nk vkgs&

(v) fp=kHkweh (c) deZHkweh

(l) j.kHkweh (n) jaxHkweh ¹ º

1- ^/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks* fgu fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[kksA

2- 25 uoEcj th vgfe;r tk.kkb±ns lk/w oklok.khv ts mins'kfu [ks eq[+rlj

esa fy[kksA

thouhv esa lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts g;krhv ts [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu tks

o.kZuq d;y vkgsA

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th lekt lsok th tk.k fMuy vkgsA

lk/w oklok.khv ts ckyiqf.k ts xq.kfu [kka okdqi+Qq djk;ks fo;ks vkgsA

ckfyfd;qfu th rbyhe ykb lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ikjka d;y defu th

tk.k feys FkhA

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts thouhv eka Hkkjrh; laLÑrhv ,sa lH;rk lka

oko+Q˜i+Q˜ djk;ks fo;ks vkgsA

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûþ-ü

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûþ-ü

rOgha Nk fl[;k

174

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks

mUgfu ts iafgatfu xq.kfu th ok[kkf.k pkSrfi+QZ iQfgfy;y gqbZA cky xaxk/jfryd] johUæukFk VSxksj ,sa iafMr enueksgu ekyoh; tfgM+fu fc;fu ns'k&Hkxrfufc lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv lka eqYd ts ok/kjs ykb xqÝ+rxw dbZA ex+jch vkfyefc mUgfu ts xq.kfu lka rekeq ?k.kks eqrkfl# gqvkA vk;jySaM ts doh MkWDVjdftat lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks ^Hkkjr tks tnhn ;ksxh p;ks vkgsA* 1910esa teZuhv ts ^fo'o /eZ lEeysu* esa mUgfu th ro+Qjhj c˜/h ;wjksi okfl;qfurekeq ?k.kh lkjkg dbZA mUgfu cukjl th fFk;klksi+Qhdy laLFkk esa çopu fMukA9 fnlEcj 1944 esa dydÙks ts Hkkjrh; laLÑrh laLFkku ts uk,a lkfy;kus tylsts ekSds rs mUgfu ^Hkkjr tks lans'k* rs iafgatk vkn'kZ ohpkj jf[k;kA mUgfu tksmlwyq gks ^fc;fu [ks [+k˜f'k j[kank r ik.k [ks fc [+k˜'kh feyUnoA* mUgfu tksfyf[k;yq fdrkcq Indian Arisen tqokufu [ks iafgats oru ykb lHkq dq>q viZ.kdj.k tks iSx+keq fM, FkksA

lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc14-1 1- (n) 25 uoEcj 1879

2- (c) t+ehank#

3- (l) oMks Hkkm

14-2 1- (n) ehjk vkanksyu

2- (c) c Hkkmj & fgd Hks.k

3- (c) deZHkweh

tokc


1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th lekt ,sa ns'k lsok tks vgokyq fM;ksA

2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts ckyiqf.k ,sa rbyhe ts ckjs esa fy[kksA

3- ^lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh xq.kfu th [kkf.k vkgsA* dhva\

4- ^fgd ckfydh [ks rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj

vkgsA* thouhv ts vk/kj rs fgu flV [ks leq>k;ksA

5- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th ;ksx rs tk.k ckcfr fgdq ua<ks uksVq fy[kksA

fVi.kh

lk/w oklok.kh

175

15

fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;waHkkjr esa tkoy ukStqoku ih<+hv tk fla/h ckj vDlj iafgath Hkk"kkbZ] vnch ,sa

lkaLÑfrd fojklr [kka Mhagksa&Mhagqa dfVck fi;k o×kfuA yksd laLÑrh ;kuh vokeh

rgt+hc&renqu tk eq[;q HkkÄk dfgM+k vkfgfu] mUgfu esa yksd laLÑrhv th dfgM+h

tkb vkgs ,sa yksd lkfgR; esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu th txfg fdFks vkgs] fgufu th

ijaijk dsfrjh iqjk.kh vkgs] cksyh ,sa vnc esa fgufu ts bLrseky lka dfgM+ks vl# ios

Fkks] dfgM+h lwaga o/s FkhA lekt ts fl;k.ki th] jfg.kh dfj.khv th] ofgaokjh thou

th dfgM+h rLohj feys Fkh] yksd ;kus voke esa bUghv tks okfgiks Nks ?kfV Fkh fo;ks

vkgs] igkdfu esa bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] o+Qfnjr] ilwa&i[kh] tho&tarw] [ksrh&ckjh] lkekftd

flfj'rs] /eZ ,sa thou&n'kZu ckcfr dfgM+k ohpkj feyfu Fkk oxS+jg th tk.k

ukStqokufu [ks ?kfV vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa vlha eFks fMuy uqD+rfu rs ohpkj danklha]

leq>anklha] xqÝ+rxw danklha ,sa vè;;uq danklhaA


thou esa vuqHko ts egRo [ks okt+g djs l?kank_

igkdfu esa fMuy f'k{kk tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

igkdfu esa lek;y 'kCn 'kDrhv tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

igkdfu esa lek;y fla/q ts bfrgkl tks Fkksjs esa o.kZuq djs l?kank_

igkdfu esa lek;y vyadkjfu tks Fkksjs esa c;kuq djs l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

lwaga = [+kwclwjrh] lqanjrk

okt+g dj.kq = [+k˜yklks dj.kq

176

fVi.kh


vpks] fgu et+ewu [ks è;ku lka i<+h oBwaA rOgkath enn ykb et+ewu esa vk;yM˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu twa ekukÅa gk'kh, esa fMtfu fFk;waA

euq"; ;ksuhv esa iSnk fFk;.k okjks balkuq tMfga [kka lH; cf.k;ks] rMfga [kka bZ [ksflfta+nxhv ts ykfg;qfu pkf<+;qfu] M˜[kfu Mksykvfu] x+efu [+k˜f'k;qfu esa jgans ofgaokjhfta+nxhv tk lqBk ,sa [+kjkcq vkt+ewnk fFk;.k yxkA bUgfu vkt+ewnfu eka mUgfu tsdhfijk;ks] mgks latks,] uaf<M+fu uqD+rfu ts :i esa ub± Vghv [ks fMuksA ojh ukStqokuih<+hv [ks dq>q uoka vkt+ewnk fFk;kA gqufu fc mgs iafgath vp.k okjh ih<+hv [ksfMukA b,a ih<+h nj ih<+h bgs vkt+ewnk fgd ih<+hv [kka ch ih<+hv ofV igqpank fo;k,sa tMfga lkfx;k vkt+ewnk] tsds oMfu cqt+xZfu iafgatfu ua<fu [ks c˜/k;k gqvk] lsua<fu [ks iafgath fta+nxhv esa fFk;.k yxk r mUgfu ts okrka iqjk.kfu vkt+ewnfu thiqfBHkjkbZ fFk;.k yxh ,sa bgs vkt+ewnk vfxrs Hkk"kk] cksyhv ts ç;ksx] lw=k ;k i+QkewZysts :i esa lkEgwa vk;kA vkfgLrs vkfgLrs bgs lw=k (i+QkewZyk) iafgatks fgdq :iqvf[+r;kj djs chBk ,sa Hkk"kk] cksyh ,sa yksd&lkfgR; esa igkdfu ts :i esa drfcvp.k yxkA

igkds th ijaijk Mk<h iqjk.kh vkgsA lfHkuh iqjkf.k;qfu laLÑfr;qfu ts ek.gqfu tk'k[+lh vuqHko igkdfu tks :iq oBh djs mUgfu ts thou esa Nka;y vkfgfuA bgks bZlccq vkgs tks iqjk.kks lkfgR; igkdfu lka iqfj vkgsA oSfnd laLÑrh ,sa ykSfddlaLÑrhv tks lkfgR; fc igkdfu lka Hkfj;yq vkgsA thva r& vfr loZ=k otZ;sr~A*^fouk'kdkys foijhr cqf¼A* {kek ohjL; Hkw"k.ke~A* bUghv ijaijk esa vfxrs gyh djsikyh] çkÑr] viHkza'k nkSjfu eka xqft+jans vlkath fla/h cksyh fc igkdfu ts HkaMkj lkaiqfj Fkh vkgsA igkdfu tks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv esa [+kkfl LFkkuq vkgsA bUgfu ts bLrsekylka cksyhv th lwaga o/s FkhA igkdk] fl;k.ki tks vkbZuks vkfgfuA bUgfu esa lektth jfg.kh&dfj.khv th thvjh tkxanh rLohj feys FkhA ofgaokjh thou esa fMflts rtafgath cksyhv esa 'khjha vkgs] xkYgkb.k&cksYgkb.k esa prqjkbZ vkgs] lks c˜/anM+ thfnfy [ks fc fNds oBs FkksA ^^t+cku 'khjha] eqYd xhjhA** cksyhv esa esBktq iSnk djs[ksfl fnyd'k ,sa vljkbrks c.kkb.k esa igkdk iafgatks eVq ik.k vkfgfuA bgs cksyhvth lwaga vkfgfuA

lkfgR; lekt tks vkbZuks vkgs r igkdks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv tks vyadkj vkgsAvyadkjfu ts bLrseky lka igkdfu esa lqanjrk ,sa vl# iSnk fFk, FkksA bUgfu tks ç;ksxqlgt lqHkko igkdfu esa ut+fj vps FkksA lpq vkgs r bUgfu ts ç;ksx lka Hkk"kk esa

ûÿ-û cqfu;knh lcd+

fijk;ks = flf[k;kslatks, = xM˜ djs

iqfBHkjkbZ = leFkZuq] fgek;r

fl;k.ki = vdqyeanh

'khjha = esBktq

iafgatks eVq ik.k = vf}rh;]

tafgath cjkcjh u djs lf?kts

177

fVi.kh


uokf.k ,sa vkd"kZ.kq iSnk fFk, FkksA igkds ts bLrseky lka cksyh lqidq ,sa lkfgR; Åpse;kj okjks cf.kts Fkks ,sa Åaps e;kjh lkfgR; lka lekt lH; cf.kts FkksA igkdk Hkk"kktks lhaxk# vkfgfu] bUgfu ts ç;ksx lka Hkk"kk esa uokf.k ,sa LiwQrhZv tks lapk# fFk, FkksA

igkdk Kku tks v[kqVq HkaMkj vkfgfuA budjs igkdfu th vgfe;r nqfu;k ts gj

eqYd esa gj 'k[+l lq×kkrh vkgs ,sa bUghv [kka o/hd Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; esa r igkdfu

th ok[kkf.k tk ftalh <qd Hkfj;k fi;k vkfgfuA igkdk] xqft+fj;y tqx [ks tk.k.k]

leq>.k ykb cfgrjhuq rksgi+Qk gwank vkfgfuA ukfoy] ukVd ,sa dgkf.k;qfu esa r

igkdfu tks ç;ksxq t+:jh ysf[kcks vkgsA fla/h fo}kufu] ys[kdfu ,sa ysf[kdkmfu >>s

rbnkn esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks bLrsekyq d;ks vkgsA

igkdfu esa mgk 'kDrh gwanh vkgs] tafga ts eki+QZfr vlha iafgats bfrgkl [ks lqfg.ks uewus

leq>h l?kwa FkkA gk] bgks lpq vkgs r fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu

ts v[kqVq HkaMkj lka Hkfj;ks fi;ks vkgsA fgfr dq>q felky vOgka th tk.k okLrs fMtfu

Fkk&

û- 'k[+lfu laca/h&fla/ çns'k esa ds vfgM+k vkWyk 'k[+l fFk;k vkfgfu] ftfu lekt [ks ub± fn'kk fMuh

vkgs ,sa iafgats cfgrjhuq ofgaokj lccka gw lfHkuh th t+cku rs p<+h igkds ts :i esa

jks'ku ehukj ft;ka ve# Fkh chBk vkfgfuA 'k[+lfu lka okLrks j[kanM+ igkdk fgu

jhfr vkfgfu&

μ >wysyky lkab±] csM+k cusa ykb±

lkab± >wysyky fla/h lekt tk b"Vnso vkfgfuA po.khv tks erycq vkgs r gs

>wysyky lkab±! vlka tk csM+k fdukjfu rs lyker igqpkbtkab ;kus vlkath eqf'dy

?kM+hv esa j{kk dtkabA vlka [ks liQy c.kkbtkabA

ü- okjnkrqfu laca/h&thou esa ?kfVukmfu ,sa okjnkrqfu tks iafgatks LFkku vkgsA fgfr fgd okjnkr lka okLrks

j[kanM+ igkds tks ft+Øq d;kss fo;ks vkgsA felky fMlks&

μ vfgM+h tqfB d;kb±fl] tfgM+h cfjM+s dbZ ckjfu lka

fgu po.khv th ekuk vkgs rekeq ?k.kh nqxZfr dj.kq] rdyhi+Q igqpkb.kqA

ý- yksd dFkkmfu laca/h&fla/h yksd vnc esa ?k.kfu bZ fo+QLefu ts fo+Qlfu tks ft+fd# feys FkksA thva& b'dtk fo+Qlk] ohjrk tk fdLlk] /ehZ fdLlk] fla/q unhv ckcfr fo+Qlk] ihjfu tkfo+Qlk ox+SjgA llqbZ iqUgwa] lqfg.kh esgk#] yhyk pusl#] mej ek#bZ] ewey jk.kks ,sa

olhyfu = L=kksrfu] rjhdfu]

lk/ufu

jks'ku ehukj = çdk'k LrEHk

okjnkrqfu = ?kVukmfu

lqidq = idh iq[+rh

e;kj = ntksZok[kkf.k = lkjkg

<qd Hkfj;k fi;k vkfgfu =

rekeq ?k.kks bLrseky

rksgi+Qks = lwf[kM+h

178

uwjh tke rekph ox+Sjg fo+Qlfu eka dsfrjfu bZ igkdfu tks tueq fFk;ks vkgs& nksnkspuslj fo+Qls rs c/y igkdks vkgs&

μ nksnks /wfM+ puslj NkbZ

fla/ esa nksnks ,sa puslj tks fdLlks rekeq e'kgwj vkgsA fcUgha Hkkmjfu ik.k esa >sM+ksd;ks ,sa rekeq ?k.kks uqo+Qlku ikrksA

þ- çkphu gkyrqfu laca/h&fla/hv esa ?k.ksbZ igkdk vfgM+k feyfu Fkk] ftfu tks cqfu;kn çkphuq fla/ twa gkyrwa

vkfgfuA felkyq fMlks&

μ gqtsbZ uk.kks r ?kqeq ykM+dk.kks

fc;fu 'kgjfu ts HksV esa ykM+dk.kks 'kgj rekeq ?k.kks [kq'kgkyq gks] budjs ghv po.kh

e'kgw# FkhA ekuk vkgs r /u lka thou esa [+k˜'kgkyh b±nh vkgsA

ÿ- ilwa i[kh ,sa tho tarq laca/h&v;kefu [kka balku t+kfr tks ykxkiks vyfx vyfx tkuokjfu] ilqfu if[k;qfu ,sa thotarqfu lka jfg;ks vkgsA felky fMlks&

μ esafga iafgath dkjfga fMls dku] xkab [ks pos r gyq M+h iqN dkjh

erycq r o/hd ,scfu okjks 'k[+lq ik.k [ks u fMlh ?kfV ,scfu okjs [ks Vksdhanks vkgsA

ö- [ksrh ckjhv ,sa vukt laca/h&Hkkjr fla/w ?kkVhv th lH;rk okjs oD+r [kka oBh fgdq [ksrh ç/ku eqYdq jfg;ks vkgsAHkkjr esa gj Mgfu lkyfu esa FkhanM+ vkne'kqekjhv th x.ki ewftcq v×kka rkb± fcHkkjr tk lrj lSdM+ks ek.gw [ksrh ckjh dank vkfgfuA [ksrhv ckcfr tsds vkt+ewnkek.gqfu [ks fFk;k] mgs igkdfu ts :i esa fc egi+Qwt+ vkfgfuA fla/q ,sa fla/h cksyhvesa [ksrhv lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ ?k.ksbZ igkdk feyfu FkkA fgdq felky fMlks&μ mÙke [ksrh o/ar okikj] uhp ukSdjh fiu.kq csdkj;kus iqjk.ks t+ekus esa [ksrh dj.k [ks mÙke jkst+xkj leqf>;ks osanks gks ,sa ukSdjhv [ks?kfV vgfe;r fMuh osanh gqbZA

÷- d+fnjrh ekgksy laca/h&d+fnjrh ekgkSy esa eqYd] çkar] 'kgj] xksB] tcy] t+ehuwa] ufn;wa] ukyk] o.k&fV.k]

ilwa&i[kh] Hkkft;wa] esok] ek.gw] lHkq vph o×kfu FkkA fla/h cksyhv esa o+Q˜fnjr lka

okLrks j[kanM+ vusd igkdk feyfu Fkk& fgdq felky fMlks&

μ fltq c ikNk

fgu igkds th ekuk vkgs r lq[k ,sa M˜[k thou tks fglks vkgsA

fVi.kh


cqfu;knq = vk/k#] ewyq

v;kefu [kka = lfn;qfu [kka]

tqxfu [kka

çkphu = dnheq

,scfu = cqjk;qfu] voxq.kfu

179

fVi.kh


iafxrh = lkekftd

ø- lkekftd flfj'rs laca/h&igkdks lekt tks vkbZuks vkgsA Nks r lekt esa tsdks dq>q lpq dwM+ o+Qcwyq ios Fkks]

lks bZ igkds ts :i esa çpfyr fFk, FkksA tsdMfga dks 'k[+lq dafga fc eqYd] lwcs] xksB

ts iafxrh thou ckcfr dq>q tk.k.kq pkgs Fkks r gqu ykb ?kqfjcy ,jkt+hv ts igkdfu

tks vH;klq dj.kq rekeq t+:jh vkgsA fla/ tks lkekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd fpVq igkdfu

th enn lka ils lf?kts FkksA felky fMlks&

μ czkã.k tks euq lhjs esa

fgu igkds th ekuk vkgs r czkã.k [ks feBh 'kb ilan vkgsA

mesn vkgs r vOgka fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa ukys lco+Q˜ è;ku lka if<+;kss gwanksA vpks

r gk.ks cqfu;knh lcd+ esa fMuy ohpkjfu [ks gjfgd iSjk ts vk/kj rs Bhdq rjg lka

leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa&

fglks&û

^^euq"; ;ksuhv esa -------------------------------------------------------------- drfc vp.k yxkA**

fgu Vqfdjs esa igkdfu ts tue th çfØ;k

tks ft+fd# d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgd ih<+hv

oVka chv ih<+hv [ks gkflyq FkhanM+ vkt+ewnfu

ts egRo tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA vkt+ewnfu

th iqfBHkjkbZ fFk;.k cSfn lw=k ç;ksx ts :i

esa yksd ilanhv djs igkds tks tueq c˜/k;ks

fo;ks vkgsA bUghv eka fgd xkfYg fpVh Fkh

fFk, r dks fc dFku] xqÝ+rks] lw=k] okD; iafgats jphanM+ ts djs u] ij yksd ilanhv

ts djs bZ igkds tks :iq oBs FkksA

fMlks& ^mÙke [ksrh] o/ar okikj_ uhp ukSdjh] fiu.kq csdkjA* fgu igkds esa fta+nxhv

th lpkbZ lek;y vkgsA dafga ofDr dafga 'k[+l [ks ukSdjh efgur [kka iksb fc u

feyh gwanh ;k ojh ukSdjh feyh gwanfl r iafgats o+Qkfcfy;r th u ,sa ojh okik# ?kfV

;kuh gqu ?k.kssbZ eqf'dykrwa fMfB;wa gwafn;waA bUghv vkt+ewns eka mu 'k[+l bgk xkfYg pbZ

NMh gwanhA bUghv vkt+ewns okaxq# tMfga fc;fu [ks fc lkfx;k vuqHko fFk;.k yxk

r gh lw=k ç;ksx /hjs /hjs vke turk esa e'kgw# Fkh igkds tks :iq oBh chBkA

ûÿ-ü vpks r leq>wa

olhyfu = L=kksrfu] lk/ufu

lhus c lhus = yxkrkfjcqfu;knq = vk/k#] ewyq

rokjh[+kh = ,frgkfld

180

l


1- igkdfu ts fuekZ.k esa dafgatks jksyq vkgs\

(v) euq"; twf.k esa iSnk fFk;.k tks

(c) balku ts thou esa FkhanM+ vkt+ewnfu tks

(l) cqt+xZfu th fl[;k tks

(n) mÙke [ksrh ,sa okikj tks ¹ º

2- fgdq dFku ;k lw=k okD; dafgats djs igkds tks :iq oBs Fkks\

(v) igkds th jpuk danM+ jpukdkj ts djs

(c) yksd ilanhv ts djs

(l) vke ek.gwv th o+Qkfcfy;r ts djs

(n) uhp ukSdjhv ts djs ¹ º

iafgats ekrk @ firk [kka iqNh] fgfr fgdq igkdks fy[kks ,sa ekuk leq>kb±ns tqfeys esa

ç;ksx dfj;ks&

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fglks&ü

^^igkds th ijaijk ---------------------------------------------------------------------- lwaga vkfgfuA**

fgu Vqfdjs [ks i<+.k [kka iksb [+kcj ios Fkh r igkdfu th ijaijk >wuh vkgs ,sa iqjk.ks

lkfgR; esa Hkjiwj feyfu FkkA igkdfu ts ç;ksx lka bZ cksyhv esa esBktq iSnk fFk, Fkks]

Hkk"kk th lqanjrk o/s FkhA igkdfu esa lekt th jfg.kh dfg.kh] ofgaokj th tk.k

feys FkhA laLÑr ts igkds vfr loZ=k otZ;sr~* eka lki+Q fpVhv jhfr [+kcj ios Fkh

r ofgaokjh thou esa dMfga fc vfr ;kuh o/hd u dts] o/hd u [kkbts] o/hd

u xkYgkbts] ?k.kks xqlks u dts] dafga [kka o/hd mesn u dtsA Nks r vfr ;k ?k.kks

dMfga lq[k 'kkarh u Mhanks vkgsA

dafga fc 'kb th vfr ?keaMq iSnk danh vkgs ,sa mgks ?keaMq fouk'k th fn'kk esa oBh

gyanks vkgs ,sa c˜f¼ foijhr fn'kk esa o/.k yxanh vkgsA ?keaM lka udkjkRed lksp

fVi.kh



ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-û

vfr loZZ=k otZ;sr~ =

gj gaf/ o/hd bLrseky rs

jksd fo/h osbZ vkgs

181

fVi.kh


fc iSnk Fkhanh vkgsA ij igkdfu esa r vkt+ewnfu th [kkf.k Hkjh isbZ vkgsA budjs

^t+cku 'khjha* ;kus cksyh feBh xkYgkbtsA feBks xkYgkb.k lka ?keaMq nwfj Fkhanks] lksp

ldkjkRed cf.ktanh ,sa thouq [kq'kgkyq FkhaanksA


1- ^{kek ohjL; Hkw"k.ke* th ekuk Nk vkgs\(v) {kek dj.kq dkabjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(c) {kek dj.kq ekLrjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(l) {kek dj.kq ekLrfj;kf.k;qfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(n) {kek dj.kq ohjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs ¹ º

2- ^t+cku 'khjha* tks vFkZ Nk vkgs\(v) feBks xkYgkb.kq (c) dkSM+ks xkYgkb.kq(l) Øks/ esa xkYgkb.kq (n) xanks xkYgkb.kq ¹ º

e

^t+cku 'khjha eqYd xhjh* igkds tks bLrsekyq dans fgd ua<h dgk.kh ;k fgdq iSjkxzki+Q

fy[kksA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fglks&ý^^lkfgR; lekt tks vkbZuks ------------------------------------------------------ lapk# fFk, FkksA**

fgu Vqfdjs th 'kq:vkfr esa vOgka if<+;ks r igkdks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv tks vyadkj*

vkgsA ^vyadkj* tks efrycq vkgs& xfg.kks] t+so#] vkHkw"k.kqA dkO; 'kkL=k esa

^vyadkj* mUgfu [ks pbts Fkks] tsds

cksyhv th lwaga [ks o/kbZfu Fkk ;kuh

cksyhv t+jh, d;y bt+gkj [ks lqfg.kks

,sa fnyd'k c.kkbZfu FkkA vyadkjfu [ks

fla/hv esa jaxhu t+ckuh* fc poank vkfgfuA

vpks r cksyhv esa igkdk ,sa igkdfu esa

vyadkjfu [ks felkyfu lka leq>wa&

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-û

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-ü

foijhr = mcrh

udkjkRed = ui+Qh

182

vuqçkl vyadkj

tMfga tqfeys ts 'kCnfu esa fgdq ;k ?k.ksbZ O;atu] fgd [kka o/hd Hksjk fgd bZ rjrhc

(Øe) lka vpfu] rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj Fkhanks vkgsA fgu vyadkj tks bLrsekyq

?k.kks djs lfHkuh cksfy;qfu ts igkdfu esa >>s rbnkn esa feys FkksA bu tks lccq bgks

vkgs r vuqçkl ts djs igkdk tYnh ;kfn Fkh o×kfu FkkA fla/h igkdfu esa fc

vuqçkl vyadkj ?k.kks drfc vk;ks vkgsA thva r&

μ vdfu [kka Fkks vkek ?kqjs ,sa cc˜jfu [kka csj

ekuk] tafga oVka dq>q fey.k tks vkljks u vkgs] mu esa dks vkl j[ks] rMfga

pbcksA

(fgrs ^c* O;atu yÝ+t+ ts 'kq:v esa c Hksjk vk;ks vkgs] rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj

pbts Fkks)

;ed vyadkj

tMfga fgdq bZ yÝ+t+ ;k yÝ+t+fu tks esM+ tqnk tqnk vFkZfu esa fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk

drfc vps] rMfga ;ed vyadkj pbcks vkgsA thva r&

μ dfytqxq vkgs dfjtqxq

fgrs ^dfy* 'kCnq tqnk tqnk ekukmfu esa ç;ksx fFk;ks vkgsA erycq ;qx tks ukyks]

dyg] >fxM+ksA fgu po.khv th ekuk vkgs r ghm vfgM+ks ;qx vkgs] tafga esa balkuq

tsds fc cqjk de djs Fkks] frfu th lt+k fc fgrs bZ Hkksxs o×ks FkksA

miek vyadkj

μ et+Z vps ?kksM+s okaxs] o×ks twava okaxs

chekjh ?kksM+s okaxq# rst+hv lka b±nh vkgs] ij twava okaxq# /hjs /hjs osanh vkgsA

μ dt+Z tfgM+ks fc;ks et+Z dksUgs

ekuk] dt+Z oMh chekjhv leku vkgsA

:id vyadkj

μ x+jhc th tksb] tx th HkktkbZ

ekuk] x+jhc [ks lekt esa ?kfV ekuq feyanks vkgsA

fojks/kHkkl vyadkj

μ Hkkm cjkcj nksLr ukgs] Hkkm cjkcj nq'eu ukgs

fVi.kh


vuqçkl vyadkj&tMfga tqfeys ts 'kCnfu esa fgdq ;k?k.ksbZ O;atu] fgd [kka o/hd Hksjkfgd bZ rjrhc (Øe) lka vpfu]rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj Fkhanks vkgsAfgu vyadkj tks bLrsekyq ?k.kks djslfHkuh cksfy;qfu ts igkdfu esa>>s rbnkn esa feys FkksA bu tkslccq bgks vkgs r vuqçkl ts djsigkdk tYnh ;kfn Fkh o×kfu FkkAfla/h igkdfu esa fc vuqçkl vyadkj?k.kks drfc vk;ks vkgsA

;ed vyadkj&tMfga fgdq bZ yÝ+t+ ;k yÝ+t+fu tksesM+ tqnk tqnk vFkZfu esa fgd [kkao/hd ni+Qk drfc vps] rMfga;ed vyadkj pbcks vkgsA

:id vyadkj&mieku ,sa mies; ts fop esa vHksntks o.kZuq dj.kq (;kus x˜>h HksVdj.kq) :id vkgsA

fojks/kHkkl vyadkj&dafga xkfYg tks vfgM+ks c;kuq dts]tks mgks fojks/h yxs] ij go+Qho+Qresa mu esa fojks/ u gwanks vkgsA

miek vyadkj&mieku ,sa mies; ts fop esa i+QdqZgqv.k rs fc mUgfu ts leku /eZ tsdjs HksV dj.kq ^miek* vkgsA

183

fVi.kh


ekuk] eqf'dyq ofD+r rs Hkkm bZ lkFkq Mhanks vkgsA ij mgks bZ >fxM+ks djs r tkuh nq'euq

cf.kth osanks vkgsA

μ mgk bZ t+cku ml esa fogkjs] mgk bZ t+cku Nkao esa fogkjs

erycq vkgs r ek.gw dkSM+ks xkYgkb±nks r nq[kh Fkhanks ij feBks xkYgkb±nks r ekuq ikb±nks

vkgsA


1- igkds ts bLrseky lka cksyh Nk cf.kts Fkh\

(v) lqidq (c) f[kpM+h

(l) loknh (n) [+kkjh ¹ º

2- igkdks cksyhv tks Nk u vkgs\

(v) vyadk# (c) lhaxk#

(l) HkaMk# (n) lapk# ¹ º

3- vyadkjfu [ks fla/hv eas Nk poank vkfgfu\

(v) jaxhu t+ckuh (c) jaxhu tqokuh

(l) jaxhu dgk.kh (n) jaxhu jk.kh ¹ º

e'

lcd+ esa vuqçkl] ;ed] miek] :id] fojks/kHkkl vyadkjfu esa felky rkSj fMuy

igkdfu [ks è;ku lka i<+ks] leq>ks ,sa iafgats vkt+ewns ts vk/kj rs tqfeyfu esa ç;ksxq

dfj;ks&

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fglks&þ^^igkdk Kku tks --------------------------------------------------------------------------- d;ks vkgsA**

fla/h lkfgR; esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks ç;ksxq >>s rbnkn esa feyanks vkgsA lkfgR;

twa flUi+Qwa ?k.kks djs dgk.kh] ukVd] ukfoy] et+ewu ox+Sjg esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-ü

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-ý

>>s = ?k.ks

rbnkn = ek=kk

184

fVi.kh


ts bLrseky lka df'k'k iSnk fFk, Fkh ,sa ikBd [ks i<+.k esa et+ks vps FkksA thva eFks

fMuy cqfu;knh lcd+ esa vlka c˜/k;ks vkgs r fla/h fo}kufu] ys[kdfu ,sa ysf[kdkmfu

>>s rknkn esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks bLrseky d;ks vkgsA bUghv jhfr esa çksi+Qslj

jke iatok.khv ts ukfoy ^vkgs u vkgs* esa igkdfu pof.k;qfu tk lqfg.kk felky

fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA bZ'o# vkgs ,dks] vlha vkfg;wa c˜fM+;wa* ekuk bZ'oj loZ'kfDrekuq

vkgs ,sa vlka gquts vfx;ka c˜M+h ;kuh t+hjks ;kuss det+ks# vkfg;wa ij bZ'oj ts lkFk

fM;.k lkaa balku th rkdr o/h o×ks FkhA

bu esa 'kdq ukgs r ijekRek ts vfLrRo tks eq[; dkj.k balku ts eu th Hkkouk vkgsA

bu ts djs bZ balkuq iRFkjfu esa] ewfrZ;qfu esa ,sa lfHkuh ga/fu rs bZ'oj ts gLrhv tks

vuqHko djs FkksA

fgrs rOgka[ks ;kn dj.k ykb dq>q igkdk fMtfu Fkk&

μ d.k d.k esa Hkxoku vkgsA

μ jk[ks jke r ekjs dkSuA

μ Hkxoku ts ?kj nsj vkgs ij va/sj dksUgsA

μ Hkxoku tMfga fM, r NIij iQkM+s fM,A


1- çksi+Qslj jke iatok.khv ts miU;kl vkgs u vkgs* esa dfgM+ks igkdks feys Fkks\(v) bZ'oj vkgs ,dks] vlha vkfg;wa c˜fM+;wa(c) vFksbZ uk.kks r ?kqeq ykM+dk.kks(l) easfga pos xkab [ks& gyq M+h iqN dkjh(n) rqrZ nkuq] egk iq×kq ¹ º

2- igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu ts bLrseky lka iSnk fFk, Fkh&(v) 'kfDr (c) HkfDr(l) det+ksjh (n) df'k'k ¹ º

3- ijekRek ts vfLrRo tks eq[; lcc vkgss&(v) ewfrZ;wa (c) eafnj(l) Hkkouk (n) dq>q fc u ¹ º

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-ý

185

fVi.kh


fglks&ÿ

^^igkdfu esa mgk 'kfDr -------------------------------------------------------- lqBks yxanks vkgsA**

thva rOgka cqfu;knh lcd+ esa fMBks r dhva vlkats thou ts tqnk tqnk vkt+ewns rs

chBy igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vkfgfuA bu bZ fMl esa dq>q igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vfgM+k fc

vkfgfu] ftfu esa vlka[ks fla/ ts bfrgkl [ks igkdfu th ut+j lka fMl.k tks Mkam

ls[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA fla/h igkdfu esa fla/ ckcfr dfgM+h ok[kkf.k feys Fkh] mUgfu

[ks vlka cqfu;knh lcd+ esa leq>.k th dksf'k'k dbZA bUghv jhfr esa dq>q igkdfu tk

felky vfgM+k fc vkfgfu] tsdk rokjh[+kh ut+fj, lkaa fla/ ts bfrgkl rs ,sa fla/h

laLÑrhv rs lqBs uewus jks'kuh fo>fu FkkA xMksxM vlka[ks iafgats b"Vnso th fgd

fnypLiq vk[k.khv lka :c: fFk;.k tks ekSdks fc Fkk fM;fuA tafga [ks xgjkbZv lka

fMl.k t+:jh vkgsA budjs fgrs vlha mUgfu lka xMksxM˜ dq>q rokjh[+kh 'kf[+l;rqfu

lka okLrks j[kanM+ igkdfu th xgjkbZv [ks felkyfu lka leq>.k th dksf'k'k danklha&

μ >wwysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±

fla/q esa ?k.kfu bZ igqry 'k[+lfu tks tueq fFk;ks vkgs] ftfu [ks fganqfu vorkjh iq#"k

,sa eqlyekufu ih# djs iwft;ks vkgsA vfgM+fu 'k[+lfu esa mMsjksyky] tafga [ks

>wysyky fc p;ks fo;ks vkgs] rafga tks ukyks ifgfj,a uacj rs vps FkksA fla/h lekt

>wysyky [ks b"Vnso ts :i esa iwthanks vkgsA

>wysyky lka tqfM+;y fgd Man dFkk ewftcq fla/ ts fgUnqfu [ks mrka ts eqlyeku

gkfde fej[k'kkg ts t+Yefu [kka vkt+kn djkb.k ykb ,sa fganw /eZ th j{kk ykb

fgu vorkjh iq#"k uljiqj esa bZLoh lu~ 950 (foØe lacr 1007) esa psVhpaM

Mhagqa jkb jrupan ,sa ekrk nsodhv ts ?kfj tueq ofjrksA

ghm egkiq#"k o#.k tks vorkj ysf[k;ks o×ks FkksA budjs fla/h fganw nfj;k'kkg ts

:i esa lanfl iwtk dank vkfgfu] cfgjk.kk d<ank vkfgfu] Nst fo>ank vkfgfuA

>wysyky [ks mMsjksyky] yky lkfgc] yky lkab±] vejyky ;k ft+ngihj djs fc

lMhank vkfgfuA >wysyky th Lrqrhv esa ^iaftM+k* (Hktu) fc jfp;k fo;k

vkfgfuA fla/h Bdqjfu vejyky th tksfr txk, ^nfj;kg iaFk* 'kq: d;ks ,sa

dsfrjk bZ fla/h fganw lanfu f'k"; vkfgfuA fgu iaFk ts iksbyxfu [ks nfj;kg iaFkh*

pbts FkksA eqlyeku fif.k fej[k 'kkg th ?kVuk [kka iksb mMsjsyky th fta+ng ihj

;k [+oktk f[ktz ts :i esa iwtk dank vkfgfuA

rokjh[+kh = ,frgkfld

gkfdeq = jktk] gqdqe gykb.k

okjks

186

fVi.kh


^>wysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±* fla/hv esa e'kgw# po.kh vkgsA fgu tks vFkZq vkgs rgs >wy.k lkab±] vlka tk csM+k fdukjfu rs lgh lyker igqpkbtkab ;kus vlkathvkS[khv osy j{kk djs vlka[ks liQy c.kkbtkabA

μ yk[ks y[k cf[+'k;k] djuq c[+'ks fdjksM+

lefu ts dky esa fla/ esa jktk yk[kks iQwyk.kh* ,sa jktk dju* nkuohj Fkh xqft+fj;kvkfgfuA fgu igkds [ks nkuohj ek.gqfu th lkjkg esa bLrsekyq dcks vkgsA

μ vk;k ehj] Hkxk ihj

fgu ,frgkfld igkds th ekuk vkgs r tMfga rkdroj b±nk vkfgfu r det+ksj Hkthosank vkfgfuA

fla/q esa dYgksM+k ckn'kkg gqvk] ftfu [ks ihj* fc lfM;ks osanks gksA tMfga dYgksM+futks 'kkluq det+ks# fFk;ks] rMfga ^ehj* 'kkld cf.kth osBkA

fgu igkds th ch ekuk fgu jhfr fc Fkh l?ks Fkh& o/hd gqujeanfu ts lkEgwa ?kfVgqujeanfu th nky u xjanh vkgsA

fla/h Hkk"kk esa 'k[+lfu laca/h igkdfu esa ?k.kks djs enZfu ts ukyfu lka okLrks j[kanM+igkdk vkfgfu ij dq>q igkdk vfgM+k fc vkfgfu] tsds t+kyqfu lka laca/ j[kfu FkkAthva r&

μ iksika ckbZv tks jkt˜ vkgs

ekuk] va/sjxnhZ] lhukt+ksjhv tks t+ekuks vkgsA fla/hv ts yksd xhrfu esa iksika ckbZlhukt+ksjh ,sa va/sjxnhZv ts çrhd ts :i esa e'kgwjh gkflyq dbZ vkgsA fla/h yksdxhrfu esa fgd flV e'kgwj vkgs& fBdj Bkscj ikls dfj;ks] iksika eqafgath ups* ekukr eSnku lki+Q djs iksika [ks [kqyh txg fM;ks r gwv uph iafgatks tyoks Ms[kkjsA iksikackbZv tks ukyks u #xks fla/q esa ij xqtjkr] ekyok] jktLFkku ,sa eè;çns'k esa fclkfx, :i esa e'kgwj vkgsA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa lkfx;ks igkdks fgu jhfr feyss Fkks&^jkt iksika ckbZ jks] ys[kks jkbZ jkbZ jks* ,sa ^iksika ckbZ çxV gqoS] uoh pykoS jhfr*A

rokjh[+kh 'k[+lfu lka okLrks j[kanM+ c igkdk xksfYg;ks ,sa fgfr fy[kks&

1- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-þ

'kkld = jktk] gqdqejku

va/sjxnhZ = ftrs dks o+Qkbnks

o+Qkuwu u gqts

187

fVi.kh


yksd laLÑrh ,sa lkfgr [ks tk.k.k th okV igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vkfgfuA

igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa yksd lkfgr ,sa laLÑrhv tk mgs t+soj vkfgfu] ftfu ts

u gqv.k lka Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgr th lwaga fc ?kfVth Fkh o×ksA

thva p;ks fo;ks vkgs r lkfgr lekt tks vkbZuks Fkhanks vkgs] rhva bZ igkdk

,sa pof.k;wa fc yksd laLÑrhv ts ykb vkbZuks Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu] ftfu lka u #xks

ofgaokjh thou th rLohj feys Fkh] xMksxM˜ [+kcj Fkh ios r vlka th yksd

ijaijk dsfrjs dnq# >wuh vkgsA

igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu ts ç;ksx lka cksyhv th ekuk ,sa Hkko fpVhv rjg lka

lkEgwa b±nk vkfgfu] xMksxM˜ bgs Hkko vlkats fnfy;qfu [ks xM˜ djs j[k.k th

rko+Qr fc j[kfu FkkA

igkdfu ts eki+QZfr vlha iafgats bfrgkl [ks lqfg.ks uewus leq>h l?kwa FkkA

1- igkdfu ts tue th çfØ;k rs fgdq uksV fy[kksA

2- ^igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu th ijaijk Mk<h >wuh vkgs*] fgdq uksV fy[kksA

3- igkdfu esa bLrseky fFk;y vyadkjfu [ks leq>k, djs fy[kksA

4- ^>wysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±* igkds lka tqfM+;y >wysyky th dFkk [ks Fkksjs

esa fy[kksA

5- fla/h lkfgr ,sa Hkk"kk esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks v[kqVq HkaMkj vkgs] dhva\

6- fgu lcd+ esa fMuy igkdfu ts fdfu pbfu felkyfu rs ua<ks uksVq fy[kksA


tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc 1- (c) 2- (c)

lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc15-1 1- (n) 2- (v)

15-2 1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (v)

15-3 1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (l)

tokc

v[kqVq = u [kqV.k okjks] vlheq

rOgha Nk fl[;k

188

fVi.kh

16

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

fla/q th Hkwfe lwi+Qh larfu] njos'kfu th ifo=k ljt+ehu jgh vkgsA ftrs dsfrjfu bZ

njos'kfu ,sa xkb±nM+ i+Qudkjfu tueq ofjrks vkgsA mUgfu ofD+r&c&ofD+r lekt [ks

veu ,sa HkkbZpkjs tks iSx+keq fMuks vkgsA bu [kka lokb gqufu fla/h laxhr [ks u #xks

o+Qkbeq jf[k;ks vkgs] ij mu [ks ?kj ?kj rkb± igqpk;ks vkgsA gw u #xks ek.gqfu [ks

foanqjkb±nk vkfgfu] ij lekt ts dsfrfj;qfu bZ cqjk;qfu th vks?kfM+ djs nwfj dj.k th

fc dksf'k'k dank vkfgfuA

vlka th foanqj tk eq[+rfyi+Q t+jhvk vkfgfuA lkfgR; i<+.k] c˜/.k ,sa ppkZ dj.k lka

lksp ,sa Kku esa bt+ki+Qks fFk, Fkks ,sa 'kf[+l;r tks fodklq fFk, FkksA lkfgR; vlka [ks

lekt] jk"Vªh; laLÑrhv ,sa cksyhv ts Kku lka ekykekyq djs FkksA dyk] laxhr ,sa

u`R; fc laLÑrhv tks fglks vkfgfuA dafga fc lekt th dyk] laxhr] lkfgR; ,sa

laLÑfr bZ lekt tks vkbZuks gwanks vkgsA mgks ljek;ks tsfrjks ekykekyq gwanks] mgks

lekt vksfrjks [kq'kgkyqA


laxhr] i+Qu ,sa i+Qudkj th tk.k gkflyq djs mu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa laxhr th vgfe;r tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_

i+Qudkj th fta+nxh] 'kf[+l;r ,sa defu [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_

laxhr lk/uk vlka ykb çsj.kk MhanM+ dhva vkgs] mu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

i+Qudk# = dykdk#

vks?kfM+ = [kksy&lksy

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = tqnk&tqnk

ljek;ks = [+kt+kuks

ed+ln

189

jkx th jk.kh&Hkxoarh ukok.kh

vlka fla/w ?kkVhv th lH;rk tk okfjl vkfg;waA eqvfu ts nM+s eka gt+kjsa lky vx˜

[kksVkbZv eka tsdks ljek;ks fufdrks] mUgfu esa lkt+ fc gqvk r fgd csgn eu&

eksghanM+ ukp.khv th ewjr fc feyhA mu eka ekywe fFk, Fkks r dyk ,sa laxhr ts

[+kt+kus lka vlkath lH;rk dsfrjh u ekykekyq vkgsA

lkfgR;] dyk ,sa laxhr vlkath fta+nxhv tks fglks vkfgfuA [+kkfl rkSj u`R; ,sa laxhr

:g [ks jkgr c[+'khanks vkgsA ekSfldh fny foanqjkb.k tks lqBks t+jhvks vkgsA vlka ts

lekt twa dsfrfj;wa bZ xkb±nM+ i+QudkjkÅa vkfgfu] ftfu fgu dyk esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks

vkgsA ns'k&fons'k esa laxhr t+jh, dyk] laLÑfr ,sa cksyhv th f[+kt+er dbZ

vkgsAHkxoarh ukok.kh

v[kaM Hkkjr ts uljiqj fla/q esa 1 iQjojh 1940

bZ- esaa Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq fFk;ksA lanfl

ekrk tks ukyks yNeh ukok.kh ,sa firk tks ukyks

tslwey ukok.kh gksA ik.k esa Vs Hkkmj ,sa Vs Hksu:a

gqvkA ua<h mfefj esa bZ fgu [ks laxhr esa fnypLih

gqbZA ?kj esa laxhr tks ekgksyq gksA Hkxoarh ukok.khv

[ks xkb.k tks ojlks MkMhv oVka fefy;ks gksA

MkMhv th çsj.kk lka gqu laxhr th 'kq:vkfr

dbZA Hkxoarh ukok.kh v[kaM Hkkjr ts fofjgkÄs

ofD+r fla/q NMs fgan esa vkbZ ,sa eqEcbZ vph

olk;kb±A mu eqf'dyq ofD+r nkSjkfu gqu [+kwcq

la?k"kZ d;ks] tafga [ksfl o/hd bZ et+cwrq c.kk;ksA

gqu ua<fu ua<fu xksBfu ,sa 'kgjfu esa o×kh çksxzke isf'k d;kA iafgats e/qj vkokt+ lka

?kj ?kj rkb± fla/h laxhr igqpk;kb±A dyke] ykMk] et+kfo+Q;k xhrfu [kka lokb

lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikBq fc lanfl vkokt+ eas fjdkMZq fFk;yq vkgsA vt˜ fc ?k.kfu bZ

fla/h ?kjfu esa lqcwg tks lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikB gqu ts vkokt+ esa xwafttanks vkgsA

eqEcbZv esa Hkxoarh ukok.kh fla/h ekWMy Ldwy esa i<+anh gqbZ] ftrs xksfcan ^ekYgh*

i<+kb±nks gksA gqu th ikj[kw ut+j Hkxoarh ukok.khv esa fydy dyk [ks lq×kkrks ,sa gqu

ûö-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

ljek;ks = fojklr

c[+'khanM+ = MhanM+ekSfldh = laxhr

i+Qudkj = dykdkj

eksf[k;ks = ukyks jks'ku dj.kq

f[+kt+er = lsok

olk;kb± = jg.k yxh

dyke = xhrykMk = [+k˜'khv ts ekSds tk

xhr

et+kfo+Q;k = f[ky ef'djhv

okjk

190

ts e/q# vkokt+ [kka eqrkfl# fFk;.k cSfn ,sa xksfcan êkYghv* th jgcjh ,sa lgdkj

lka Hkxoarh ukok.khv laxhr tks li+Q# 'kq: d;ksA gqu fVfu gt+kjfu [kka o/hd laxhr

çksxzke isf'k d;kA iafgats xq: xksfcan êkYghv* th fgnk;rdkjhv gsfB gqu ukVdfu

esa vnkdkjh fif.k dbZA ft++Ø tksxk ukVd vkfgfu& efgeku] xqLrk[+kh eki+Q] b'o+Q th

yydkj] rqafgatks lks eqafgatksA bu [kka lokb dsfrfj;qfu fla/h fi+QYeqfu eas fc xhr xkrkb±A

tfgM+ksfd& >wysyky] ykMyh] 'ky /hv:a u tefu] gkstekyks] gyq r Hkth gywa ,sa

lar daojjkeA fi+QYe ^fla/wv ts fdukjs* esa gqu u fli+QZ vnkdkjh dbZ] ij xhr fc

xkrkA bu fi+QYe ykb [ksfl cfgrjhuq vnkdkjhv ykb vokMZ fc fefy;ksA bu bZ fi+QYe

esa lanfl Hkkm bZ'oj ukok.khv fc vnkdkjh dbZ gqbZA lrjke jksfgM+k lka xkry lanfl

et+kfo+Q;k xhr csgn eo+Qcwyq vkfgfuA Hkxoarh ukok.kh u fli+QZ dyke] xhr ,sa ykMk

xk, Hkkjr ts xksBfu ,sa 'kgjfu esa o×kh fla/h laxhr [ks voke rkb± igqpk;ks ij ns'k

fons'k esa fc ukyks dek;ksA lanfl daB esa vfgM+ks r tknw gks] tks c˜/anM+ dykdfu tk

dykd osgh çksxzkeq c˜/ank gqvk] ij fny u Hkfjtanh gqbZA Hkxoarh ukok.khv ifgfj;ksa

dykeq fHkVkbZ ?kksV 'kkg vCnqy yrhi+Q tks xkrks gks] tafga tk cksy& îsjs ioanhlkfu]

poanhlkfu] jgh o×kq jkfr HkaHkksj esaA** Hkxoarh ukok.kh e'kgwj eksfldkj gsear dqekj

,sa eqds'k lka fganh xhr fc xkrk ij mgs fjyht+ Fkh u lf?k;k gqvkA cyjkt lkguh

,sa mRiynÙk ox+Sjg lka fc fganh ukVdfu esa deq d;ksA

Hkxoarh ukok.kh fgd efgurd'kq vkSjr gqbZ] tafga laxhr lk/uk t+jh, flaf/;r th

tksfr txkbZA fta+nxhv ts vkf[+kjh ofD+r esa Vax esa lww# fFk;qfl ,sa da/q yfVdh fi;qflA

bu jhfr 22 vkDVkscj 1986 rs fgu i+Qkuh nqfu;k [ks vyfonk dbZ ,sa mgks tgku o×kh

olk;kb±] ftrka dks fc okifl u ojanks vkgsA mu ofD+r lanfl xq: xksfcan ekYgh* fc

mrs gkt+# gksA fla/h laxhr ykb mgks M[kksb±nM+ Mhagqa gksA laxhr tk lqj ,sa lkt+ mnklq

gqvkA fla/h laxhr th dks;y fganq&fla/q th I;kjh Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks vkokt+ lnkb±

ykb [+kkeks'kq Fkh fo;ksA laxhr ts çsfe;qfu th fnfy;qfu [ks lneks jfl;ksA Hkxoarh

ukok.khv th bgk bZ [+okfg'k gqbZ r tslharkb± thvjh jgka] rslharkb± laxhr th lsok

dfj;kaA

xksfcan êkYghv* Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts nsgkar [kka iksb lanfl ;kfn esa êqdZ* ukys

eSx+t+hu 'kq: dbZ] tsdk 1986 [kka 2004 'kk;k Fkh ,sa iksb fdfu etcwfj;qfu djs cafn

Fkh osbZA

ikj[kw = xq.k lq×kk.kanM+

eqrkflj = vl# danM+

jgcjh = jkg Ms[kkj.kqedcwy = yksdfç;

eksfldkj = laxhrdkj

i+Qkuh = vLFkkbZ] cscdk

M˜[kksb±nM+ = M˜[kq MhanM+

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

191

rOgka vfx;fu lco+Qfu esa dgk.kh] dfork] ukVd ts ckjs esa i<+h pqdk vkfg;ksA gk.ks

vpks r thouhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA thouh fc;fu flaiQqfu [kka vyfx vkgsA

fgu esa i+Qo+Qfr go+Qho+Qrwa bZ fMfu;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu] dkYifud xkfYg;qfu [ks dk tkb

dksUgsA bu tks eq[; eo+Qlnq okLrsnk# 'kf[+l;r th fta+nxhv tks ri+Qlhy okj

vfgoky fM;.kq vkgsA fgu eka fc;fu [ks irks ioanks vkgs r dhva mu 'k[+l efgur

,sa yxu lka fta+nxhv tk eqf'dyq jLrk ikj djs iafgatks eo+Qlnq gkflyq d;ks ,sa nqfu;k

esa ukewl d<hA mu eka fc;fu [ks fc çsj.kk feyanh vkgsA


1- Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq dMfga fFk;ks\

(v) 1939 (c) 1942 (l) 1940 (n) 1945 ¹ º

2- Hkxoarh ukok.khv lHk [kka ifgjha dafga tks dykeq xkrks\

(v) lpy ^ljeLr* (c) xkso/Zu ^Hkkjrh*

(l) fHkVkbZ ?kksV 'kkg vCnqy yrhi+Q (n) ijljke ft+;k ¹ º

3- Hkxoarh ukok.khv [ks dfgM+h fi+QYe ykb vokMZ fefy;ks\

(v) vck.kk (c) fla/wv ts fdukjs

(l) >wysyky (n) lar daojjke ¹ º

1- euilan dykdkj th Fkksjs esa thouh fy[kksA

2- e'kgwj xkb±nM+ i+Qudkjfu tk iQksVk gfFk djs dksykt Bkfg;ksA

flai+Qqfu = fo/kmfu

i+Qo+Qfr = #xksrÝ+lhy = foLrkj lka

ukewl = e'kgwjh

dksykt = ?k.kfu i+QksVqfu [ksxM djs fgd iksLVj rs pacqM+kb.kq

ûö-ü vpks r leq>wa

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûö-û

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûö-û

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

192

Hkxr daojjkeq

13 vçsy lu~ 1885 bZ- ts lHkkxs Mhagqa

l[kj&fla/q esa tjokjfu ts xksB esa ekrk rhjFk

ckbZ ,sa firk rkjkpan ts ?kfj ckyd daoj tks

tueq fFk;ksA ua<h mfefj esa bZ ckyd daoj ts

eqgkaMs rs uw#] vf[k;qfu esa rst gksA 'kkafr

lqHkkm] eqd±nM+ psgjks] dafga th fc rdyhi+Q

u fMlh l?kanks gksA ekrk tsdh dq>q gqu [ks

[kkb.k ykb Mhanh gqbZ] lks f>fdZ;qfu] dkaofu

,sa fdofy;qfu [ks [kkjkb±nks gksA

fgd ni+Qs tjokjfu ts xksB esa lar lkab± lrjkenkl tks vp.kq fFk;ks r uofu lkyfu

tks ckydq dao# iafgats ekrk firk lka n'kZu dj.k fo;ksA lkab± lrjkenkl ckyd daoj

[kka dq>q dksgj ofjrk ,sa mUgfu th dher iqNhA daoj gFk tksM+s fuoM+r fopka p;ks]

^^tsdMfga rOgka [ks dksgjfu ts cfnys esa dq>q fM;.kks vkgs r ewa[ks iafgatks f'k";

c.kk;ksA** b,a lar lrjkenkl daoj [ks iafgatks f'k"; c.kk;ksA

daoj ts thou tk vusdq fo+Qlk vkfgfuA /.khv th bcknr] opu tks idks] gh.kfu

tks gejkgq] fganw&eqfLye ,drk tks ckuh] lqj&laxhr tks ljrkt] fuoM+r ,sa fugBkbZv

th ewjrA vfgM+ks gks Hkxr daojjkeqA Hkxr daojjke tk xk;y vfgM+k db± e'kgwj

dyke vkfgfu] thva& ûkys vy[k ts csM+ks rkj eqafgatks*] îrhv ts çse esa gjneq

xqt+kj.kq ukfj [ks ?kqfjts*] ^dhva jh>k;ka rks[ks] dhva ifjpk;ka] Mfl dks Mkam*A fgufu

dykefu ckcfr b,a p;ks fo;ks vkgs r bUgfu dykefu tks vl# ua<s ckj [kka oBh

djs oMs ek.gwv rkb± Fkhanks gqvksA vfgM+k db± fo+Qlk c˜/k;k fo;k vkfgfu] tafga esa

Hkxr daojjke tss dyke xkb±ns bZ ua<fu ua<fu ckjfu esa gypy vph osanh vkgsA

fgd ni+Qs Hkxfr nkSjkfu fgd ua<s ckj ts ftLe esa pqfj&iqfj u fMlh fgd nqf[k;kjh

ekm daoj th >ksyhv esa ck# Mhans ckMk, p;ks r ^^fgu ckj [ks lqtkx˜ dfjA**

njos'k i+Qdhj daoj /.khv [ks ckMkb±ns p;ks] êkfyd rqafgats ukao rs ckfjM+s [ks yksyh

Fkks fM;ka] efgj dtkabA** bZ'o# ges'kk iafgatfu I;kjfu th ifr j[ks FkksA

daoj bZ'oj nfj çkFkZuk dbZ r ^fgu nqf[k;kjh ekm rqafgats ukys tks okLrks fMuks vkgsA

fgu ckj [ks thouq cf[+'k ,sa ekm ts Hkfjols [ks dkbeq j[kqA** ckj [ks gat esa [k.kh

Hkxr daojjke ghv yksyh xkrh& ^yksyh Msoka yky uwaA** dkfnj th o+Q˜fnjr vfgM+h

eqgkaMks = eq[kq

fuoM+r = uezrk

dksgj = j/y p.kkMksghM+k = nksgk

fi.kq = fc

M[k.k = nf{k.k fn'kkfM?kks = yEcks

cksN.kq = Vqokyq ;k vaxksNks

ckMk, = uht+kjhv lka çkFkZuk

djs

o+Qkfn# = ijekRek

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

193

ek: jkx˜ = ekSr rs xk;ks

osanM+ jkx˜

Fkh] tks ckj ts ftLe esa pqfj&iqfj iSnk Fkh ,sa ck# #v.k yxksA pofu Fkk r mu ofD+r

daoj ts vf[k;qfu eka vkcq ogh fufdrksA daoj ts thou tk vfgM+k dsfrjk bZ fo+Qlk

vkfgfuA fganw rksM+s eqlyeku] dks fc lqokyh b±nks r dao# >ksyh iQfgyk,] mUgfu tk

nq[k nwfj dj.k ykb gFkq fM?ksjhanksA daoj vfgM+fu balkufu esa lk[+;krq bZ'o# ifl;ksA

fofjgkÄs [kka vx˜ ,p-,e-oh- xzkeksi+Qksu dEiuhv okjfu Hkxr lkfgc tk dyke

fjdkMZ dj.k ykb fgd rtqcsZdkj bathfu;j [ks [+kkfl rkSj rs teZuhv eka ?kqjk;ksA thva

r Hkxr lkfgc tks lq# ,frjks r cqyan gks] tks [+kkfl fjdkfM±x ykb rduhd viukbZ

osbZ gqbZA tsds fjdkMZ vt fc otk;k osank vkfgfuA

vej 'kghn lar daojjke iafgats thou th okx /.khv ts gokys djs NMhA ekfyd

thva rwa gykb±nsa] rhva gfycksA* ekfyd tsdk okV daoj [ks Ms[kkjh] rafga [ksfl vejrk

c[+'khA

fta+nxhv tks vkf[+kjh çksxzkeq eka>knfu njckfj esa fFk;ks] ftrs Hkxfr isf'k dans ek: jkx˜

xkrkÅaA lHkq gSjkuq gqvkA [+kq'khv ts ekSo+Qs rs ek: jkx˜ ! ij njoss'k daoj [ks vkf[+kjhu

li+Qj th tk.k vanj th jks'kuhv t+jh, ibth ossbZ&

^^vkm dkaxk dfj xkfYg ewa[ks frfu ek:vM+fu th]

ek:vM+fu th] lkaxhvM+fu thA**

(ek: jkx˜)

fla/q esa ifgjha uoEcj lu~ 1939 bZ- ts Mhaga [ks dkjks Mhagqa rkSj ntZ d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

#d LVs'ku rs fganw&eqfLye ,drk] veu ,sa HkkbZpkjs ts çrhd Hkxr daojjke [ks fdfu

dV# et+gch ek.gqfu xksyh g.kh ekjs NfM;ksA rMfga [kka Hkxr daojjke ts ukys lka

^'kghn* tqM+h fo;ksA vt˜ fc ^#d LVs'ku* rs ifgjha uoEcj rs fganw&eksfeu xfMth]

gt+kjsa Mhvk ckjs J¼katfy Mhank vkfgfuA fla/h fgu okD+, [ks ekSrq u ij 'kgknr

e×khank vkfgfuA

fganq&fla/q esa dsfrjk bZ

vkLFkku vkfgfu] tsds daoj

ts ukys rs 'ksok tk deq djs

jfg;k vkfgfuA Hkkjr ekrk

eafnj gfj}kj esa Hkkjr ts

fc;fu larfu ft;ka 28 ebZ

lu~ 2008 rs daoj tks fc

gFkq fM?ksjhanks = enn danks

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

194

iqryks Fkkfi;ks fo;ksA fla/q esa fc larfu ts eku esa ewjr

Fkkfi;y vkgsA Hkkjr ljdkj 26 vçsy lu~ 2010 esa

Hkxr daojjke ts eku esa Viky fVdyh tkjh dbZA rafga

tks vukoj.k rafga ofD+r th Hkkjr th jk"Vªifr çfrHkk

nsohflag ikfVy ikjka jk"Vªifr Hkou ts njckj gky esa

fFk;ksA

ikfdLrku ts 'kgj jgM+dhv esa Hkxr lkfgc th Msojh

(lek/h) vkgsA

Hkkjr ts tqnk tqnk 'kgjfu esa >>s rbnkn esa /eZ'kkykÅa] jLrk] pkSjkgk] vLirkywa]

I;kÅ tksM+k, lanfl ;kfn [ks vejrk c[+'kh osbZ vkgsA

Hkkjrh; laxhr th ijEijk esa Hkfxrh laxhr tks fgdq vgeq LFkkuq vkgsA ehjka th

Hkfxrh] rqyhlnkl ,sa lwjnkl th Hkfxrhv tfgM+k db± felky vkfgfu] tsds Hkfxrhv

[ks fgdq uvksa :i Mhank vkfgfuA fgufu Hkfxrh dans ofD+r #xks iafgats vkjkè; tks :iq

fMBks ,sa mu esa yhu Fkh fo;kA p;ks Fkks o×ks r bgk :gkfu;r th fgd vfgM+h dyk

vkgs] tafga esa Hkxr iafgats bZ'oj lka eqyko+Qkr Fkks djsA vfgM+h bZ Hkfxrh ef×kts Fkh

fla/h Hkxr daojjke thA

laxhr ts lqjfu esa 'kkL=kh; lqxeq laxhrq ,sa yksd laxhrq vkgsA yksd laxhr esa dyke]

MksghM+k ,sa ykMk c˜/.k tks et+ks bZ vyfx vkgsA yksd laxhr th fgd flUi+Q Hkxfr

fi.kq vkgsA thva M[k.k Hkkjr tks [+kkfl fdLe tks u`R; dqphiqM+h] Hkjr ukV~;e ,sa

dFkdyh e'kgwj vkfgfu] rhva bZ fla/q th Hkxfr fif.k_ ghv fgd [+kkfl vankt+ esa

isf'k dbZ osanh vkgsA

Hkxr daojjke tks ukyks bu lka b,a tqfM+;y vkgs] tks lanfl ukys vfx;ka Hkxr

yxk;ks osanks vkgsA Hkxfr* futq fla/h ekSfldhv tks felky vkgsA dafga fc fo+Qls [ks

xk, ,sa ukVdh vankt+ esa c;kuq dj.k [ks ^Hkxfr* poank vkfgfuA ?k.ks HkkÄs c Hkxr

lqokyfu tokcfu t+jh, Hkxfr isf'k dank vkfgfuA yksd laxhr th fgu dyk esa u`R;

,sa fo+Qls [ks dyke th enn lka isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA Hkxr daojjke fgu ekSfldhv

tks fgdq oMks felky vkgsA

ûö-ý vpks r leq>wa

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

195

Hkxr daojjke dufu esa dqaMy] xys esa ekYgk] isjfu rkb± fM?kks tkeks] dqYgs rs cksN.kq]

eFks rs ifxM+h ,sa isjfu esa Nsfj ik, lth jkfr Nsfj th fNfedkj rs vkyki lka dyke

isf'k danks gks ,sa >weanks gksA lanfl vkokt+ esa vfgM+ks r rklh# gks] tks ijs ijs ts xksBfu

eka ckj&c˜<k] vkSjrwa&enZ ehyfu tks eqi+Qkflyks r; djs Hkxfr fMl.k ,sa c˜/.k b±nk

gqvkA Hkxfr nkSjku tsdh dq>q >ksyhv esa ioanks gksfl] lks x+jhcfu] eksgrktfu]

lwjnklfu ,sa vikfgtfu esa fojgk,] gj t+:jrean th >ksyh Hkjhanks gksA ojh l[+kh

vfgM+ks] tks fgd gFk lka fM, r fc, gFk [ks [+kcj u iosA Nsfj th fNedkj rs Hkxfr

fo>anks r xkb±nks fc ,sa eLrhv esa >weans cs[+k˜fn Fkh osanks gksA


1- Hkxfr dfgM+s fo+QLe th dyk vkgs\

(v) ukVdq (c) fpVlkyh

(l) laxrjk'kh (n) fo+Qls [ks xk, ukVdh vankt+ esa c;kuq dj.kq

¹ º

2- Hkxr daojjke dfgM+h iks'kkd ifgjhank gqvk\

(v) /ksrh (c) 'ksjokuh

(l) tkeks (n) lyokj&[+kehl ¹ º

3- gqufu tks xq: ds# gqvks\

(v) dchj (c) HkkbZ tkM+kjke

(l) lrjkenkl (n) ik: 'kkgq ¹ º

4- Hkxr lkfgc th 'kgknr dMfga Fkh\

(v) 2 vkDVkscj 1938 (c) 25 fMlEcj 1934

(l) 1 uoEcj 1939 (n) 20 tuojh 1947 ¹ º

5- Hkxr daojjke th ;kfn esa Hkkjr ljdkj Nk tkjh d;ks\

(v) fyi+Qki+Qks (c) dkMZq

(l) Viky fVdyh (n) uksV ¹ º

rklh# = vl#

eqi+Qkflyks = nwjh] i+Qklyks

gh.kfu = det+ksjfu

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûö-ü

fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

196

tokc

thouhv esa Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts tue ts [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu tks o.kZuq d;yvkgsA

Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ifjokj ts Hkkfr;qfu th tk.k fMuy vkgsA

Hkxoarh ukok.khv th laxhr fo|k [ks tk.kk;ks fo;ks vkgsA

Hkxr daojjke ts thouhv rs jks'kuh fo/h osbZ vkgsA

Hkxr daojjke ts Hkxfr th ok[kkf.k dbZ osbZ vkgsA

Hkxr daojjke ts 'kgknr tks o.kZuq d;y vkgsA

dfgM+s fc dqVqac esa tkoyq 'k[+lq efgur ,sa yxu lka dkfe;kch gkflyq djs l?ksFkksA

vkSjrwa enZfu [kka ?kfV u vkfgfu] mgs gj [ks=k esa enZfu lka dqYgks dqYgs esafeyk, gyfu fFk;waA

nqfu;k th vkne'kqekjhv tks v/q fglks vkSjrqfu tks vkgsA mUgfu th rjdhv

lka bZ ns'k ,sa nqfu;k tks ok/kjks Fkh l?ks FkksA

1- Hkxr daojjke th thouhv rs jks'kuh fo>ksA

2- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts 'kf[+l;r th tk.k Mhans c˜/k;ks r mu [ks jkx th jk.khNks p;ks fo;ks vkgs\

3- lar daojjke ijksidkj tk dfgM+k de d;k\

4- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ekSldhv ts li+Qj rs Fkksjs esa fy[kksA

5- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ckyi.k esa ekSldhv th 'kq:vkfr rs jks'kuh fo>ksA

6- daojjke fganw eqfLye ,drk tks fgdq fu'kkuq vkgs& dhva\

7- fla/h Hkxfr ,sa daojjke Hkxr th Hkfxrhv ts [+kkfl;rqfu rs jks'kuh fo>ksA

lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc16-1 1- (l) 2- (l) 3- (c)

16-2 1- (n) 2- (l) 3- (l)

4- (l) 5- (l)

rOgka Nk fl[;k


fVi.kh

fla/hv tk i+Qudkj

tkoyq = tueq ofjryq

197

17


vt˜ lkbal ,sa VsDukykWthv tks nkSj vkgsA nqfu;k rst+ jÝ+rkj lka o/h jgh vkgsA

ehfM;k db± okgwa [kksys NfM;wa vkfgfu] iksb pkgs v[+kck:a gqtfu] jsfM;ks Vh-oh- gqts]

baVjusV gqts ;k lks'ky ehfM;kA fc;qfu tkfr;qfu ft;ka fla/h tkrhv ts ft+anxhv esa

fc bu tks vfgeq jksy vkgsA flaf/;qfu [ks fc tu lapkj ekè;efu tks lgkjks ofB.kks

Fkks iosA vtdYg ?kj osBs bZ M™jkagfu bykdfu ,sa nqfu;k ts dqaM dqfM+N esa jganM+ dafga

fc ?kVuk th FkMs rs tk.k igqph Fkh o×ksA tu lapkj ekè;e esa fçaV ehfM;k [kka lokb

jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- iafgatks vgeq fdjnk# vnk djs jfg;k vkfgfuA baVjusV ts bafo+Qykcq

vp.k lka mu ts vfx;ka ofM;wa yydk:a iSnk fFk;wa vkfgfuA jk"Vªh; ,sa varjkZ"Vªh;

lrg rs mu [ksrj esa oMks bafo+Qykcq vph pqdks vkgsA Hkkjrh; tu lapkj tk ekè;e

fc rst+ jÝ+rkj lka cfnytanM+ nkSj esaa d+ne lka d+neq feyk,] iafgatks fdjnk# vnk djs

jfg;k vkfgfuA vlha fçaV ,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks ft+Øq danklha] mu lka xM˜ mu

ts bfrgkl rs fc ljljh ut+j fo>.kq t+:jh vkgsA vpks r fgu lcd+ esa mUgfu [ks

leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA


tu lapkj ,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ts eq[+rfyi+Q olhyfu ts ckjs esa c;kuq djs l?kank_

bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ts bfrgkl esa muts jksy [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_

vyfx vyfx v[+kck#fu esa Nfi;y [+kc#fu th HksV djs l?kank_

jsfM;ks Vh-oh- ts de dj.k ts rjhds tks o.kZuq djs l?kaank_

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ v[+kck#fu esa 'kkW;k fFk;y lekpkjfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kankA

lapkj = iQfgykookgwa = jLrk

vfgeq = egRoiw.kZ] [+kkfl

FkMs rs = mrs tks mrs(vkWu n LikWV)

bafo+Qykcq = Økafr

fdjnk# = ik=k

ed+ln

fVi.kh

198

wa

rOgka jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa v[+kck:a i<+ks Fkk r fdfu fc pbfu v[+kck#fu tk

ukyk fy[kks&

(1) --------------------------------------------------- (2) ---------------------------------------------------

(3) --------------------------------------------------- (4) ---------------------------------------------------

û÷-û v[+kck#fu ,sa eSx+t+uqfu tks l:i

v[+kckj& lqcwg tks pkafga ts I;kys rs v[+kckj i<+ans vkeq rjg bgk bZ /kj.kk

cf.kth osbZ vkgs r v[+kckj ekuk [+kc:aA b,a u vkgsA v[+kck#fu esa fli+QZ [+kc:a bZ

u cfYd fc;k fc dsfrjk bLe ut+fj b±nkA fgu lcd+ esa vOgka[ks tu lapkj ts

ekè;efu esa ofD+r flj vk;yq cfnyko ut+fj b±nksA fgd bZ xkfYg ;k [+kcj [ks gfjdk

v[+kckj iafgats rjho+Qs lka isf'k djs Fkh ,sa mUgfu [ks vyfx vyfx ukyfu lka tkrks

o×ks Fkks ,sa vyfx vyfx ekSt+™vfu ;k fglfu rs vk/kfjr bLe 'kkfey d;k o×kfu

FkkA gk.ks fMfl.kks bgks vkgs r mUgfu tk dfgM+k vax vkfgfu] mUgfu ts ckjs esa fc

tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA

û÷-ü v[+kck#fu tk vax ;k fgLlk

v[+kck#fu esa dkSeh ,sa vkfyeh lrg okfj;wa fl;klh [+kc:a] jkafn;qfu twa [+kc:a] bYe

vnc lka okcLrk [+kc:a] jkafn;wa ,sa foanqj] ?kj lalkj] vkSjrqfu ,sa ckjfu th fnypLihv

okfj;wa [+kc:a] jkafn;qfu ts pVkHksVhv okfj;wa] dYpjy ljxfeZ;qfu] ukVd laxhr]

fi+QYeh nqfu;k twa [+kc:a] vgeq 'kf[+l;rqfu lka eqyko+Qkrqfu okjk bLe] dkVwZu] of.kt

okikj] LVkWd ,Dlpsat] ekSle tks vfgokyq] jsyos th VkbZfeax] lkfgR; ts fygkt+ [kka

dgkf.k;wa] ukVd] ,MhVksfj;y ox+SjgA bgks

t+:jh ukgs r gj v[+kckj esa bgs lHksbZ bLe

'kkfeyq d;k o×kfu ;k ojh mUgfu [ks mu tks

fglks c.kk;ks o×ksA gjdafga v[+kckj rji+Qka

iafgatks iafgatks iSekuks eqo+Qj# d;ks osanks vkgs

r Nk 'kkfeyq dfj.kks vkgs] Nk u dfj.kks

vkgsA [+kc#fu th vgfe;r [ks fMlans] oD+rs

fdfu bLefu [ks iklhjks d;ks osanks vkgsA

ekè;efu = t+jhvfu

cfnykm = iQsjks

ekSt+™vfu = fo"k;fuvkyeh = varjkZ"Vªh;

fl;klh = jktuhfrd

bYe vnc = f'k{kk lkfgR;ljxjfe;wa = xfrfof/;wa

ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ûfVi.kh


199

v[+kck#fu esa NfitanM+ bLe

û÷-ü-û lekpkj pwaM.k tk rjhdk[+kc#fu th pwaM dj.kq v[+kckj tks rekeq vgeq fglks vkgsA bu ykb pwaM dj.k okjs

eFkka oMh tokcnkjh vkgsA [+kcj th lpkbZ fjiksVZjfu tss rji+Qka i+QkbZy d;y

dgk.khv th vgfe;r [ks fMlans mu [ks 'kkfey dj.k th tokcnkjh ,MhVj ,sa phi+Q

,MhVj ts eFkka jgs FkhA jkst+kuks xksBfu] 'kgjfu] o+QkSeh ,sa vkyeh lrg rs gt+kjsa

?kVukÅa ?kfVtfu fFk;wa] mUgfu eka pwaM dj.kq oMh ft+esnkjhv tks deq fFk, FkksA dafga

[+kcj th dsfrjh vgfe;r vkgs] mu th eo+Qcwfy;r ;k vgfe;r [ks fMlh] [+kcj

'kkfeyq dbZ o×ks FkhA fl;klh] lekth] jkafn;qfu] of.kt okikj ox+SSjg tk vyfx

fjiksVZj gwank vkfgfu] tsds [+kc:a xM djs b±nk vkfgfuA ,MhVj] phi+Q ,MhVj] frfu

th vgfe;r [ks ut+j esa j[kans pwaM dank vkfgfuA bu [ks fc è;ku esa jf[k;ks osanks

vkgs r bu tks dfgM+ks vk/k# ;k olhyks jgs FkksA gj [+kcj [ks 'kkW;k uFkks djs

lf?ktsA xfM;y i+QSflyss ts rgr pwaM dbZ osanh vkgsA fjiksVZj [+kc:a ,MhVksfj;y cksMZ

[ks eksfdyhank vkfgfu] mu [kka lokb vyfx vyfx U;wt+ ,tsafl;wa fc [+kc:a tkjh

dafn;wa vkfgfuA tfgM+ksfd ;w-,u-vkbZ-] ih-Vh-vkbZ-] jkbZVj ;k vyfx vyfx eqYdfu

tk ,fot+h gj eqYd esa eqo+Qj# d;k osank vkfgfu] tsds iafgats iafgats eqYd Mkagqa

[+kc:a eksfdyhank vkfgfu ,sa mgs vyfx vyfx olhyfu t+jh, [+kc:a eksfdyhank

vkfgfuA mu [kka lokb çsl buiQes±'ku C;wjks fc çsl fjyht+ tkjh danks vkgsA [+kc:a

fM;.k ofD+r mUgfu [+kc#fu lka U;wt+ ,tsafl;qfu tks gokyks MsbZ [+kc:a fMfu;wa osafn;wa

vkfgfuA bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh-] baVjusV] bZ&isij fc bu [ks=k esa nkf[+kyq

fFk;k vkfgfuA vyfx vyfx olhyfu oVka [+kc:a gfFk djs 'kkfeyq dank vkfgfu]

iksb fçaV ;k ojh czkMdkWLV d;wa

osafn;wa vkfgfuA fjiksVZj baVjusV ;k

bZ&esy t+jh, fjiksVZ eksfdyhfu

FkkA vxs iksLV] i+QSDl] i+Qksu] ,l-

,e-,l- t+jh, eksfdyhank gqvk]

gk.ks r okWV~l&,i tks fc bLrsekyq

d;ks fi;ks o×ksA

vgfe;r = egRo

eo+Qcwfy;r = yksdfç;

olhyfu = t+jhvfu

[+kc:a,MhVksfj;y

rLoh:a ys[k baVjO;w dkVwZuxzkfi+QDl

b'rgkj ikBdfutwa fpfB;wa

ekSle tksvfgokyq

fVi.kh


200

lekpkj tk fo+QLe

[+kc#fu tks flyflykstMfga dksbZ fjiksVZj dk [+kcj fM, Fkks] mu th vgfe;r] ,sa lfHkuh v[+kck#fu [ks

è;ku esa j[kh ,sa ikBd ;k c˜/anM+ th fnypLihv [ks è;ku esa j[kh [+kcj fMuh osanh

vkgsA

lekpkj tk vax

mUokuqgsfMax ckWDl esa] ckdh ifgfj,a ius rs fMtsA fc,] fV,a ;k vkf[+kjhu lqÝ+gs rs fif.kA

[+kcj] dafga fc okjnkr tk rÝ+lhy] mUgfu [ks rns rs o×kh ekywekr gkflyq dj.k]

rLoh:a 'kkfeyq dj.k] mu okjnkr tkb rka fjiksVZ dj.kq] gjfgd ekywekfr gkflyq

dj.kq] df'k'k danM+ gsM&ykbZu] tafga lka ikBd ts eu esa mgk [+kcj c˜/.k th

mf.k&rqf.k iSnk fFk,A

lekpkj tks olhyksrekeq vgeq vkgsA mu ts lpkbZv th rlnho+Q dj.kqq] mi+Qokg rs LVksjh i+QkbZy u

dj.kqA mu th rkjh[+k fMBh osanh vkgs r ghv [+kcj eqEcbZv eka gkflyq Fkh] mrka th

vkgs ;k fnYyhv thA dafga ts gokys lka gfFk dbZ osbZA ;w-,u-vkbZ-] ih- Vh-vkbZ- dafga

[+kcj fMuh] fdFkka gfFk dbZ osbZA

'kq:vkfrbUVªks ;kus Fkksjs esa okfDi+Q;r fM;.k cSfn lth okjnkr th tk.k fMuh osanh vkgsA eFkka

;kuh 'kq:v esa Fkksjs esa tk.k gwanhA vanj rÝ+lhy esa LVksjh ;kus [+kcj fMuh osanh vkgsA

ifgfj;kb± FkqYgfu v[kjfu esa] vanj ua<h VkbZi fFk;y ut+j b±nhA

bDrlkfn;r = vkfFkZdrk] ekyh

rÝ+lhy = foLrk#mf.k&rqf.k = mRlqdrk

rlnho+Q = id] tkp

fl;klh lekth of.kt okik#(vkfFkZd)

jkafn;wa bDrlkfn;r

esu gsfMax lc gssfMax ckuh ykbZu lekpkjtk olhyk

bUVªkss('kq:vkfr)

vfgokyq

fVi.kh


201

vfgokyqokjnkr tks vfgokyq] tafga lka Fkh vkgsA mu okjnkr [ks lgh rjg isf'k dj.kq] ij

dMfga dMfga fjiksVZ# gkyrqfu ts eís&ut+j iafgats ohpkjfu lka esy [kkb±nM+ ohpkj

'kkfeyq danks vkgs] tafga eka mUgfu th ohpkj/kjk] iafgatks ut+fj;ks fc ut+fj b±nksA mu

esa okjnkr okjh tkb twa rLoh:a ;k eqrkfljfu tk ohpkj fc 'kkfeyq djs] mu [ks

vgfe;r c[+'ks lf?kts FkhA bgk ?kVuk fdFks Fkh] dfgM+s ofD+r] ds# ds# ekStwnq gqvk

ox+SjgA

[+kc:a isf'k dj.kqthva C;kSjs esa vOgha i<+h pqdk vkfg;ks r tsdk ?kVuk Fkh vkgs] mu ts rÝ+lhyqfu

[ks thva tks rhva isf'k dj.kq] go+Qho+Qr rs vk/kfjr okjnkr esa fjiksVZj [ks iafgatk

ohpkj isf'k dj.k th xqatkb'k u gwanh vkgsA bgk ch xkfYg vkgs r gj fjiksVZj tks

iafgatks vyfx vankt+ ,sa Hkk"kk gwanh vkgs] tafga tks bLrsekyq djs mu ?kVuk ts ckjs esa

i<+anM+fu ts eu esa mf.k&rqf.k ,sa fnypLih iSnk dj.k esa dke;kcq osanks vkgsA bu ?kVuk

ts ckjs esa vfxrss tk.k.k th bart+kjh fc iSnk djs FkksA fgd lqtkx˜ i<+anM+ th bgk

fif.k dksf'k'k gwanh vkgs r mu ?kVuk ts ckjs esa fc;qfu fc v[+kck#fu [ks i<+h iksb

bZ mu ts gdhdr rs iafgath jk; o+Qkbeq djsA ij ds tT+ckr ts ogqfdjs esa ogh] fgd

ohpkj/kjk ts ogqfdjs esa ogh osank vkfgfuA vt˜dYg fçaV ,sa bysDVªkWfud tk db± U;wt+

pSuy iafgats rjhds lka c˜/anM+fu ,sa n'kZdfu [ks fNd.k ykb ?kVuk [ks luluh[+kst+

c.kk, isf'k dfu FkkA eFkka lks'ky ehfM;k csyx+ke ?kksM+s ft;ka t+gufu rs geyk djs

jgh vkgsA gjdafga tk c igyw gwank vkfgfuA tu lapkj ts ekè;e esa bafo+Qykcq vp.k

djs [+kc:a isf'k danM+fu eFkka oMh tokcnkjh jgs Fkh r fc, rfi+QZ [+kc#fu i<+anM+fu

;k U;wwt+ pSuyfu rji+Qka isf'k FkhanM+ [+kc#fu ;k U;wt+ vkbZVe rs vyfx vyfx

olhyfu t+jh, isf'k fFk;y [+kc:a c˜/h iksb iafgath dk jk; o+Qkbeq djsA

1- v[+kck#fu ,sa eSx+t+uqfu lka e'kgwj 'kf[+l;rqfu ,sa bekjrqfu] tk;qfu ts ga/fu twa

rLoh:a xM djs] mUgfu ts fo"k; esa t+:jh ,sa vgeq tk.k Mhans çkstsDV r;k#

dfj;ksA

2- dafga fc fgd gkfnls rs i+Qhpj r;k# dfj;ksA

3- dafga fc fgd v[+kckj tks [+kkdks r;k# djs] eq[+rfyi+Q˜ rjhdfu lka mu th

fu'kkunsgh dfj;ksA

okjnkr = ?kVuk

ut+fj;ks = n`f"Vdks.kq

eqrkfl# = çHkkforqtT+ckr = Hkkouk

ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ü

fVi.kh


202

tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokylgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&

1- v[+kck#fu esa Nfi;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu&

(v) lHkq ?kVukÅa (c) lq×kk.ki okjfu twa [+kc:a

(l) fli+QZ fl;klh (n) vgeq okjnkrwa ¹ º

2- lekpkjfu tss olhyfu esa gsfB;fu eka dfgM+h xkfYg uFkh vps\

(v) lekpkj dafgaa gkflyq d;k (c) fdFkka gkflyq d;ks

(l) dMfga gkflyq d;k (n) Nks gkflyq d;ks ¹ º

3- gsfB;fu eka dfgM+kss tqfeyks lgh vkgs\

(v) [+kc:a rÝ+lhyqfu rs vk/kfjr gwafn;wa vkfgfu

(c) [+kc:a fjiksVZj ts ohpkjfu rs vk/kfjr gwafn;wa vkfgfu

(l) [+kc:a lpkbZv ,sa fcuk HksnHkko okfj;wa gwafn;wa vkfgfu

(n) [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk vyfx Fkh l?ks Fkh ¹ º

û÷-ü-ü lEikndh;tsds v[+kck#fu esa [+kc:a isf'k Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu] mUgfu rs lEiknd iafgath fVi.kh danks

vkgsA fgd ;k fgd [kka o/hd [+kc#fu [ks [k.kh fc iafgats lEikndh; esa mu rs

fVi.kh danks vkgsA mu rs i<+anM+ iafgats [+kr t+jh, jk;k fc fy[kank vkfgfuA mu rs

iafgath jkb fc o+Qkbeq dank vkfgfuA lEiknd [ks lEikndh; fy[k.k th iwjh NwV gwanh

vkgsA lqtkx˜ i<+anM+ eq[+rfyi+Q ifgyqfu th NaMNk.k dj.k cSfn bZ iafgath jkb o+Qkbeq

dank vkfgfuA lEikndh; eka lEiknd ;k v[+kckj ts ohpkj/kjk th fc [+kcj ioanh

vkgsA

û÷-ü-ý i+QksVksiQksVks bu ekè;e tks vgeq vax vkgs] tafga lka mu [+kcj th vgfe;r] lpkbZ ,sa

go+Qho+Qrqfu th lph rLohj vlkats vfx;ka vps FkhA d+fnjrh o+Qgjfu ;k bu rjg ts

fc;qfu ?kVukmfu ts [+kc#fu lka tsdMfga rLoh:a 'kkfey gqtfu r bgks ltks eat+j

vf[k;qfu vkMks vph o×ks FkksA mu rLohj ts gsBka dq>q flVqfu esa rÝ+lhy gwank

vkfgfu] ftfu [ks dSI'ku poank vkfgfuA rLoh:a fMl.k cSfn eu esa mf.k&rqf.k iSnk

Fkhanh vkgsA mu tks vlj fc ios FkksA thva dsnkjukFk cæhukFk esa tsds d+fnjrh o+Qgj

okjk gkfnlk fFk;k] mUgfu twa rLoh:a fMlh] mu fouk'kdkjh vkink [kka eqrkfl#

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx&vyfx

o+Qg# = vkink

eat+# = n`';

vfx;ka = os>ks

vksls ikls = vklikfl

LFkkufu = txfg;qfu

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ûfVi.kh


203

fFk;yfu twa ihM+kÅa vlha efglwlq djs fi;k l?kwaA rLoh#fu gsBka fMuy fcfu flVqfu

lka lth ?kVuk th vflfy;r c;kuqq dbZ osanh vkgsA

1- xqft+fj;y fcfu efgufu esa tafga [+kcj rOgka eFkka rekeq ?k.kks vl# NfM;ks gqts]

mu tks c;kuq dankA eqrkfl# fFk;.k tk dkj.k fc c;kuq dankA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- iafgatss vksls ikls okjfu vgeq LFkkufu] bekjrqfu] ek.gqfu ts rLoh#fu eka dq>q

bZ rLoh:a pwaM djs] mUgfu [ks ckWDl vanj fpafcM+k;ks ,sa mUgfu ts ckjs esa fVfu

pbfu flVqfu esa fy[kksA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

û÷-ü-þ i+Qhpj

[+kc#fu esa fli+QZ okjnkr tks c;ku gwanks vkgs ij i+Qhpj esa eq[+rfyi+Q˜ igyqfu [ks [k.kh

c;kuq d;ks osanks vkgsA dafga ts gklyrqfu [ks [k.kh rÝ+lhy esa isf'k d;ks osanks] thva

dYiuk pkoyk iksykj ;k M™j vkdk'k esa mMke Hkjh gqbZA dYiuk dsj vkgs] mu [ks

eu esa dhva ohpkj vk;ks] dfgfM+;wa rDyhi+Qwa nfj&isf'k vk;wa] mrs igqp.k rs mu tk

dfgM+k tT+ck gqvk ox+SjgA osf>M+kbZv esa tsV ,;jost+ tks ukStqoku fla/h ik;yV

dSIVu lanhi eulq[kk.kh 55 Mhagafu ts Fkdkb±nM+ ci+QhZyh pksfV;qfu tks Mf[k;ks li+Q#

djs 29 gt+kjfu [kka eFks ekÅaV ,ojsLV ts pksVhv rs igqph u fli+QZ Hkkjr tks frjaxks

yfgjk;ks cfYd iafgats b"Vnso yky lkab± >wysyky tks >aMks fc >wyk;ksA v[+kck#fu

tks de vkgs tk.k fM;.kq ,sa foanqj eq;l# dj.kqA i+Qhpj vke th fnypLihv okjk]

lathnk Nsn dj.k tfgM+k ,sa gYdk iQqYdk foanqj okjk Fkhank vkfgfuA

û÷-ü-ÿ ys[kv[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk ys[k Nfitank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k ,MhVksfj;y lqÝ+gs rs

,sa fc;k i+Qhpj okjs lqÝ+gs rsA lEikndh; okjs lqÝ+gs ykb bgks t+:jh gwanks vkgs r dafga

?kVuk lka okcLrk gqv.kq t+:jh vkgsA ij i+Qhpj ts flyflys ykb bgks t+:jh u vkgsA

i+Qhpj ts flyflys esa vt˜dYg v[+kck#fu th dksf'k'k jganh vkgs r mu esa tk.k

,sa [+kcj fc gqtsA

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx&vyfx

iksykj = varfj{k

ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ý

foanqj = euksjatuq

okcLrk = laca/ j[kanM+

fVi.kh


204

û÷-ü-ö baVjO;w

baVjO;w ;kus eqyko+Qkr esa dafga fc 'kf[+l;r lka xkfYg cksfYg dj.kqA mu esa dafgats fc

thou] i+Qu ;k fc, dafga igywv ckcfr gdhdrqfu rs vk/kfjr okD+vk gwank vkfgfuA

mu [ks vlha xkfYg cksfYg fc pbZ l?kwa FkkA mu esa c 'kf[+l;rwa gwafn;wa vkfgfu& lqoky

danM+ ,sa tokc MhanM+A mu [kka lokb dafga gknls ts ckjs esa tk.k.k ykb baVjO;w fc

Fkh l?ks FkhA mu ykb baVjO;w ;k eqyko+Qkr oBanM+ [ks tk.k gqv.kq ?kqfjts] thva vgeq

lqoky iqNs] tafga eka lqBh ekywekfr gkflyq djs lf?kts ,sa vkMh iqNk djs of/ esa of/

tk.k gkflyq djs lf?ktsA

dkjhxj] ekLrj] MkDVj eka dafga fc fgd lka feyh] mu [kka lqoky iqNks A mUgfu

tks baVjO;w oBh] lqoky dfj;ks A rOgka dfgM+k lqoky d;k ,sa rOgka[ks dfgM+k tokc

fefy;k] fy[kank&

1- vgeq yydk:a

lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- ek.gqfu tks mUgfu lka ofgaok#

lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- dqVqach ,sa lkekftd thouq

lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- mgs dfgM+s de esa ekfg# vkfgfu

lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-5- vksls&ikls ts ekgksy rs mUgfu tks dfgM+ks vl# vkgs

lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ekfg# = fo}kuq

i+Quq = dyk

vkMh iqNk = iqNk xkNk

ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-þ

fVi.kh


205


1- lEikndh; dafga rs vk/kfjr gwanks vkgs\

(v) ys[kfu rs (c) [+kc#fu rs

(l) i+Qhpj rs (n) ikBdfu ts ohpkj rs ¹ º

2- i+QksVks ts gsBka Nfi;y lwpuk [ks v[+kckj ts Hkk"kk esa Nk poank vkfgfu\

(v) baVªks (c) lc gsfMax

(l) dSI'ku (n) lekpkj tks olhyks ¹ º

3- i+Qhpj esa dafgatks gqv.kq t+:jh Fkhanks vkgs\

(v) lwpuk (c) olhys th tk.k

(l) lEiknd tk ohpkj (n) rLohj ¹ º

4- gsfB fMuy c;kufu esa lgh ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh ,sa x+yfr ts lkEgwa ()

th fu'kkuh yxkb±nk&

(v) lEikndh; ,sa [+kc#fu rs lEiknd th vkt+knq fVi.kh gwanh vkgsA ¹ º

(c) lEikndh; okjs lqÝ+gs rs Nfi;y ys[kfu ykb t+:jh u vkgs r mgs lekpkjfu

;k fdfu ?kVukmfu ts flyflys rs vk/kfjr gqtfuA ¹ º

(l) i+QksVks esa fc iafgatks ik.k esa [+kcj gwanh vkgsA ¹ º

(n) bgks t+:jh u vkgs r i+Qhpj lwpuk MhanM+ gqtsA ¹ º

(;) baVjO;w tks okfgiks fli+QZ v[+kck#fu ykb d;ks osanks vkgsA ¹ º

û÷-ü-÷ dkVwZu v[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk dkVwZu Nfitank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k rUt+ okjk] fc;k

et+kdh& ftfu esa foanqj gwanh vkgsA bgs ckWDl esa gwank vkfgfuA v[+kck#fu twa [+kc:a

jkst+ejg okfj;qfu [+kc#fu rs vk/kfjr] gfjdk v[+kckj mu ykb iafgats fygkt+ [kka

tkb eqo+Qj# danh vkgsA fcfu vaxzst+h v[+kck#fu esa e'kgwj ek:i+Q˜ dkVwZfuLV y{e.k

,sa lq/hj /j ts dkVwZufu fMl.k tks ek.gqfu [ks bafrt+k# gwanks gksA ua<h flV esa oMh

xkfYg dkVwwZufu esa pbZ osanh vkgsA ;k ojh yrhi+Qfu t+jh, dkVwZu Bkgs c;kuq dj.kA

dkVwZufu ts jkst+ejg ts fl;klh [+kc#fu rss dfjM+h ut+j jganh] tafga ts jfn&vey rkSj

fgdne mu[ks dkVwwZu tks :i MsbZ isf'k dankA turk fc mu rUt+ [ks [+kwcq ilan danh

vkgsA

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ü

rUt+ = O;ax

yrhi+Qfu = pqfVdqyfu

dfjM+h = fr[kh

fVi.kh


206

û÷-ü-ø bf'rgkj

bf'rgkj v[+kck#fu tks vgeq vax vkfgfu ,sa rekeq t+:jh fc] tks v[+kckj gykb.k

ykb iSls th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA budjs bgks ykt+eh vaxq fc vkgsA bf'rgkj tkjh

dj.k okfj;wa ,tsafl;wa fc vkfgfuA ds ojh iafgats lqf/ iafgats 'k;qfu ts fofdjs ykb

bf'rgkj tkjh dank vkfgfuA mUgfu esa Likalj fFk;y çksxzke ox+Sjg 'kkfey gwank

vkfgfuA iafgats ilan th dk fc [+kjhnkjh dj.k

ts fygkt+ [kka bf'rgkj fMlank vkfgfuA diM+s

yVs] t+sojfu] bysDVkWfud lkeku] tk;qfu [+kjhn

dj.k] efryc r gj rjg tk bf'rgkj ut+j

b±nkA v[+kck#fu [ks r i+Qkbnks Fkhanks bZ Fkhanks

vkgs] xnksxM˜ [+kjhnkjh danM+ fc bf'rgkjfu ts

vk/kj rs iafgath ilan th [+kjhnkjh djs l?kanksA

bf'rgkj th Hkk"kk& b'rgkj MhanM+ bu xkfYg tks è;kuq j[kank vkfgfu r

vfgM+h Hkk"kk gqtss] tsdk [+kjhnkjh danM+ [ks ik.k rfi+QZ fNdsA Fkksjs esa oMh xkfYg

po.kqA

û÷-ü-ù fpfB;wa

i<+anM+fu rji+Qka ,MhVksfj;y ;k fc;fu ys[kfu ox+Sjg rs tsds [+kr feyank vkfgfu] ls

Nfitank vkfgfuA mUgfu eka dki+Qh jguqekbZ feyanh vkgsA fc, rfi+QZ turk fc iafgats

vfgatfu tss ckjs esa [+kr fy[kh mu rfi+QZ è;kuq fNdkb±fn;wa vkfgfuA tafga rfi+QZ

v[+kck#fu tks ,frjks è;kuq u fo;ks gqts] budjs fpfB;qfu th fc iafgath vgfe;r

vkgsA

û÷-ü-ûú ekSleq ,sa ct+kj

ekSle th tk.k gkflyq dj.k gokbZ li+Qj ,sa lkewaMh bykdfu okjfu ykb reke t+:jh

gwanks vkgsA ek.gqfu [ks [+kjkc ekSle gqv.k djs ekSle foHkkx ikjka gj rji+Qka fprkm

fMuks osanks vkgs r mgs leqaM rfi+QZ u o×kfuA gokbZ tgkt+fu th mMke Hkj.k ;k yg.k

ofD+r vkxkg d;ks osanks vkgsA ekSle th vxdFkhv lka ek.gqfu [ks gokbZ li+Qj ;k

Vsªu ts nsj enkj okjs VkbZe Vscy th tk.k ioanh vkgsA mixzgfu ts djs gokmfu ts

#[+k ;k ekSle ts cfnyko th [+kcj ioanh vkgsA pkSekls th vken vke ek.gqfu ykb

r vgeq gwanh vkgs ij gkfj;qfu ukfj;qfu ykb iks[k ,sa i+Qlqy ykb fc vgfe;r okjh

gwanh vkgsA ckt+kj ts v?kfu th tk.k okikfj;qfu ykb r t+:jh vkgsA v?kfu ts ykgs

ykft+eh = t+:jh

iafgats lqf/ = iafgats ys[ks

jguqekbZ = ekxZn'kZuq] jgcjhvfgatfu = rDyhi+Qqfu

vxdFkh = Hkfo";ok.kh

fVi.kh


207

pk<+s tks mUgfu ts dkjksckj ts fygkt+ [kka gw mu rs l[+rq ut+j j[kank vkfgfu] r

fc, rfi+QZ 'kkfn;qfu eqjkfn;qfu ts fygkt+ [kka ek.gw lksu ts v?kfu th tk.k ykb mu

rs fc ut+j j[kank vkfgfuA


1- v[+kck#fu esa dkVwZu Nfit.k iqfB;ka dfgM+ks eo+Qlnq vkgs\

(v) foanqj ,sa fr[kh rUt+ (c) bf'rgkj th tk.k fM;.kq

(l) f'k{kk fM;.kq (n) lekftd jk; fM;.kq ¹ º

2- bf'rgkj tks ed+ln Nk vkgs\

(v) lwpuk (c) Hkk"kk ls[kkj.kq

(l) dkjksckj esa ok/kjks (n) çpkj çlkj dj.kq ¹ º

3- ikBdfu ts fpfB;qfu [ks v[+kck#fu esa Nks 'kkfey d;ks osanks vkgs\

(v) çpkj ykb (c) ikBdfu th Hkkxhnkjh

(l) pVkHksVhv ykb (n) [+kc#fu fM;.k ykb ¹ º

4- ekSle th tk.k fM;.k eka dafga[ks i+Qkbnks vkgs\

(v) ,DVj [kss (c) gkjhv ,sa okikjhv [ks

(l) MkbjsDVj [ks (n) i+QkSthv [ks ¹ º

û÷-ý [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk

v[+kck#fu th Hkk"kk loyh gwanh vkgsA iksb pkgs jsfM;ks gqts ;k ojh Vh-oh-A [+kc:a

c˜/h vlha okm lqvkv [kka okdqi+Qq fFk;wa FkkA bUgfu lfHkuh esa fgd xkfYg vkeq vkgs

r mUgfu th cksyh loyh gwanh vkgsA ij fdfu [+kc#fu esa byko+Qfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans]

mUghv cksyhv tks okfgiks d;ks osanks vkgsA vt˜ dYg i+QS'ku ,sa fi+QYeh nqfu;k esa fganh

mnwZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks fFk, fi;ksA mu [ks è;ku esa j[kans vfgM+k yÝ+t+ i<+.k

,sa c˜/.k oVka feyankA jsfM;ks ts ijMsgh çlkj.k esa ,sa vkdk'kok.khv esa drfc b±nM+

Hkk"kk esa i+QdZq ut+fj b±nks tks tafga ,jkt+hv ts ek.gqfu ykb çlkj.k Fkh jfg;ks vkgs]

mu ,jkt+hv ts c˜/anM+fu [ks è;ku esa j[kh] mgk bZ Hkk"kk bLrsekyq dbZ osanh vkgs ;k

ojh jkafn;qfu esa drfc b±nM+ mgs bZ yÝ+t+ bLrsekyq d;k osank vkfgfuA felky rkSj

fØdsV esa ,y-ch-McY;w-] uks&ckWy] xqxyh ox+SjgA

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ý

fVi.kh


208

jk"Vªh; ,sa varjkZ"Vªh; [+kc#fu ;k fc, dafga lekpkj esa tsds yÝ+t+ ;k Hkk"kk bLrsekyqfFk, Fkh] mgk bZ drfc vkanh o×ks FkhA thva vkdk'kok.kh varjkZ"Vªh; yÝ+t+ tks okfgiksdanh r fc, rfi+QZ vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks th fons'k çlkj.k 'ksok mu [ks vkfyeh ;k cSuvydokeh poanhA U;wt+ i<+anM+ vkdk'kok.kh ,sa ijMsgh çlkj.k ykb mu ,jkt+hv tsc˜/anM+fu ts fygkt+ [kka Hkk"kk ts okfgis esa cfnyko vk.khank] [+kc#fu ykb ua<k ua<k

tqeyk drfc vk.khankA

û÷-þ bysDVªkWfud v[+kckj % v[+kckj tks uvksa l:i

vt˜ th rst+ jÝ+rkj fta+nxh ,sa ofD+r ts cfnyko lka gj [ks=k esa vyfx vyfx okgwa

[kqyh os;wa vkfgfuA v[+kckj pkgss [+kc#fu fM;.k okjfu rkSj rjhdfu esa fc oMks

bafo+Qykcq vph pqdks vkgsA fçaV ehfM;k ts Nfit.k ,sa bysDVªkWfud okjs [ks=k esa

[+kc#fu fM;.k ,sa Nfit.k ts rkSj rjhdfu esa i+Qo+QZ vkgsA v[+kckj eas NfitanM+ [+kc#fu esa

dkx+t+ tks okfgiks fFk, Fkks r fc, rfi+QZ bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa dEI;wVj rs dEikst+

djs] baVjusV rss vke rkb± igqpk, lf?kts FkksA iafgats dEI;wVj t+jh, baVjusV lka tksM+s]

oMs rfcds rkb± igqpk, lf?kts FkksA fçaV ts HksV esa bgk egkaxh ios Fkh ij mutks oMks

i+Qkbnks bgks vkgs r mu th igqp ,sa jÝ+rkj rst+ vkgsA fgan fla/ foyk;r eka mu jLrs

u fli+QZ tYnq mrs tks mrs [+kc:a

igqpfu fFk;wa r fc, rfi+QZ ;wjksi ;k

vesfjdk esa NfitanM+ [+kcj nqfu;k

ts dqaM&dqfM+N esa ;fdne igqph

l?ks FkhA vtdYg xksBfu esa fc

dEI;wVj ,sa baVjusV th igqp Fkh

osbZ vkgsA bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k t+jh,

nqfu;k ts dqaM dqfM+N esa [+kcj igqpk,

lf?kts FkhA mu ts HksV esa foyk;r

esa fçaV fFk;y v[+kckj ,frjks tYnq

uFkh igqph l?ksA fc;ks r ikM+sfljh eqYdfu esa NfitanM+ v[+kck:a ,frjks tYnq u

igqph l?kafn;waA fla/h v[+kckj ts fygkt+ [kka fMBks o×ks r mUgfu [ks v×kka eaft+y

r; dfj.kh vkgsA dq>q v[+kck:a iafgats iafgats osc&lkbZV rs fçaV fFk;y v[+kck:a

fo>fu fFk;wa] thva fganoklh ox+SjgA ij fc;wa dsfrfj;wa v[+kck:a ,sa eSx+t+uwa ih-Mh-,i+Q-

t+jh, mu Ml esa fo[k vfxrs [k.kh jfg;wa vkfgfuA bu rjg okWV~l&,i tks fc rekeq

?k.kks okfgiks d;ks fi;ks o×ksA fla/hv esa v×kka ,Mks oMks bafo+Qykcq dksu vk;ks vkgsA

dqaM dqfM+N = gj gaf/

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209

bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k gqts ;k fçaV ehfM;k] fcUgha esa lkxhv rjg tks flfj'rks feyanks

vkgsA dkSeh ,sa vkyeh [+kc:a] ,MhVksfj;y] i+Qhpj ;k ojh rLoh:a ox+SjgA

û÷-ÿ v[+kckjuohlhv tk nkSj ,sa mu tks li+Qj

v[+kckjuohlhv [ks fVfu nkSjfu esa fofjgk, lf?kts Fkks ,sa pksFkksa nkSj bysDVªkWfud ,sa

baVjusV tks ekStwnk nkSjA

ifgfj;ksa nkSj& lu~ 1858 bZ- fc;ks nkSj& lu~ 1910 bZ- fV;ksa nkSj& 1947 bZ- tsdksfojgkÄs fFk;.k cSfn okjks nkSjA ifgjha v[+kckj ^i+Qokbnkg v[+kckj* gqbZA ghvv[+kckj djkphv eka 25 ebZ 1858 esa 'kq: FkhA (Fawaidu Akhbar the FirstBilingual Weekly- 25th May 1858) fla/h ,sa i+Qkjlhv esa tafga tk rÝ+lhy fganq ,safla/q ts v[+kckj uohlhv th rkjh[+k esa ntZq fFk;y vkfgfuA ifgjha fla/h v[+kckjfla/h cksyhv esa fla/ lq/kj* ukys okjh v[+kckj gqbZ] tsdk rbyhe [kkrs rji+Qka 'kq:dbZ osbZA vfxrs gyh mu th okx djkph ts [+kkuxh] lekth ,sa vnch laLFkk lq/kj

lHkk ts gokys 1884 bZ- esa dbZ osbZA

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fM;ks&

1- v[+kckj uohlhv [ks dfgM+fu nkSjfu esa fojgk;ks fo;ks vkgs\

2- ifgjha dfgM+h v[+kckj fufdrh\

3- mgk dfgM+h Hkk"kk esa fufdrh\

4- ifgjha fla/h cksyhv esa fla/h v[+kckj dfgM+h gqbZ\

5- ifgjha v[+kckj djkphv eka dfgM+s lu~ esa fudrh\

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-þ

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lu~ 1890 bZ- eas fla/h U;wt+ eSx+t+u ^ljLorh* ukys 'kq: dbZ osbZ] tafga eSxthu tks

,MhVj 'ksodjke vkMok.kh gksA mu eSxthu tks lkfy;kuks pankss fgdq #i;ks gksA 1904

bZ- esa okbt+ vkWi+Q fla/q ukys v[+kckj 'kq: dbZ osbZ ,sa fla/hv esa lnk, fla/q* rkSj 'kq:

dbZ osbZA 1914 bZ- esa fla/qoklh* v[+kckj tks ft+Ø feys Fkks] tsdk v[+kckj crkZuoh

gqdwer isf'k danh gqbZ] tafgatks ,MhVj fla/h gksA 1916 bZ- esa ljLorh* ukys v[+kckj

'kq: dbZ osbZA 1916 bZ- esa bZ fganw fla/h jkst+kuh v[+kckj efgjkt yksdwjke ukjk;.knkl

'kekZ ,sa efgjkt fo"uw 'kekZ 'kq: dbZA fganw fla/h v[+kckj ts ,MhVj efgjkt fo"uw

'kekZ [ks gqdwer fxjÝ+rkj d;ks] tks gqu iafgats ,MhVksfj;y t+jh, voke tks vkokt+

cf.kth] lpkbZv [ks mtkxj d;ks gksA mu nkSj ts tu lapkj ts ekè;efu tks fc;ks

vgeq mís'; ,sa eo+Qlnq /kfj;fu th xqykehv eka futkfr gkflyq dj.k] lEikndh;

ys[kfu] ,MhVksfj;y ,sa et+ewufu t+jh, gkfj;qfu ukfj;qfu [ks tkxhjnkjh] fut+ke ts

t+Ye tcj [kka futkfr fM;kj.k] v[+kckj uohlhv ts eq[+rl# bfrgkl [ks vOgka

vkMks isf'k d;ksA

fc;wa vge v[+kck:a

fganqLrku esa vge v[+kck:a 'kq: d;wa os;waA jkst+kuh fganqLrku ,sa gÝ+rsok# fganoklh

iqjkf.k;wa v[+kck:a vkfgfuA mUgfu tk tsds ,MhVj jfg;k vkfgfu] frfu fçaV ehfM;k

[ks tksM+.k th iwjh dksf'k'k dbZ vkgsA vfxrs gyh jkst+kuh fganqLrku cafn Fkh osbZ ,sa

futkfr = NksfVdkjks] eqfDr

fut+ke = 'kkld] gkfde

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211

fganoklh gÝ+rsok# vt˜ rkb± 'kk;k Fkh jgh vkgsA fgu ofD+r jkst+kuh fganw v[+kckj

vgenkckn] t;iqj ,sa vtesj eka Nfits FkhA vgenkckn eka >wysyky gÝ+rsok#

fufdjanh gqbZ] lk vfxrs gyh cafn Fkh osbZA vgenkckn eka fta+nxh jkst+kuh v[+kckj

vt˜ fc fufdjanh jgs FkhA mYgkluxj eka fla/h VkbZEl 50 lkyfu rkb± fufdjanh jgh]

iksb mu ts eq[; lEiknd ts nsgkar [kka iksb can Fkh osbZA fgu ofD+r fVekgh eSxthu

dwat mYgkluxj eka] fliwa eqEcbZv eka ,sa jpuk vknhiqj eka fufdjanh vkgsA

tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/hv esa mUgfu tks ft+Øq budjs d;ks fo;ks] tks mUgfu esa bYe

vnc lka xM lekt tks M[kq lq[kq ,sa fc;ks okm lqokm fc ofD+r fc ofD+r 'kkfeyq

d;ks fi;ks o×ksA fc;wa fc dsfrfj;wa eSx+t+uwa fufdjfu is;wa ,as iafgatks fdjnkj c[+kwch

fuHkkbfu is;waA tafga esa nsoukxjh] vaxzst+h] fganh ,sa bYe vnc lka xM˜ lekt twa ljxfeZ;wa

,sa fc;wa [+kc:a fc i<+.k oVka feyafn;wa] tks bgk etcwjh vkgsA

gÝ+rsok# = lkIrkfgd

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212

okm lqokm = lkj laHkky

t+jbZ = [ksrhv ckcfr

û÷-ö bysfDVªkWfud ehfM;ktsfrjs dnq# bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks lqoky vkgs] fla/hv ts flyflys esa vkWy bafM;kjsfM;ks ,sa nwjn'kZu tks fdjnk# vge jfg;ks vkgsA nwjn'kZu bYe vnc ts gokys lkafNfM+&fofNfM+ çksxzkefu t+jh, iafgaatks jksy ntZ djk, jfg;ks vkgsA

Hkkjr esa czkWM&dkWfLVax tks çlkj.k ifgjha ifgjha 1920 /kjs 'kq: fFk;ksA mu cSfn 1936esa mu nkSjku vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks 'kq: d;ks fo;ksA

vt˜ ts baVjusV ts nkSj esa vke tks #fgtkuq i<+.k rfi+QZ ?kfVth jfg;ks vkgsAvfgfM+;qfu gkyrqfu esa jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- tks Hkjiwj bLrsekyq dj.k th t+:jr vkgsAbaVjusV t+jh, fla/hv ts çpkj çlkj ykb mUgfu ts Hkjiw# bLrsekyq dj.k ts ofD+rth t+:jr ,sa rdkt+k fc vkgsA

tsfrjs dnq# bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks lqoky vkgs] fnYyhveka çlkfjr FkhanM+ vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks ts fons'k çlkj.klsok [kka lokb vyfx vyfx vkdk'kok.kh dsaæfut+jh, fla/hv esa çlkj.k djs iafgatks fdjnkj vnk djsjfg;k vkfgfu] ftfu esa vkdk'kok.kh t;iqj] vkdk'kok.kheqEcbZ] vkdk'kok.kh dPN Hkqt] vkdk'kok.kh vgenkckn,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tk ds fjys lsaVj laxhr] ukVd] rdjh:a] ckjfu ,sa Hksu#fu ykbçksxzke] nqfu;k tks okm lqvkm] ukVd] E;wt+hdy i+Qhpj] dgkf.k;wa] rdjh:a] 'ksjks'kkbjh] fM.kfu okjfu rs çksxke] 26 tuojh jbZ;rh jkt rs] csfVa?kjVªsV] 15 vkxLV t'usvkt+knhv rs jsfM;ks fjiksVw±] dkSeh fM.kfu rs jk"Vªirhv tks ns'k ykb lans'k] varjkZ"Vªh;]jk"Vªh; dkUçQsalwa] lkdZ xfMtkf.k;qfu ;k ojh ,f'k;kbZZ jkafn;qfu tfgfM+;qfu pVkHksfV;qfutk vfgoky ,sa fc;fu çksxzkefu t+jh, fla/h Hkk"kk ts ok/kjs ykb fla/h tkrhv ykbfla/hv esa çksxzke isf'k djs jfg;k vkfgfuA

flaf/;qfu ykb tu lapkj ekè;efu tks dfgM+hv rjg jpukRedq mi;ksxq Fkh l?ks Fkks]bu th NaMNk.k [kka ifgjha fMlwa r dfgM+k dfgM+k [ks=k vkfgfu] ftfu t+jh,bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks bLrsekyq djs l?kwa Fkk ;k uA tafga lka fla/hv [ks gFkh feysA1- nqfu;k tks okm lqokm 2- bYeh vnch ljxjfe;wa3- lkbal ,as VsDukykWthv th tk.k 4- jkst+xkj ,sa ukSfdfj;qfu twa [+kc:a5- Hksu#fu ykb ?kj lalkj çksxzkeq 6- ckjfu ykb çksxzke7- dYpj ,sa rkjh[+k rs ysDpj 8- LiksVZ U;wt+9- fct+usl U;wt+ 10- U;wt+ ,sa djaV vi+Qs;lZ

11- t+jbZ çksxzke (fdlku Hkkmjfu ykb)

#fgtkuq = ykM+ks

fVi.kh


213

bgs çksxzke bysDVªkWWfud ehfM;k danh jgs FkhA gk.ks fMflts r fla/hv ts gokys lka

dfgM+k çksxzke mi;ksxh Fkh l?kfu FkkA mUgfu eka dsfrjfu tks fla/hv ts gokys lka

okLrks u vkgs] tfgM+ksfd t+jbZ çksxzkeqA

tu lapkj ts ekè;efu tks fla/hv ts gokys lka iwjks okfgiks u d;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga

th l[+rq t+:jr vkgsA vt ts nkSj esa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks fla/hv ykb Hkjiw#

okfgiks dj.k th l[+r t+:jr vkgsA Nks tks vt˜ fçaV ehfM;k [kka o/hd gh olhyks

vt˜ ts nkSj twa rdkt+kÅa Hkjiwj uewus iwfj;wa djs l?ks FkksA mu lka fla/h Hkk"kk] laLÑfr]

laxhr ,sa bYe vnc [ks oMh gFkh feyanhA

v[+kckj tk vax Fkhank vkfgfu& [+kc:a] lEikndh;] iQksVks] i+Qhpj] ys[k] baVjO;wA

dkVwZu] bf'rgkj] [+kr] ekSle] ckt+kj tk v?k ox+SjgA

[+kc#fu tk ekSt+™v eq[+rfyi+Q˜ gwank vkfgfu& fl;klh] lekftd] okikj] ekyh]

jkafn&:afnA

jkafn&:afn % bgs fVfu rjgfu tk gwank vkfgfu& jk"Vªh;] varjkZ"Vªh; ,sa edkuhA

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kc:a& lkfgR;] laLÑfr] foKku] i;kZoj.k] Mksgfu ox+Sjg lka okcLr

[+kc:aA

[+kc:a v[+kckj th eq[;q df'k'k gwafn;wa vkfgfuA

[+kc#fu th pwaM] mUgfu th vgfe;r ikBdfu ts ilafn tks è;kuq j[kh d;ks

osanks vkgsA

[+kc#fu tk vax eq[; :i lka gh gwank vkfgfu& esu gsfMax (eq[;q mUoku)]

lc gsfMax] lekpkj tk olhyk] baVªks] vfgokyA

fVi.kh


rOgka Nk fl[;k

214

lekpkj esa dafga fc ?kVuk lka tqfM+;y lfHkuh vgeq go+Qho+Qrqfu [ks isf'k dj.k

th dksf'k'k dbZ osanh vkgsA mu [ks isf'k dj.k okjs fjiksVZj [ks iafgatk ohpkj

isf'k dj.k th vkt+knh gwanh vkgsA

v[+kck#fu esa isf'k FkhanM+ iQksVks fc fgd rjg lka [+kc#fu tks deq dank vkfgfuA

mgs iafgatks ik.k esa eqdeyq [+kc:a gwank vkfgfuA

v[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk ys[k fMuk osank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k mgs] tsds

lekpkjfu rs vk/kfjr gwank vkfgfu ,sa fc;k mgs] tsds eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kkfl fo"k;fu

rs vk/kfjr gwank vkfgfuA lekpkjfu rs vk/kfjr ys[k lEikndh; okjs ist rs

,sa fc;k eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu lka tqfM+;y ys[k i+Qhpj okjs ist rs Nfi;k osank

vkfgfuA

dafga fc mRiknu ;k ojh ;kstuk th tk.k fM;.k ts eo+Qln lka loyh ,sa

fnypLiq Hkk"kk esa df'k'k danM+ <ax lka isf'k d;y lwpukmfu [ks bf'rgkj

poank vkfgfuA

1- v[+kckj tk eq[; :i lka dsfrjk vax (fglk) gwank vkfgfu\ dafga fgd th[+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nkA

2- lekpkjfu tk dsfrjk fo+QLe Fkhank vkfgfu\ dafga fgd tks [kkdks r;k# d;ksA

3- [++kc#fu ts pwaM esa dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa lko/kfu;wa v[+kR;k# dfjf.k;wa iofufFk;wa\

4- lekpkj olhys tks vfHkçk; Nk vkgs\ bgks rÝ+lhy lka leq>kb±nkA

5- lekpkj ,sa i+Qhpj esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ gwanks vkgs\

6- lekpkj rs vk/kfjr ys[kfu ,sa i+Qhpj esa dfgM+k i+QdZ Fkhank vkfgfu\7- bf'rgkj (foKkiu) tk t+:jh xq.k dfgM+k vkfgfu\

8- lekpkj ts Hkk"kkmfu th dfgM+h [+kkfl;r vkgs\

9- [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk dfgM+h gwanh vkgs ,sa Nks\

1- rOgka vkdk'kok.kh ,sa U;wt+ tk çksxzke c˜/ank vkfg;ks] mUgfu esa dfgM+hv rjg

çksxzke isf'k d;k o×kfu FkkA

2- jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- ts fjiksfV±x esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ rOgka[ks ut+fj vps FkksA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ÿ

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ÿ

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215


17-1 1- (n) 2- (n) 3- (l)

17-2 1- (c) 2- (l) 3- (v)

4- (v) (c) (l)

(n) (;)

17-3 1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (c) 4- (c)

17-4 1- fVfu 2- i+Qokbnkg 3- fla/h ,sa i+Qkjlh

4- fla/q lq/kj 5- 25 ebZ 1858 bZ-

okcLrk @ lEcfU/r osc&lkbZV %

http://epaper.hindvasi.com/

http://www.sindhishaan.com/

http://www.sindhisangat.com/

http://www.ncpsl.gov.in/

http://sindhology.org/

tokc

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&

1- 1890 bZ- esa 'kq: d;y v[+kckj tks ukyks Nk gks ,sa mu tks ,MhVj ds# gks\

2- 1890 bZ- esa 'kq: d;y v[+kckj tks lkfy;kuks panks dsfrjks gks\

3- 1916 bZ- eas dfgM+h v[+kckj 'kq: dbZ osbZ\ mu tks ukyks Nk gks\

4- fganw fla/h v[+kckj ts ,MhVj efgjkt fo"uw 'kekZ [ks Nks fxjÝ+rkj d;ks fo;ks\

5- mu nkSj ts v[+kck#fu tk ed+ln dfgM+k gqvk\

6- mUgfu nkSjfu ts v[+kckjuohlhv rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA

lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky fVi.kh


216

18

fla/h ckssyhv tks fodklqHkk"kkmfu tk dqVaqc ,sa fla/h cksyh

Hkk"kk lka bZ eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks t+kfg# d;ks o×ks ,sa bu lka fgd fc, lka tt+ckrh

laca/q tqM+s FkksA budjs balku tks Hkk"kk lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA Hkk"kk tks fodklq

oganM+ ik.khv felfy Fkhanks vkgs] tsdks butks fodklq ,sa cfnykm Ms[kkjs FkksA gjdafga

'k[+l [ks ik.k ckcfr] bfrgkl ckcfr ,sa Hkk"kk ts bfrgkl ckcfr tk.k.k th

ftfx;klk jganh vkgsA rOgkats eu esa fc bgs lqoky mFkank gwank r vlkath eknjh t+cku

fla/hv tks bfrgklq Nk vkgs\ dMfga [kka 'kq: Fkh] dfgfM+;wa eaft+ywa ikj d;kb±\

bgks vH;klq lpqipq Mk<ks fnypLiq Fkhanks vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa rOgka fefBM+h ,sa

'kkgwdkj fla/h Hkk"kk ts fodklq ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dankA [+kkfl djs thva r Hkkjr

esa fla/q lwcks dksUgsa] fla/h fgd gaf/ FkkabZdk u vkfg;wa r vlka [ks fla/h Hkk"kk ckcfr

tk.k.k th o/hd bZ [+okfg'k jganhA


½Xosn ts ea=kfu [kka oBh fla/h Hkk"kk ckcfr c;kuq djs l?kank_

ikyh] çkÑr ,sa viHkaz'k twa eaft+ywa c˜/k, l?kank_

vjcfu ts gqdwwer ofD+r fla/hv rs vjchv ts vlj ckcfr o.kZuq djs l?kank_

lwejk ,sa lek oa'k] vaxzst+fu th gqdwer tks oD+rq c;kuq djs l?kank_

fla/hv rs fc;qfu cksfy;qfu ts vlj ckcfr c;kuq djs l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

217

Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk tks fodklq tafga jhfr Hkk"kk foKkfu;qfu leq>k;ks vkgs] mu eka

t+kfg# vkgs r ½Xosn tk ea=k tMfga laxzg d;k fo;k] mu t+ekus esa ,sa mu [kka fc

dq>q lfn;wa vx˜ fla/q ns'k (gk.kksds fla/q çkar) esa vk;Z yksd tsdk cksyh xkYgkb±nk

gqvk] mUgfu esa bZ gk.kksdh fla/h cksyhv ts fodklq tks fctq lek;y gwanksA oSfnd

laLÑr th mi&Hkk"kk gqv.k djs mUghv cksyhv tks :i ½Xosn ts çkphu ea=kfu okjh

Hkk"kk lka ?k.kks feyanM+ gwanksA mUghv cksyhv [ks vlha cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h

(cqfu;knh çkÑr cksfy;qfu th eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k th cksyh) pbZ l?kwa FkkA

fdfu [kkstuk danM+fu fla/h cksyhv tks cqfu;kn eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyhv esa xksYg.kq

'kq: d;ks vkgsA eqafgats ohpkj esa r tslharkb± ^eqvfu ts nM+s* th cksyhv [ks if<+;ks

u fo;ks vkgs ,sa bgks lkfcr u fFk;ks vkgs r mgk fc fgd vk;Z Hkk"kk gqbZ] rslharkb±

gk.kksdh fla/hv tks mUghv cksyhv esa cqfu;kn gqv.k ckcfr dq>q fc [+kkfrjhv lka

pbZ uFkks lf?ktsA

Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk th çkphu eaft+y okjh cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h fodklq th fopha

eaft+y ikj djs] Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts vklikl ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyq FkhA cksyhv ts

fodklq th bgk ub± eaft+y v×kk rkb± gyh jgh vkgsA bUghv eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k

th cksyhv [ks fla/h pbts FkksA Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk th fopha eaft+y esa fla/q ns'k th

cksypky okjh Hkk"kk tk fodklq ts flyflys esa tqnk tqnk oD+rfu rs tsds :i gqvk]

frfu [ks vH;kl th lgwfy;r ykb gsBhav jhfr ukyk MsbZ lf?ktfu Fkk&

(û) ikyh&fla/h % lkfgfR;d ikyhv ts nkSj ofD+r (bZLoh lu~ [kka 500 lky

vx˜ okjs vfjls [kka oBh] bZLoh lu~ th 'kq:vkfr rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh

Hkk"kkA

(ü) çkÑr&fla/h % lkfgfR;d çkÑr cksfy;qfu ts nkSj ofD+r (1 bZLoh lu~ [kka

oBh 500 bZLoh lu~ rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kkA

(ý) viHkza'k&fla/h % lkfgfR;d viHkza'k ts nkSj ofD+r (500 bZLoh lu~ [kka oBh

1000 bZLoh lu~ rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kkA

laxzg dj.kq = dBk dj.kq

gk.kksds = ekStwnk

fctq = chtfopha = fop okjh

Mgha = nloha

[+kkfl uqD+rk&

(1) ½Xosn ts oD+r th

cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h

(2) fdfu fla/hv tks cqfu;knq

eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyhv

esa xksYg.kq

(3) Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts

vklikfl ub± eaft+y

(4) cksy pky okjh Hkk"kk ts

flyflys esa gsfB;ka ukyk

MsbZ lf?ktfu Fkk&

1- ikyh fla/h&

500 lky vx˜

2- çkÑr fla/h&

1 [kka 500 bZLoh rkb±

3- viHkza'k fla/h&

500 [kka 1000 bZLoh rkb±

ûø-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh

fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq

218

tfgM+hv rjg cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/hv tks :iq oSfnd laLÑr ts os>ks jfg;ks gwanks]

rfgM+hv rjg fodklq th fopha eaft+y esa ikyh fla/hv tks :iq lkfgfR;d ikyhv

tss os>ks] çkÑr fla/hv tks :i çkÑr ts os>ks ,sa viHkza'k fla/hv tks :iq lkfgfR;d

viHkza'k ts os>ks jfg;ks gwanksA bUghv esa 'kdq u vkgs r fodklq ts bUghv flyflys

esa gjfgd eaft+y rs fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kk ts :i esa dq> u dq>q fujkykbZ

t+:# jgh gwanhA

çkphu eaft+y [kka oBh ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyq fFk;.k rkb± fla/q ns'k th cksyhv tks

dfgM+hv rjg fodklq fFk;ks vkgs] rafgatks vH;klq mUghv t+ekus ts lkfgR; ,sa

fc;qfu fyf[k;rqfu ,sa ,frgkfld Hkk"kk foKku ts mlwyfu ewftfc dh o+Qnq# djs

lf?kts FkksA

Hkjr equhv bUgfu çns'kfu th Hkk"kk twa [+kkfl;rwa tk.k.k cSfn bZ fgu fo+QLe tks fu;e

fyf[k;ks vkgsA bu eka t+kfgj vkgs r cha bZLoh lnhv /kjs fla/q th cksyhv esa ^m*

Loj tks ?k.kks bLrsekyq Fkhanks gqvksA fla/hv esa bgk [+kkfl;r v×kk rkb± o+Qkbeq vkgsA

felky rkSj gh yÝ+t+ fMlks&

ekm] Hkkm] ihm] gFkq] duq] okrq] fy[k.kq] i<+.kq] fy[kq] i<+] mFkq] osgqA

fla/q esa tMfga jkb ?kjk.ks (495&631 bZ-) ,sa czkã.k ?kjk.ks (631&711 bZ-) tks jkt˜

gqvks] rMfga fla/q ns'k th cksyh viHkaz'k fla/h gqbZA bZLoh lu~ 711 esa eqgen fcu

o+Qkfle fla/q rs dkg dbZ ,sa jktk Mkgj [ks thrs] fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer tks

cqfu;knq fo/ksA vjc gkfdefu 300 [kuq lky fla/q ts fgLls rs jkt˜ d;ksA lanfu

t+ekus esa viHkza'k&fla/h Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk ts fodklq th fopha eaft+y ikj dans ub±

eaft+y esa nkf[+kyqq fFk;.k okjh jkg rs vfxrs o/h jgh gqbZA bu djs eaf>fl viHkza'k

,sa fla/hv twa [+kkfl;rwa xMksxM˜ feyanM+ gq;waA bUghv t+ekus th viHkza'k&fla/hv [ks

iqjk.kh fla/h fc lfMts FkksA

bu ,jkt+hv [ks fla/q ns'k lfM;ks gqtsA bu vk/kj rs pbZ lf?kts Fkks r fla/hv tks

fodklq czkpM viHkza'k eka u ij gk.kksdh fla/q ts bykds esa çpfyr viHkza'k ts

cksypky okjs :i eka fFk;ks gwanks] tafga [ks fla/h&viHkza'k lMs lf?kts FkksA

lkfgfR;d viHkza'k nkSj esa ukxj viHkaz'k] vksyg Hkkjr th lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk gqbZA

eaf>fl ?k.kkbZ mEnk dkO; fyf[k;k fo;k vkfgfuA

[+kkfl;r = [+kwch

jkt˜ = gqdwer] 'kkluq

dkg = geyks

[+kkfl uqD+rk&

(1) cqfu;knh çkÑfrd oSfnd

laLÑr ts os>ks foaph eaft+y

ikyh ts viHkza'k tks :i

lkfgfR;d viHkza'k ts os>ks

(2) Hkjr equhv ewftfc

[+kkfl;rwa ^m* tks :i v×kk

o+Qkbeq

(3) jkb ?kjk.ks ,sa czã.k ?kjk.ks

esa viHkza'k fla/h

cqfu;kn = ihf<+] uhao

fVi.kh


219

fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r viHkza'k & fla/h (iqjk.kh fla/h) rs vjch

cksyhv tks pÄks vl# fFk;ksA dsfrjk bZ vjch yÝ+t+ viHkza'k & fla/hv esa viuk;k

fo;k] tafgadjs muts :i esa rCnhyh vph osbZA thva r vjchv ts vlj djs viHkza'k&

fla/h vkokt+fu ts flfj'rs esa vjch cksyhv tk pkj vkokt+& i+Q ( )] t+

( )] [+k ( ) ,sa x+ ( ) nkf[+kyq fFk;kA

Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk ts çkphu ,sa fopha eaft+y okjs vfjls esa fla/q ns'k th ,jkt+hv

esa ,frjs vankt+ esa fyf[k;rwa (f'kykys[k] fldk] eqfg:a] Vkes tk i=kk] çkphu gFk

fyf[k;y fdrkc ox+Sjg) dhu gkflyq fFk;wa vkfgfu] tks mUgfu ts vk/kj rs fgu

,jkt+hv ts cksyhv tks cko+Qkbns flyflysok# fodklq tkps lf?ktsA mu t+ekus esa

fla/q eqYd esa fc t+:# lkfgfR;d jpukÅa fFk;wa gwafn;wa] tsds v×kk jks'kuhv esa u vk;wa

vkfgfuA bUghv djs fla/hv ts fc;qfu Hkkjrh; vk;Z cksfy;qfu lka HksV djs ,sa

fla/q ts Hkj okjfu çns'kfu esa gkflyq fFk;y çkphu fyf[k;rqfu tks vH;klq djs

,frgkfld ,sa rqyukRed Hkk"kk foKku ts mlwyfu tks lgkjks oBh fla/q ns'k th

cksyhv ts fodklq tks vuqeku dts FkksA

1050 bZLoh lu~ [kka oBh 1520 bZLoh lu~ rkb± fla/q esa lwejk ,sa lek oa'k ts Msgh

gkfdefu tks t+ks# gksA lanfu ekr`Hkk"kk fla/h gqbZ] bUghv djs mUgfu ts t+ekus esa

fla/h cksyhv pÄh vkslfj ikrhA ij fgu nkSj twa fla/hv esa [+kkfrjhv tksfx;wa

fyf[k;rwa ?k.ks vankt+ esa gkflyq dhu fFk;wa vkfgfuA fla/ esa vjx+™ufu th gqdwer 'kq:

fFk;.k [kka oBh (1520 bZLoh lu~) vaxzst+fu ts fla/q i+Qrg dj.k rkb± (1843 bZLoh

lu~) fgu eqYd ts ljdkjh dkjksckj th cksyh ikjlh gqbZ] tafgats vlj gsfB fla/hv

esa dsfrjk bZ ikjlh yÝ+t+ tT+cq Fkh fo;k vkfgfuA fgu nkSj esa fyf[k;y fla/h lkfgR;

twa jpukÅa >>s vankt+ esa feyfu fFk;wa] ftfu ts vk/kj rs vlha tqnk tqnk lfn;qfu

esa fla/h cksyhv tks cko+Qkbns flyflysok# fodklq tkps l?kwa FkkA

fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r (1843&1947 bZ-) dsfrjk bZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+ fla/h

cksyhv tks vaxq cf.kth fo;kA gk.ks fc ub± lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts vlj djs vaxzst+h

yÝ+t+ u i+QfD+r fla/hv esa ij Hkkjr ts lfHkuh eq[; Hkk"kkmfu esa nkf[+kyq Fkh jfg;k

vkfgfuA

fganqLrku ts fofjgkÄs cSfn] Hkkjr ,sa fla/q esa fla/h Hkk"kk fcfu tqnk uewufu lka vkslfj

ik, jgh vkgsA Hkkjr esa fla/hv rs tqnk tqnk çkafrd cksfy;qfu tks vl# Fkh jfg;ks

[+kkfl uqD+rk&

(1) vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r

i+Q] t+] [+k ,sa x+ vkokt+ nkf[+kyq

fFk;k

(2) fla/hv th fopha eaft+y

okjs vlsZ tk fldk eqg:a gFk

fy[kf.k;wa gkflyq u fFk;wa vkfgfu

budjs flyflysok# fodklq tks

vuqeku dts Fkks

(3) 1050&1520 gkfde lwejk

lek] ekr`Hkk"kk fla/h] ij

[+kkfrjhv tksfx;wa fyf[k;rwa u

fefy;wa vkfgfu

(4) 1520&1823 rkb± ljdkjh

cksyh ikjlh budjs fla/hv esa

mgs yÝ+t+ tT+cq Fkh o×k.kq

(5) 1843&1947 vaxzst+fu th

gqdwer djs dsfrjk vaxzst+h yÝ+t+

fla/hv esa nkf[+kyq Fkh fo;k

b, h, vr, ~Š

†\

fVi.kh


220

vkgsA bUgfu feM+uh esa lkfgfR;d fganhv tks vlj fla/hv rs o/hd fi;ks fFk,A

dsfrjk bZ fganh yÝ+t+ ,sa fganhv ts }kjk laLÑr yÝ+t+ fla/h cksyhv ts flfj'rs tks

tqt+ks cf.kth pqdk vkfgfuA fc, rfi+QZ fla/ esa fla/h cksyh mnwZ] ikjlh ,sa vjch

yÝ+t+fu ts cks> gsBka nfcth jgh vkgsA tsdMfga ghv gkyfr o+Qkbeq jgh r 50&60

lkyfu ts vfjls esa bZ Hkkjr th fla/h ,sa fla/q th fla/h fgd fc, [kka ?k.kks ijs gVh

osafn;waA bgs O;kdj.kh chgd ts fygkt+ [kka ?k.ks dnq# ik.k esa fgd tfgfM+;wa gwans fc]

'kCn HkaMkj ,sa 'kSyhv ;k bckjr ts [+;ky [kka fganhv ,sa mnwZv okaxq# c fujkfy;wa

cksfy;wa cf.kth ioafn;waA fgrs fcUgha eqYdfu th fla/h cksyhv esa drfc b±nM+ yÝ+t+fu

tk dq>q felky fMtfu FkkA

Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ drfc fi;k vpfuA thva r

lH;rk] laLÑrh] okrkoj.k] la?k"kZ] vkradokn] vkj{k.k] varjkZ"Vªh;] Hkz"Vkpkj] cfg"dkj]

vkdk'kok.kh] nwjn'kZu] çlkj&Hkkjrh ox+SSjgA ljdkjh infu ,sa foHkkxfu tk ukyk fc

fla/hv esa lkfx, :i esa bLrsekyq fi;k fFk;fuA felky rkSj& jk"Vªifr] mi& jk"Vªifr]

ç/kuea=kh] eq[;ea=kh] jkT;iky] fo/ku lHkk] laln Hkou] lfpoky;] yksd lHkk]

jkT; lHkk ox+SjgA bu fdLe tk yÝ+t+ fla/q ts flaf/;qfu ykb vke rkSj leq> [kka

ckfgfj vkfgfuA fc, rfi+QZ fla/q th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ vjch] i+Qkjlh ,sa mnwZ yÝ+t+

vkfgfu] ftfu th ekuk leq>.k ykb Hkkjr ts flaf/;qfu [ks 'kCndks'k th enn ofB.kh

ios FkhA felky rkSj& ldki+Qr (laLÑrh)] ng'krxnZq (vkradoknh)] cSuvydqokeh

(varjkZ"Vªh;)] tíkstgn (la?k"kZ)] r'kjhg (leq>k.kh)] vdfy;r (FkksjkbZ)] vDlfj;r

(?k.kkbZ)] 'kjg (Vhdk) ox+SjgA

fla/h cksyhv tks tue LFkku fla/q ns'k vkgsA mu eqYd th feVhv esa bZ fla/h cksyh

lfn;qfu [kka oBh o/h oh>h jgh vkgsA fla/q ts xksBfu th fla/h v×kk rkb± fc

ckfgfj;fu vljfu [kka ?k.ks HkkÄs vkth vkgss ,sa mgk fla/h lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts

okrkoj.k esa ifyth jgh vkgsA bu djs 'kdq u vkgs r Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv ts HksV

esa fla/q th xksBk.kh fla/hv esa cksyhv tks BsB :i ,sa futq fla/h yÝ+t+ ?k.ks o+Qnq#

lykerq jgh l?kankA

[+kkfl uqD+rk&

(1) fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ,sa

fla/q ts Hkk"kk esa ri+Qkorq vp.kq

(2) laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ mnwZ]

fganh yÝ+t+ 'kkfeyqq

(3) Hkkjr th fla/hv ts HksV

esa fla/q ts cksyhv esa BsB :i

,sa futq fla/h yÝ+t+ lykerq

jgh l?kank

fVi.kh


feM+uh = lfHkuh

vl# = çHkko

tqt+ks = fglks] HkkÄks

vkslfj = fodklq

221

oSfnd laLÑr okjh cksyhv [ks vlka cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h poank vkfg;waA

eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyh fc fgd vk;Z Hkk"kk gqbZA

ub± eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k th cksyhv [ks fla/h pbts FkksA

fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kk tk fodklq ts flyflys esa tqnk&tqnk :i

gqvk&

ikyh fla/h] çkÑr fla/h viHkza'k fla/hA

çkphu eaft+y [kka oBh ub± eaft+y rkb± fla/q ns'k ts cksyhv tks fodklq mu

t+ekus ts lkfgR; ,sa fc;qfu fyf[k;rqfu eka ekywe djs lf?kts FkksA

cha bZLoh lnhv esa fla/q th cksyhv esa ^m* Loj tks ?k.kks bLrsekyq Fkhanks gksA

bu t+ekus th viHkza'k fla/hv [ks iqjk.kh fla/h fc lfMts FkksA

fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r viHkza'k (iqjk.kh fla/h) rs vjch (iqjk.kh

fla/h) rs vjch cksyhv tks pÄks vl# fFk;ksA

1050 bZLoh lu~ [kka 1520 bZLoh lu~ rkb± fla/q esa lwejk ,sa lek oa'k ts Msgh

gkfdefu tks t+ks# gksA

fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofDr dsfrjk bZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+ fla/h cksyhv ts

okfgis esa vk;kA

fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ,sa fla/q esa fla/h Hkk"kk fcfu tqnk uewufu lka vkslfj ik,

jgh vkgsA

Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ drfc fi;k vpfuA

Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv ts HksV esa fla/q th xksBk.kh fla/hv esa cksyhv tks BsBq

:iq ut+fj vps FkksA

rOgha Nk fl[;kfVi.kh


222

(v) gsfB;fu eka lgh ts lkEgwa () ,sa x+yfr ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh yxk;ks&

1- ½Xosn tk ea=k fla/h cksyhv esa fyf[k;y vkfgfuA

2- fla/h Hkk"kk Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts vklikfl ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyqq FkhA

3- ikyh fla/hv tks oD+rq vkgs& bZLoh lu~ [kka 500 lky vx˜ okjs vlsZ [kka bZLoh

lu~ ts 'kq:vkfr rkb±A

4- viHkza'k fla/hv tks oD+rq vkgs& 500 bZLoh lu~ [kka 1000 bZLoh lu~ rkb±A

5- vjc gkfdefu 500 lky fla/q rs jkt d;ksA

(c) gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&

1- lkfgfR;d nkSj esa ---------------------------- Hkk"kk vksyg Hkkjr th lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk

gqbZA (ukxj viHkza'k)

2- vjch cksyhv eka pkj vkokt+ i+Q] [+k ----------- ,sa ---------- fla/hv esa nkf[+kyq

fFk;kA

3- 1050 bZ- [kka 1520 bZ- rkb± fla/q esa ----------- ,sa ----------- gkfdefu tks jkt gksA

4- fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer tks oD+rq ----------------------- rkb± gksA

fgu lcd+ esa rOgka ½Xosn [kka oBh fla/h Hkk"kk th tk.k gkflyq dbZA

ikyh çkÑr ,sa viHkza'k ts eaft+yqfu [kka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ fFk;kA

Hkjr equhv ts c;ku] jkb ?kjk.ks (945&631) ,sa czkã.k ?kjk.ks ts jkt ofD+r

fla/h cksyhv th gkyfr ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA

vjcfu ,sa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r fla/hv eka nkf[+ky fFk;y yÝ+t+fu th

tk.k gkflyq dbZA

Hkkjr esa fla/hv ts vkb±ng ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA

fVi.kh


rOgka Nk fl[;k

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûø-û

223

fVi.kh



tokc

gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk eq[+rl# tokc fM;ks&

1- çkphu [kka ub± eaft+y rkb± fla/hv ts fodklq rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA

2- fla/q ns'k esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r fla/h cksyhv esa nkf[+kyqq fFk;y ds fc

8 yÝ+t+ fy[kksA

3- ys[kd [ks fla/h Hkk"kk ts vkb±ng ckcfr dfgM+ks [+kkSi+Q˜ vkgs\

4- rOgkats 'kgj ts Ldwyfu esa fla/h Hkk"kk th gkyfr rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA


18-1 (v) 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-

(c) 1- ukxj viHkza'k 2- t+ ,sa x+

3- lwejk ,sa lek 4- 1843 bZ- [kka 1947 bZ-

224

19


rOgka [ks [+kcj vkgs r tMfga fc dk ?kVuk Fkhanh vkgs ;k vlka [ks dafga ub± xkfYg

th [+kcj ioanh vkgs r vlha mgk fc;fu [ks c˜èkkb.kq pkghank vkfg;waA ts dksbZ lkEgwa

u gqts r vlha mgks fy[kh bt+gk# dj.kq pkghank vkfg;waA ekst+™v (fo"k;) ts ua<ks

vkgs] r vlha mu [ks fgd i+Qõ+Qjs esa fy[kank vkfg;waA ts ekst+™v oMks vkgs ,sa mu tk

dsfrjk bZ iklk vkfgfu r mu [ks oèkhd i+Qõ+Qjfu esa fy[kank vkfg;waA bgs i+Q˜djk ?kVuk

fFk;.k ts flyflys rs enk# j[kank vkfgfuA tMfga dafga xkfYg ;k ?kVuk [ks lgh

flylyks MsbZ fgd [kka oèkhd i+Q˜djfu esa fyf[k;ks osanks vkgs] rMfga mgks et+ewuq

pokbcks vkgsA vpks] fgu ikB t+fj, le>wa r fgdq lqBks et+ewuq dhva fyf[k;ks osanks

vkgsA


dafga fo"k; ts tqnk&tqnk iklfu rs ohpk# djs mu ts vgeq uqD+rfu tks c;kuq

djs l?kank_

dafga fo"k; [ks tqnk&tqnk uqD+rfu ts vkèkkj rs i+Qõ+Qjfu esa fofjgk, mu tks

ft+Øq djs l?kank_

ohpkjfu ;k Hkkofu [ks fy[kh bt+gk# djs l?kank_

fy[k.khv esa loyh ,sa vljnkj cksyhv tks bLrsekyq djs l?kank_

lqBks ,sa vljkbrks et+ewuq fy[kh l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

225

rOgka ts eu esa ds vfgM+k fo"k; vofl gwank] ftfu rs yxkrkfj lksp.k&leq>.k th

t+:jr eglwlq Fkhanh gwanhA bgk bNk fc Fkhanh gwanh r iafgatfu Hkkofu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks

fc;fu lka oafM;waA gsfB vfgM+fu iatfu fo"k;fu th fyLV Bkfg;ks] ftfu rs rOgka dq>q

fy[k.kq pkghank%

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ûù-û et+ewuq Nk vkgs\

vpks] lHk [kka vofy tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa Fkk r et+ewuq Nk vkgs\ et+ewu lka

efrycq mu jpuk lka vkgs] tafga [ks lqBh rjg cèkks osanks vkgs ;k tafga esa ohpkjfu

;k ?kVukmfu [ks lgh flyflyks MsbZ] xa<s djs fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA et+ewuq ulqj esa

fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA ukfoy] dgk.kh] ;knxhfj;wa ox+Sjg okaxq# bgk fc ulqj th fgd

vgeq flUi+Q vkgsA

et+ewuq vkdkj esa ua<ks fc Fkh l?kanks vkgs ,sa oMks fcA fcfu&fVfu lqÝ+gfu tk et+ewu

fc fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu ,sa iatohg Vhgfu lqÝ+gfu tk fcA rOgka [ks vke rjg

fVfu&pbfu lqÝ+gfu tk et+ewu fy[k.k tks vH;klq dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewu tks fo"k; dks

fc Fkh l?kanks vkgsA rOgka dafga fc 'kb] ?kVuk] ohpkj ;k Hkko rs et+ewuq fy[kh l?kank

vkfg;ksA t+:jh xkfYg bgk vkgs r mu et+ewu esa rOgka tk iafgatk ohpkj ;k rOgka

tk iafgatk vuqHko gqv.kq [kifuA ts rOgka fc;fu tk ohpkj i<+ank ;k c˜èkank fc

vkfg;ks] r fc frfu [ks iafgath Hkk"kk esa isf'k dfj;ksA i<+.k okjs [ks b,a yx.kq ?kqfjts

r rOgka iafgath xkfYg ;k iafgatk ohpkj isf'k djs jfg;k vkfg;ksA

ûù-ü et+ewuq fy[k.k th t+:jr

tMfga vlha et+ewuq fy[k.k th xkfYg dfj;wa Fkk r rOgka tks ifgfj;ksa lqokyq bgks Fkh

l?ks Fkks r vlha et+ewuq Nks fy[kwa\ bu th t+:jr dfgM+h vkgs\ rOgka lgh lqokyq

iqfN;ks vkgsA rOgka tsdks fc deq dfj;ks] mu ts ^Nks* tks tokcq tk.k.kq rOgka tks

vfèkdk# vkgsA ^fM;kjh* rs ;k ^ts eka çèkkuea=kh gqtka gka* tfgM+fu fo"k;fu rs

et+ewuq fy[k.k lka vlka [ks Nk gkflyq Fkhanks\ vpks] vlha bu lqoky tks tokcq

xksYg.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

vpks] fgdq felkyq [k.kwaA leq>ks] rOgka ts ?kj ts jLrs rs gsfB;ka gaèk vpfu Fkk&

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-û fVi.kh


226

ean# Ldwyq ckx+hpks gkLihVy feBkbZv tks nqdkuq

Bhdq vkgsA rOgka tks nksLrq rOgka ts ?kfj vp.k ykb jLrks tk.k.kq pkgs FkksA rOgka nksLr

[ks iafgats ?kj tks jLrks dfgM+s uewus c˜èkkb±nk\ fgrs fy[kks&

rOgka Bhd fyf[k;ks vFkoA rOgka c˜èkkb±nk r rOgka ts ?kj ts jLrs esa flyflys lka

dfgM+k dfgM+k gaèk b±nk ;k dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa txfg;wa b±fn;waA ;kuh f?kVhv ts dqaM

rs bZ fgdq ean# vkgsA mu eanj [kka vfx;ka gy.k rs Ldwyq vkgsA Ldwy ts ikls okjh

f?kVhv esa [kkcs ikls eqM+.k rs fgdq ckx+hpks vkgsA iksb lkts ikls eqM+.k rs gkLihVy

,sa mu [kka yxHkx 50 ehVj gy.k rs [kkcs ikls fgdq feBkbZv tks nqdkuq vkgsA cl]

mu ts lkEgwa bZ eqafgatks ?k# vkgsA rOgka bgks r uFkk c˜èkk, l?kks r eqafgats ?kj ts jLrs

esa fgdq ckx+hpks b±nks vkgs] fgdq ean#] fgdq feBkbZv tks nqdkuq] fgd gkLihVy ,sa

fgdq LdwyqA b,a c˜èkh rOgka tks nksLrq fc;ks fdFks fc igqph o×ks] rOgka ts ?kj rkb± r

dksu igqph l?kanksA rOgka iafgats nksLr [ks iafgats ?kfj lMkb.kq pkfg;ks Fkk] r rOgka [ks

mu [ks iwjks jLrks rÝ+lhy lka c˜èkkb.kks ioanksA 'kk;n budjs bZ lwpuk] tk.k ;k okfd+,

[ks rÝ+lhy (foLrkj) lka fy[k.k th t+:jr Fkhanh vkgsA rÝ+lhy lka flyflysok#

fy[k.k tks bgks rjhdks bZ et+ewu tks tueqnkrk vkgsA

vpks] gk.ks et+ewuq fy[k.k th xkfYg dfj;waA et+ewu esa vlha dafga fo"k; rs iafgatk

ohpkj flyflysok# ,sa rjrhc (<ax lka] O;ofLFkr uewus) lka bu uewus fy[kank vkfg;wa

thva i<+.k okjks vlkath xkfYg leq>h l?ks ,sa mu lka eqrkfl# (çHkkfor) fFk,A

et+ewuq fy[k.k lka vlka [ks dafga fo"k; rs iafgatfu ohpkjfu [ks xM dj.k] flyflyks

Bkfg.k] felky xM dj.k] ,sa mUgfu [ks vljkbrh cksyhv esa po.k ;k fy[k.k tks

vH;klq fFk, FkksA bgks bZ lccq vkgs r vlha et+ewu fy[kank vkfg;waA bu lka vlka [ks

u #xks nksLrfu lka xkYgkb.k esa] cfYd ?kj esa] vki+Qhl esa ,sa lfHkuh gaèkfu rs iafgath

xkfYg lgh uewus po.k ;k fy[k.k esa enn feyanh vkgsA

fgd ch xkfYgA flUèkhv [kka lokb bfrgkl] vFkZ'kkL=k] Hkwxksy] okik# ox+Sjg

fo"k;fu esa dsfrjfu bZ lqokyfu tk tokc vlka[ks dq>q oèkhd rÝ+lhy lka fyf[k.kk

gwank vkfgfuA thva& vdcj ts 'kklu twa [+kkfl;rwa] Hkkjr tks vkne'kqekjh elbyks]

Hkweè; js[kk th vkcksgok] ;k ?kqfjt (ekax) ,sa iwfrZv lka okLrsnkj lqoky ox+SjgA

vfgM+fu lqokyfu [ks et+ewu okjk lqoky p;ks osanks vkgsA bUgfu tk tokc fM;.k esa

fc et+ewu&ys[ku tks vH;klq deq b±nks vkgsA

gk] r rOgka gk.ks leq>h fo;k r et+ewuq fy[k.k tks vH;klq dj.k th t+:jr Nks

vkgs\ leq>h fo;k u\

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227

ûù-ý et+ewu tk fd+Levpks] gk.ks et+ewu ts ckjs esa ds fc;wa xkfYg;wa tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA

ekSt+™v (fo"k;) ,sa fy[k.k okjs th eufLFkfr ewftfc vyfx&vyfx rjg tk et+ewu

fy[kh lf?kck vkfgfuA bu rjg et+ewu dsfrjfu bZ fo+QLefu tk gwank vkfgfuA fgrs

vlha fVfu fo+QLefu ts et+ewufu rs ohpk# danklhaA bgs vkfgfu&

1- c;kuh

2- ohpkjh

3- Hkkoçèkku

c;kuh et+ewu esa dafga 'kb] okfd+, (?kVuk)] çns'k tks c;kuq d;ks osanks vkgsA felky

rksj] gksyh] fM;kjh] psVhpaMq] eqlkfi+Qjh] ?kqe.k tfgM+h dk txfg ;k dafga jkafn ts

ekSt+™v rs tMfga vlha et+ewuq fy[kanklha r mu esa ekSt+™v tks c;kuq d;ks osanksA bu

rjg ts et+ewufu esa okfd+vfu tks fgdq flyflyks gwanks vkgsA bu esa jokbrh

(lkèkkj.k) xkfYg;wa oèkhd gwafn;wa vkfgfuA bgs tk.k MhanM+ gwafn;wa vkfgfu ,sa bgs

fy[k.k dq>q loyks gwanks vkgsA

ohpkjh et+ewu fy[k.k ykb lksp.k&ohpkj.k th oèkhd t+:jr gwanh vkgsA bu esa c˜f¼

rrq vgeq gwanks vkgs ,sa bgs et+ewu ?k.kks djs dafga futh] lkekftd ;k fl;klh elbys

rs fyf[k;k osank vkfgfuA ^nwjn'kZu tks thou rs vl#*] ^Msrhysrh*] ^çtkra=k* oxS+jg

dafga fc fo"k; rs ohpkjh et+ewuq fy[kh lf?kts FkksA bu esa fo"k; ts lqBfu&[+kjkcq

iklfu rs ohpk# d;ks osanks vkgs] nyhy fMuk osank vkfgfu ,sa dMfga dMfga elbys

[ks gy dj.k tk jLrk fc c˜èkk;k osank vkfgfuA

Hkkoçèkku et+ewu esa fo"k; rfi+QZ iafgath vglklh çfrfØ;k tks bt+gk# d;ks osanks

vkgsA bu esa dYiuk tks rrq vgeq gwanks vkgs] rdZ th oèkhd xqatkb'k dksu gwanh vkgsA

felky rksj] ^nksLrh*] ^c˜<kiks* ^ts eka ekLr# gqtka gk* ox+Sjg fo"k;fu rs et+ewuq

fy[kans iafgatwa HkkoukÅa [kqfy;y uewus t+kfgj djs lf?kfc;wa vkfgfuA vfglklfu ts

bt+gkj ts djs fgufu et+ewufu esa fgd rjg th iafgatkbi jganh vkgsA bgk iafgatkbi

bZ bu rjg ts et+ewufu th [+kkfl;r vkgsA

bu rjg et+ewu [ks fo"k; ts vkèkkj rs fc dsfrjfu bZ fd+Lefu esa fojgk, lf?kts FkksA

thva&

1- lkekftd et+ewu

2- rgt+hch ;k lkaLÑfrd et+ewu

3- ns'kçse @ jk"Vªh; psruk lka okLrsnkj et+ewu

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228

4- foKku] rduhd ,sa m|ksx lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

5- dljr ,sa jkafn;qfu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

6- rbyhe ,sa Kku lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

7- fl;klh ;k jktuhfrd et+ewu

8- çsj.kknk;h et+ewu

9- lqohpkjfu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

10- euksjatu ts lkèkufu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

11- cksyh ,sa vnc lka okLrsnk# et+ewu

vpks] et+ewuq dhva fyf[k;ks osanks vkgs] bgks tk.k.k [kka vofy vlha bgks tk.kwa r bu

esa dfgM+k dfgM+k vax 'kkfey vkfgfuA

ûù-þ et+ewu tk vax

et+ewu tk Vs vge vax gwank vkfgfu&

1- Hkwfedk

2- eoknq ;k fo"k;&oLrq

3- iNkM+h ;k milagkj

Hkwfedk [ks çLrkouk fc pbcks vkgsA bu esa et+ewu ts fo"k; [ks fpVks d;ks osanks vkgsA

Hkwfedk o.kanM+ gwanh rMfga bZ i<anM+ et+ewuq i<+.k ykb vkrks FkhanksA lqoky bgks vps

Fkks r et+ewu th Hkwfedk dhva fyf[kts\ et+ewu th 'kq:vkfr dafga ys[kd] 'kkbj]

fi+Qyklki+Qj ;k fl;klrnku ts d+kSy (dFku) lka djs lf?kts FkhA bgks lgh vkgs r

dafga e'kgw# dFku lka et+ewu th 'kq:vkr dj.k lka ikBd ts fnfy&fnekx+ rs lqBks

vl# ioanks vkgsA fc;ks rjhdks vkgs r dafga okfd+, th xkfYg dans et+ewu 'kq: dtsA

Hkwfedk esa os>M+kbZv esa fFk;y dafga okfo+Q, [ks fo"k; lka tksM+s fc ekgksyq Bkgs lf?kts

FkksA fgdq fc;ks rjho+Qks fc vkgsA ewa dki+Qh vjlks vx˜ fgdq et+ewuq if<+;ks gksA mu th

'kq:vkfr fgu uewus gqbZ& ^^ ^lkab±] v[+kckj ofBtksA* vlkath vf[k rMfga [kqyanh

vkgs] tMfga vlkats njokt+s rs v[+kckj b±nh vkgsA rOgka [ks tk.k vkgs r v[+kckj

dhva Nitanh vkgs\ bgk lkbal th oMh user vkgsA** bu rjg th Hkwfedk [kka iksb]

^v[+kckj* rs ?k.kks dq>q fy[kh lf?kts FkksA vgeq xkfYg bgk vkgs r Hkwfedk th

vkf[+kjh flV rkb± igqpans igqpans et+ewu ts ewy fo"k; tks ft+o+Q˜ vofl djs NM.kq

?kqfjtsA

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229

felky ykb Hkwfedk tks fgdq fc;ks uewuks fMlksA ^egkuxj tks thouq* fo"k; th

Hkwfedk vlha fgu rjg fy[kh l?kwa Fkk&

egkuxj tks thouq

eFkha Hkwfedk felky rksj fMuy vkgsA ts rOgka [ks ilan u vps r rOgka ifgats <ax

lka 'kq:vkfr dfj;ksA

fo"k;&oLrq et+ewu tks eq[; fgLlks vkgsA bu esa fo"k; th okd+fi+Q;r fMuh osanh

vkgs] mu tks :i fpVks d;ks osanks vkgsA fo"k; tks fgdq bZ ejdt+h Hkko gwanks vkgs]

rafga tks foLrkj dj.k th t+:jr gwanh vkgsA fo"k; tk dsfrjk bZ iklk gwank vkfgfuA

i{k&foi{k esa nyhy MsbZ fo"k; [ks xgjkbZv lka leq>k;ks osanks vkgsA ds fo"k; vfgM+k

gwank vkfgfu] ftu lka fFk;.k okjfu i+Qkbnfu ;k uqo+Qlkufu tks ft+fd# djs lf?kcks

vkgs] thva lkbal eka ui+Qk ,sa uqo+QlkuA t+:jr io.k rs mu th mi;ksfxrk rs jks'kuh

fo>ans mu [ks viukb.k th xkfYg fc djs lf?kts Fkh] thva v[+kckj i<+.kqA fdfu

'k;qfu ;k jhfr;qfu ts cqjkb;qfu th xkfYg dans mu [kka nwj jg.k th le> fc MsbZ

lf?kts Fkh] thva Msrh&ysrhA bu esa rOgha iafgatks jk;ks fc tksM+s l?kks FkkA iafgatks jk;ks

Mhans fumM+r okjh cksyh drfc vk.k.kqq cfgrj Fkhanks vkgsA bgks fc è;kuq j[k.kq ?kqfjts

r dk vfgM+h xkfYg u pbZ o×ks tafga tks vl# dafga fgd èkqfj (i{k) ykb ,rjkt+

tksxks gqtsA fo"k; lka okLrsnk# u,a [kka ub± tk.k fM;.kq et+ewu [ks oèkhd vljkbrks

c.kkb±nks vkgsA rOgka fo"k; oLrqv ts dafga igywv rs jks'kuh fo>anM+ dafga dfork twa

flVwa fc bLrsekyq djs l?kks FkkA ij è;kuq fM;.k okjh xkfYg bgk vkgs r gj uqD+rs

(eqíks ;k fcanq) [ks tqnk i+Q˜o+Qjs (iSjkxzki+Q) esa fyf[ktksA

fo"k; th :ijs[kk Bkghans vlka[ks eq[; fo"k;&fcanq ;k fcanqfu tk fc uksVq Bkgs oB.kq

?kqfjtfuA ds fo"k; vfgM+k gwank] tafga tk mi&fcanq Fkh l?kfu FkkA mi&fcanqfu lka

efrycq bgks vkgs r mu eq[; fcanwv ts rgr vlha fdu&fdu xkfYg;qfu [ks j[k.k

vlkatks eqYdq rekeq rst+hv lka rjd+h djs jfg;ks vkgsA fur uoka m|ksx [kqyh

jfg;k vkfgfuA uoka dkj[+kkuk yxh jfg;k vkfgfuA u;wa vki+Qhlwa [kqyh jfg;wa

vkfgfuA ij] bu fodklq tk ejdt+] oMk oMk 'kgj vkfgfuA xksBfu] dLcfu ,sa

ua<fu 'kgjfu eka ek.gw oMfu 'kgjfu rfi+QZ Hkth jfg;k vkfgfu] Nks tks mrs

jkst+xkj tk o> oèkhd vkfgfuA urhts rksj] gh uxj] egkuxj cf.kth jfg;k

vkfgfuA thva thva egkuxjfu esa vkcknh oèkh jgh vkgs] rhva rhva mUgfu tks

thouq cfnfyth jfg;ks vkgsA elbyk oèkh jfg;k vkfgfuA

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230

pkfg;wa FkkA thva ^Msrh&ysrh* rs et+ewuq fy[kans fo"k;&oLrq tk eq[;q fo"k; fcanq ,sa

mi&fcanq bu rjg Fkh l?kfu Fkk&

eq[;q fo"k;&fcanq mi&fcanq

Mktks Nk ykb èkhv tks uvksa ?k#

ub± x`gLFkh

t+:jh de ts 'k;qfu th HksV

oD+r lka bu fjokt tks fcfxM+t.kq

Mktks fM;.k th 'kq:vkfr

Msrh&ysrhv ts fjokt twa cqjk;wa

'kknhv [kka vofy ?kksV ykb cksyh

?kksV tkuoj okaxqj fodketank vkfgfu

'kknhv [kka iksb uqaga rs vR;kpkj

?kksVsrfu ikjka oèkanM+ ?kq:a

ekufld ihM+k igqpkb.kq

uqaga [ks lkM+s ekjs NM.kq

vpks] fMlwa r fgufu xkfYg;qfu [ks i+Q˜djfu esa dhva fijks, l?kwa Fkk%

ifgfj;ksa vgeq uqD+rks

Msrh&ysrh Nks\

Msrh&ysrhv ts fjokt tks tueq iqjk.kfu lkekftd fjoktfu esa xksYgs lf?kts FkksA

'kknhv [kka iksb Nksfdjh fgd u,a ?kj esa osanh vkgsA gqu [ks uvksa ifjok# olkb.kks gwanks

vkgsA iafgatks uvksa vk[ksjks Bkfg.k esa [ksfl oèkhd Mf[k;kbZ u fFk,] bu ykb gqu [ks

ds lwf[kfM+;wa fM;.k tks fjokt gksA rksgi+Qfu esa [ksfl ?kj esa deq b±nM+ 'k;wa] thva&

ckl.k] diM+k] t+soj ox+Sjg iafgath et+hZv lka fMuk osank gqvk] dkbZ ?kqj ;k caèkuq dksu

gwanks gksA ij] èkhjs èkhjs mu esa fc;wa cqjk;wa tqM+afn;wa os;waA ?kksVsrk] dqvkajsrfu [kka 'k;qfu

th ?kqj dj.k yxkA bgs ?kqfjtwa oèkafn;wa os;wa ,sa dqvkafj ikls ts leFkhZv [ks fMBs&leq>s

fcuk ofM;wa ofM;wa ?kq:a fc fFk;.k yfx;waA brka bZ 'kq: fFk;ks Mktks oB.k ,sa fM;.k tks

fjoktq] ;kfu Msrh&ysrhv th çFkkA

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fcanq = uqD+rks

231

fc;ksa vgeq uqD+rks

Msrh&ysrhv twa cqjk;wa

vt Msrh&ysrhv esa dsfrfj;wa bZ cqjk;wa vph os;wa vkfgfuA lHk [kka ifgjha ,sa vthcq

xkfYg r bgk vkgs r lqBs ?kksV ykb vfgM+s uewus v?kq&eqYgq Fkhanks vkgs t.kq vukt

th eaMhv ;k tkuojfu ts esys esa uhykeh Fkh jgh gqtsA rjhdks tqnk gwanks vkgs] ckd+h

xkfYg r yxHkx rfgM+h bZ gwanh vkgsA

ij] bgks r fgdM+ks iklks vkgsA 'kknhv [kka iksb bu tk fc;k :i fc fMl.k b±nk

vkfgfuA ykyph ek.gqfu [ks uqaga ts Mkts [kka larks"kq dksu Fkhanks vkgsA gw oj&oj djs

ub± ?kqj dank vkfgfuA uqaga [ks etcwj dank vkfgfu r gwv iafgats ekrk&firk [kka ghm

oBh vps] gw oBh vpsA fgufu ?kq#fu [ks iwjks dj.k ekbVfu ts ol esa dksu gwanks vkgs

r gw uqaga rs vR;kpkj dank vkfgfuA gqu [ks dsfrjk bZ ekufld d"V fMuk osank

vkfgfuA ifgjha [ksfl etcw# d;ks osanks vkgs r gwv rax Fkh djs vki?kkrq djs NMsA

ts vfgM+ks dksu Fkhanks vkgs r llq] uqaga] ?kksVq feyh uqaga [ks lkM+s fc NMhank vkfgfu

,sa bu [ks gkfnls tks ukyks fMuks osanks vkgsA

bu rjg] fo"k; tk uqD+rk ,sa ua<k uqD+rk] i+Q˜o+Qjfu th jpuk esa ennxkj Fkhank vkfgfu

,sa et+ewuq Bganks osanks vkgsA

1- gsfB fMuy fo"k;fu tk uqD+rk ,sa ua<k uqD+rk Bkfg;ks&

vlkatks ekgksyq et+gch ,dks

uhaxfj;qfu th rbyhe >ax&thou tks cpkm

2- gsfB;fu fo"k;fu ts fMuy uqD+rfu ,sa ua<fu uqD+rfu ts vkèkkj rs i+Q˜o+Qjks fy[kks&

(v) IysVi+QkeZ rs& vyx vyx rjg tk ek.gw] mfefj] ifgjkm] e'kxwfy;wa]xksM+'kks#] dwyh] ?kksjfM+;fu tk gksdk] HktMqd] cfnbart+keqA

(c) jLrs rs& pqipki] 'kkafriw.kZ eqlkfi+Qjh] vksfprks lkEgaw fgdq LdwVj]

Vd#] gkfnlks] ?kk;yfu th gkyfr] ek.gqfu tk lq>ko] iqfyl oVka ennA

(l) ukjhv [ks l?kkjks c.kkb.kq& ?kj esa % ekm] Hks.k] t+ky] uqaga] èkhvA

?kj [kka ckfgfj % vkWi+Qhl] lekt lsok] lsuk] jkafn;wa] iqfyl esaA

gj gafèk L=khv th igqp& gokbZ tgkt+ esa ik;yV ts :i esafc ,sa varfj{k esa fcA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ü

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232

iNkM+h fy[k.kq

gk.ks rOgka Hkwfedk ,sa fo"k; oLrq fy[k.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;ksA vpks] iNkM+h fy[k.k

tks fc vH;klq dfj;waA Nk rOgka tk.kks Fkk r iNkM+hv esa lts et+ewu tks fupksM+ ,sa

urhtks gwanks vkgsA thva Hkwfedk lqBh gqts] r mgk ikBd [ks et+ewuq i<+.k ykb

vkeknk danh vkgs] rhva bZ ts iNkM+h lqBh gqts r i<+anM+ rs mu tks lqBks vl# Fkhanks

vkgsA

et+ewu ts eq[;q Hkkx ;kuh fo"k; oLrq ts uqD+rfu esa tsds xkfYg;wa rOgka [k;wa gq;wa] tsds

nyhy fMuk gqvk] mu tks rkRiqtqZ ,sa gyq iNkM+hv esa fMuks osanks vkgsA tqnk tqnk

xkfYg;qfu esa rkyesy fogkfj;ks ,sa mu [ks vljnk# c.kk;ksA thva Hkwfedk fy[k.k th

dk fgd jhfr ukgs] rhva bZ iNkM+h fy[k.k th fc dk fgd jhfr ukgsA rOgka dafga

lqfopkj lka fc et+ewu th iNkM+h djs l?kks FkkA vljkbrh iNkM+h fy[k.k th

dkfe;kchv th fgdM+h bZ dlkSVh vkgs r mu [kka iksb et+ewuq vèkwjks u yx.kq ?kqfjtsA

b,a u yxs r v×kk dq>q NqfVth jfg;ks vkgs ;k i<+.k okjks lksps r v×kk dq>q cko+Qh

vkgsA

vpks] ^vt˜ th ukjh* et+ewu ykb gsfB fMuy fcfu rjgfu twa iNkfM+;wa uewus rksj

fMlwa&

(v) bu rjg lki+Q˜ vkgs r vt th ukjh gj [ks=k esa iq#"k ts dqYgs lka dqYgks feyk,

eqYd ts fuekZ.k esa enn djs jgh vkgs ij iq#"k tks mu rfi+QZ ut+fj;ks vt˜ fc iqjk.kks

,sa iksbrs fi;yq vkgsA gw [ksfl caèku esa j[k.kq pkgs Fkks] gqu lka bZ[kkZ djs Fkks] gqu [ks

foykl th 'kb e×ks FkksA ij ghv gkyfr oèkhd Mhaga dksu jganhA gk.ks ukjh iafgath

l?k ,sa iafgatks ed+lnq cbZ tk.ks FkhA y{; gkflyq dj.k [kka dksbZ fc [ksfl jksds dksu

l?kanksA

(c) iq#"kq ,sa ukjh lnk fgd fc, tk iwjd jfg;k vkfgfuA ukjh vt ts iq#"k okaxqj

rbyhe ;kÝ+rk vkgsA gqu [ks Hkkjr ts tksM+td tk vfèkdkj fefy;y vkfgfuA iq#"k

tks lg;ksx fc [ksfl fey;yq vkgsA gwv rjd+hv th jkg rs vfxrs oèks] bu rs dafga

[ks fc ,rjkt+ ukgs] ij gqu [ks bgks Hkqfyt.kq u ?kqfjts r iq#"k fcuk lanfl gkflykr

th lkjkg fc ds# danks ! budjs lqBks bgks bZ vkgs r gwv iq#"k th lkFkh ,sa nksLrq c.kh

jgs !

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233

fgu èkjrhv rs losa eqYd vkfgfuA fgd [kka ofèk fgdA ua<k&oMk] xjeq&Fkèkk]

veh#&x+jhcq] rjg rjg tk eqYdA ij lth èkjrhv rs 'khaga okaxq# fl# [ka;ks]

vaxn ts isj okaxq# vVyq] flt okaxq# cfgdanM+] paM tfgM+ks Åty cfl fgdM+ks

bZ eqYdq vkgsA eqfgatks eqYdq & HkkjrA rMfga bZ r 'kkbj bo+Qcky p;ks vkgs] ^lkjs

tgka ls vPNk fgUnksLrka gekjkA**

gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc iNkM+hv tk uqD+rk Bkfg;ksA

(v) Msrh&ysrh

iNkM+h&uqD+rk% ltks Hkkjrh; lekt Msrh&ysrhv ts et+Z esa iQkFkyq] lekt esa dyadq]

fons'k esa cnukeh] rjd+hv esa jaMd] ukStqokufu th ft+esokjh] dqjhfr [kka eqfDr t+:jhA

(c) dljr

lqBh flgr [kka lokb thouq ck#] lekt ,sa ns'k ts dY;k.k ykb t+:jh] lq[kh thou

ykb dljr] dk u dk dljr dj.kq ykft+ehA

gk.ks fgufu tk iNkM+hv tk uqD+rk Bkfg;ks&

ijksidk#

lekpkj i=k

ts eka jsyea=kh gqtka gka

ûù-ÿ et+ewu tks uewuks

gsy rkb± vlka et+ewu ts vyx vyx HkkÄfu rs xkfYg cksfYg dbZA vpks] mUgfu tk

felky fc fMlwaA fgrs vlha fgdq ltks et+ewuq felky rksfj MsbZ jfg;k vkfg;waA bu [ks

i<+h rOgka leq>h l?kank r dafga fo"k; rs ltks et+ewuq dhva fy[k.kq ?kqfjtsA fgu

et+ewu [ks è;ku lka i<+ks] lksfp;ks ,sa leq>ksA

lHk [kka lqfg.kks eqYdq vlkatks

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ý fVi.kh


234

Vs&Vs leqaM jkr&Mhaga bu tk pj.k èkqvank vkfgfuA vFkkgq leqaM twa yfg:a fgdq fgdq

djs vph bu ts fdukjfu rs eFkks g.kafn;wa vkfgfu] ij bu th ÅUgkbZ dksu tk.ks

l?kafn;wa vkfgfuA fujkl eksVh osafn;wa vkfgfuA d+njr fgu [ks vuks[kh lq×kk.ki fMuh

vkgsA ci+QkZuh fgeky; fgu [ks 'kkunk# :iq Mhanks vkgs] lHk [kka lqfg.kks c.kkb±nks

vkgsA d'ehj [kka mÙkj&vksyg çkarfu rkb± iQfgfy;y fgeky;] lnk Åtyq] lnk

lhryq] vfgM+ks vkgs fgu tks eqdqVqA

xaxk ;equk bu th fxphv tks gk# vkfgfuA lryt] ueZnk] rkIrh] egkunh] Ñ".kk]

dkosjh bu twa jxa™ vkfgfu] bu tks thouq vkfgfuA foaè;&lriqM+k bu tk dejcan

vkfgfuA vjkoyh tcyfu th ekyk bu tk ?kkVk dsl vkfgfuA vfgM+ks lqanj lyw.kks

:iq vkgs fgu tksA rMfga bZ r nsork fc eqafgats eqYd esa tueq oB.kq pkghank

vkfgfuA

eqafgats eqYd th èkjrh lrjaxh vkgsA fdFks lk;wa cfu;wa] r fdFks ljfga] fdFks

lwjteq[khv th ihykf.k] r fdFks Vslwv th xk<+kf.k] ,sa fdFks df.kd&pkaojfu tk jax

eVhanM+ [ksr_ dsjy tk rkM+] ukjsy] dktw] dki+Qhv tk ckx+hpk_ lriqM+k tk ?kkVk

cu_ d'ehj th dslj twa D;kfj;wa_ vle tk pkafg ckx+ & lHkq feyk, eqafgats eqYd

th lwaga [ks ?k.kks ?k.kks reke ?k.kks oèkk, NMhank vkfgfuA

eqafgats ns'kokfl;qfu tks ifgjkm fMlks & jaxhys jktLFkku th iksrh] xqtjkrh ix] iatkch

lyokj dqjrks] gfj;k.kk th ?k?kjh] cukjlh lkfM+;wa] d'ehjh fi+Qju] flUèkh&dPNh

'kky & gj gaèk tks iafgatks dks u dks [+kkfl ifgjkm vkgsA vfgM+ks lqfg.kks] vfgM+ks

eksghanM+] tks fons'kh lSykuh fMlank bZ jfgth osank vkfgfuA

fM.k&okj gqtfu ;k esyk eyk[kM+k gqtfu] eqafgats ns'kokfl;qfu ts okrka yksd xhrfu

tk lqj lts ok;weaMy [ks lqjhyks c.kk, NMhank vkfgfuA upanM+ isjfu th yft+Z'k r

cl fMlank bZ jgks! ,sa mu lka xM ,frjk rjg rjg tks lkt+ tks pbZ [k.kh cfl

dfj;ks!

[+kkfl;rwa r fc;wa fc vkfgfu eqafgats eqYd esaA gsfrjs oMs eqYd th lwaga [ks Hkyk

yÝ+t+fu esa dhva bt+gkjs lf?kts FkksA dsfrjfu 'kkbjfu] vnhcfu bu th lkjkg esa ?k.kks

dq>q fyf[k;ks vkgs ij bu th lwaga tks lewjks o.kZuq dksbZ u djs lf?k;ks vkgsA furq

cfnytanM+ :i tks lewjks o.kZuq Hkyk dhva Fkh l?ks FkksA gj fijg (çHkkr) bu eqYd

esa uvksa jaxq Hkjhanh vkgs] gj 'kke bu [ks uvksa :iq Mhanh vkgsA vlha r cfl ,frjks

bZ pbZ l?kwa Fkk & lHk [kka lqfg.kks] lHk [kka I;kjks] eqYdq vlkatksA

fVi.kh


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fgrs lk{kjrk% fgdq ojnkuq* ,sa cky et+™jh* fo"k; rs et+ewufu ykb ds vgeq uqD+rk

fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA fgufu ts vkèkkj rs et+ewu fy[k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;ksA

lk{kjrk& fgdq ojnkuq

^lk{kjrk* lka eqjkn

rbyhe th ekuk ,sa vgfe;r

fuj{kj gqv.k tk lcc

fuj{kjrk lka uqo+Qlku

lk{kj fFk;.k th çsj.kk fM;.k okjk lcc

lk{kjrk eka i+Qkbnks

lk{kjrk ,sa 'kks"k.k eka eqfDr

lk{kj fFk;.k tk o>

lk{kjrk vfHk;ku ,sa vlka th ft+esokjh

lk{kjrk lfHkuh ykb

lk{kjrk ,sa jk"Vª fodklq

lk{kjrk ,sa ln~Hkkouk

cky et+™jh

^ckyfi.k* lka eqjkn

ckyfi.k th vgfe;r ,s bPNkÅa

cky et+™jhv th ekuk ,sa l:i

cky et+™jhv tks tqnk tqnk :i

cky et+™jhv tk dkj.k

cky et+™jh ,sa lekt th ft+esokjh

[kfltanM+ ua<fif.k% fgdq lkekftd fljkiq

cky et+™jh jksd.k okjs dkuwu th tk.k

cky et+™jh jksd.k tk mikv

cky&vfèkdkjfu th oLi+Q

ckjfu [ks rbyhe ts txr esa nkf[+kyq fFk;.k ykb lM˜

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-þ fVi.kh


236

ûù-ö et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy twa fr;kfj;wa

et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy gsfB;qfu xkfYg;qfu tks vofl [+k;kyq j[k.kq ?kqfjts&

fo"k; th pwaMlqokyfu ts isij esa ?k.kks djs Vs&pkj fo"k; fMuy gwank vkfgfuA rOgka [ks mUgfu eka

dafga fgd fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[k.kks gwanks vkgsA iafgats ykb fo"k; pwaMhans fMlks r rOgka

Nk rs lqBks et+ewuq fy[kh l?kks FkkA tafga fo"k; th lqBh tk.k gqts] tafga rs rOgka tk

iafgatk ohpkj ,sa e×kqrkÅa fc gqtfu] Fkh l?ks Fkks r mu lka okLrsnkj fgd&c mfDr;wa

fc ;kfn gqtfu & mgks fo"k; pwaMs oBksA ds 'kkfxnZ dafga fo"k; [ks #xks lqBks fo"k;

leq>h pwaMs oBank vkfgfu ij fgdq c i+Q˜djks fy[k.k [kka iksb gqufu tks d+yeq chgh

osanks vkgsA iksb fo"k; cfny.k gk×khdkjd gwanks vkgs Nks tks rOgka rslhrkb± 15&20

feuV bLrseky djs pqfd;k gwank vkfg;ksA iksb Mf[k;kbZ u fFk,] bu ykb rOgka [ks

fo"k; th pwaM lksps&leq>h dj.kq ?kqfjtsA gk] ts rOgka [ks yxs r rOgka fcfu ;k fVfu

fo"k;fu rs lqBhv rjg et+ewuq fy[kh l?kks Fkk] r #xks mgks fo"k; pwafM;ks] tafga ts

ckjs esa rOgka [ks yxs r mu rs ?kfV 'kkfxnZ fy[kankA ts ?k.ksbZ 'kkfxnZ fgd bZ fo"k;

rs fy[kh jfg;k gqtfu] r u,a fo"k; rs fyf[k;yq et+ewuq vlywdks cf.kth osanks vkgs

,sa mu tks et+ewuq tkphanM+ rs lqBks vl# ioanks vkgsA

:ijs[kk tks fuekZ.kq

iafgath ilan tks fo"k; pwaM.k [kka iksb dkihv ts lHk [kka iNkM+hv okjs (ji+Q de

okjs) lqÝ+gs rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk Bkgs oBksA Hkwfedk] c;kuq ,sa iNkM+hv esa rOgka Nk

Nk fM;.kq pkghank] mu tks i+QSlyks ifgjha [kka bZ djs oB.k lka fy[k.k esa lgwfy;r

Fkhanh vkgsA bu lka et+ewu esa flyflyks cf.k;yq jganks vkgs ,sa nqfgjkm dksu Fkhanks

vkgsA thva] egkuxj tks thouq* fo"k; pwaM.k rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk gsfB,a uewus th

Fkh l?kanh vkgs&

Hkwfedk& ux# ,sa egkux#_ egkux# dafga [ks pbcks vkgs\

egkuxjfu th [+kkfl;r] eqafgatks egkux#] mu tks thouq

fo"k; oLrqv egkuxj esa HkhM+

tks c;kuq& ?kj th eqf'dykr

?kj ,sa de th txfg th nwjh] vpqo×kq th rdyhi+Q

el:fi+Q;r ,sa oD+r th [kksfV

rM+d&HkM+d] 'kku&'kkSdr ,sa x+jhch

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237

çnw"k.k& vkokt+] ok;q] ty_ ,sa flgr lka okLrsnk# elbyk

ofM;wa ofM;wa vLirkywa] iksb fc lkèkufu th [kksfV

vklsikls ek.gqfu tk g'kke gwans fc fgd fc, lka

ifjp; tks vHkko

lq[k lqfoèkkÅa] jkst+xkj tk olhyk

ns'k&fons'k lka laidZ

iNkM+h& cqjk;wa fc ,sa lqBk;wa fc

m|ksx èkaèkfu ts djs etcwfj;wa

ds lq>ko

eFks et+ewu th :ijs[kk tks fgdM+ks felkyq fMuyq vkgsA t+:jh ukgs r rOgka fc

vfgM+h bZ :ijs[kk Bkfg;ksA Hkwfedk esa rOgka m|ksxfu ts rst+hv lka FkhanM+ fodklq ts

djs xksBfu eka 'kgjfu rfi+QZ FkhanM+ yM&iyk.k tks gokyks MsbZ l?kks FkkA c;ku esa rOgka

pkfg;ks r egkuxj ts lq[kfu] lgwfy;rqfu rs t+ks# MsbZ l?kks Fkk ,sa pkfg;ks r #xks

x+jhcfu ts csofl] csvkljs thou rsA

rOgka eFks fMuy fo"k; rs iafgath :ijs[kk ewftfc et+ewuq fy[k.kq 'kq: dfj;ksA ifgjha

fljks fM;ks ,sa Hkwfedk okjks i+Q˜o+Qjks fy[kksA

1- fgrs fgd et+ewu th :ijs[kk fMuh osbZ vkgsA rOgka mu ts vkèkkj rs et+ewu

ts fo"k; tks vankt+ks yxk;ksA

(v) Hkwfedk& eqlkfi+Qjh Nks\ jsy eqlkfi+Qjhv tks pkgq]

vfgM+ks dks ekSdks vp.kq

(c) fo"k; oLrw@ eqlkfi+Qjhv th r;kjh] fVdsV d<kb.kq

c;kuq& eqlkfi+Qjhv th 'kq:vkfr] jsYos IysVi+QkeZ tks fut+kjks

jsy NqV.kq] xksM+'kks# ?kfVt.kq

fc;fu eqlkfi+Qjfu lka okfD+i+Q;r

jkr tks lfHkuh ts lqEg.k [kka iksb fFk;yq okfd+vks

xkMhv ts ncs esa Mfgdkm] t+athj fNd.kq]

jsy tks chg.kq

okfo+Q, ckcfr tk.k

ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ÿ

fVi.kh


238

iNkM+h& dMfga fc u Hkqyk, lf?ktanM+ rtqcksZ

vt fc ;kfn

fljks & --------------------------------------------------------

2- ^mgks gkfnlks* fo"k; rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk fy[kksA

3- êqafgatks ilanhnk fdrkcq* fo"k; rs et+ewu twa c tqnk :ijs[kkÅa r;k# dfj;ksA

ûù-÷ è;kuq j[k.k ykb ds xkfYg;wa

et+ewuq fy[k.k esa ds fc;wa xkfYg;wa fc ennxkj Fkhafn;wa vkfgfuA vpks] mUgfu ts ckjs

esa fc tk.kh oBwaA

û- Hkk"kkHkk"kk rfi+QZ lqtkxh t+:jh vkgsA tqfeyk ua<k ua<k ,sa ik.k esa okLrsnk# gqtfuA fM?kk

tqfeyk u #xks Fkdkb±nk vkfgfu] mUgfu esa tqfeyks Bkfg.k twa pqdwa fc Fkh l?kafn;wa

vkfgfuA tqfeyks gj rjg lka lgh fy[k.k th dksf'k'k dj.k ?kqfjtsA lwjr[+krhv th

x+yfr;qfu [kka cp.kq [kisA t+:jh ukgs r 'kq¼ rRle ;k Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ?k.kkbZ

gqtsA ljy] loyfu yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq et+ewu [ks lqHkkohd c.kkb±nks vkgsA gk]

vaxzst+h] fgUnh] vjch] i+Qkjlh ,sa fc;qfu cksfy;qfu ts x+Sj&t+:jh bLrseky [kka cp.kq

?kqfjtsA thva& rRle ^?kksjfM+;ks* (gksdks MsbZ 'k;wa fod.k.k okjks) th txfg rs 'k;wa

fod.kanM+ ;k 'k;wa fod.k.k okjks r deq vk.ks lf?kts Fkks ij mu th txfg rs gkWdj*

fy[k.kq Bhd ukgsA

rOgka fgu fdrkc esa txfg&txfg rs bLrykgfu (eqgkojfu) tks bLrsekyq è;ku lka

if<+;ks gwanksA rOgka tk.kks Fkk r bLrykg] cksyhv esa tkfu fo>h NMhank vkfgfu] budjs

rOgka fc mUgfu tks tksxks bLrsekyq djs l?kks FkkA

ü- :iq ,sa vkdk#

et+ewuq fy[kh oB.kq fl[k.k lka vfxrs gyh fta+nxhv esa rOgka [ks oMk&oMk et+ewu

fy[k.k tks o>q fc feyh l?ks FkksA ij bfErgku esa rOgka [ks yxHkx v<kbZ lkS

[kka pkj lkS yÝ+t+fu tks et+ewuq bZ fy[k.kks gwanks vkgsA Hkwfedk ,sa iNkM+hv ykb

fgdq&fgdq i+Qõ+Qjks bZ dki+Qh vkgsA bu [kka lokb fVfu&pbfu i+Qõ+Qjfu esa fo"k; lka

tqfM+;y ?kfV esa ?kfV pbfu uqD+rfu esa fo"k; tks foLrk# dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewuq fy[k.k

efgy] cksyh] :i ,sa vkdkj [kka lokb gsfB;qfu xkfYg;qfu tks fc [+kkfl è;kuq j[k.kq

t+:jh vkgs&

fVi.kh


239

gj ub± xkfYg u,a i+Q˜djs lka 'kq: dfj;ks ,a mu i+Q˜o+Qjs esa mu xkfYg rs bZ

iafgatk ohpkj fM;ksA

tqfeyk ik.k esa tqfM+;y gqtfuA

ohpkj flyflysokj gqtfu] mgs dfl;y gqtfu] nqfgjkm u gqtsA

fgd uqD+rs [ks vèkwjks NMs fc, uqD+rs rs u fyf[k;y gqtsA

lts et+ewu esa ohpkjfu ,sa Hkk"kk tks lqHkkohd ofgdjks gqtsA

et+ewu fVfu fo+QLefu tk gwank vkfgfu & c;kuh] ohpkjh ,sa HkkoçèkkuA

c;kuh et+ewufu esa okfd+vfu tks flyflyks] lwpukÅa ,sa jok;rh c;kuh

xkfYg;wa gwafn;wa vkfgfuA

ohpkjh et+ewufu esa c˜f¼ rr th vgfe;r gwanh vkgsA bgs et+ewufu dafga

elbys rs fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu] bUgfu esa rdZ tks ut+fj;ks gwanks vkgsA

Hkkoçèkku et+ewufu esa dYiuk th vgfe;r] Hkkofu th fr[kk.k ,sa iafgatkbi

gwanh vkgsA

et+ewu tk Vs eq[; vax gwank vkfgfu& Hkwfedk] fo"k; oLrw ;k c;kuq ,sa

iNkM+h

et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy fo"k; th è;ku lka pwaM dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewu tks

fo"k; rb dj.k [kka iksb fo"k; th :ijs[kk uqD+rfu ,sa ua<fu uqD+rfu lesfr

Bkfg.kq t+:jh vkgsA

et+ewu esa flyflyks gqv.kq [kisA tqfeyk ua<k ,sa vljkbrk gqv.kq ?kqfjtfuA

et+ewuq fy[kh djs ik.k è;ku lka ojh fMl.kq t+:jh vkgsA bu lka lwjr[+krh

,sa O;kdj.k twa x+yfr;wa rOgka ik.k nwfj djs l?kks FkkA

fVi.kh


rOgha Nk fl[;k

240

1- ^ekgksy th 'kq¼rk* ;k ^oèkanM+ çnw"k.k* fo"k; th Hkwfedk iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu

esa fy[kksA

2- ^'kgjh thouq* ;k ^dfVtanM+ o.k] ?kfVtanM+ cu&çk.kh* mUoku okjs et+ewu

th iNkM+h fy[kksA

3- gsfB;fu fo"k;fu rs et+ewuq fy[k.k ykb rÝ+lhyh (foLrkj lka) :ijs[kk

Bkfg;ks&

(v) eqafgatks ns'kq

(c) iksjfg;s th vgfe;r

(l) ukjh&'kfDr

4- gsfB fMuy gj fgd xzqi eka dafga fgd fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[kksA (yÝ+t+fu tks

rknknq% yxHkx 300 yÝ+t+)

(1) d- nwjn'kZu% ojnkuq ;k fljkiq

[k- if<+;y&xf<+;y Nksfdjh] jks'kuh ?kj th

x- foanqj tk cfnytanM+ olhyk

(2) ?k- oèkanM+ Hkz"Vkpk# ,sa ?kfVtanM+ fodklq

p- ik.khv tks cpkm ,sa balkuh thouq

N- eksckbZy tks oèkanM+ fjokt

(3) t- çnw"k.k tks elbyks

>- eqafgatks ilanhnk fM.kq&ok#

V- thou esa vnc (lkfgR;) th vgfe;r

lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqokyfVi.kh


241

20[+krq dhva fyf[kts

vt˜ dYg] tMfga dks fc ?kj [kka ckfgfj osanks vkgs r lanfl ekbV poank vkfgfu]^^i+Qksu t+:# dft r lq[k lka igqph fo;ks vkghaA** ij tsdMfga i+Qksu bZ u gqts rmgks Nk djs\ bgks fcYdqy lgh vkgs r [+krq fy[kh iafgatkss gkyq&vfgokyq ekbVfu[ks MsbZ lf?kts FkksA gwava fc iafgatfu fny ts Hkkofu] meaxfu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks t+kfg#dj.k ykb [+krq fy[k.k ,sa iafgatfu vt+ht+fu tk [+kr i<+.k tks vkuanq bZ fujkyks gwanksvkgsA ch lqBh xkfYg bgk vkgs r mUgfu [+krfu [ks dMfga fc i<+h lf?kcks vkgs ,satsfrjk Hksjk fnfy pkgs] i<+h lf?kcks vkgsA

vOgka fc iafgats thou esa ds [+kr r t+:# fyf[k;k gwankA tMfga vOgka fdFks ckfgfj?kqe.k ykb fo;k gwank r t+:# iafgats dafga nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh] mrka ts ckjs esa dq>qc˜/k;ks fc gwanks ;k iafgats dafga ekbV [ks lanfl [+kr tks tokcq eksfdfy;ks gwanksA ;kiafgats tue Mhaga ts ekSds rs iafgatfu nksLrfu [ks uhaM&i=k eksfdys ?kqjk;ks gwanksA ;k ojhdMfga fctyh] ik.kh ;k li+QkbZv ckcfr nkaga dj.k ykb dafga ljdkjh veynkj [ks[+krq fyf[k;ks gwanksA b,a fc Fkh l?ks Fkks r t+:jr io.k rs rOgka jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;hf'k{kk laLFkku (,u-vkbZ-vks-,l-) ;k chv dafga laLFkk [ks [+kr fyf[k;k gqtfuA gk.ksvpks r fl[kwa& vlha iafgaft;wa 'k[+lh ,sa nLrwjh xkfYg;wa [+krfu t+jh, dfgM+s uewus djsl?kwa FkkA

fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka& nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwwjh [+krfu esa i+QdqZ c;kuq djs l?kank_ [+krfu ts tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ,sa 'kSyhv @ bckjr ts ckjs esa c;ku djs l?kank_ [+kr fy[k.k oD+r [+krfu ts tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu tks lgh uewus o.kZuq djs l?kank_ t+:jr ewftcq lgh rjho+Qs lka nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr fy[k.k tk rjho+Qk c;kuq

djs l?kank_ fy[k&i<+ ts rjho+Qs tks fgd l?kkjs t+jh, ts :i esa [+krfu ts okfgis tks c;kuq

djs l?kankA

ed+ln

fVi.kh

242

üú-û [+kr fy[k.k tk fd+Le

vOgka[ks tk.k gwanh r tafga uewus vOgka iafgatfu vt+ht+fu ,sa nksLrfu [ks [+kr fy[kank

vkfg;ks r mu uewus [+krq dafga la;kstd @ veynkj [ks u fy[kh lf?kcks vkgsA iafgats

nksLr ;k vt+ht+ [ks vOgka ^fç;* 'kCn lka eq[+kkfrcq dans fy[kh l?kks Fkk] ij dafga

çksxzke ts la;kstd ykb vOgka ^ekuokjk*] ^lkab±* ox+Sjg yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dank

vkfg;ksA bu [kka lokb nksLr [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r vOgka gqu ts dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu

tks gkyq&vfgokyq iqNank vkfg;ks] ij la;kstd @ veynkj [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r

gquts dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu ts ckjs esa u iqNank vkfg;ks] u bZ iafgats dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu

tks gkyq&vfgokyq c˜/kb±nk vkfg;ksA bu jhfr fc;wa fc ?k.ksbZ xkfYg;wa vkfgfu] ftfu esa

vlka[ks i+Qo+QZ dfj.kks ioanks vkgsA vpks r bu i+Qo+QZ [ks leq>.k [kka ifgjha [+krfu ts

fo+QLefu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA vlka tsds fc [+kr fy[kank vkfg;wa] mUgfu [ks

lgwfy;r ts fygkt+ [kka fcfu fo+QLefu esa fofjgk, lf?kts Fkks&

(v) x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr (vukSipkfjd i=k) Internal Letters

(c) nLrwjh [+kr (vkSipkfjd i=k) Formal Letters

üú-û-û x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr (vukSipkfjd i=k) Internal Letters

vlha iafgatfu nksLrfu [ks [+kr fy[kank vkfg;wa] dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu [ks [+kr fy[kank

vkfg;wa ;k iafgats dafga lq×kkry [ks [+kr fy[kank vkfg;waA bUgfu ek.gqfu [ks fyf[k;y

[+kr xS+j&nLrwjh [+kr lfM;k osank vkfgfuA ^x+Sj&nLrwjh* yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs fcuk

dafga nLrwj ;k fu;e ts] ekuk vlka [ks dq>q fc po.k ykb dafga [kka] dafga fc fo+QLe

th btkt+r ofB.kh u ios ;k dq>q fc po.k ykb ^efgjckuh* tfgM+fu Fkksjk e×k.k

okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks fc u dfj.kks iosA butks lccq bgks vkgs r bu fo+QLe ts

x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu esa [+kr fy[k.k okjs ,sa tafga [ks [+krq fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgs fcUgha ts

fop esa xgjks ukrks gwanks vkgsA bgks ukrks dqVqach Fkh l?ks Fkks] nksLrhv tks Fkh l?ks Fkks

;k lq×kk.ki tks fc Fkh l?ks FkksA bu fo+QLe ts [+krfu [ks ^'k[+lh [+kr* fc poank

vkfgfuA x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu [ks fgd o.k&xzki+Q th enn lka leq>h l?kwa Fkk&

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

243

x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr

('k[+lh [+kr)

oMfu [ks ik.k tsMfu [ks ua<fu [ks

ihm oMks Hkkm MkMks nksLr ge&Dyklh lq×kkry

ekm oMh Hks.k MkMh

pkpks ekbV lq×kkry

ekeks ox+Sjg

ghavj rOgka leq>h fo;k gwank r iafgaatkbi th Hkkouk lka Hkfj;y [+krfu [ks ^'k[+lh

[+kr* pbcks vkgsA bgs HkkoukÅa balku ,sa gkyrqfu ewftcq cfnfytafn;wa jgafn;wa vkfgfuA

pfo.kh fc vkgs r ^balkuq dMfga Hkjhv esa r dMfga Hkkdqj esa* ;kus dMfga [+k˜'khv

esa r dMfga x+e esaA bu lka xM˜ [+krq fy[k.k tks vankt+ fc cfnfyth osanks vkgsA [+kr

fy[k.k th i+Qt+hyr [ks è;ku esa j[kh] bu fdLe ts [+krfu [ks ok/k;qfu okjks [+krq]

Fkksjk e×k.k okjks [+krq] 'kqHkdkeukmfu okjks [+krq] uhaM&[+krq ,sa ifjpk.khv (x+ehv)

okjs [+kr ts :i esa fofjgk, lf?kts FkksA

üú-û-ü nLrwjh [+kr (vkSipkfjd i=k) Formal Letters

tMfga fcfu ek.gqfu ts fop esa 'k[+lh ykxkik u gwank vkfgfu ,sa fgd fc, lka

lq×kk.ki fc u gwanh vkgs ,sa fgd fc, [ks [+krq ox+Sjg fy[kank vkfgfu r vfgM+fu

ykxkis okjfu [+krfu [ks nLrwjh [+kr* p;ks osanks vkgsA felky rkSj tMfga dks fdrkc

[+kjhn djs ?kqjkb.k ykb dafga fdrkc fod.k.k okjs [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks r vOgka[ks

[+kcj gwanh vkgs r mu 'k[+l lka vOgkatks ykxkiks nLrwjh vkgs ,sa vOgka gqu[ks dafga

[+kkfl ed+ln lka [+krq fy[kh jfg;k vkfg;ksA lkxhv jhfr tMfga vOgka dafga cSad

eSustj [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks ;k li+QkbZ&veynkj [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks] rMfga

fc [+krq fy[k.k tks rOgkatks dksbZ [+kkfl eo+Qlnq gwanks vkgsA vfgM+hv gkyfr esa

tafga[ks [+krq feys Fkks] mgks ek.gw vge u gwanks vkgs] gqutks mfgnks vge gwanks vkgsA

go+Qho+Qr esa] vOgka dafga tk.k] elbys ;k fc, dafga eo+Qln ykb mUgfu [ks [+krq

fy[kank vkfg;ks ,sa i+Qdfr mUghv fo"k; rs xqÝ+rxw dank vkfg;ksA bgs nLrwjh [+kr ;k

r vkWi+Qhl ts dedkfj ckcfr gwank vkfgfu ;k frtkjrh gwank vkfgfuA

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

244

nqdkunkjfu] ifCy'kjfu ,sa dEifu;qfu [ks eksfdy.k okjfu [+krfu [ks ^frtkjrh [+kr*

pbcks vkgsA vfgM+fu [+krfu tks ykxkiks balku ts /a/s&okikj lka gwanks vkgsA tsds [+kr

dafga fgd vkWi+Qhl eka chv vkWi+Qhl ;k ek.gqfu [ks eksfdfy;k osank vkfgfu] mgs lHkq

fgu esa b±nk vkfgfuA

nLrwjh [+kr

frtkjrh [+kr nÝ+rjh [+kr nj[+okLrh [+kr

(O;kolkf;d i=k) (dk;kZy;h i=k) (vkosnu @ çkFkZuk i=k)

fdrkc fod.kanM+] vkWi+Qhl] laLFkk veynkj [ks

cSad eSustj ikjka ikjka ;k fgd

;k fgd fc, [ks fc, [ks


1- cSad eSustj [ks tsdks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks] mgks dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gwanks vkgs\

(v) nLrwjh (c) frtkjrh

(l) x+Sj&nLrwjh (n) nÝ+rjh ¹ º

2- ekm [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tks [+krq fyf[kcks vkgs\

(v) nLrwjh (c) nÝ+rjh

(l) 'k[+lh (n) nj[+okLrh ¹ º

üú-ü [+kr tk Mkdk

vlka ghavj nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgsA [+krq nLrwjh

gqts ;k x+Sj nLrwjh] fcUgha [ks fy[k.k ykb dq>q Mkdfu tks flyflysok# okfgiks dj.kq

t+:jh gwanks vkgsA thva] tafga [ks [+krq eksfdfyts Fkks] mu tks ukyks] ,Msªl] lacks/u]

[+kr tks ewy eoknq ,sa [+kr th iNkM+hA fgu [ks bu jhfr leq>h lf?kts Fkks&

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&üú-û

fVi.kh

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(v) ,sMsªl ,sa rkjh[+k fy[k.k ('kq:vkfr)

(c) lacks/u ,sa vfHkoknu okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dj.k

(lacks/u ,sa vknj)

(l) p;y xkfYg fy[k.k ([+kr tks ewy eoknq)

(n) [+kr th iNkM+h ,sa lgh dj.kq (iNkM+h)

eFks tk.kk;y Mkdk lfHkuh fo+QLefu ts [+krfu esa Fkhank vkfgfu] i+Qdfr mUgfu [ks

isf'k dj.k tks rjhdks tqnk tqnk Fkhanks vkgsA tsdMfga rOgka dksbZ fc [+krq [k.kh fMlank

r rOgka[ks mu esa eFks tk.kk;y lHkq xkfYg;wa ut+j b±fn;waA vpks] ghavj vlha [+kr ts

tqnk tqnk Mkdfu ts ckjs esa ri+Qlhy lka tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA

(v) ,sMªsl ,sa rkjh[+k

rOgka [ks gsy rkb± nlhZ fdrkc dksu fefy;k vkfgfu] bu flyflys esa vOgka jk"Vªh;

eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku [ks fgdq [+krq fyf[k;ks] ij laLFkku [ks bgk [+kcj u isbZ

r rOgka fdFks jgank vkfg;ks ,sa rOgka dMfga [+krq fyf[k;ksA ij tsdMfga mu esa ,Msªl

bZ u gwanh r gw fdrkc dhva eksfdys l?kank ,sa bgks

fc tk.kh dksu l?kank r dfgM+h rkjh[+k rkb± vOgka[ks

fdrkc dksu feyh lf?k;k vkfgfuA budjs lfHkuh

[+krfu ts eFkka ifgfj,a [+kkyh ikls lkthv daqM rs

,Mªsl fy[kh osanh vkgs ,sa muts gsBka rkjh[+kA thva&

tMfga vlha dafga[ks ifgfj;ksa Hksjks [+krq fy[kank

vkfg;wa] rMfga vlha mu esa iafgath iwjh ,Msªl fy[kank

vkfg;waA ij tMfga vlha iafgats dafgaa lq×kk.ki okjs

[ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r dMfga dMfga iwjh ,Msªl

dksu fy[kank vkfg;wa] Nkdkf.k r gqu [ks vlka th

,Msªl [+kcj gwanh vkgsA ojh fc vlha iafgatks 'kg# ;k xksBq t+:j fy[kank vkfg;waA bu

jhfr ftfu [ks vlha usekbrks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa] mUgfu [ks fc oj oj djs ,Msªl

fy[k.k th t+:jr u ioanh vkgsA gk] ,sMssªl cfnyt.k rs ub± ,sMsªl c˜/kb.k ykb b,a

dfj.kks ioanks vkgsA gwava #xks 'kgj tks ukyks bZ fyf[kcks vkgsA tsdMfga lkfx, 'kgj

esa [+krq eksfdfyts Fkks r #xks rkjh[+k fy[k.k lka fc deq gyh osanks vkgsA ?k.kks fFk;ks

r rkjh[+k ts eFkka edkuh* fyf[kcks vkgsA bUgfu fVfu gkyrqfu esa [+kr [ks fgu jhfr

Ms[kkjs lf?kts Fkks&

jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku,&24&25] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k]

lsDVj&62] uks,Mk&20130930-05-2018

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

246

gkyfr&1 gkyfr&2 gkyfr&3

(uksV& vt˜dYg VkbZi th lgwfy;r djs ,Msªl ,sa rkjh[+k [ks [kkcs ikls fy[k.k tks

fjoktq vkgsA)

(c) lacks/uq ,sa vkn#

lacks/uq& tMfga vlka dafga [ks [+krq fy[k.kq 'kq: dank vkfg;wa r ifgfj;ksa lqoky

b±nks vkgs r gqu [ks Nk fy[kh djs lacksf/r dtsA bgks lacks/u [+krq fy[k.k okjs [ks

,sa tafga [ks [+krq fyf[kts Fkks] fcUgha ts ykxkis rs enk# j[ks FkksA tMfga vlha iafgats

dafga nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r gqu ykb tqnk lacks/u tks okfgiks dank vkfg;wa

,sa tMfga dafga oMs [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r mUgfu ykb tqnk lacks/uq Fkhanks vkgsA

bu jhfr] x+Sj&nLrwjh ykxkifu esa tqnk lacks/u tks okfgiks Fkhanks vkgsA

dq>q felky& iwT; firk lkfgc] fç; eksuw] ije vknj.kh; nknk lkfgc ox+SjgA

è;ku Mhank& fMuy yÝ+t+ % iwT;] I;kjk] ije vknj.kh;] ekuokjk ox+Sjg lacks/u tk

:i vkfgfuA bUgfu yÝ+t+fu ckcfr vlka[ks dq>q tk.k gqv.kq ?kqfjts&

(1) ^fç;* tks okfgiks gsfB fMuy x+Sj&nLrwjh gkyrqfu esa d;ks osanks vkgs&

ik.k [kka ua<fu ykb I;kjk $ ukyks

ge&mfefj okjfu ykb (I;kjk jes'k] I;kjh ehuk{kh]

ftfu lka ?kkVks ukrks gqts I;kjk nksLr ox+Sjg)

dMfga dMfga nLrwjh [+kr esa fc ^I;kjk* tks okfgiks d;ks osanks vkgs&

1& I;kjk $ vkdfg (I;kjk jkepank.kh)

2& I;kjk $ ukyks $ th ox+Sjg (I;kjk vt; th)

,Msªl % ,&8 @ 22 ,olar fogkj

ubZ fnYyh&11005730-05-2018

txg % ubZ fnYyh30-05-2018

edkuh30-05-2018

fVi.kh

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247

(2) iwT;] ije iwtuh;] vknj.kh;] ekuokjk tks okfgiks mUgfu ek.gqfu ykb d;ks

osanks vkgs] ftfu [ks vOgka ekuq fM;.kq pkfg;ks FkkA thva iwT; xq: efgjkt] iwtuh;

veka lkfgc] vknj.kh; dkdk th ox+SjgA

fla/hv esa ^lkab±* yÝ+t+ tks okfgiks fc ?k.kks ekuq fM;.k ykb d;ks osanks vkgsA

lacks/u ts rqrZ cSfn vlha mu ek.gwv ts lacks/u ewftfc vknj okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks

okfgiks dank vkfg;waA thva& ueLrs] lyke] ç.kke ox+SjgA vklhl] lnk [+kqf'k gqtks

'kky tfgM+k yÝ+t+ fc vknj esa 'kkfey vkfgfuA

dMfga dMfga lacks/u [kka rqrZ cSfn bZ [+krq 'kq: d;ks osanks vkgsA vfgM+h gkyfr esa

?k.kks djs lacks/u [ks ik.k o/hd :gkuh vkdk# fMuks osanks vkgsA thva& I;kjk Hkkm]

eqafgath I;kjh vefM+ ox+SjgA yÝ+t+fu [kka iksb Fkksjs ne ( ] ) tks okfgiks d;ks osanks

vkgs Nkdkf.k r chv flV esa vlka[ks vknj ;k vklhl tks dks yÝ+t+ fM;.kks gwanks

vkgsA tMfga ueLrs] lyke ;k ueLdkj tfgM+fu vknj ts yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks d;ks

osanks vkgs r id gwanh vkgs r vlha iafgatfu oMfu [ks [+krq fy[kh jfg;k vkfg;waA

tMfga fld] vklhl] I;kj tfgM+fu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks fFk, r i<+.k lka bZ vankt+ks

Fkh osanks vkgs r okLrsnkj ek.gw [+kr fy[k.k okjs ek.gwv [kka mfefj esa ua<ks vkgsA

vknj&lRdkj

iwT; nknk

lkfgc]

ueLrs A

nLrwjh [+krfu esa lacks/u ts :i esa ?k.kks djs fç;] ekuokjk] ekuokjh tks okfgiks d;ks

osanks vkgsA vknj tks yÝ+t+ fy[k.k cSfn iwjks neq ( A ) ;k vtc th fu'kkuh ( ! )

t+:# yxkb.kq ?kqfjtsA eFks fMuy felkyfu esa fc vknj ts yÝ+t+fu cSfn iwjs ne ( A )

th fu'kkuh fMuh osbZ vkgs] rOgka bu rs x+kS# d;ks gwanksA

e

dkWye ^v* esa fMuy ek.gqfu ykb dkWye ^c* lka BfgdanM+ lacks/u feyk;ks&

I;kjk iqV

uwjp'e foosd A

ef'kx+™fy;wa&üú-û

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

248

dkWye ^v* dkWye ^c*

nksLr iwtuh;

ikM+sfljh I;kjh

,MhVj fç; nksLr

ekeh ekuokjk

nknk lkfgc vknj.kh;

lkfgM+h lkb±

iqfyl veynkj fç; lkfgM+h

(l) [+kr th fo"k;&oLrw

[+kr esa vknj&lRdkj cSfn [+kr tks ewyq eokn fM;.kks gwanks vkgsA mu [+kr t+jh, vlha

tsdks dq>q po.k pkfg;wa Fkk ;k pbZ jfg;k vkfg;wa] mu [ks [+kr tks ewyq eoknq poank

vkfgfuA fc;fu yÝ+t+fu esa bu [kss [+kr tks lans'k] lekpkj ;k gky&vfgoky fc pbZ

lf?kts FkksA tafga [ks vlha [+kr t+jh, fc, ek.gwv rkb± igqpkb.k pkfg;wa FkkA

fgdq felky fMlks&

I;kjh /hv lkuoh] ,Msªl %

?k.kh fldA rkjh[+k %

ewa dYg fgd fi+QYe fi, fMBh r ewa[ks rqafgath reke ?k.kh ;kfn vkbZA

lqBks fFk, gk ts rwa fc ---------------------------------------------------------------------

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nLrwjh [+krfu esa ftrs vknj&lRdkj okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dksu d;ks osanks vkgs]

mrs [+kr tks lans'kq] lekpk# ;k gkyq&vfgokyq lacks/u [kka iksb bZ 'kq: d;ks osanks

vkgsA thva&

ekuokjk] ,Msªl %

NIOS [ks [+krq rkjh[+k %

fo"k; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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fVi.kh

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[+kr ts eokn ts ckjs esa dq>q xkfYg;qfu tks è;ku j[k.kq t+:jh vkgs&

tsdMfga [+krq ifgfj;ksa Hksjks fy[kh jfg;k vkfg;ks r lans'k tks eo+Qlnq ifgfj,a

iSjkxzki+Q esa bZ fy[kh t+kfg# dfj;ksA

tsdMfga [+krfu tks flyflyks ifgjha [kka bZ tkjh vkgs r iks,a [+kr tks ft+Ø

t+:jh vkgsA thva&

rOgkatks rkjh[+k 30-05-2018 okjks [+krq fefy;ksA mu flyflys esa

rOgka[ks tk.kk;ks Fkks o×ks r --------------------------------------------------------------

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tsdMfga dks ljdkjh [+krq vkgs r [+kr uacj ,sa rkjh[+k tks ft+Ø t+:# dfj;ksA

thva rOgkats [+kr uacj bZ- ,N- 13 @ 2 @ 187 rkjh[+k 01-06-2018 ckcfr rOgka

[ks tk.kkbts Fkks -------

tsdMfga [+kr tks eoknq o/hd vkgs r mu[ks fcfu ;k fVfu iSjkxzki+Qfu esa

fofjgk, lf?kts FkksA eq[; xkfYg lka [+kr th 'kq:vkfr djs fc,a iSjkxzki+Q esa

mu lka okcLrk xkfYg;wa fy[k.kq ?kqfjtfuA ub± xkfYg u,a iSjkxzki+Q lka 'kq: dj.kq

?kqfjtsA

tMfga vlha [+krq fy[kh iwjks dank vkfg;wa r vkf[+kjh tqeys ts :i esa dksbZ ua<ks

tqfeyks ;k yÝ+t+ fy[kank vkfg;wa] tsdks vkf[+kjh iSjkxzki+Q [kka iksb vkt+kn :i esa

fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA thva& ckdh fc, [+kr esa] iafgatks [+;ky jf[ktkab] 'kqHkdkeukmfu

lka] efgjckuh e×khans] rqafgatss [+kr ts bart+kj esa ------- ox+SSjgA

(n) iNkM+hv okjk yÝ+t+ ,sa lgh

[+kr esa tMfga fu;kiks ;k xkfYg iwjh Fkh osanh vkgs r iNkM+hv esa vlha iafgatks ukyks

fy[k.k [kka ifgjha iNkM+hv okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dank vkfg;waA rOgkatks iqVq]

rOgkatks vkKkdkjh f'k"; @ f'k";k] Hkonh; @ Hkonh;k] U;kt+ean] vOgkath] rOgkath]

rOgkatks nksLr @ lkfgM+h ox+SjgA bgs lHkq iNkM+hv okjk yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA bUgfu tks

okfgiks fc vlha tqnk tqnk gokys esa tqnk rjhdfu lak dank vkfg;waA thva ekLrj [ks

[+krq fy[kans vOgkatks vkKkdkjh f'k";] 'kkfxnZq_ nksLr [ks rqafgatks] rqafgaatks nksLr_

ekm&ihm [ks rOgkatks iqVq] rOgkath /hv ox+Sjg fy[kanklhaA oMfu [ks ik.k [kka ua<fu

ykb 'kqHkfpard] I;kj eka ox+Sjg fy[kh lf?kts FkksA

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^iNkM+hv* okjks yÝ+t+ ges'kk lans'k iwjks fFk;.k cSfn u,a tqfeys esa fyf[kcks vkgsA mu

[kka iksb Fkksjkss ne tks fu'kku ( ] ) yxk;ks osanks vkgsA nÝ+rjh ,sa frtkjrh [+krfu esa

^Hkonh;* ;k ^vOgkatks* fy[kank vkfgfuA nj[+okLrh [+kr esa ^Hkonh;* ;k ^fouhr*

fy[kh lf?kts FkksA

iNkM+hv okjs yÝ+t+ gsBka lgh dch vkgsA ljdkjh ,sa nLrwjh [+krfu esa lghv [kka iksb

iwjks ukyks ,sa muts gsBka mfgnks fyf[k;ks osanks vkgs] ij x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu esa bUgfu th

t+:jr u gwanh vkgsA fgrs è;ku fM;.kq ?kqfjts r x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu esa vlka i+Qo+Qfr

iafgatks ukyks fy[kank vkfg;wa] ij nLrwjh [+krfu esa ifgjha lgh dch vkgs] mu cSfn

iafgatks iwjks ukyks ,sa mfgnks fy[kank vkfg;waA thva&


1- iafgats ik.k [kka ua<h mfefj okjfu [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r vOgka lacks/u esa Nk

fy[kank\

(v) ueLrs (c) ç.kke

(l) vklhl (n) isjs ioka Fkks ¹ º

2- ik.k [kka oMh mfefj okjfu [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r iNkM+hv esa Nk fy[k.kq

?kqfjts\

(v) rOgkatks vkKkdjh (c) rOgkatks [+kkfl

(l) rOgkatks 'kqHkfpard (n) lnk rOgkatks ¹ º

3- iafgats bZ 'kgj esa [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r Nk fy[k.kq t+:jh vkgs\

(v) rkjh[+k (c) txfg

(l) rkjh[+k ,sa txg cbZ (n) iafgath iwjh ,Mssªl ¹ º

x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr

vOgkath /hv]

'khyk

nLrwjh [+kr

Hkonh; @ Hkonh;k]

(lgh)

nhid@g"kkZ ykyok.kh

(mfgnks)

lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&üú-ü

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üú-ý dq>q [+krfu tk fd+Le

rOgkats ?kj esa vk;y oD+r&fc&oD+r dq>q [+kr vOgka xM˜ d;k gwankA vOgka fgdq ni+Qks

mUgfu [ks i<+h fMlksA gwava vlka rOgkath enn ykb dq>q [+krfu tk uewuk fgrs MsbZ

jfg;k vkfg;waA bu lka rOgka [ks [+kr fy[k.k ts ckjs esa tk.k feyanhA

[+krq fy[k.kq fc fgd dyk vkgsA Nk rOgka[ks [+kcj vkgs r #xks tk.k fM;.kq]

gkyq&vfgokyq fM;.kq&oB.kq bZ [+krq dksu vkgsA vfgM+k [+kr cksfj;r iSnk dank vkfgfuA

lqBs [+kr th vgeq [+kkfl;r bgk vkgs r mu [ks i<+.k lka iafgatkbi tks vglkl

fFk,] i<+.k okjs [ks b,a yxs r mgks [+kr gqu ykb bZ fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgsA vfgM+k [+kr

vlkath fnfy rs vl# dfu Fkk ,sa ykxkifu [ks et+cwrq Bkghfu FkkA vpks fMlwa&

üú-ý-û x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr

efFk,a [+kr esa tkWuhv iafgats nksLr [ks tue Mhaga twa eqckjdwa eksfdfy;wa vkfgfuA

rOgka[ks ges'kk è;ku j[k.kq ?kqfjts r ok/k;qfu okjs [+kr th 'kq:vkfr ges'kk [+k˜'khv

lka Hkfj;y tqfeys lka fFk;.k ?kqfjts ,sa iNkM+h 'kqHkdkeukmfu lka xM˜A ok/k;qfu ykb

fgdq c tqfeyk bZ [kksM+ vkfgfuA thva fgu [+kr tk vkf[+kjh c tqfeykA ij tue

Mhaga rs u igqph l?k.k tks lccq c˜/kb±ns tkWuhv ;kfn fM;kfj;ks vkgs r ^^cbZ fgd

fc, ts tue&Mhaga rs ges'kk xM˜ jfg;k vkfgfuA ifgfj;ksa Hksjks b,a Fkhanks tks eka rqafgats

tue Mhaga rs ekStwn dksu Fkh l?kanqflA** bUgfu fcfu tqfeyfu lka fcUgha nksLrfu ts

fld Hkfj;y ykxkifu th xgjkbZv tks bt+gk# fFk, FkksA

chjxat] usikyI;kjk lat;] rkjh[+k 30-05-2018I;kj Hkjh ueLrsA

ijhag rqafgatks tue Mhagqa vkgsA bu twa rks[ks ef.k,a eqckjdwa ! bgk [+k˜'khv thxkfYg r vkgs] ij ewa[kss rekeq vthcq yxh jfg;ks vkgsA vlka cbZ fgd fc, tstue Mhaga rs ges'kk xM˜ bZ jfg;k vkfg;waA bgks ifgfj;ksa Hksjks Fkhanks] tks eka rqafgatstue Mhaga rs rkslka xM˜ u gwanqflA ijhag ekek th 'kknh vkgs] budjs eka ?k.kkspkghans fc rqafgats tue Mhaga rs igqph dksu l?kanqflA eka fgrka bZ rks[kss fnfy lka'kqHkdkeukÅa eksfdys jfg;ks vkfg;kaA 'ky vfgM+k 'kqHk Mhaga losa Hksjk vpfu ,sagj iy rks ykb uvksa mYykl] u;wa meaxwa ,sa u;wa mesnwa [k.kh vpfuA

fnyh 'kqHkdkeukmfu lkarqafgatkss [+kkfl

tkWuh

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'ksok esa] rkjh[+k % 30-05-2018li+QkbZ veynkjdkuiqj egkuxj ikfydkdkuiqjA

fo"k;% xanxhv tks elbyksAekuokjk]

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eka fdnobZ uxj ts lfHkuh jgkdqfu ikjka rOgka[ks nj[+okLr djs jfg;ksvkfg;ka r fgrss li+QkbZv tks [+kkfl cankscLrq tYnq d;ks o×ksAHkonh;](lgh) uan HkkfV;k

pÄks] gk.ks vOgka fc dq>q djs fMlksA

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lka gqutks dki+Qh uqo+Qlkuq Fkh fo;ksA gqu[ks fnyklks Mhans] fgdq laosnuk okjks [+krq fy[kks&

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üú-ý-ü nLrwjh [+kr

tfgM+hv jhfr van:uh fld x+SSj&nLrwjh [+krfu th [+kkfl [+kwch vkgs] mUghv jhfreq[+rflj ;k Fkksjfu yÝ+t+fu esa xkfYg po.kq ,sa lki+QxksbZ nLrwjh [+krfu th [+kwch gwanhvkgsA vt˜ ts t+ekus esa ?k.kks Msf?k esa i<+.k tks oD+rq dafga veynkj ;k okikjhv [ksdksu gwanks vkgsA budjs vfgM+fu nLrwjh [+krfu [kss fy[k.k ofD+r fcuk dafga foLrkjtss fl/ks fo"k; rs vp.k ?kqfjts ,sa vkf[+kfj esa lki+Q˜ yÝ+t+fu esa bgks c˜/kb.kq ?kqfjts rrOgka th [+krq fy[k.k th eqjkn dfgM+h vkgs\ felky rksj gsfB fMuy [+krq i<+ksA

f'kdk;rh [+krq % li+QkbZ veynkj [ks xanxhv ckcfr nkagaA

ef'kx+™fy;wa&üú-üfVi.kh

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efFk,a [+kr esa rOgka è;kuq fMuks gwanks r Jh uan HkkfV;k vkoklh; dY;k.k lferhv

tks lsØsVªh vkgsA Fkh l?ks Fkks r gqu ts ukys lka 'kk;k fFk;y laLFkk tks dksbZ ysVj&gSM

gqts] vfgM+h gkyfr esa gqu [ks iafgatks ukyks] ,Msªl fy[k.k th t+:jr dku ioanhA

bu [+kr [ks eksfdy.k ofD+r fgdq deq b,a fc Fkh l?ks Fkks r uan HkkfV;k iafgath ,Msªl

lghv gsBka fy[ksA bu jhfr] nLrwjh [+krfu esa lacks/u [kka ifgjha fo"k; fy[k.kq fc

t+:jh Fkhanks vkgs] tafga lka okLrsnk# veynkj [ks iwjks [+kr i<+.k fcuk bZ [+kr tks

et+ewu leq> esa vph o×ks ,sa gw tYnq vft+ tYnq dkjZokbZ djs l?ksA

e×kks [k.kh r uan HkkfV;k th eFkha nkaga rs gsYFk foHkkx è;kuq uFkks fM, ,sa bgks

elbyks ik.k o/h o×ks FkksA bu bZ elbys rs HkkfV;k rji+Qka dafga jkst+kuh v[+kckj ts

,MhVj [ks [+krq fy[kks&

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ef'kx+™fy;wa&üú-ý

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

254

rkjh[+k % 05-06-2018

'ksok esa]

okikj eSustj

us'kuy cqd VªLV

5 ,] xzhu ikdZ]

ubZ fnYyh&110016

fo"k;% fdrkc ?kqjkb.k ykbA

ekuokjk]

gsfB fMuy fdrkcfu th fgd fgd dkWih eqafgats ukys lka fMuy ,sMsªl rs

tYnq eksfdy.k th Ñik dankA

1- iqLrdsa tks vej gSa& eukst nkl

2- jru ekyk& uokc dk csM+k] vtesj

3- loyks fla/h xzkej& MkDVj m"kk lkjLor

4- fla/h lkfgR; tks bfrgkl& MkDVj eqjyh/j tsVyss

5- fla/h igkdk& MkDVj jfoçdk'k Vsdpank.kh

Hkonh;

usgk Hkkouk.kh

9] ok;q lsuk LVs'ku

yksg xkao

iq.ks (egkjk"Vª)

üú-ý-ý frtkjrh [+kr

gk.ks rOgka nLrwjh [+krfu esa frtkjrh [+kr tks fgdq uewuks fMlksA fgrs fdrkc fofdjks

dj.k okjs [ks fyf[k;y [+kr Mkagqa è;kuq fM;ksA mrs ,Msªl] rkjh[+k] lacks/u ox+Sjg

fy[k.k cSfn fl/ks [+kr tks ed+ln fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgsA

fdrkc fofdjks danM+ [ks [+krq& fdrkc ?kqjkb.k ykb

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üú-ý-þ nj[+okLrh [+kr

nj[+okLrh [+krq fc fgd fo+QLe tks nLrwjh [+krq Fkhanks vkgsA bu fo+QLe ts [+kr fy[k.k

ofD+r fc rOgka mUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu tks [+kkfl è;kuq j[kank] tsdks dafga fc fc,

nLrwjh [+kr fy[k.k ofD+r j[kank vkfg;ksA ukSo+Qjhv ykb ;k i<+kbZ vfxrs tkjh j[k.k

ykb nj[+okLrh [+kr eksfdy.k tk c rjhdk e'kgwj vkfgfuA nj[+okLr eksfdy.k [kka

ifgjha rOgka[ks bgk id dj.kq t+:jh vkgs r gqufu tks dksbZ [+kkfl eoknq r dksu

Bfg;y vkgs] tsdMfga vkgs r vOgka mu [ks ?kqjk, oBks Fkk ;k ik.k o×kh djs oBh

l?kks Fkk r oBh vpksA

ij] tsdMfga dafga fc fo+QLe tks dksbZ eoknq dksu vkgs r vOgka fgd lkns dkx+t+ rs

bf'rgkj tks gokyks Mhans iafgath o+Qkfcfy;r ,sa fy;ko+Qrwa lki+Q˜ v[kjfu esa fy[kh ;k

VkbZi djk, eksfdys l?kks FkkA ,sa gk] rOgka iafgath ,Msªl fy[k.k u folkfjtksA rOgka

nj[+okLrh [+kr ts gsfB fMuy uewus eka tk.k gkflyq djs l?kks Fkk&

lfpo]

ijkx VsDlVkbZy fyfeVsM

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bUnkSj (eè;çns'k)

fo"k; % DydZ ts mfgns ykb nj[+okLrA

ekuokjk]

iatkc dsljh v[+kckj ts b'rgkj ua- 633 rkjh[+k 05-05-2018 ewftfc eka

rOgkath dEiuhv esa DydZ ts mfgns ykb nj[+okLr isf'k djs jgh vkfg;kaA

eka 20 lkyfu th lqjHkh vkgwtk] ckck usHkjkt Ldwy eka Mgksa ntksZ i+QLVZ

fMoht+u esa ikl d;ks vkgsA bu [kka lokb ewa[ks dEI;wVj tks bLrsekyq fc b±nks vkgs

,sa fla/h ,sa vaxzst+hv esa rst+ LihM lka VkbZi danh vkfg;kaA lVhZfi+QdsV th i+QksVks

dkWih lk.kq eksfdys jgh vkfg;kaA ewa ofV de tks vkt+ewnks dksu vkgsA tsdMfga

vOgha ekSdks Mhank r eka fo'oklq fM;kfj;ka Fkh r iafgats efgur ,sa yxu lka

vOgka[ks f'kdk;r tks fgdq fc o>q dksu Mhafn;flA

efgjckuh e×khans

lqjHkh vkgwtk

3@44] çrki uxj]

ckM+esj (jktLFkku)

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ub± tk.k VsDukykWth ,sa [+kr

o+Qnheq t+ekus esa ek.gw [+kr gFk lka fy[kh djs [+kkfl Vikfy;qfu t+jh, eksfdyhank

gqvkA iksb Viky&cankscLr 'kq: fFk;ks ,sa Viky t+jh, [+kr eksfdy.kq 'kq: fFk;kA

lgwfy;r ewftfc fpVkbZ ,sa li+QkbZv [ks è;ku esa j[kans ?k.kks djs nLrwjh @ nÝ+rjh [+kr

VkbZi fFk;.k yxkA oSKkfud VsDukykWthv esa bafo+Qykch iQsjks vp.k lka ghavj ,dohgha

lnhv esa [+kr fy[k.k ,sa eksfdy.k ts <ax esa fc rCnhyh vkbZ vkgsA tsrks.khfd dqVqach

(x+Sj&nLrwjh) [+kr vt˜ fc ?k.kks djs gFk lka fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu] ij bUgfu [ks

iafgath eaft+y rkb± (gkflyq dj.k okjs rkb±) igqp.k esa fcfu fVfu Mhagafu tks oD+rq

yxh o×ks FkksA dEI;wVj ,sa baVjusV lka bZ&esy ,sa i+QSDl flfj'rs bu oD+r th foFkhv

[ks t+js ?kfV [+kre djs bZ NfM;ks vkgsA

bZ&[+kr ;k bZ&esy dEI;wVj olhys FkhanM+ [+kr&ofgaokj [ks pbcks vkgsA xzkfi+Qd

bZ&esy lka xM˜ fy[k.k okjks bZ&[+kr tks ckWDl [kksyhanks vkgs ,sa iafgats eu th xkfYg

mu esa dafga rb fFk;y ek.gwv ykb VkbZi danks vkgsA mgks [+krq baVjusV olhys

f[ku&iy esa nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM&dqfM+N esa igqph osanks vkgsA gkflyq dj.k okjks

mu [ks mu bZ iy esa iafgats dEI;wVj LØhu rs i<+h oBanks vkgs ,sa pkgs r gw mu th

dkWih fc fçaV djk, gkflyq djs l?ks FkksA bZ&esy rs [+kr fy[k.k ts uewus ,sa jokth

[+kr fy[k.k ts uewus esa dksbZ [+kkfl i+QdqZ dksu Fkhanks vkgs] ij bZ&esy esa è;kuq jf[kcks

vkgs r [+krq eqf[+rl# gqtsA iQSDl fgd fo+QLe th Vsyh&fçafVax vkgsA vyfx dkx+t+

rs gFk lka fy[kh ;k VkbZi d;y [+kr [ks i+QSDl e'khu t+jh, nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM

eka chv i+QSDl e'khu rs mUghv :i esa fçaV djk, lf?kts FkksA bgks deq Vsyhi+Qksu

flfj'rs lka tqfM+;y gwanks vkgs ,sa lSVsykbZV th enn lka f[ku&iy esa chv i+QSDl

e'khu rs dkx+t+ th lkxh dkih feyh osanh vkgsA

vt˜dYg ua<k&ua<k fu;kik fy[kh djs eksckbZy iQksu t+jh, ek.gw iafgats fç; vt+ht+

[ks eksckbZy iQksu rs fu;kiks eksfdyhank vkfgfuA fc;ks ek.gw nqfu;k th dafga fc dqaM

esa Nks dhu osBks gqts] ifgfj;ksa ek.gw iafgath tkb [kka gqu [ks euilafn fu;kiks eksfdys

l?ks FkksA bu [ks ,l-,e-,l- poank vkfgfuA ,l-,e-,l- tks efrycq vkgs 'kkWVZ

eSlst lfoZl (ua<s fu;kis th 'ksok) felky rkSj fu;kifu (,l-,e-,l-) eksfdy.k

tks flyflyks fMlks&

eks- 1- ueLrs ! rOgka dhva vkfg;ks\

eks- 2- Bhdq vkfg;ka !

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eks- 1- ewa[ks rOgka lka reke ?kf.k;wa xkfYg;wa dfjf.k;wa vkfgfuA rOgka fdFks

vkfg;ks\

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xkfYg vkgs\

eks- 1- gk ! vkgs r] ij tMfga rOgka fnYyhv esa gwank] vlha rMfga osgh djs

xkfYg;wa danklhaA

eks- 2- Bhdq vkgs] eka vkjrokj 'kke tks fnYyhv igqph osafn;flA

iafgats eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks ijss osBy ek.gwv rkb± igqpkb.k ykb [+kr fyf[k;k

osank vkfgfuA vtdYg VsDukykWth ,sa lapkj esa bafo+Qykcq vp.k lcfc dEI;wVj

baVjusV t+jh, fc bZ&[+kr eksfdfy;k osank vkfgfuA eksckbZy i+Qksu t+jh, xkfYg

cksfYg u djs lf?kts Fkh] lk.kq xM˜ nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM esa osBy fc,

ek.gwv ts eksckbZy i+Qksu rs fy[kh djs fu;kik fc eksfdys lf?ktfu FkkA

,l-,e-,l- t+jh, vOgka gksyh&fM;kjhv tk 'kqHkdkeuk luhgk iafgatfu ijs

jganM+ nksLrfu [ks eksfdys l?kks FkkA

[+kr gsfB;fu fo+QLefu tk Fkhank vkfgfu&

[+krfu tk fo+QLe

nj[+okLrh [+kr fy[k.k ofD+r lHksbZ xkfYg;wa e;kZnk lka fy[k.k ?kqfjtfuA

vkf[+kfj esa fuoM+r ,sa U;kt+ tks bt+gk# dj.k ?kqfjtsA

rOgha Nk fl[;k

nLrwjh x+Sj&nLrwjh

frtkjrh nÝ+rjh nj[+okLrh'k[+lh [+kr

ok/kbZ 'kqØxqt+kjh 'kqHkdkeuk uhaM i=k fc;k [+kr[+kr [+kr [+kr

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

258

nLrwjh [+krfu esa fo"k; fpVs uewus fy[k.kq t+:jh vkgsA

x+Sj nLrwjh [+krq iafgatfu ts I;kj Hkfj;fu Hkkofu lka lqHkkohd xkfYg cksfYg ts

vankt+ esa fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA

lacks/u ,sa vknj esa vnc ,sa i+Qt+hyr tks veyq t+:jh vkgsA

1- ?k: [+krfu th dfgM+h eq[;q [+kkfl;r Fkhanh vkgs\

2- nLrwjh [+krq eqf[+rl# esa Nks fy[k.kq t+:jh vkgs\

3- iafgats nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh] iafgath ua<h Hks.k th 'kknhv esa vp.k th uhaM

fM;ksA

4- v[+kckj ts lEiknd [ks [+krq fy[kh c˜/k;ks r rOgkats 'kgj esa xqaMkxnhZ dsfrjh

o/h osbZ vkgs\

5- jkafn;qfu tks lkekuq fod.k.k okjs nqdkunkj [ks [+krq fy[kh iafgats ykb fgd

fØdsV&fdV ?kqjk;ksA

6- iafgats nksLr ts ihm ts lqxZokl fFk;.k rs ifjpk.kh Mhans [+krq fy[kksA

7- mYgkl uxj 5] cSjd 164] egkjk"Vª esa jganM+ ehjk eVyk.khv rji+Qka fctyh

vkWi+Qhlj [ks [+krq fy[kh c˜/k;ks r fctyhv th dehv lcc ikM+s okjfu [ks

dsfrfj;qfu rfdyhi+Qqfu esa Mhaga xqt+kfj.kk iofu FkkA

8- ch&36] R;kx uxj] psÂbZv th t; y{ehv ikjka M[k.k Hkkjr fla/h çpkj

lHkk psÂbZv rji+Qka fla/h cksyhv ts ok/kjs ykb defu th lkjkg dans] laiknd

fganqLrku] dLrwjck xka/h ekxZ] ubZ&fnYyh&110 001 [ks [+krq fy[kksA

9- dfo uxj] x+kft+;kckn ts Fkk.kk&çHkkjhv [ks [+krq fy[kh] iafgath lkbZfdy pksjh

fFk;.k ts okD+, tks eqf[+rl# vfgoky Mhans tk.k fM;ksA

10- fgu ni+Qs eksdyqfu esa rOgka Nk&Nk d;ks\ iafgats nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh leq>k;ksA


20-1 1- (v) 2- (l)

20-2 1- (l) 2- (v) 3- (v)


tokc

fVi.kh

[+krq dhva fyf[kts

259

21

lk# dhva fyf[kts

ohpkjfu [ks Hkk"kk esa bt+gk# dj.k tk ?k.kkbZ rjho+Qk vkfgfuA dsfrjk ni+Qk vlka ua<s

esa ua<h xkfYg tks c;kuq csgn foLrkj lka dank vkfg;wa r dMfga ojh rekeq oMh olhv

xkfYg [ks rekeq ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# Fkk dfj;waA tfgM+hv rjg ua<h xkfYg [ks

[kksys le>kb.kq fgd dyk vkgs] lkxhv jhfr foLrkj lka p;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV

yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.kq fc fgd dyk vkgsA foLrkj lka p;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV

yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k [ks bZ lk# fy[k.kq pbts FkksA vpks fgu lcd+ esa fgu dyk

tks vH;klq dfj;waA


lkj th ekuk ,sa mi;ksfxrk (i+Qkbns) tks c;kuq djs l?kank_

lkj ,sa Hkko foLrkj esa ri+Qkorq c˜/k, l?kank_

lk# fy[k.k tk tqnk&tqnk :i c˜/k, l?kank_

lk# fy[k.k tks rjhdks c;kuq djs l?kank_

?kqjcy lgh Hkk"kk esa lk# fy[kh l?kankA

ed+ln

olhv = foLrkj] iQfgyko

fVi.kh

260

üû-û lk# fy[k.k th ekuk ,sa i+Qkbnk

vpks r leq>aw r lk# fy[k.kq Nk Fkhanks vkgs\ ,sa vlka ykb muth dfgM+h mi;ksfxrk

vkgsA bgk r vOgka[ks [+kcj vkgs r vlkats thou esa ef'kxwfy;wa yxkrkj o/afn;wa

fFk;aw o×kfu ,sa ofD+r th deh Fkhanh isbZ o×ksA rOgka[ks bgk fc [+kcj vkgs r balku ts

lfHkuh defu esa Hkk"kk th vgeq Hkwfedk Fkhanh vkgsA rOgka ?k.kfu [ks bgks poanks

cq/ks gwanks& ^^o×kq] deq dj.kq Ms] vtk;wa xkfYg;wa u dfjA** butks erycq fFk;ks r

vtk;wa xkfYg;wa u djs] ekStwa lgh ,sa eq[+rlj xkfYg po.k th vgfe;r vkgsA erycq

bgks r Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq vfgM+hv jhfr dts] tks oD+r th cpfr fFk,A tsdMfga ?kfV

yÝ+t de esa vk.khanklha r ofD+r th fc cpr Fkhanh ,sa fc;ks ek.gw vlkath xkfYg

è;ku lka fc c˜/anksA bu [kka lokb lapkj Økafr ts fgu les esa i+QSDl Vsyhi+Qksu ox+Sjg

rs fc iSlk cpankA ?kfV yÝ+tfu esa xkYgkb.kq ;k fy[k.kq fgd dyk vkgsA thou ts

tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa bu lka i+Qkbnks jls FkksA bgk r Fkh ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa iafgath xkfYg

po.k th Hkk"kkbZ dykA fgdq fc;ks fc de Fkhanks vkgs] dafgats fMuy lkexzhv [ks

?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k th dykA bu [ks bZ lk# fy[k.kq pbcks vkgsA lk#

fy[k.k esa dafga fc, ikjka fyf[k;y ;k p;y xkfYg [ks muth cqfu;knh Hkkouk

lyker j[kans ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa xkfYg po.k th

dyk lk# fy[k.k esa ennxk# Fkhanh vkgs ,sa lk# fy[k.k ts vH;kl lka Hkk"kk esa

vlkath dq'kyrk o/s FkhA tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa lk# fy[k.k th mi;ksfxrk vkgsA

v[+kck#fu esa txg ts fglkc lka lekpkj lEiknd lekpkjfu tks lk# fy[kfu FkkA

vkdk'kok.kh ,sa nwjn'kZu rs oD+r ts fglkc lka bgksbZ de d;ks osanks vkgsA dsfrjk ni+Qk

ys[kfu] ,frjs o+Qnqj tks fdrkcfu tks lk# fc r;k# d;ks o×ks FkksA ljdkjh vki+Qhlqfu

esa fc ennxkj ikjka [+krfu ,sa dMfga dMfga r lewjh i+QkbZy tks lk# fyf[k;ks osanks

vkgsA

üû-ü lk# fy[k.k ,sa Hkko foLrkj esa ri+Qkor

lk# fy[k.k ,sa Hkko foLrkj ts ri+Qkor [ks gsfB;qfu rLoh#fu (vkjs[k) t+jh, leq>h

l?kwa Fkk&

foLrkj = iQfgyko

dq'kyrk = o+Qkfcfy;r

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

261

eoknq (lkexzh) lwfDr

lk# Hkko tks foLrk#

rLoh#fu eka bgk xkfYg lki+Q t+kfg# Fkh osbZ u\ cqfu;knh lkexzhv esa foLrk# fFk,

FkksA t+kfg# vkgs r leq>kb.k ykb xkfYg;aw foLrkj esa p;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu] mutks ewyq

Hkko ;k lk# ua<ks Fkhanks vkgs ,sa Fkksjs esa fy[kh lf?kts Fkks] budjs rLohj esa eokn okjh

yhd oMh vkgs] lkj okjh yhd eokn okjh yhd tks fgdq HkkÄs Vs fglks vkgsA lk#

fy[k.kq vDlfj cqfu;knh lkexzh tks 1@3 Fkhanks vkgsA vfgM+hv jhfr ch rLohj esa

lwfDr okjh yhd ua<h vkgsA lwfDr (pfo.kh) r fgd v/q flV th bZ gwanh uA thva

fgd pfo.kh [k.kaw ofgnr eka dfljr Fkh] dfljr ofgnr dqyq*] fgd eka ?k.kk] ?k.kk

fgd esa lekbtfuA Hkko foLrkj esa bu ewy Hkko [ks bZ lki+Q˜ dfj.kks gwanks vkgsA db±

felkyfu t+jh, ;k dsfrjfu rjhdfu lka bu pfo.khv [ks leq>k, lf?kts FkksA bgks ewy

Hkko [ks i[ksM+.kq ;k foLrk# fM;.kq vkgsA budjs Hkko ts foLrkj okjh yhd oMh

vkgsA rOgka rLoh#fu esa bgks fc fMlh jfg;k gwank] pfo.kh ;k Hkko foLrkj ts fo"k;

okjh flV] lkj okjh flV [kka fc ua<h vkgsA thva vlka fMBks lk# r ojh fc ewy

eokn tks 1@3 fgLlks gwanks vkgs ij pfo.kh fgd tqfeys ;k tqfeys ts fgls okjh fc

Fkh l?ks FkhA

üû-ý lk# fy[k.k tk fo+QLe

rOgka leq>h pqdk vkfg;ks r tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa lk# fy[k.k th dfgM+h mi;ksfxrk

vkgsA vyfx&vyfx [ks=kfu] fo"k;fu ;k defu ykb lk# fy[k.k ts dsfrjfu

vyfx&vyfx :ifu tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA vpks] mUgfu eka fdu ts ckjs esa

tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&

1- o/hd yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k th t+:jr

lekpkj fy[k.k esa Fkhanh vkgs ;k i+QSDl dj.k esa Fkhanh vkgs ox+Sjg oxS+jgA bgks

¥ ſŶ±∑ρØυ

(∂ ǻ

ª )

cqfu;knh

(ewy Hkko)

¥ ſŶ±∑ρØυ

(∂ ǻ

ª )

cqfu;knh

(ewy Hkko)

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

262

vDlfj Hkk"kk esa o/hd yÝ+t+fu ;k tqfeyfu ts va'k ykb fgd yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq

djs] yÝ+t+fu ts nqgjko ;k x+Sj t+:jh yÝ+t+fu th dV&lV djs ,sa tqfeyfu ts cukoV

th f?kjf?kykbZv [ks nwfj djs d;ks o×ks FkksA

2- oMs ys[k [ks eq[+rl# :i esa isf'k dj.k ofD+r vofy muts Hkko ;k ohpkj tk

uqDrk mu[ks et+cwr dj.k okjk okLrsnk# uqD+rk uksVq dck vkfgfuA iksb efFk,a rjho+Qs

lka mu[ks Fkksjs esa t+kfg# dcks vkgsA

3- efFk;qfu lewfj;qfu gkyrqfu esa lk# fy[kanM+ ewy eokn [ks vDlfj dsfrjk Hksjk x+kSj

lka i<+h] iafgath Hkk"kk esa mutks lk# isf'k djs FkksA ij lkfgfR;d jpukmfu] ukfoy]

dgk.kh ox+Sjg tks lk# isf'k dj.k ofD+r bgk dksf'k'k dbZ osanh vkgs r ys[kd th

Hkk"kk ,sa 'kSyh fc eqefduq rksj lykerq jgsA

üû-þ ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ykb fgdq yÝ+t+

rOgka if<+;ks r bt+gkj esa iq[+rkbZ (dlkoV) vk.k.k ykb ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ;k tqfeyfu

ykb fgd yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA fla/hv esa vfgM+k v.k&xf.k;ka yÝ+t+

vkfgfu] ftfu tks bLrsekyq djs lts tqfeys [ks fgd yÝ+t+ esa bt+gkjs lf?kts FkksA vpks

r vlka bUgfu eka fdfu rs dq>q ut+j fo>wa&

tqfeyks & va'k yÝ+t+

tafga felfy dks fc;ks u gqts csfelky

tafgath 'kknh u Fkh gqts dqaokjks

bZ'oj esa fo'oklq j[kanM+ vkfLrdq

bZ'oj esa fo'oklq u j[kanM+ ukfLrdq

mgks 'k[+lq tafga dk ?kVuk vf[k;qfu lka fMBh gqts xokgq

dafga Hkxy tkb ;k bekjr tks cfp;yq fglks [k.Mg#

fc;fu lka HkykbZ dj.k okjks ij&midkjh

diM+k flc.k okjks nt+hZ

lksu eka t+soj Bkfg.k okjks lksukjks

tafgatks ?kksVq ejh fo;ks gqts fo/ok

tafgatks eqYgq u dFks lf?kts veqYgq

tafga /jrhv rs dq>q iSnk u fFk, dyjkBh

mgk /jrh] ftrs jsrh bZ jsrh gqts jsfxLrkuq

tsdks gjgaf/ ekStwnq gqts loZ O;kih

f?kjf?kykbZ = det+ksjh

et+cwrq = iq"Vq

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

263

gj jkst+ FkhanM+ jkst+kuks

gÝ+rs esa fgdq ni+Qks fFk;.k okjks gÝ+rsok#

efgus esa fgdq ni+Qks FkhnM+ ekgok#

lky esa fgdq ni+Qks FkhanM+ lkfy;kuks

iafgath gpk ik.k dj.kqq vki?kkrq

vf[k;qfu ts lkeqgwa t+kfg#

tsdks fMl.k esa u vps x+kbcq

iksfjfg;ks danM+ iksfjfg;rq

tafga[ks rekeq ?k.kks uk.kks gqts 'kkgwdk#

tafga ofV rekeq ?kfV] u ts cjkcj iSlk gqtfu x+jhcq

tsdks dks de u danks gqts fudeks

tsdks iQqrhZv lka ges'kk de esa #/yq gqts deZ;ksxh

ekm ckj [ks fuaM djkb.k ofD+r xkb±nh gqts yksyh

'kknhv esa tsds xhr xkrk o×kfu ykMk

cfgjk.ks rs tsds çkFkZuk xhr xkbck vkfgfu iaftM+k

üû-ÿ lk# fy[k.k th çfØ;k

lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fdfu xkfYg;qfu tks è;kuq j[k.kq t+:jh vkgs] tks fgu jhfr

vkfgfu&

1- cqfu;knh uqD+rs th pwaM

2- okLrsnkj uqD+rfu th pwaM

3- cqfu;knh ,sa okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fM;.kq

4- x+Sj t+:jh eokn [ks NM.kq ;k rjrhc lka fy[k.kq

5- ?kqfjcy vkdkj esa lk# fy[k.kq

vpks] vlka fgdq fgdq djs bUgfu rs ohpk# dfj;wa&

1- rOgka ulqj tks dks fc Vqfdjks i<+.k rs fMlank] ys[kdq mu esa [+kkfl rksj dafga xkfYg

Ms ikBd tks è;kuq fNd.kq pkgs Fkks] bgks bZ mutks cqfu;knh [+;kyq vkgsA ulqj tks

Vqfdjks c Vs Hksjk i<+h] muts ewy Hkko [ks leq>h lf?kts FkksA

2- bu ewy Hkko ;k edZt+h [+;ky [ks LFkkfir dj.k ykb mu lka okLrsnk# dq>q fc;wa

xkfYg;wa fyf[k;wa o×kfu fFk;wa] ftfu lka edZt+h [+;ky [ks gFkh feys FkhA bUgfu [ks

okLrsnk# uqD+rk pbcks vkgsA

çfØ;k = dk;Zokgh

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

264

3- lk# ys[kd edZt+h [+;ky ,sa mu[ks et+cwrq (iq"V) danM+ okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks

lq×kk.kh] mUgfu [ks [+k˜fn ykb fgdq flyflyks MsbZ rjrhc lka fy[kanks vkgsA

4- iafgats ys[k [ks lki+Q˜ ,sa vljkbrks c.kkb.k ykb ,sa ys[k ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks fpVks

dj.k ykb ys[kdq muth leq>k.kh fM, Fkks ,sa ?k.kk bZ felky fM, FkksA t+:jr io.k

rs gw mu Hkko [ks nqfgjk, fc FkksA edZt+h [+;ky ts lq×kk.ki lka xMksxM vlka[ks

mUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [ks fc lq×kkf.k.kks gwanks vkgs] ftfu [ks ys[kdq iafgats edZt+h

[+;ky [ks fpVks dj.k ykb dfe vk.ks FkksA mgs vkfgfu&

(v) leq>k.kh

(c) felky

(l) nqfgjkm

lkj& ys[kd ykb bgs xkfYg;wa t+:jh lkexzh gwafn;wa vkfgfuA lqBks lk# fy[k.k ykb

bUgfu [ks lq×kk.k.kq fc rekeq t+:jh vkgsA

vpks] fgd felky lka vlha fgu xkfYg [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa&

fla/h dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa ?k.kkbZ Mkfr /.kh iafgats rtys ,sa vkc&rkc lka

fpedh jfg;k vkfgfu] ij flaf/;qfu ts fljeksj dfo 'kkg yrhi+Q tks rtyks] dhfrZ]

tlq lfHkuh [kka o/hd vkgsA gw fgu vkdk'k eaMy ts cs'kqekj rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku

paM felfy çdk'kekuq vkgsA thva dafga p;ks fc vkgs ^'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ fla/ th vkRek

vkgs] fla/h rgt+hc tks :gq vkgs] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb cstksM+ vkn'kZq vkgs] tsdks ntkZs

vaxzst+h vnc esa 'ksDlih;j tks vkgs] mu [kka eFkHkjks ntksZ vlha fla/h lkfgR; esa 'kkg

yrhi+Q [ks fM;wa Fkk ,sa Nks u fM;wa] gh i+QfD+r dfo u ij csfelky v[+kykd okjks] Åaps

ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo] nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks

mins'kd fc gksA

vpks] vofy vlka fgu VqdM+s ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks leq>.k tks mne dfj;waA bgks

dhava danklha\ fgu VqdM+s ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks leq>h fgrs fy[kks&

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

rOgka Bhd leqf>;ks] fgu VqdM+s tks edZt+h [+;kyq vkgs fla/h fljeksj dfo

'kkgq yrhi+QA

fgu edZt+h [+;ky th iqfBHkjkbZ danM+ okLrsnkj uqD+rk vkfgfu&

(v) fla/hv esa csfelky mEnk dfo vkfgfuA

Mkfr /.kh = ftfu [ks fy[k.k

th Mkfr fefy;y vkgs

rtyks = ped

dhfrZ = lkjkg

tlq = ukewl

rgt+hc = lH;rk

cstksM+ = csfelky

mEnk = reke lqBk

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

265

(c) 'kkgq yrhi+Q mUgfu esa lHk [kka vkWyk dfo vkgsA

(l) gw i+QfD+r dfo u ij Åps ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu

o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks mins'kdq fc gksA

eFks bUgfu uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fc fMuks fo;ks vkgsA

vpks] fMlaw r efFk,a VqdM+s tk dfgM+k dfgM+k fglk felky ,sa nqfgjko ts

o+Qrkj esa vpfu FkkA

μ gw fgu vkdk'k eaMy rs cs'kqek# rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku paM felfy çdk'kekuq

vkgsA

μ iafgath xkfYg fpVh dj.k ykb ys[kd 'ksDlihvj tks felkyq fMuks vkgsA

μ csfelky v[+ykd okjks] Åps ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu

o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks mins'kdq fc gksA

lk# fy[k.k ofD+r vlha efFk;aw xkfYg;wa NMs l?kwa FkkA

iafgath xkfYg [ks vljkbrks c.kkb.k ykb ys[kdq gsfB,a Hkk"kkbZ e;kj tks

bLrsekyq fc djs Fkks&

1- eqgkojk ,sa pof.k;wa

2- n`"Vkar

3- vyadkj

4- felky ,sa lqfg.kk lq[+k˜u

5- [+kkfl <axq ;k bckjr ('kSyh)

efFk,a Vqfdjs esa dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa] :id vyadkj vkgsA vkc rkc lka

fped.k eqgkojks vkgsA v[+ykd okjks] nk'kZfud esa fc lqi+Qrwa vkfgfuA lk# fy[k.k

ofD+r vlka vfgfM+;wa xkfYg;aw fc NMs MhanklhaA gk.ks vlka efFk,a ulqjh Vqdjs tks lk#

fy[k.k ykb r;k# vkfg;wa] ij fgd xkfYg tks è;ku jf[k.kks vkgsA lk# fy[k.k

ofD+r Hkko r ys[kd tks jf[k.kks gwanks vkgs] ij Hkk"kk iafgath bLrsekyq dch vkgsA

ys[kd th Hkk"kk [k.k.k rs lk# fy[k.k rekeq Mf[k;ks cf.kth ioanks vkgsA bUgfu

lewfj;qfu xfYg;qfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans vlha efFk,a ulqjh Vqfdjs tks lk# fgu jhfr djs

l?kwa Fkk&

flU/h dfork txr esa ?k.kkbZ dfo vkfgfu] ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ lfHkuh [kka vge vkgsA

gw fla/q th vkRek] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb vkn'kZ] nk'kZfud ,sa lwi+Qh dfo ,sa mins'kdq fc

vkgsA

lq[+k˜u = opu] yÝ+t+

vkc rkc lka fped.k = e'kgwj

,sa csgn Åps ntsZ tks gqt.kq

v[+ykd okjks = pfj=koku

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

266

rOgka fMBks r ghm lk# vlqyh ulqjh Vqfdjs tks fV;ksa fglks vkgsA lk# fy[k.k [kka

iksb bgks fc vofl fMl.kq ?kqfjts r dks vge uqDrks NqVh r dksu fo;ks ,sa x+Sj t+:jh

xkfYg r u fyf[kth osbZA iafgath Hkk"kk fc lgh ,sa pqLrq gqtsA

gsfB,a ulqjh Vqfdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+ks&

è;ku lka i<+A if<+.kks gqts] vH;kl dfj.kks gqts] efrycq dfgM+ks fc deq iwjhv rjg

dfj.kks vkgs r vofy t+:jh vkgs r fprq yxkbtsA fprq yxkb.k th ekuk vkgs r

fc;k lHkq [+;ky ikls j[kh] fgd xkfYg fgd euks Fkh è;kuq /j.kqA bgk fgd vknr

vkgs r thva fc;wa vknrwa] rhva ghv vknr fc ti+Qkd'khv ,sa mne lka fijkb.kh vkgsA

;k fFkcks ,dkxzq ;k fc fprksA iwjks iwjks è;kuq yxkb.k th vknr dhva flf[kts\ ftrs

et+ewu ilan gwanks] mrs r M˜f[k;kbZ Fkhanh dku] vt+[+k˜fn mu esa è;kuq yxh osanksA ij

tsdMfga dks i<+.k rs fgfj;yq u gwanks ;k et+ewu vfgM+ks fnypLiq ;k et+snk# u gwanks

r iksb [+;ky [ks iafgats ofl j[k.k esa eqf'dykfr vkMks b±nhA

gk.ks gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&

1- fgu Vqfdjs tks ewyq Hkko Nk vkgs\ lgh tokc rs ( ) ,sa x+yfr rs ( ) tks

fu'kku yxk;ks&

(v) è;ku lka i<+A

(c) dfgM+ks fc deq dj.k ykb fprq yxkb.k t+:jh u vkgsA

(l) ;k fFkcks ,dkxzq ;k fFkcks fc fprksA

(n) bgk fc fgd vknr vkgsA

(;) et+ewuq fnypLiq ;k et+snk# u gwanks r [+;ky [ks ofl j[kh lf?kcksA

2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd yÝ+t+ esa fM;ks&

(v) fprq yxkb.k th ekuk Nk vkgs\

(c) thva fc;wa vknrwa] rhva i<+.kq fc Nk vkgs\

(l) ,dkxz tks ft+nq vkgsA

(n) dafga[ks iafgats ofl j[k.k esa eqf'dykfr b±nh\

(;) dfgM+s et+ewu esa è;kuq yxh osanks\

fprq = euq

ti+Qkd'kh = la?k"kZq

mne = efgur

vt+[+k˜fn = iafgatks ik.ksgh

ef'kx+™fy;wa&üû-û

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

267

üû-ö lk# fy[k.k tk dq>q uewuk

vpks] gk.ks vlka lk# fy[k.k tk dq>q felky fMlwa&

ulqjh Vqfdjks&û

ltks lalk# fgd fc, ts vkfljs rs gys FkksA ckn'kkg [kka oBh i+Qdhj rkb± vfgM+ks

dks dksUgs] tks fc, ts enn fcuk iafgatks lHkq deq ik.k djsA gkjh vuq iSnk djs Fkks]

tafga rs fc;k ek.gw xqft+jkuq dfu FkkA gw ojh diM+s yVs ,sa fc, lkeku ykb fc;fu

rs vk/k# j[ks FkksA vfgM+hv jhfr lfHkuh ek.gqfu [ks fta+nxhv ts ofgaokj esa fgd

fc, th gennhZ ,sa enn th t+:jr jgs FkhA tsdMfga lHk dafga [ks iafgatks iafgatks

efrycq fl¼ dfj.kks gqts ,sa fc;fu th HkykbZ ,sa lq[k tks [+;kyq u jgs r nqfu;k esa

[+kYd ts lq[k lfgat tk tsds oMk de fFk;k vkfgfu] ls tsdj fFk;fu bZ u gkA

vLirkywa] vukFk vkJe] c˜<k vkJe] fo/ok vkJe] va/fu&eaMfu] ywyfu&yaxM+fu]

euksjksfx;qfu tk bykt&?kj] Ldwy] dkWyst ,sa fc;k lq[k lfgat tk de lHkq gennhZv

tks urhtks vkfgfuA

lk#&

ltks lalk# fgd fc, ts vkljs] gkjhv tks felkyq ts gfjdks fli+QZ iafgats efryc

tks [+;kyq djs r nqfu;k tsdj rjdh u djsA gennhZ balku ykb t+:jh vkgsA bu lka

bZ lq[k lfgat tk oMk de fFk;fu FkkA

ulqjh Vqfdjks&ü

tMfga dks deq dcks vkgs r vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgs] vanj okjks poanks vkgs r

'kkckl ! ts dks mcrks deq dcks vkgs r >fV vanj okjks 'kekZb±nks vkgs r vjs ! gh

d;ks Nk vFksbZ] cqMh ejhaA yt uFkh vpsbZ\ bgks vanj okjks iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq vkgs]

dafgath dhu j[ksA oMs fVlhax eka fc dhu VjsA eqaga rs iQfgdk, fM,fl r gfgM+k

rfgM+k rks[ks lk×kfg u isbZ\ deq dfgM+ks d;ks vFksbZ\ efrycq r foosd vfgM+ks vkgs]

tks 'ky dafgatks lk.kqfl iym u vM+s] dks pksjh djs r fMls] mfHkjh oBanqfl] ijkbZ

L=khv [ks gFkq yk, r fMls] fiM+ if/jks danqfl] dwM+ks dleq [k.ks r fc dhu NM+hanqfl]

cqfNM+ks danqflA Mksghv [ks lnkb± iafgatks ikiq fi;ks [kk,A mgks [+;ky ckjgksbZ pqfgfV;ks

jgsfl ,sa ftrs o×ks] mrs lanfl ihNks u Fkks NMs] t.kq fxphv esa taM tks iqM+ [ka;ks fi;ks

?kqesA Mk<ks O;kdqy ,sa ijs'kku Fkks djsflA ^jkfr;wa jkgr ukfg dk] Mhagksa Mhagq gSjkuhA*

iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq =lki+Q po.k okjks

fVlhax = veynkj] [+kkfl ek.gw

lk×kfg = e;kZnk

fiM+ if/jks dj.kq = jkt+ [kksy.kq]

cnuke dj.kq

cqfNM+ks dj.kq = csbt+rks dj.kq

ikiq [kk, = x+yrhv tks

,glklq fFk,

jkgr = vkjkeq

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

268

lk#&

pÄs de dj.k djs ek.gwv ts fnfy [ks vkuanq ,sa [+kjkcq de dj.k djs foosd

pqfgafMfM+;wa Fkks ik,A

foosdq dafgatks fygkt+ dksu j[ksA

foosdq :g th jkgr ,sa vkjkeq fiQVk;ks NMsflA

eFks fMuy fcUgha ulqjh Vqfdjfu ,sa mUgfu ts lkj [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA lk# fy[k.k

ofD+r ftu uqD+rfu tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs] mgs fgfr u vkfgfuA rOgka bUgfu

Vqdjfu ts lkj fy[k.k ts flyflys [ks fgrs fy[kksA

ulqjh Vqfdjks&û

ewy Hkko& ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

okLrsnk# uqD+rk& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

flyflyks& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x+Sj t+:jh lkexzh (leq>k.kh nqfgjko ox+Sjg)& -----------------------------------------------------

ulqjh Vqfdjks&ü

ewy Hkko& ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

okLrsnk# uqD+rk& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

flyflyks& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

x+Sj t+:jh lkexzh (leq>k.kh nqfgjko ox+Sjg)& -----------------------------------------------------

üû-÷ ljdkjh vki+Qhlqfu esa lk# fy[k.k

rOgka[ks tk.k vkgs r ljdkjh dedkj esa gj i+QkbZy esa iufu tks <s# o/anks Fkks o×ksA

fgd i+QkbZy ts dkx+t+fu tks mfdykm dsfrfj;qfu lhVqfu&Vscyfu] dkmaVjfu rka Fkhanks]

dsfrjfu vki+Qhljfu ts lfg;qfu lka ,sa dMfga&dMfga r d,a egdefu rkb± ?kqeh djs

fFk, FkksA budjs ofD+r ts cpko ykb lgdkj MhanM+ ikjka [+krfu tks lk# r;k# djs

NfMcks vkgs] thva vfxrs th dk;Zokghv ykb lfHkuh dkx+t+fu [ks i<+.kq t+:jh u

cf.ktsA i+QkbZy iqjk.kks Fkh o×k.k rs vDlfj lts i+QkbZy ts vgeq uqD+rfu [ks fc lHk

[kka eFks fy[kh NfMcks vkgsA ljdkjh [+krfu tks lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fc FkqYgs ys[ks

mfdykm = fuiVkjks

ef'kx+™fy;wa&üû-ü

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

269

lk# fy[k.k ts o+Qnefu (pj.kfu) tks ikyuq d;ks osanks vkgs] xMksxM lHk [kka

vofy rjrhc] veynkj ts mfgns tks ukyks] okLrsnk# [kkrks] ot+jkr] [+krq uEc# ,sa

rkjh[+k fc ntZ djs NfMch vkgsA

vpks] ljdkjh [+kr ts lkj tks fgdq uewuks fMlwaA

ewy [+krq[+krq ua- 520@15&20@18 rkjh[+k% 20-11-17balkuh olhyks ,sa ok/kjks ot+jkr]rbyheh [kkrks (f'k{kk foHkkx)]Hkkjr ljdkj

eksfdyhanM+ % vkj- ,l- eYgks=kkfMIVh MkbjsDVj] fgUnh f'k{k.k foHkkx]?k: ot+jkr] Hkkjr ljdkjubZ fnYyh&110 001

okLrs]voj lfpo]la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyhA

ekSt+™v (fo"k;)& ekLrj ikjka fganh fy[k.k ,sa fVi.kh dyk tks fofdjksA

ekuokjk lkab±]

ewa[ks fgnk;r feyh vkgs r eka rOgka [kka bgk tk.k gkflyq dfj;ka r rOgkatsvki+Qhl esa deq danM+ ekLrj Jh lsokjke 'kekZ] tafgath rkt+ks bZ dsUæ (edZt+) rka fc,gaf/ cfnyh Fkh vkgs] rOgka ofV jgans lanfl fyf[k;y fdrkc] flU/h ys[k ,sa fVIi.kdyk twa dkfi;wa mUgfu 'kkfxnZfu ,sa mfgnsnkjfu [ks fofd;wa vkfgfu] tsds mu ofD+rfla/h rbyhe gkflyq djs jfg;k gqvk] tsdk xkfYg ljdkjh usefu ts f[kyki+Q˜ vkgsAbgks fc ebyweq fFk;ks vkgs r dkfi;wa lkS lkS #i;s esa fofd;wa os;waA budjs fgu ekeysth NaMNk.k djs tYnq fy[kh eksfdy.k th Ñik dank] thva ekLrj [kka tYnq tokcqgkflyq d;ks o×ksA

U;kt+ean

lgh

(vkj- ,l- eYgks=kk)

lk#&fMIVh MkbjsDVj rbyhe [kkrs tks [+krq ua- 520@15&20@18 rkjh[+k 20-11-17

rjrhc = flyflyks] Øe la[;k

balkuh olhyks ,sa ok/kjks ot+jkr=

ekuo lalk/u fodklq ea=kky;

?k: ot+jkr = x`g ea=kky;

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

270

1- fMIVh MkbjsDVj iafgats [+kr esa fgu fla/h edZt+ ts ekLrj Jh lsokjke 'kekZckcfr fyf[k;ks vkgs r gqu lanfl bZ fyf[k;y fdrkc ^fla/h ys[k ,sa fVi.khdyk* [ks lkS #i;k i+Qh fdrkc ts eqYg rs fofd;ks vkgsA

2- rOgka c˜/k;ks vkgs r [+k˜fn tks fyf[k;yq fdrkcq 'kkfxnZfu [ks fofd.k.kq ljdkjhusefu ts f[+kyki+Q˜ vkgsA

3- NaMNk.k djs tYnq tokcq fM;.k th mesn dbZ osanh vkgsA

lk# fy[k.k esa dafga fc, ikjka foLrkj lka fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks mutks ewy Hkko

o+Qkbeq j[kans 1@3 yÝ+t+fu esa isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA

lk# fy[k.k tks i+Qkbnks thou ts dsfrjfu [ks=kfu esa vkgsA v[+kck#fu esa lqÝ+gs

esa ekStwnq txfg eqrkfcfo+Q lekpkj laiknd lekpkjfu tks lk# fy[kanks vkgsA

vkdk'kok.kh nwjn'kZu esa fc thva r oD+r th ikcanh gwanh vkgs] budjs lk#

fy[k.k th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA ys[kfu] fdrkc tks fc lk# fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA

vki+Qhl esa [+krfu ;k i+QkbZyfu esa ekStwn [+krksfdrkcr tks lk# fyf[k.kks ioanks

vkgsA vfgM+k fc;k fc ?k.ksbZ [ks=k Fkh l?kfu FkkA

lk# fy[k.k tk eq[;q pj.k gh vkfgfu&

μ ewyq lkexzhv [ks c Vs ni+Qk è;ku lka i<+.kqA

μ ewyq uqD+rfu th pwaMA

μ okLrsnkj uqD+rfu th pwMaA

μ ewyq ,sa okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fM;.kqA

μ xS+j t+:jh lkexzhv [ks NM.kq ,as 1@3 fglk lk# fy[k.kqA

lk# fy[k.k esa bLrykgfu] pfof.k;qfu] n`"Vkarfu] vyadkjfu] felkyfu oxS+jg

tks bLrsekyq u d;ks osanks vkgsA dk [+kkfl 'kSyh dfe u vkf.kch vkgsA

ljdkjh [+krfu tks lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fc FkqYgs ys[ks lk# fy[k.k tk pj.k

è;ku esa jf[kck vkfgfuA i+Qo+QZ i+QfD+r bgks vkgs tks bu esa lHk [kka vofy Øe

la[;k] vki+Qhlj tks mfgnks] ukyks] okLrsnk# [kkrks @ ot+jkr] [+krq uEc# ,sa

rkjh[+k tks fc c;ku d;ks osanks vkgsA

rOgha Nk fl[;k

[+krksfdrkcr = fy[k&i<+

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

271

1- rOgka v[+kckj i<+ank bZ gwankA mu eka dq>q [+kc#fu th dfVax d<ksA gk.ks lksfp;ks

r tsdMfga rOgka lekpkj lEiknd gqtks gk ,sa fgufu [+kc#fu ykb rOgka ofV

1@3 fgLlks bZ gqts gk r rOgha mu [+kcj rs dhva fy[kks gk ,sa fy[kh oBksA

2- gk.ks bUgfu bZ [+kc#fu ykb nwjn'kZu esa rOgka ofV 45&45 lsdaMfu tks oD+rq

vkgs r bUgfu [+kc#fu [ks rOgha dhva fy[kank\ fy[kh fMlksA

3- xzkej tk tsfrjk fc fdrkc feyh l?kfu] mUgfu esa tqfeys ykb fgd yÝ+t+ okjh

fyLV i<+ks ,sa mgs ;kfn dfj;ksA

gsfB;fu ulqjh VqfdM+fu tks 1@3 yÝ+t+fu esa lk# fy[kks&

(1) vt dEI;wVj balkuh ft+nxhv tks v.k&oafM;ks fgLlks cf.kth pqdks vkgsA

vt˜dYg lfHkuh ikls dEI;wVj tks okfgiks o/h jfg;ks vkgsA thva cSadwa] ftfu tks

ltks deq dEI;wVj t+jh, Fkhanks vkgs_ bu lka bgks i+Qkbnks vkgs r deq tYnh&tYnh

,sa lgh fFk, FkksA fc;ks cgh [kkrfu j[k.k tks [+kpqZ ?kfV fFk, FkksA vLirkyqfu esa lHksbZ

tkpwa dIE;wVj lka d;wa o×kfu fFk;waA jsYos LVs'ku rs fVdsV cqfdax esa dEI;wVj tks

mi;ksxq Fkhanks vkgsA vki+Qhlqfu eka ?k.kk r.kk de dEI;wVj lka Fkh jfg;k vkfgfuA

nqdku rs fcy Bkfg.k [kka oBh ltks ys[kks&tks[kks] LVkWd jftLVj oxS+jg dEI;wVj

t+jh, jf[k;ks osanks vkgsA vks-,e-vkj- 'khV th tkap dEI;wVj lka Fkhanh vkgsA bfErgku

tks fjt+YV Bkfg.k] ykVjhv esa buke d<.k ox+Sjg lHkq de dEI;wVj lka Fkh jfg;k

vkfgfuA dEI;wVj th enn lka jkWdsV gykb±nk vkfgfuA mixzg eksfdfytfu Fkk ,sa

?k.ksbZ vkdk'kh [kkstukÅa d;wa o×kfu fFk;waA dEI;wVj lka xM˜ baVjusV th lqfo/k fc

oBh lf?kts Fkh] tafga t+jh, vlha nqfu;k ts dafga fc fgls esa iafgats vt+ht+ lka xkfYg

cksfYg djs l?kwa FkkA iQksVks fc fMl.kq vps Fkks] dafga fc fo"k; th tk.k xwxy esa nqfu;k

ts dafga fc fgls eka tYnq gkflyq djs lf?kts FkhA

(2) tsdMfga rOgka pkfg;ks Fkk r rfdM+ks ,sa tYnh ok/kjks dfj;ks r jkst+ Mk;jh

fy[kksA tsds fc de dkfj;wa ,sa ofgaokj dfj;ks] ls lpkbZv lka mu esa fy[kank dfj;ksA

thva mgk Mk;jh rOgkats 'kkunkj defu tks fgdq vkbZuks Fkh iosA tsdMfga rOgka

eqafgats po.k ewftfc gh lk/ukÅa dank r rOgka fgu tk rkdro# 'kga'kkg Fkh ioankA

ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks


fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

272

rOgkath ranq#Lrh 'kkunk# Fkhanh] nkSyr rOgkatk isj pqeanh ,sa oMh g;krh ek.khankA ij

mu [kka fc o/hd :gkuh vkuan lka fVeVk# gwankA ewa rOgka[ks 'kkunkj jLrk Ms[kkfj;k

vkfgfu] gk.ks bgks rOgka rs NfM;y vkgs r mu ewftfc gyh dke;kch gkflyq dfj;ksA

cq[kk;y [ks [kk/ks ik.k [kkb.kks vkgs ,sa m×kk;y [ks ik.kh ik.k ihv.kks vkgsA gk.ks

rOgka[ks ve`rq ih ik.k [ks ve# dfj.kks vkgs ;k ik.k [ks :gkuh jkg esa ghjks c.kkb.kks

vkgsA g;krhv ts gjfgd dk;Z esa dke;kcq Fkhank o×kksA tsdMfga fgdq lky yxkrkfj

eqafgath Ms[kkfj;y jkg rs use vuqlkj gyank r vkfgLrs vkfgLrs ok/kjks dank osank ,sa

vkf[+kfj iafgath eaft+y rs o×kh jlankA

(3) fc;fu [ks lqf[k;ks lrkcks fMlh ;k o/anks oh>anks fMlh u lgh l?k.k [ks glnq

;k bZ[kkZ pbcks vkgsA fc;fu tks ok/kjks fMlh ty.k vkgs glnqA tsdks vkneh

o/s oh>s Fkks] bt+r ekuq] e'kgwjh gkflyq djs Fkks ;kuh inkFkZq ik, Fkks r mgks lanfl

vfx,a tue ts usd deZfu tks iQyq vkgsA budjs dafga lka fc glnq Nks dts\ Nksu

ik.k fc usd de djs bt+r] mfgnks] ekuq e'kgwjh] /u nkSyr gkflyq dts\ fc, [ks

lqf[k;ks fMlh lM+ ip dj.k lka ik.k [ks r dks fc i+Qkbnks dksu Fkks fFk, ,sa u ojh

tafga lka glnq dts Fkks] mu tks bZ dks uqo+Qlkuq fFk, FkksA iksb fc ek.gw csleq>hv [kka

glnq djs vofy r iafgatks bZ uqo+Qlkuq djs NMhanks vkgsA fcuk ckfg ts iafgatks thm

tykb±nks jganks vkgsA vanj ts vkjke] lq[k 'kkarh ,sa [+kq'khv [ks [kkVq g.kh [+kyklq djs

NMhanks vkgsA glnq dj.k djs lqHkkm fpM+ fpM+ okjks Fkh ioanks vkgs] tafgadjs dafga

fc de dans dke;kch dku feyanh vkgs] iksb fc iafgatks ,Mks oMks uqo+Qlkuq djs fc

dafga lka glnq ;k bZ[kkZ dts bZ Nks\

(4) gsfB,a [+kr [ks lkj tss :i esa fy[kks&

la- 102 @ ua- 3 @ 8-03 rkjh[+k 18-8-16

eksdyhanM+&

ft+yk vf/dkjh] vtesj

okLrs]

voj lfpo] iapk;r foHkkx

jktLFkku ljdkj] vtesj

fo"k;% iapk;r vki+Qhl ts eqykft+efu ykb igkM+h HkÙkks eat+™# dj.k ckcfrA

[kkVq g.kh = pksjk,

[+kyklq = [+kreq

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

273

ekuokjk lkb±]

fgu ft+ys ykb eat+™# d;y 2016&17 ts ctV esa igkM+h HkÙks th fjFkk u j[kh

osbZ vkgsA igkM+h bykdfu esa fc;fu txfg;qfu ts HksV esa egaxkbZ o/hd vkgsA budjs

jktLFkku ts tkcyw bykbo+Qfu esa deq danM+ lfHkuh ljdkjh eqykft+efu [ks igkM+h

HkÙkks fMuks osanks vkgs] tsdks fgu ft+ys rs fc ykx™ vkgsA bu ckcfr ljdkj [ks osfurh

vkgs r lky 2017&18 ts ctV esa iapk;r eqykft+efu [ks igkM+h HkÙkks fM;.k ykb

fgu en esa Mg y[k #i;fu tks cankscLrq d;ks o×ks ,sa xqft+fj;y lky [+kpZ fFk;y

jo+Qe ykb deq Fkh o×k.k [kka iksb eat+™jh fMuh o×ksA

U;kt+ean

ftyk vf/dkjh

vtesj

fVi.kh

lk# dhva fyf[kts

274

ekè;fed LrjdkslqZ@ikB~;Øeq

fla/hû- eqgkx˜

Hkk"kk ohpkjfu th Ms&oBq vkgsA Hkk"kk lka bZ eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks t+kfg# d;ks o×ks Fkks ,sa bu lka fgd fc, lka tt+ckrhlaca/q tqM+s FkksA budjs balku tks Hkk"kk lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA Hkk"kk tks fodklq oganM+ ik.khv felfy Fkhanks vk;ksvkgsA tsdks butks fodklq ,sa cfnykm Ms[kkjs FkksA fla/h Hkk"kk fif.k rCnhfy;qfu [kka v.k&Nqfg;y u jgh vkgsA 'kf[+l;rts fuekZ.k (jpuk) [kka oBh lekt fuekZ.k rkb± butks vgeq ;ksxnkuq vkgsA

Hkkjr tfgM+s ?k.k&Hkk"kkbZ eqYd ykb eknjh T+k˜cku fgd lkekftd gdhdr vkgs ,sa Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe fgd v.kV# t+:jrAHkk"kkbZ rbyhe th lgh uhfr bZ eqYd [ks ekyh ok/kjs th lgh jkg Ms[kkjs FkhA Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe bZ o+QkSeh ,drk [ks et+cwrqvk/k# vrk djs FkhA bgks lunh (çkekf.kd) lpq vkgs r ck# loykbZv lka iafgath Hkk"kk [ks xzg.kq djs Fkks ,sa iafgathHkk"kk lka le`f¼ [ks viuk, Fkks ,sa mu esa ofD+r fc ofD+r FkhanM+ rCnhfy;qfu [ks eglwlq djs FkksA dMfga dMfgaxkYgkb±nM+fu tks txg eVkb.kq] bu esa oMh rCnhyh vk.ks FkksA bgks cfnykm Hkk"kk [ks cjdjkj j[k.k ykb fgd yydkjlkfcrq fFk, FkksA tsdMfga fla/h Hkk"kk ts bfrgkl [ks fMflts r mu esa rfdM+k cfnyko lki+Q˜ ut+fj vpfu FkkA

ekSt+™fu;r (vkSfpR;)& tkxzki+Qhv ts [+;ky [kka fla/h Hkk"kk tks fodklq v[kaM Hkkjr ts fla/q çkar esa fFk;ksA fofjgkÄscSfn vkt+kn Hkkjr esa fgu Hkk"kk tks fodklq ,sa iQfgykm [+kkfl rjg lka xqtjkr] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] eè;çns'k] mÙkjçns'k] fnYyh ,sa M[k.k Hkkjr ts çkarfu esa fFk;ksA [+kkfl rjg bUgfu txfg;qfu rs m[kksfM+th (ikM+ [kka ifVth) vk;yfla/h Hkkf"k;qfu [ks olkb.k ts djs b,a fFk;ksA Hkkjr th vkne'kqekjh (2001) eqrkfcfo+Q fla/h eknjh t+cku xkYgkb±nM+2525485 vkfgfuA bUgfu eka ?k.kk fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k [kka ijs jfg;k ,sa tsds fguts 'kkgwdkj vnch fojklrlka tqM+h u lf?k;k] tafga tk ?k.ks bZ bfrgkfld] lkekftd ,sa ekyh dkj.k jfg;k vkfgfuA vt fc fofjgkÄs th VsªtMhojh ol.k ts nkSj eka xqft+jans fla/h lekt ykb iafgath Hkk"kk esa i<+.k i<+kb.kq ,sa Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe e;l# djkb.kq fgdvgeq yydkj vkgsA

fla/h xkYgkb±nM+fu ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ lwcfu esa if[kfM+t.k lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ ldki+Qrqfu ts jg.k lg.k tk rjhdk ,sa eq[+rfyi+Q˜Hkk"kkmfu ts osf>M+kbZv esa vp.k lka fla/h Hkk"kk esa fc rCnhfy;wa vk;wa vkfgfuA Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe esa o/hd rjo+Qh ufFk;.k djs nLrwjh (vkSipkfjd) rbyhe esa fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; ts 'kkfxnZfu esa dki+Qh ?kfVrkbZ vkbZ vkgsA bu lkaHkk"kkbZ [+kwfc;qfu ,sa 'kkgwdkj ldki+Qrh (lkaLÑfrd) fojklr ,sa lkekftd igyqfu [ks egi+Qwt+ (lqjf{kr) j[k.kq Mf[k;ksFkh fi;ks vkgsA vtc esa fo>anM+ gd+hd+r bgk vkgs r lu~ 1967 esa Hkkjr ts tksM+td th vBha vuqlwphv esafla/h Hkk"kk ts 'kkfeyq fFk;.k [kka iksb fc fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k esa] çpkj çlkj esa ?kqfjcy jÝ+rkj uFkh fMfltsAbgk lpipq fpark th xkfYg vkgsA Hkk"kk ,sa vnc ts ok/kjs esa xkYgkb±nM+fu ,sa i<+.k i<+kb.k okjfu tks vgeq ;ksxnkuqgwanks vkgsA budjs rbyheh dkslZ ts njlh fdrkcfu t+jh, ub± Vghv [ks Hkk"kk ,sa 'kkgwdk# lkfgR; Mkagqa fNds lf?kts

Fkks ,sa ldki+Qrh [+kt+kus [ks fc egi+Qwt+ j[kh lf?kts FkksA

275

jokth rjg fla/h Hkk"kh vfgM+k vdhpk# 'k[+l vkfgfu] tsds vkjke lka fla/h xkYgk, l?kfu Fkk ij i<+.k fy[k.k

[kka okaf>;y vkfgfuA urhtfu lanfu tqM+km Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; lka dksUgsA bUgfu gkyrqfu ts eísut+j ,u-lh-ih-,l-,y-

,sa ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ts lgdkj lka fla/h Hkk"kk dkslZ esa njlh fdrkc tksM+.k th ;kstuk Bkgh vkgsA jk"Vªh; eqDr

fo|ky;h laLFkku iafgath M™jkgha rbyhe t+jh, ?kf.k;wa lgwfy;rwa vrk djs Fkks thva 'kkfxnZ Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; lka yxkrkfj

tqfM+;y jgfuA laLFkku ts i<+.k tks eoknq [+kqfn&c&[+kqfn i<+.k tks fgdq vgeq flfj'rks vkgsA fgu flfj'rs tks bLrsekyq

dans Mgsa ntsZ ts lrg tk njlh fdrkc r;k# d;k fi;k o×kfuA eq[+rfyi+Q˜ pVkHksVh (çfr;ksxh) bfErgkufu esa

fla/h fo"k; th pwaM dans fglks oBanM+fu tks rbnkn ?k.kks mRlkgq o/kb±nM+ vkgsA fc;fu bnkjfu (laLFkkmfu) esa

fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k esa pkgq j[kanM+fu ykb vlka ikjka r;k# d;ks osanM+ [+kqfn vH;kl tks eoknq (lkexzh) dki+Qh

ennxk# lkfcrq FkhanksA

ghm dkslqZ Hkk"kk ,sa vnch txr ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ igyqfu th okfDi+Q;r djkb.k esa dkjkbrks lkfcrq fFk;.k lka xMksxM˜ Hkk"kk

th loykbZv ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ t+:jrqfu [ks iwjks dj.k okjks FkhanksA fgu [ks o/hd ofgaokjh] Hkk"kkbZ] fy;ko+Qrqfu]

o+Qkfcfy;rqfu (c˜/.kq] xkYgkb.kq] i<+.kq] fy[k.kq) rs nkjksenkj j[kanM+ jkst+kuh g;krhv lka okLrsnkj of/ esa of/ vnch

flai+Q˜fu ('kk[+kqfu) lka tqfM+;y c.kkb.k th dksf'k'k dbZ osbZ vkgsA vlha g;krhv esa t+ckuh Hkk"kk tks lHk [kka o/hd

bLrsekyq Fkk dfj;waA fgd fc, lka xqÝ+rxw esa eq[+rfyi+Q˜ vnhcfu ts jpukmfu ,sa mUgfu th g;krhv ckcfr c˜/ank vkfg;waA

fgu dkslZ esa fla/h vnhcfu ts ;ksxnku th okfD+i+Q;r fc isf'k dbZ osanh] thva fla/hv tk lewjk i<+anM+ mUgfu ckcfr

foLrkj lka tk.k gkflyq djs l?kfuA xzke# fdFks dkslZ [ks o/hd xjks (cksf>y) u c.kk, NMs] budjs mu[ks i<+.k ts

eokn esa 'kkfey d;ks fo;ks vkgsA bu jhfr ghm dkslZq o/hd ofgaokjh ,sa dkjkbrks cf.kcksA

y{; lewg

fgu esa gsfB;ka 'kkfxnZ 'kkfey Fkh l?kks Fkk&

(v) eq[+rfyi+Q˜ Ldwyfu esa i<+anM+ Mgsa ntsZ tk 'kkfxnZ

(c) fop esa i<+kbZ NMs pqdk gqtfu ij Mgsa ntsZ tks bfErgkuq fM;.k ykb [+okfg'keanq 'kkfxnZ

(l) i<+.k tk [+okfg'keanq oMh mfefj okjk 'k[+l

(n) Hkk"kk esa pkgq j[kanM+ 'k[+l ox+SjgA

ü- vofy ?kqfjcy ykbd+h

fgu dkslZ esa nkf[+kyk [kka vofy 'kkfxnZ eka bgk mesn j[kh Fkh o×ks r gw&

jokth lrg tks ulq# ,sa dforkÅa ljkljh jÝ+rkj lka i<+h l?ksA

xkYgkb.k ,sa fy[k.k esa fcuk dafga x+fyrhv tqfeyks ?kM+.k th lykfg;r tks bLrsekyq djs l?ksA

jokth yÝ+t+fu th fyf[k.kh Bhd rjg lka fy[kh l?ksA

fla/h Hkk"kk esa iafgath xkfYg xkYgk, ;k fy[kh bt+gkjs l?ksA

fla/hv ts vfVdy 5000 yÝ+t+fu th lq×kk.ki djs l?ks ,sa 3500 yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq djs l?ksA

276

ý- ed+ln

dkslZ tk jokth ,sa [+kkfl ed+ln fgu jhfr vkfgfu&

ý-û jokth ed+ln

ghm dkslqZ iwwjks dj.k cSfn 'kkfxnZ&

Hkk"kkbZ vuklj (tqt+k ;k rRo) ,sa fla/hv ts Hkk"kkbZ fy;kdrqfu th l?k tks ok/kjks djs] mUgfu tks bLrsekyq

djs l?kankA

fla/hv t+jh, fc;fu fo"k;fu ts vH;kl lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA

fla/h vnc [ks i<+h mutks c;kuq ,sa NaMNk.k djs l?kankA

ofgaokj ,sa O;olkf;d [ks=kfu esa fla/h Hkk"kk tks Hkyhv Hkkafr bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

fla/h Hkk"kk esa ekStwn eq[+rfyi+Q balkuh eqYg (o+Qnqj) ,sa lqfB;qfu ço`fr;qfu th NaMNk.k djs l?kankA

fla/h lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts xq.kfu voxq.kfu [ks fpVks djs l?kankA

eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu] lanHkZfu ,sa ?kVukmfu rs vkt+knq uewus fparuq ,sa euuq djs fla/hv esa ekSfydq (futh) :i lka

iafgath xkfYg isf'k djs l?kankA

fla/hv esa vkt+knq uewus iafgats Hkkoukmfu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks T+k˜ckuh ,sa fyf[k;y :i esa bt+gkjs l?kankA

ý-ü [+kkfl ed+ln

fgu dkslZ [ks iwjks dj.k [kka iksb 'kkfxnZfu esa Hkk"kk ts gsfB;qfu o+Qkfcfy;rqfu tks ok/kjks Fkhanks&

ý-ü-û c/.kq

/hjt ,sa ,dkxzrk lka c˜/h djs] iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kankA

c˜/.k th i+Qt+hyr rs veyq djs mu[ks bt+gkjs l?kankA

c˜/y ohpkjfu] go+Qho+Qrqfu ,sa [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu th NaMNk.k djs l?kankA

c˜/y Hkkoukmfu] ohpkjfu ,sa gdhdrqfu ts fop esa laca/q o+Qkbeq djs HksV djs l?kankA

c˜/y ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkoukmfu ts vk/kj rs i+QSlyks d<h isf'k djs l?kankA

ý-ü-ü xkYgkb.kq

iafgathv xkfYg [ks 'kq¼˜ ,sa leq>.k ykbo+Q˜ mpkj.k lka lgh jÝ+rkj] #d.k] ncko] gYdkbZv lesfr xkYgk,

l?kankA

fla/h Hkk"kk ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kkfl vkokt+fu tks mpkj.kq djs l?kankA

tqnk&tqnk lkekftd gkyrqfu esa iafgath xkfYg loykbZv lka pbZ l?kankA

277

ekSds eqrkfcfo+Q nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh (os>h reke os>h) i+Qt+hyr Hkjh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

iafgats xkfYg;qfu [ks nyhyfu lesfr isf'k djs l?kankA

iafgats ohpkjfu [ks flyflysok# isf'k djs l?kankA

tqnk&tqnk go+Qho+Qrqfu] ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkofu okLrs iafgatks jn&veyq isf'k djs l?kankA

ý-ü-ý i<+.kq

tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts i<+.k tks eoknq (ulqj ,sa uT+e) lgh jÝ+rkj ,sa lkgh iV.k lka i<+h isf'k djs l?kankA

v.k&if<+;y lkexzhv [ks fr[kh jÝ+rkj lka i<+h l?kank ,sa eu esa i<+.k th l?k tks ok/kjks djs l?kankA

if<+;y lkexzhv esa ekStwn eq[;q ohpkjfu] gdhdrqfu ,sa ?kVukmfu th lq×kk.ki djs l?kank ,sa mUgfu ts njE;ku

flyflyks (rkjrE;) o+Qkbeq djs l?kankA

if<+;y lkexzhv esa vk;y yÝ+t+fu] tqfeyfu] bLrykgfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks çlax ewftfc Hkko xzg.k djs] mutks

bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

if<+;y lkexzhv tks rrq ,sa lk# d<h l?kankA

t+:jr eqrkfcfo+Q fMD'kujh] lanHkZ dks"k] fo"k;&lwph] flyflyks ox+Sjg fMlh] mutks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

fla/h Hkk"kk tks [+kkfl vkokt+fu esa ri+Qkorq djs i<+h l?kankA

ý-ü-þ fy[k.kq

ekud fyf[k.khv esa yÝ+t+fu] tqfeyfu tks bLrsekyq dans iafgath xkfYg fy[kh l?kankA

chgd ts fu'kkfu;qfu [ks lgh <ax lka bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

ofgaokj esa dkjkbrfu ,sa okikj lka okLrsnk# yÝ+t+fu] bLrykgfu ,sa infu tks ekSt+™a (mi;qDr) ,sa vljkbrks

bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

iafgats ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkoukmfu [ks fpVks ,sa vljkbrs <ax lka t+kfg# djs l?kankA

lkexzhv [ks flyflysok# ,sa lgh laca/ lka isf'k djs l?kankA

fla/h Hkk"kk ts tqnk&tqnk [+kkfl vkokt+fu [ks fy[k.k ts o+Qkfcyq cf.kth l?kankA

ý-ü-ÿ xzkej ,sa ofgaokjh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

xzkej ts dkjkbrfu uqD+rfu [ks leq>h ,sa bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

xzkej eqrkfcfo+Q lgh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts pksMl iQfgykv (lapkj) ts t+jhvfu] jlkyfu] v[+kck#fu ox+Sjg th eq[+rl# tk.k MsbZ

l?kankA

278

lEçs"k.k tnhnq rduhdh Hkk"kk tks lgh bLrsekyq fl[kh isf'k djs l?kankA

tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa dkjkbrh Hkk"kk tk v.kxf.k;k bLrseky fl[kh] mUgfu [ks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA

[ks=k ,sa jkst+xkj tk o>

fgu fo"k; esa jkst+xkj tk >>k o> feyh l?kfu Fkk&

1- Ldwyh rbyhe

2- dkWysth rbyhe

3- fo'ofo|ky; th rbyhe ,sa [kkstuk tks deq

4- i=kdkfjrk

5- pksMl iQfgykm

6- rtqZeks

7- ehfM;k&

,adfjax] ,fDVax] xkb.kq] u`R; ox+SjgA

jpukRed ys[ku

rbyheh ykbdh& vBksa ikl ;k [+k˜fn tks lVhZfi+QdsVq

i<+.k tks ekè;e& fla/hA

þ- dkslZ th okfD+i+Q;r

fgu dkslZ esa fla/h Hkk"kk twa pkjbZ fy;ko+Qrwa c˜/.kq] xkYgkb.kq] i<+.kq ,sa fy[k.k rs fuLcr eqrkfcfo+Q t+ks# fMuks fo;ks

vkgsA xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq thva r lfHkuh fy;ko+Qrqfu rs nLrjl gkflyq dj.kq fc lkfx, ofD+r t+:jh vkgs]

budjs lanHkZ ewftfc mUgfu th fl[;k fMuh osbZ vkgs ,sa muth ij[k fc FkhanhA Hkk"kk th fy;ko+Qr vfgM+ks /uq vkgs]

tafgatks tsfrjks o/hd bLrsekyq dts] vksfrjks bZ o/hd o/s FkksA Hkk"kk rs lqBks nLrjl gkflyq djs lf?kts FkksA

ÿ- dkslZ th rÝ+lhy

ÿ-û c/.kq oD+rq 10 dykd

ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+lnq c˜/h djs Hkk"kk th ekuk leq>.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA

bdkbZ& 1- fla/h vkokt+fu tks 'kq¼˜ mpkj.kq] vkokt+fu rs t+ks# fM;.kq (Lojfu) gd+ lghg rs t+ks# fM;.kq] ykg

pk<+ lka c˜/.kqA

2- xqÝ+rxw& ro+Qjhj] ysDpj] lqoky] nyhyfu lesfr tokc c˜/.kqA

ÿ-ü xkYgkb.kq oD+rq 10 dykd

ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln iafgatk ohpkj fpVkbZv lka t+kfg# dj.k ,sa gkyfr eqrkfcfo+Q iafgath xkfYg po.k

th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA

279

bdkbZ& 1- fla/h vkokt+fu tks 'kq¼˜ mpkj.kq cyk?kkr Lokjk?kkr ykg pk<+ lka xkYgkb.k th fy;ko+Qr tks ok/kjks

dj.kq vkgsA

2- jokth gkyfr (nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh) esa xqÝ+rxw] iafgath okfD+i+Q;r fM;.kq] Hkk"kk] ysDp#] lqokyq iqN.kq]

ohpkj j[k.kq] nyhy (i+Qkbnss esa ,sa f[+kyki+Qr esa) isf'k dj.kq] xkYgkb.k esa Hkwfedk fuHkkb.kq] Hkko

ewftfc dfork i<+.kq] c˜/kb.kq ,sa c;kuq dj.kq] baVjO;w] ,adfjax (eap lapkyu)] dgk.kh i<+.k th

fy;ko+Qr tks ok/kjks dj.kqA

ÿ-ý i<+.kq ekdw± 45

oD+rq 50 dykd

ed+ln (y{;)& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln Nfi;y ,sa gFk fyf[k;y nLr[+kr tks Mkf<;ka ,sa ekSu okpuq djs

ekuk leq>.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA thou esa eq[;q rksj fcfu fo+QLefu lka lkexzh 'kkfxnZ ts lkEgwa b±nh

vkgsA ifgfj;ksa Hkk"kk tks uT+e okjks :i ,sa fc;ksa ulqj okjks :iA

bdkbZ&

ÿ-ý-û dfork [ks i<+.kq& dfork ts eq[+ryi+Q˜ :ifu lka okfD+i+Q;r edZt+h [+;kyq lkjkg ,sa dforkbZ [+kwfc;qfu

tks vH;klqA bu ed+ln ts iwjkbZv ykb gsfB;fu dfo;qfu twa jpukÅa dkslZ esa 'kkfey d;wa os;wa vkfgfu& fd'kupan

csol] 'kkgq vCnqy yrhi+Q] oklnso eksghA

cSr] ub± dfork ,sa xhr] Nan ,sa vyadkjfu th gokys ts ?kqfjt eqrkfcfo+Q tk.kA

ÿ-ý-ü ulqj tks vH;klq& ulqj ts eq[+ryi+Q flUi+Q˜fu th okfD+i+Q;r] leq>k.kh] is'kdf'k ewftfc [+kwfc;qfu th

tk.k Mhans 'kkfxnZfu [ks v.k&if<+;y ulqj [ks i<+.k ykb fc r;k# d;ks fo;ks vkgsA

dgk.kh] ;kfnxhjh] et+ewu] thouh] i+Qhpj] ,dkadh] i=kdkfjrk lka xMksxM˜ xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk ts bLrseky ykb eqo+Qj#

uqD+rfu th ?kqfjcy tk.kA

ÿ-þ fy[k.kq ekdw± 35

oD+rq 40 dykd

ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln 'kkfxnZfu [ks tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts fy[k.k th fy;kd+r esa leFkqZ c.kkb.kq

vkgs] thva gw thou esa t+:jr ewftcq cked+ln ,sa lqBs bt+gkj lka vljkbrs uewus fy[kh l?kfuA

ed+ln& mís'k eqrkfcfo+Q

lekpkj fy[k.kq

[+kr fy[k.kq (nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh] okikjh [+kr] laiknd ts ukys [+kr)

bt+gkj eqrkfcfo+Q

lk# fy[k.kq

et+ewu fy[k.kq

280

ÿ-ÿ xzkej ekdw± % 10

oD+rq % 20 dykd

ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+lnq 'kkfxnZ [ks xzkej ts tqnk&tqnk uqD+rfu tks cks/q djkb.kq ,sa mutks ?kqfjcy gokys

eqrkfcfo+Q Hkk"kkbZ bLrsekyq dj.kq vkgs] thva mgs 'kq¼˜ ,sa lgh Hkk"kk ts bLrseky esa egkjr gkflyq djs

l?kfuA

bdkbZ&

tqnk&tqnk :ifu esa Hkk"kk th gkyfrA

Hkk"kk tks o+Qcwfy;yq :iq] fyfi] vkbZosVk (o.kZekyk) chgd twa fu'kkfu;wa ox+SjgA

yÝ+t+fu th ?kM+fr] vfx;kfM+;wa] iNkfM+;waA

yÝ+t+fu tk fo+QLe& ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ykb fgdq yÝ+t+] :i ,sa vkdkj esa fgd tfgM+fu yÝ+t+fu esa ri+QkorqA

tqfeyfu th ?kM+fr] drkZ] deZ] i+Qbyq] dkjd] infu tks flyflyks] vfUofr ,sa jokthA

bLrykg ,sa pof.k;waA

Nan] nksgk] cSr] uT+e] ub± dforkA

vyadkj] vuqçkl (rtuhl gi+QhZ] rtuhl [+krh)] ;ed] miek] :id] mRçs{kk] vU;ksfDr] n`"Vkar]

ekuohdj.kA

ö- vH;kl th fjFkk

fgu dkslZ esa Hkk"kk ts pbuh o+Qkfcfy;rqfu] c˜/.k] xkYgkb.k] i<+.k ,sa fy[k.k ts ok/kjs rs ?kqfjcy fuLcr

(vko';d vuqikr) eqrkfcfo+Q t+ks# fMuks fo;ks vkgsA bu ykb gjfgd 'kkfxnZ okLrs gsfB fMuy lkexzh

eq;l# Fkhanh&

[+k˜fn i<+.k (Lokè;k;) ykb Nfi;y lkexzh

'kkfxnZfu th ekufld lrg [ks è;ku esa j[kans] i<+.k th ghv lkexzh r;k# dbZ osbZ vkgsA fgu esa

dforkÅa] ulqjh lcd+ (x| ikB) ,sa fy[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r lka okLrsnkj lcd+ isf'k d;k fo;k vkfgfuA

lEidZ Dykl (MsfB osfB----okLrks dkbe dj.k)'kkfxnZfu ykb vH;klh edZt+ rs (vè;;u dsaæ) 30 dykdfu ts MsfB osfB Dyklfu th fjFkk vkgsA bgs

Dykl NaNj vkjrokj ;k eksdy ts Mhaga rs lqcwg tks ;k 'kke tks vH;klh edZt+ rs eubdn (vk;ksftr)

d;k osankA fgufu Dyklfu esa 'kkfxnZ iafgats fo"k; lka okLrsnk# elbyfu tks ekLrj ;k iafgats lkfFk;qfu

lka xkfYg cksfYg t+jh, gyq (lek/kuq) djs l?kankA gw tqnk tqnk fdLefu tk lqoky iqNh] iafgats 'kadkmfu

[ks fpVhv rjg leq>h l?kank ,sa iafgats lkfFk;qfu lka xkYgk,] gkSlyks gkflyq djs l?kankA

281

÷- ij[k th fjFkk

fla/h Hkk"kk ts fgu dkslZ th ij[k fgu jhfr dbZ osanh&

1- ckfgjha ij[k

eq[;q bfErgkuq (vanjha ij[k lka xM˜) 100

2- vanjha ij[k

mLrkn ikjka r;k# d;yq ij[kukeks

20

bfErgku ts edZt+ rs gjfgd 'kkfxnZ tks 100 ekdqZfu tks fyf[kr :i esa bfErgku ofjrks osanksA 'kkfxnZ [ks

mLrkn ikjka r;k# fFk;y Vs ij[kukek vH;klh edZt+ rka gkflyq FkhankA mgs gy djs vH;klh edZt+

rs eqo+Qj# rkjh[+k rkb± okifl dfj.kk ioankA bUgfu eka dafga fgd th xzsM Ms[kkjh osanhA

ø- ekdqZfu th fojgklr

bdkbZ ekdw± eqo+Qj# oD+rq

ikB rs vk/kj j[kanM+ ulqj& 35 dqy ikB 21 10 = 210

i<+.k tks cks/q Vh-,e-,- 30

i<+.k tks cks/q dfork& 25 dqy 240 dykd

v.k&if<+;yq ulq# 05

v.k&if<+;y dfork 05

fy[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r 20

xzke# 10

dqy tksM+ 100

282

lqokyukes tks l:idqy ekdw± % 100 oD+rq % 3 dykd

1- ed+ln eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fojgklr

ua- ed+ln ekdw± ekdqZfu tks lsdM+ks

1& tk.k 30 30%

2& ekuk leq>.kq @ cks/q 35 35%

3& bt+gk# @ ç;ksxq (rtqZcks) 25 25%

4& lkjkg @ o+Qkfcfy;r 10 10%

dqy 100 100

2- lqokyfu ts uewus eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fojgklr

lqoky tks fo+QLeq dqy lqoky ekdw±

?k.kfu tokcfu eka pwaM 11 11

reke ua<k tokc 33 33

ua<k tokc 14 28

et+ewuh tokc 4 28

dqy 62 100

lqoky ukes ts Mf[k;kbZv th lrg ekdqZfu tks lsdM+ks

M˜f[k;k 15%

ljkljh 50%

loyk 35%

3- lqokyfu ts fo+QLefu eqrkfcfo+Q c;kuq

dfork i<+.kq&

( i ) iatfu ekdqZfu tk iat lqoky 15 = 5

( ii ) Ngfu ekdqZfu tk Ng ua<k tk.k okjk lqoky 16 = 6

( iii ) fdfu fc fcfu lco+Qfu eka fMuy dfork ts va'k eka fgd rs vk/k# j[kanM+ dfo ,sa dfork tk ukyk

c˜/kb±ns dforkbZ lwaga [ks t+kfg# dj.kq 51 = 5

( iv ) pbfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc Vs 23 = 6

( v ) fcfu ç;ksx lka okLrsnk# lqokyfu eka dks fc fgdq lqoky 31 = 3

283

]

ulq# i<+.kq&

( i ) Ngfu ekdqZfu tk Ng tk.k okjk ?k.kfu tokcfu eka lgh tokcq pwaM.k tk lqoky 16 = 6

( ii ) lrfu ekdqZfu tk lr tk.k okjk ua<k lqoky 17 = 7

( iii ) fdfu fc fcfu ikBfu eka fMuy fcfu Vqdjfu eka fgd ts vk/kj rs ikB ,sa ys[kd ts ukys tks c;ku dans

ewy Hkko ,sa ç;ksx lka okLrsnkj lqoky 51 = 5

( iv ) iatfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc pkj lqoky 24 = 8

( v ) pbfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc Vs lqoky 33 = 9

v.k if<+;y dfork& dafga dfork tks fglks MsbZ mu rs vk/k# j[kanM+ iat cks/ okjk reke ua<k lqoky

15 = 5

v.k if<+;y ulqj& dks fc ulqjh Vqfdjks MsbZ mu rs vk/k# j[kanM+ iat cks/ okjk reke ua<k lqoky 15 = 5

xzke#& fMuy dkslZ ts vk/kj rs ç;ksx tk Mg reke ua<k lqoky 110 = 10

lk# fy[k.kq& dafga ulqjh Vqfdjs (150 [kka 200 v[kj) tks 1@3 v[kjfu esa lk# fy[k.kq 51 = 5

[+krq fy[k.kq& fMuy fcfu [+krfu (fgdq nLrwjh] fc;ks x+Sj nLrwjh) eka dks fc fgdq [+krq 51 = 5

et+ewu fy[k.kq& fMuy fdfu fc pbfu iatfu fo"k;fu eka vfVdy 300 v[kjfu tks fgdq et+ewuq

101 = 10

4- fo"k; oLrq eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fofjgklr&

bdkbZ @ mi bdkbZ eqdj# ekdw± dqy ekdw±

i<+.k tks cks/q& ikB rs vk/kfjr ulq#& 35

dfork& 25 60

i<+.k tks cks/q& v.k if<+;yq ulq#& 05

dfork& 05 10

xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk tks ç;ksxq&

o.kZekyk 1

laKk 1

loZuke 1

fo'ks"k.k 1

fØ;k 1 10 10

]

284

fØ;k fo'ks"k.k 1

L=khfyax iqfyax 1

,dopu cgqopu 1

dky 1

Loj 1

ys[ku&

lk# ys[ku 05 05

[+krq 05 05

et+ewuq 10 10

dqy& 100

285

fla/h ekè;fedlqokyukeks

oDrq % 3 dykd dqy ekdw± % 100

fgnk;rwa& lHksbZ lqoky dj.kq t+:jh vkfgfuA gjfgd lqoky ts lkEgwa ekdw± fyf[k;y vkfgfuA

1- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks& 15 = 5

(1) dohv ts njhv eka dafgath Vkjh vanfj vph ossanh gqbZ\

(v) vklksikyo o.k th (c) vac ts o.k th

(l) fifij ts o.k th (n) xqyeksgj ts o.k th ¹ º

(2) csofl th dfork ^vyk >qjs e 'kky* esa ^tk;nkn* v[kj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) ckl.k (c) fefYd;r

(l) [kk/ks ihrks (n) iks"kkd ¹ º

(3) ^nqbZ* v[kj th ekuk vkgs&

(v) fgd&tfgM+kbZ (c) fc;kbZ

(l) ?k.kkbZ (n) FkksjkbZ ¹ º

(4) 'kkg yrhi+Q iafgats cSr esa dafgatks okik# u djs l?k.k th xkfYg pbZ vkgs\

(v) dkvks (c) 'khgks

(l) lp (n) eksrh ¹ º

(5) rOgka ts dkslZ esa 'kkg ts jpukmfu th dfgM+h 'kk[+k 'kkfey vkgs\

(v) okbZ (c) nksgk

(l) cSr (n) x+t+y ¹ º

2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc 15&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 16 = 6

(1) 'kkbj iafgats 'kkgh efgy eka dfgM+h 'kb ?kfV dj.k ykb p;ks vkgs\

(2) csol th dfork ^x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv* esa ^fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s* esa ^ok>* yÝ+t+ th ekuk Nk

vkgs\

(3) Hkkbih balkfu;r lka xM˜ dafga esa tkb fM;.k ykb dfo fgnk;r fM, Fkks\

(4) dkama ,sa gal tks felkyq 'kkg yrhi+Q dafgats ykb fMuks vkgs\

(5) vklksikyo o.k ts dohv tks ukyks Nk vkgs\

(6) dfo dafga esa iQsjks vk.k.k ykb pos Fkks\

286

3- gsfB;ka gokyk dfgM+s lcd+ eka fMuy vkfgfu\ fgufu ts dohv tks ukyks c˜/kb±ns] cSr th dforkbZ lwaga tks

c;kuq dfj;ks& 5

rax et+gc esa u ekiwa] o+QkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]

Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms]

NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh]

rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgkaA

;k

rwa gchcq rwa rchcq

rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu

rwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrj [ks M˜[kanfu

rMfga iQfd;wa i+Qo+QZ dfu

tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ksA

4- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc fVfu lqokyfu tk tokc vfVdy 25&25 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 23 = 6

(1) dfo ,sa vklksikyo o.k tks laca/q dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gks\

(2) dfo ^oMh fnfy* dfork esa dfgM+h çsj.kk Fkks fM,\

(3) >wfiM+hv esa jganM+fu ykb dafga esa et+ks Fkks eps\

(4) 'kkgq yrhi+Q çHkwv [kka dsfrjh ck> ?kqjs Fkks\

5- gsfB,a lqoky tks tokc yxHkx 50 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 3

^oMh fnfy* dfork tks lk# fy[kksA

;k

'kkg yrhi+Q tks cSrq fy[kksA

6- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks& 16 = 6

(1) dafga fc lekt th lekth jktuhfr ,sa ekyh rjrhc ts flyflysok# vfgoky [ks pbts Fkks&

(v) vk[kk.kh (c) ukfoy

(l) bfrgkl (n) cSrq ¹ º

(2) Hkxr daojjke th ;kn esa Hkkjr ljdkj Nk tkjh d;ks\

(v) fyi+Qki+Qks (c) dkMqZ

(l) Viky fVdyh (n) uksVq ¹ º

(3) Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq dfgM+s lky esa fFk;ks\

(v) 1940 (c) 1942

(l) 1941 (n) 1945 ¹ º

287

(4) ik.k [kka ua<h mfefj okjfu [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r lEcks/u esa Nk fy[kank\

(v) ueLrs (c) ç.kke

(l) vklhl (n) isjs Fkh ioka ¹ º

(5) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ys[kd [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tk efgeku yxk\

(v) iafgatk (c) ijkok

(l) dfd danM+ (n) tklwl ¹ º

(6) gksyh dfgM+s fla/h efgus esa b±nh vkgs\

(v) tsB esa (c) iQx˜.k esa

(l) oslk[k esa (n) lkao.k esa ¹ º

7- gsfB;qfu lqokyfu tk tokc 15&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 17 = 7

(1) lcd+ esa tf.k;fu ikb.k th mfefj dfgM+h c˜/kbZ osbZ vkgs\

(2) >wysyky pkyhgks dMfga Fkhanks vkgs\

(3) /hv#fu th i<+kbZv eka dfgM+k i+Qkbnk vkfgfu\

(4) ^lk# ys[ku* Fkksjs esa c˜/k;ksA

(5) lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts pfj=k twa pkfj [+kwfc;aw fy[kksA

(6) cksyhv tk vyadkj dfgM+k vkfgfu\

(7) bfrgkl Nk [ks Fkkss pbts\

8- gsfB;saa Vqdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 1+2+2=5

fla/h dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa ?k.kkbZ Mkr /.kh iafgats rtys ,sa vkc rkc lka fpedh jfg;k

vkfgfu] ij flaf/;qfu ts fljeksj dfo 'kkg yrhi+Q tks rtyks] dhfrZ] tlq lfHkuh [kka o/hd vkgsA gw fgu

vkdk'k eaMy ts cs'kqekj rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku paM fely çdk'kekuq vkgsA thva dafga p;ks vkgs r 'kkgq

yrhi+Q fla/q th vkRek vkgs] fla/h rgt+hc tks :g vkgs] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb cstksM+ vkn'kZq vkgsA tsdks ntksZ

vaxzst+hv esa 'ksDlihvj tks vkgs] mu [kka eFkHkjks ntksZ vlha fla/h lkfgR; esa 'kkg yrhi+Q [ks fM;wa FkkA

(1) fgu Vqfdjs tks fljks fy[kksA 1

(2) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fV,a fgls esa lk# fy[kksA 2

(3) 'kkg yrhi+Q th HksV dafga lka dbZ osbZ vkgs\ 2

;k

tMfga dks pÄks deq dcks vkgs r vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgs] vanj okjks poanks vkgs r 'kkckfl ! ts

dks mcrks de dcks vkgs r >fV vanj okjks 'kekZb±nks vkgs r vjs ! gh d;ks Nk vFksbZ] cqMh ejhaA yt uFkh vpsbZ\

288

bgks vanj okjks iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq vkgs] dafgath dhu j[ksA oMs fVlhax (veynkj& [+kkfl ek.gw) eka fc dhu VjsA

eqaga rs iQfgdk, fM,fl r gfgM+k rfgM+k rks[ks lk×kfg u isbZ\ deq dfgM+ks d;ks vFksbZ\ efrycq r foosd

vfgM+ks vkgs] tks 'ky dafgatks lk.kqfl iym u vM+s] dks pksjh djs r fMls] mfHkjh oBanqfl] ijkbZ L=khv [ks gFkq

yk, r fMls] fiM+ if/jks danqfl] dwM+ks o+Qleq [k.ks r fc dhu NMhanqfl] cqfNM+ks danqflA Mksghv [ks lnkb± iafgatks

ikiq fi;ks [kk,A mgks [+;ky ckjgksbZ pqfgfV;ks jgsfl ,sa ftrs o×ks] mrs lanfl ihNks u Fkks NMs] t.kq fxphv esa

taM tks iqM+ [ka;ks fi;ks ?kqesA Mk<ks O;kdqyq ,sa ijs'kkuq Fkks djsflA ^jkfr;wa jkgr ukfg dk] Mhagksa Mhagq gSjkuhA*

(1) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fljks fy[kksA

(2) pÄks deq dj.k lka Nk Fkhanks vkgs\

(3) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fV,a fgls esa lk# fy[kksA

9- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc pbfu lqokyfu tk tokc 20&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 24 = 8

(1) et+ewuqq Nk vkgs\

(2) fiQfiQM+fu ,sa c™Vfu th HksV dhva dbZ osbZ vkgs\

(3) ^fefYd;r* dgk.khv tks ys[kdq ds# vkgs\ dgk.khv ts eq[;q fdjnkjfu tk ukyk fy[kksA

(4) jsf'kek xfM;y dqVac esa Nksu Fkh jg.kq pkgs\

(5) ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* lcd+ ts vk/kj rss vgeq ukfj;qfu tk ukyk fy[kksA

10- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc fVfu lqokyfu tk tokc yxHkx 40&50 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 33 = 9

(1) ^Hkxfr* rs Fkksjs esa jks'kuh fo>ksA

(2) c˜<k vkJeq dgk.khv tks lk# fy[kksA

(3) ^lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr* esa ys[kd dfgM+ks lans'kq fMuks vkgs\

(4) [+krfu ts fo+QLefu tks eqf[+rl# esa c;kuq dfj;ksA

11- gsfB fMuy dfork [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 15 = 5

thou tks tlq vkgs bUghv esa] thm thm js thm

çse dVksjh tk fc feys Fkh] ihm ihm js ihm

thou ts tqafc'k th xehZ] rkdr ru eu ykb

lqLr lofM+ ts gsBka gjne] lhm lhm js lhm

thou tks Nkss Nsnq djha Fkks] thou leq>.k ykb

thou [ks ek.k.k tks iyq vk] ghm ghm js ghm

ghlk;y gh.ks ykb ukgs] nqfu;k ghv fnyxhj

vfxrs o/q ,sa lHk [kka vfxjks] Fkhm Fkhm js Fkhm

289

(1) thou tks tlq Nk esa vkgs\

(2) dfo dfgM+h dVksjh ihv.k ykb pos Fkks\

(3) lqLr [ks lofM+ gsBka fc Nk yxanks\

(4) ghm iy Nkts ykb vkgs\

(5) ghm nqfu;k dafgats ykb ukgss\

12- gsfB,a Vqfdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fy[kks& 15 = 5

Hkk"kk ;k ok.khv esa oMh rkdr lek;y gwanh vkgs] [+kkfl djs ekr`Hkk"kk (Mother tounge) esaA vlkath

ekr`Hkk"kk bZ vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa gwanh vkgsA iafgath ekr`Hkk"kk bZ vlka[ks ^gqv.k* (being) [kka (becoming)

^fFk;.k* Mkagqa uhanh vkgs] rafgadjs ekr`Hkk"kk [kka ijs Hkt.k lka ;k mu [ks fo×kk, fog.k lka vlkath ekr`Hkk"kk

(fla/h) bZ [+kreq Fkh osanhA eSfDlu cuZlu ukys rbyhenku tks po.kq vkgs r ekr`Hkk"kk esa fl[;k gkflyq dj.k

tks vf/dk# lfHkuh [ks vkgsA ckjfu [ks ges'kg iafgathv ekr`Hkk"kk esa bZ rbyhe fM;.kq ?kqfjtsA* ekStwng ofD+r

esa fi.kq bu ohpkj th oMh vgfe;r vkgsA tsdks ekr`Hkk"kk tks R;kx˜ dj.k ,sa chv cksyhv esa rbyhe oB.k

th lykg fM, Fkks] mu [ks ekr`Hkk"kk fuLcr Hkkoukmfu th dkbZ tk.k dku gwanh vkgsA ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe

gkflyq dj.k ts ohpkj [ks lekftd ,sa ofgaokjh vgfe;r vkgsA dafga fc balku th l`tu'khyrk ,sa rdZ c˜¼hv

tks rfdM+ks ,sa lqHkkohd fodklq tsfrjks lanfl ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk Fkhanks] vksfrjks ijkbZv] /kjhv Hkk"kk }kjk dksu Fkh

l?kanksA ekr`Hkk"kk ekè;e }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.kq fgd lekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd tokcnkjh ,sa ykxkisnkjh vkgsA

(1) vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa Nk gwanh vkgs\

(2) eSfDlu cuZlu ukys rbyhenku Nk fyf[k;ks vkgs\

(3) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.k ts ohpkj [ks dfgM+h vgfe;r vkgs\

(4) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk dafgatks rfdM+ks ,sa lqHkkohd fodklq Fkhanks\

(5) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.k ykb dfgM+h tokcnkjh ,sa ykxkisnkjh vkgs\

13- gsfB;fu xzkej ts lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 5

(1) bLe [+kkfl th oLi+Q fy[kksA

(2) lqokyh fu'kkuhv okjks fgdq tqfeyks fy[kksA

(3) fli+Qfr th ifjHkk"kk fy[kksA

(4) t+ehjh fli+Qfr tk c felky fy[kksA

(5) i+Qby th oLi+Q fy[kksA

(6) ijlxZ tk c felky fM;ksA

(7) ^va/fu esa dk.kks jktk* bLrykg th ekuk fy[kksA

(8) ftUl eksful tk c felky fy[kksA

(9) y?kq Loj dafga[ks Fkks pbts\

(10) ^Nksfdjkss* tks vnn tem fy[kksA

290

14- gsfB,a Vqfdjs tks lk# fV,a fgls esa fy[kks& 5

lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh ua<iqf.k [kka bZ i<+kbZv esa reke ?k.kks gksf'k;k# gqvkA gw gSnjkckn fla/qq esa

^,dsMeh* ukys Ldwy esa if<+;k gqvk] tsdks lk/w ghjkuUn cikZ d;ks gks ,sa fçafliy fif.k gksA lk/w ghjkuan

rbyhe;kÝ+rk] lekt lq/kjdq ,sa larkRek gqvkA gqufu ts mlwyfu ,sa vkn'kZfu tks ckyd oklok.khv rs reke

xgjks vl# fi;ks gksA ckyd oklok.khv esa Kku lka xMksxM˜ lfHkuh ykb J¼k ,sa vknj gksA gqufu ts vkn'kZ

thou tks felkyq lk/w ghjkuan fc;fu ckjfu [ks r Mhank bZ gqvk ij Ldwy tk lHksbZ ekLrj fc gqufu ts ofgaokj

[kka reke ?k.kks eqrkfl# gwank gqvkA ckyd oklok.kh t+ghuq 'kkfxnZq gqvkA gqufu 1900 esa ch- ,- ,sa 1902 esa

,e- ,- ikl dbZA rafga [kka iksb gw fgd dkWyst tk fçalhiy cf.k;kA gw reke lqBk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA gqufu

ts ro+Qjhj esa c [+kkfl xkfYg;wa gq;waA ifgfj;ksa gquts yÝ+t+fu esa tks'k gwanks gksA tsdk xkfYg poank gqvk] mu rs

iq[+rks oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu th yxu bZ lanfu ts yÝ+t+fu [ks vljkbrks c.kkb±nh gqbZA gqufu ts Hkk"k.k tks

fc;ks xq.k gks lanfu fefBM+ks vkokT+k˜A laxhr okaxqj gqufu tks vkokT+k˜ fc ek.gqfu ts fnfy;qfu [ks Nqganks gksA

15- rOgka ts bykds esa 'kjkc tks nqdku [kqyh fo;ks vkgsA mu [ks gVkb.k ykb okLrsnkj vki+Qhljfu [ks [+krq fy[kksA

;k 05

rOgka iafgats nksLr [ks xehZv ts eksdyqfu esa xfMth dafga fgy LVs'ku rs ?kqe.k ykb [+krq fy[kksA

16- dafga fc fgd fo"k; rs 300 yÝ+t+fu esa et+ewu fy[kks& 10

(1) eqafgath fefBM+h fla/h cksyh

(2) eqafgatks euilafn nksLrq

(3) dafgaa fMBy gkfnls tks o.kZuq

(4) dEI;wVj th vgfe;r

291

lqokyukes ts lqokyfu tk tokc

,sa ekdqZfu th fofjgklr

1- (1) v 1

(2) c 1

(3) c 1

(4) l 1

(5) l 1

2- (1) 'kkbj iafgats 'kkgh efgy esa fgd dksfBM+h ?kfV djkb.k ykb pbZ vkgsA 1

(2) fy;kdk ikb.kq 1

(3) :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms 1

(4) ykbo+Q˜ ,sa v.k&ykbo+Q˜ 'k[+l ykb 1

(5) oklqnso eksgh 1

(6) euo`Ùkhv esa iQsjh vk.k.k ykb pos FkksA

3- oMh fnfy 1@2

csofl 1@2

leq>k.kh& csofl balku [ks oMh fnfy lka jg.k th lykg fMuh vkgsA vlka [ks rafx et+gc ts nk;js esa

u jg.k [kisA Hkkbih balkfu;r ,sa :gkfu;r esa tkb fM;.k okjh xkfYg Fkks djsA fc;kbZv :ih xanh n`f"V

R;kx.kq [kisA 3

dohrk th vHkO;fDr 1

;k

(1) vklksikyo o.kq 1@2

(2) oklnso ^eksgh* 1@2

(3) gokys th leq>k.kh 3

(4) bt+gk# 1

292

4- (1) dohv ts ?kj ckfgjka vklksikyo tks o.kq gksA mu lka lanfl fj'rks I;kj ,sa >sM+s okjks vkgsA o.k th lkod

gqu [ks o.ks Fkh ,sa o.k tks dpjks fMlh [+ki+Qs fFk, FkksA

(2) ^rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka* xfMth jg.k th çsj.kk fM, FkksA

(3) twvfj ts feBs <ks<s esa et+ks eps FkksA

(4) çHkwv tks tsMks ukam vkgs] vksMh ck> ?kqjs Fkks 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜A

5- dfo nqfu;k esa oMh fnfy j[kh thv.k tks lans'kq fM, Fkks] euo`rhv esa iQsjks vk.k.k th lykg fM, FkksA

;k 3

'kkg yrhi+Q tks dks fc cSrq fy[kksA

6- (1) l 1

(2) l 1

(3) v 1

(4) v 1

(5) l 1

(6) c 1

7- (1) 5 [kka 12 lkyfu th mfefj tf.k;fu ikb.k th c˜/kbZ osbZ vkgsA 1

(2) 16 tqykbZ [kka 24 vkxLV rkb± gj lky 40 Mhaga >wysyky pkyhgks eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA 1

(3) lekt esa lq/kjks vps Fkks] /hv:a fc iqVfu okaxq# ekbVfu tks xkVq Åapks dfu fFk;waA 1

(4) o/hd yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k [ks lk# ys[ku pbts FkksA 1

(5) d:.kk th Hkkouk] drZO; fu"Bk] mifu"knfu tks vH;kl] L=kh f'k{kkA 1

(6) igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa cksyhv tk vyadkj vkfgfuA 1

(7) ekuo lekt th lekth] jok;rh ,sa ekyh rjrhc tks flyflysok# vfgokyq] tsdks mu lekt th rjdhv

tks c;kuq djsA 1

8- (1) 'kkgq yrhi+QA 1

(2) fV,s fgls esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[k.kks vkgsA 2

(3) 'ksDlih;j lka HksV dbZ osbZ vkgsA 2

;k

(1) deq ;k gktA 1

(2) vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgsA vanj okjks 'kkcklh Mhanks vkgsA 2

(3) fV;sa fgLls esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k.kks vkgsA 2

293

9- (1) et+ewuq mgk jpuk vkgs] tafgaesa ohpkjfu ;k ?kVukmfu [ks lgh flyflyks MsbZ xa<s djs fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA 2

(2) fiQfiQM+ gok esa vkWDlhtu [k.kh] dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbZM d<h] 'kjhj [ks ranq#Lrq j[kfu Fkk] rfgM+hv rjg

c™Vk fc vkWDlhtu fM;fu FkkA 2

(3) ys[kd bZ'oj pUæ & fdjnkj eqgEen vkehu ,sa i+QfrekA 2

(4) jsf'kek vkt+kn ilan L=kh vkgs] budjs xfM;y dqVac esa jg.kq uFkh pkgsA 2

(5) nknh çdk'ke.kh] lk/uk] Hkxoarh ukok.kh] bafnjk fganwtk] lqanjh mÙkepank.kh] iksiVh ghjkuank.khA 2

10- (1) yksd laxhr th flai+Q thva M[k.k Hkkjr tks [+kkfl uR; Hkkjr ukV~;e vkgs] rhva vlkath fla/h Hkxr vkgsA 3

(2) dgk.khv esa jsf'kek tks pfj=k] dgk.khv ts vk/kj rs lk# fyf[k.kks vkgsA 3

(3) ?kj ?kj li+QkbZv tks lans'k MsbZ] lekt ,sa ns'k [ks lki+Q j[kh l?kwa Fkk_ lcd+ ts vk/kj rs fyf[k.kks vkgsA 3

(4) 'k[+lh [+krq dhva fyf[kts\ 3

11- (1) thou tks tlq thv.k esa vkgsA 1

(2) dfo çse th dVksjh ihv.k ykb pos FkksA 1

(3) lqLr [ks lofM+ gsBka fc lhm yxanks vkgsA 1

(4) ghm iyq ek.k.k ykb vkgsA 1

(5) ghv nqfu;k ghlk;y ,sa gh.ks ykb ukgsA 1

12- (1) vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa vlkath ekr`Hkk"kk vkgsA 1

(2) ekr`Hkk"kk esa rbyhe gkflyq dj.k tks vf/dkj lfHkuh [ks vkgsA 1

(3) bu ohpkj [ks lekftd ,sa ofgaokjh vgfe;r vkgsA 1

(4) l`tu'khyrk ,sa rdZ c˜¼hv tksA 1

(5) lekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd tokcnkjh vkgsA 1

13- (1) dafga fc çk.khv] 'kb] LFkku ts [+kkfl ukys [ks bLeq [+kkfl pbcks vkgsA 1

(2) rqafgatks ukyks Nk vkgs\ 1

(3) tsds yÝ+t+ bLe ;k t+ehj th [+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nk vkfgfu] mUgfu [ks fli+Qfr pbcks vkgsA 1

(4) gw i[kh] dfgM+ks 'kgjA 1

(5) i+Qbyq mgks vkgs] tafga lka dafga tkss dq> dj.k ;k fFk;.k th tk.k iosA 1

(6) Mkagqa] ofVA 1

(7) ew[kZfu esa Fkksjks ?k.kks gksf'k;k#A 1

294

(8) Nksfdjh] ekbZA 1

(9) ftfu Lojfu tks mpkj dj.k esa reke ?kfV oD+rq yxankss vkgsA 1

(10) NksfdjkA 1

14- lk# ys[ku&

cqfu;knh uqD+rfu [ks c˜/kb.kq 2

fV,a fgls esa yÝ+t+fu esa lk# 2

Hkk"kk th 'kq¼rk 1

15- [+krq fy[k.kq&

[+kr twa nLrwjh xkfYg;wa

lqokyfu ewftfc fo"k;&oLrw

is'kdf'k ,sa Hkk"kk

16- et+ewu fy[k.kq&

'kq:vkfr 2

fo"k; oLrw 4

isf'kdf'k 2

Hkk"kk 'kSyh 2

295

fla/h Hkk"kk fla/q ts /jrhv lka bZ otwn esa vkbZ vkgsA

fla/h cksyh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkmfu esa vgeq tkb okykjs FkhA o+Qnhe cksyh vkgs] chgd] mpkj.k] xzkej] yÝ+t+ HkaMkjts [+;ky [kka fla/hv twa ?kf.k;wa bZ [+kwfc;wa ut+fj vpfu fFk;waA ds [+kkfl [+kwfc;wa fgu jhfr vkfgfu&

[+kkfl;rwa

1- fla/h cksyhv th lHk [kka oMh [+kwch bgk jgh vkgs r fgu fc;fu cksfy;qfu eka ?k.kks dq>q >Vs ik.k esa tt+cdans fc yÝ+t+fu rksM+s cksyhv ts cukoV th lrg rs iafgatk vusd futq vuklj ik.k lka lka<s jf[k;k vkfgfuAfla/hv ts bu [+kkfl;r th vkfyefu fnfy [kksys lkjkg dbZ vkgsA

2- fla/hv ts Lojfu tks mpkj.k fganhv felfy bZ fFk, FkksA

3- gi+QZ lgh tk udkoka mpkj.k fc Fkhank vkfgfu] tafga lka ekuk th rCnhy vph o×ks Fkh&

lkbZ& mgkbZ lkb±& Lokehvlh& 80 vaxq vlha& vlka lHkq

4- fganhv esa yÝ+t+ tks vkf[+kjh Loj xkYgkb.k ofD+r 'kkar ;k xqeq Fkh osanks vkgs ij fla/hv esa lki+Q rjg mpkfjcksvkgs&

fganh fla/h?kj ?k#jkr jkfr

5- dsfrjfu yÝ+t+fu ts vkf[+kfj esa m ;k b gqv.k rs ftal efVth oanh vkgs&

lkSVq (pkps tks iqVq) lkSfV (pkps th /hv)

eklkrq (eklhv tks iqVq) eklkfr (eklhv th /hv)

dqdqM+ (eqxksZ) dqdqfM+ (eqxhZ)

6- fdfu yÝ+t+fu esa m ;k b fla/hv esa nh?kZ (fM?kks) Fkh o×ks Fkks&

fganh fla/h

dfo doh

lk/q lk/w

7- fla/hv tk pwl.kk vkokt+ pkj vkfgfu& x] t] M] c] ftfu esa gok eq[k ts vanj fNfdch vkgsA

8- gj vkokt+ ykb o.kZ ;k fu'kkuh vkgs] tafga djs vkbZosVk esa 52 o.kZ vkfgfuA lHk [kka o/hdA budjs bZfla/h cksyh tk.kanM+ nqfu;k th Hkk"kk tks o.kZ&yÝ+t+ fcuk dafga vVd ts mpkjs l?ks Fkks [+kkfl djs futqfla/h o.kZ x] t] M] c ,sa i+Qkjlhv tk i+Q] x+] t+ ,sa [+k r fganh ,sa laLÑr tk ekfgj fc u mpkjs l?kank tksmUgfu cksfy;qfu esa bgs v[kj u vkfgfuA

fla/h Hkk"kk twa [+kkfl;rwa

296

9- fla/h late okjh cksyh vkgsA t+ehjh ,sa i+Qbyh fu'kkfu;qfu osrfj fla/hv [ks o/hd fdi+Qk;rh c.kk, NfM;ks vkgsA

;kus tqfeys esa ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ,oft+ Fkksjk yÝ+t+ dfe vk.ks l?kwa FkkA thva ewa fgu [ks ?kqek;ks ,oft+ fgdq yÝ+t+

^?kqek;ksekafl* b,a 20 v[kjfu ,oft+ 7 v[kjfu esa tqfeyks Bgh l?ks FkksA

10- fla/h le`¼ 'kkgwdk# Hkk"kk vkgsA olhv 'kCn HkaMkj vFkflA ,frjks o/hd tks fc;wa cksfy;wa vlka lka jhl dfu]

felky ge&ekuk yÝ+t+fu tks HkaMkj&

xf.krhv tk 22] datwl tk 20] mB tk 17] ohj tk 22 i;kZ;okph @ levFkhZ ;k ge&ekuk yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA

u #xks bLe ij t+ehj fli+Qfr i+Qby] gi+QZ t+j] gi+QZ tqfeys tk fc ?k.kk bZ felky feyfu FkkA

vaxzst+hv esa vady] vkaVh] dft+u yÝ+t+ bZ lewjfu lEca/fu ykb de esa vpfuA fganhv esa ppsjh] ekSlsjh cgu

pofu ij fla/hv esa lkSVq&lkSfV] eklkrq&eklkfr] lkyktq&lkykft] MsjksVq&MsjksfV] ekjksVq&ekjksfV] iqiQkVq&iqiQkfV]

pkph] ekeh] eklh] iqiQh ox+Sjg bgk fc cksyhv ts 'kkgwdkjhv th lkfcrh vkgsA

fla/hv esa jg.k th tkb [ks ?k# pbts FkksA ij tqnk&tqnk tkuojfu ts jg.k th tkb ykb vyfx vyfx ukyk

vkfgfuA

11- fla/h fefBM+h] jlhyh ,sa e/qj cksyh vkgss] rtuhl [+krh (mRçs{kk vyadkj) ,sa rtuhl gi+QhZ (vuqçkl vyadkj)

mgk jaxhu t+ckuh vkgs tafga ewftfc dfo ;k ys[kd iafgath jpuk [ks vljkbrks] t+sckbrks ,sa o.kanM+ c.kk, FkksA

dkjk ddj djs ofldkjk (Vs ni+Qk d)

/jrh /qvfu g.kh iQwgkjk (c ni+Qk /)

(xkso/Zu Hkkjrh)

lt.k ,sa lk.ksg dafgaa v.kklhv foljs (c ni+Qk l)

gSi+Q ruh [ks gksb oruq tfu folkfj;ks (c ni+Qk g)

('kkgq yrhi+Q)

12- fla/h vljkbrh cksyh vkgsA dafgaa cksyhv esa bgs [+klwfl;rwa rMfga Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu tMfga mu esa iqj ekuk bLrykg

,sa igkdk gwank vkfgfuA gt+kjsa bLrykg] igkdk ekStwn vkfgfuA

?kksM+ks&rcsyks] xkab] esafga&oFkk.kq] 'khagaq&x+kfj] mBq&>ksd] dqvks&fc#] i[kh&vk[ksjks] ek[khv th ef[k&ekukjks]

MsaHkw&[k[kfj] dksjhvM+ks&tk#A Vksyhv th ekuk esM+] gkfFk;qfu tks esM+&ox˜] esagqafu tks esgkx˜] cfdfj;qfu tks

ckd#] dqrfu tks&yks/] Nsyfu tks&Nkax] o.kfu tks&>qeVks] xqyfu tks&>qfxVks] vaxwjfu tks&Nqxks] okjfu tks&eqpksA

vfgM+hv rjg v[kj yÝ+t+&HkaMkj] tqfeys ts lrg rs fla/hv twa [+kwfc;wa r vkfgfu bZ] xMksxM Nan] vyadkj]

bLrykg&igkdfu th lrg rs fc vusd [+kwfc;wa vkfgfuA vfgM+h 'kkgwdkj Hkk"kk [ks o/.k oh>.k ts fMl esa vlka

lfHkuh [ks dksf'k'kwa dj.kq ?kqfjtfuA

297

vkf[+kjh eksM+ ,sa cafn dfj;ks

pksFkksa eksM+

fV;ksa eksM+

f c;ksa eksM+

ifgfj;ksa eksM+lcd

fu rs rOgkatks jnv

ey

lki+Q˜ l

qfFkjks Hkkjrcsofl

twa d

ohrkÅa

c˜<k vkJeq

xqyfu ,sa i[khv

M+fu tks nnZq

fla/q t

ks bfrgklq

/hv# cp

k;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks

vklksiky

o o.kqHkkjr t

wa vgeq fl

a/h ukfj;wafefYd

;r'kkg y

rhi+Q tk cSr


fla/h l

aLÑrhv

th >

yd

fla/q t

wa lwjfe;wa

lk/w okl

ok.khfla/h igkd

k ,sa pof.k;wa

fla/hv

tk i+Qud

kjtu l

apkj ekè;e ,sa fl

a/hfla/h ckssy

hv t

ks fodklq

et+ewuq d

hva fy

f[kts

[+krq dhv

a fyf[kt

slk# d

hva fy

f[kts

1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-

dgk.kh lkexzh jkst+kuh

g;krhv lka okLrsnk# v

kgslcd

+uEcj

lcd+ t

ks ukyks

loyh

M˜[khmi;ksxh

v.k&mi;ksxh

o.kanM+ ,sa mi;ksxh

if<+;y lkexzh

Hkk"kkrLoh:

aef'kxwfy

;warOgha N

k fl[;kloy

hM˜[kh

gkM˜[kh

o.kanM+ ijmi;ksxh ukfgu

o.kanM+ ij mi;ksxh ureke mi;ksxh d

q> mi;ksxh

--------

--------

v.k&o.kanM+

lki+Q˜ l

qfFkjks Hkkjrcsofl

twa d

ohrkÅa

c˜<k vkJeq

xqyfu ,sa i[khv

M+fu tks nnZq

fla/q t

ks bfrgklq

/hv# cp

k;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks

vklksiky

o o.kqHkkjr t

wa vgeq fl

a/h ukfj;wafefYd

;r'kkg y

rhi+Q tk cSr


fla/h l

aLÑrhv

th >

yd

fla/q t

wa lwjfe;wa

lk/w okl

ok.khfla/h igkd

k ,sa pof.k;wa

fla/hv

tk i+Qud

kjtu l

apkj ekè;e ,sa fl

a/hfla/h ckssy

hv t

ks fodklq

et+ewuq d

hva fy

f[kts

[+krq dhv

a fyf[kt

slk# d

hva fy

f[kts

1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-

lcd+

uEcjlcd

+ tks uky

ksloy

kMf[k;k

o.kanM+ ,sami;ksxh

o.kanM+ ijmi;ksxh u

lqoky

fu rs jnvey

I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]

mesn vkgs r i<+.k t

h ghv lkexzh i<+h rOgka[ks v

kuan vk;ks gwanksA v

lka i<+.kth lkexzhv

[ks oD+rkbrks mi;ksxh ,sa o.kanM+ c.kkb.k th iwjh d

ksf'k'k dbZ v

kgsAfgufu lcd

+fu t+jh, rOgkat

s g;krhv t

h o+Qkfcfy;r o/kb.k t

h dksf'k'k d

bZ osbZvkgsA lcd

+ lka x M ,sa lcd+ t

s iNkM+hv

tk lqoky

budjs bZ fMuk fo;k v

kfgfu]thv

a rOgka fo"k; [ks leq>h jkst+kuh g;krhv

esa mutks bLrseky

q djs l?kksA

rOgkats jnv

ey t

s vk/kj rs v

lha bu esa lq/kjks danklhaA o+Q˜cZq d

js] dq>q oD+rq

d<h] ghm iQkeZ Hkjs d

js vlka[ks eksfd

fy;ksA rOgkat

s lgdkj y

kb 'kqØkukA

rbyheh v

ki+Qhlj (fla/h)

-------------------

--------

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vt˜ bZ iwjks Hkjs] fgu [+kkds [ks Viky jLrs eksfdys fM;ks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

298

vOgkatk jk;k

Nk vOgka fla/hv tks dks fc;ks fdrkc if<+;ks vkgs\ gk @ u

tsdMfga gk] r mu ckcfr dq>q fy[kks&

ukyks %

jksy uEcj %

,sMsªl %

fo"k; %

fdrkc uEcj %

VikyfVfdyh

fgu lka yxy Lohdkj dksUgsa

'kSf{kd vf/dkjh

fla/h

jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku

,&24&25] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k]

lsDVj&62] uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)

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ekè;fed ikb~;Øe üýø&fla/h · ts [ks=k esa fla/h hkk"kk tks çpk# çlk# dj.k ykb fla/h...

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