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4. (EMS) (74)4.1 ISO 14001 (76) 4.2 - EMS (79) 5. (EA) (86)5.1 (88) 5.2 (91)5.3 (93)6. (EPE) (96)7. (100) 8. (LCA) (108)9. (EL) (123)9.1 (125)9.2 II ( -) (126)9.3 I (127)9.4 III (130)

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1 1976. 1986.

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1.3 , , . , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . ) , :1) ( ), , , , , , , ( , ), , , 2) ( ), , , , ( , , , , , , , , ), . ) :1) , , . , , , , , , , , , .2) , :2) , , , , , , , , , ( ) 2) - , , ( , , , , , , , , , ) , , :21) () , , , ( , ) 22) , , .) , , , :1) , , , 2) , , , , (. risk avoidance), (. risk reduction), (. risk optimization) . , , , , , , . , , , , , . ) , , :1) 2) () .) , , :1) 2) .) , :1) 2) .) , :1) 2) .) (. ), :1) 2) 3) .

1.4 , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . . :1) '' (. risk assessment) :1.1) 1.2) ''.1.1) (. risk analysis) :) (. source identification), , ) (. risk estimation), . 1.2) (. risk evaluation) , , , , , , (. stakeholder, , ) (. interested party, ) ., . , , , , :2) '' (. environmental risk assessment) , , , , ''. : 2.1) 2.2) . () , . , , :A. , (US EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency);B. (NAS - National Academy of Sciences);C. , , ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management D. .

) , (US EPA), :1) , , ;2) , , 3) , , .B) , (NAS), :1) , , , ( : , , .), (, - - .); 2) , / /, , , , , , , , .;3) , , , , , (. , , .) 4) , , , , () , , , , , . , , (US EPA), (www.epa.gov/iris/ ) (IRIS Integrated Risk Information Sistem) , A-Z List of Substances, ( ) 557 , (CASRN - Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers ) . C) , (Risk Management), ISO 31000:2009, :1) , , , ( ) ;2) , 3) , , . , ISO 31000:2009, (1.5 ). D) ( , 4. ) . , , , , . , , , : ( - 25 , - 500 ); ( ); ; ( , .); ; , ; ( , , , , , .); ( ) . / . , , . / , , , :1) - 2) - . 1 4, : 2 - () 3 - () .

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1.5 , , , , , (. risk management). , , , (. environmental risk management), , . , , , , .'' ''. '' ''. , , , : , , . , . '' (. risk management system) , ''.'' (. environmental risk management system) , ''. , . . , , ( , , ) . , , . , , (Mark P. Sharfman) (Chirtu S. Fernando), , 267 . , ., , . , , ISO/TC 262 Risk management , , . ISO IEC 73, , : ISO/IEC Guide73:2002, Risk management - Vocabulary - Guidelines for use in standards. 2004. , JUSISO/IEC Uputstvo73:2004, . 2009. ISO IEC 73, : 1) ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management - Vocabluary; 2) ISO 31000:2009, Risk management Principles and guidelines 3) ISO/IEC 31010:2009, Risk management Risk assessment techniques. ISO 31000:2009 2010. , : SRPS ISO 31000:2010 (en), , , . , ISO Guide 73:2009 ISO/IEC 31010:2009, . , , ISO 31000:2009, ISO Guide 73:2002, , 2004. , :JUS ISO Guide 73:2004, Menadment rizikom, Renik - Smernice za korienje u standardima, 29 , ISO 31000:2009, ISO Guide 73. ISO 31000:2009 2013. ISO/TR 31004:2013 Risk management - Guidance for the implementation of ISO 31000. , 37 , . , , , . 3. ISO 31000:2009 , , 11 : 1) , , , , , , , ; 2) , , ; 3) , , ; 4) , ; 5) , , , ; 6) , , , , , , .; 7) , ; 8) , , , ; 9) (), , , ; 10) , , , , , , , 11) , , . ISO 31000:2009, . 5 , , , , , . ISO 31000:2009 ISO Guide 73:2009 29 , 2 ISO 31000:2009 ( ISO 14000 3). , , , : 1) (. risk management);2) (. risk management system);3) (. risk assessment);4) (. risk analysis) 5) (. risk evaluation). : 6) (. risk identification) , . 1 : , , . 2 ;7) (. risk treatment) . 1 '' '' . 2 , , ;8) (. communication and consultation ) . , , , , , , 9) (. monitoring) , , . , . 4. ISO 31000:2009 , . , , . 5 ISO 31000:2009 . , . 3 , , 5 .

(5.6) (5.2)

(5.3)

(5.4)

(5.4.2)

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? . , , . management ( mnage) . , , . . 6.000 , , , , . , 2,300.000 , 2,5 , , , 100.000 20 . , , . , , , , , , . , , , . . , , , , . , 18. , , . , , , , , , ( ), , , .

2.1 , :1) , , , , ;2) , , , , () 3) . , , , :1) ;2) 3) . , , , . , , , , , ., , , . (Frederick W. Taylor 1856 - 1915), 19. 20. , , :1) ;2) ;3) 4) () ().

, (Frank Gilbreth - 1868-1924 Lillian Moller Gilbreth - 1878-1972) , . , , , , . 20. , . , :1) () , ;2) , , , , . (Hugo Musterberg), (Hanry Gantt), (Elton Mayo) ;3) , (Hanry Fayol ), , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ) . , . . 4) , , (), . , . , 1960- , , , , .5) () , , , . () , .6) ( . benchmark, ), , - , , , . , , , .7) (. TQM - Total Quality Management), : William Edvards Deming (1900 - 1993), Joseph M. Juran (1904 - 2008), Walter A. Shewhart (1891 - 1967) Philip B. Crosby (1926 - 2001) Kaoru Ishikawa (1915 - 1989).TQM , 4 : , , . XXI 2000. , :

8) , , 1990- , , , , .

2.2 PDCA , . , 19. 1990- , , 1990- . , :1) 2) : 2.1 ();2.2 ;2.3 2.4 . , , PDCA , , :1. Plan (); 2. Do (); 3. Check () 4. Act ( ). PDCA , :1. : , .2. : . 3. : , , 4. : .

:

1. - 2. -3. 4.

3. , , , , , . , . , , - , 18. , . , , , , , . 3.1 , . , , (. ), () (. , .). ( 18. ), : ) , 1797. , (Eli Whitney) ) , 1841. (Whitworth) ) (ITU - International Telegraph Union), 1865. ) 1875. . 20. , , : 1906. (IEC International Electrotechnical Commission) 1947. (ISO International Organization for Standardization). 1901. 1928. () . , , , , : 1901. ; 1917. ; 1918. ; 1919. , , ; 1920. ; 1921. ; 1922. , ; 1924. ; 1925. ; 1926. 1928. . . , , : 1935. ; 1939. ; 1940. ; 1943. 1944. . , : 1947. , ; 1948. ; 1951. ; 1954. 1957. , ; 1960. 1970. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . 1990- (. : , , , .). 20. , (ISO) (IEC). 1920- , , , . 1926. (ISA International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), , , 1942. . , . , 1946., 65 25 ( 4.) , '' ''.

4 1946. 1947. , , , , . , , . . IOS (International Organization for Standardization), OIN( Organisation internationale de normalisation). , , , . isos ( ), () ISO. , : , , , , . , , ISO, , . , , , , -, , , . , . , PDF , '' ISO annual report ...'' ''ISO in figures ... '', , 2013. :1) 164 , 111 ( ), 43 , 10 ;2) :) , 138 ( 19 ), , ) , 38 , , 500 3) 2013. 1.103 58.793 , 1.829 4) 2013. ISO 19.977 , 4,1 % , .3.2 , , , , . , , . , . , , . (ISO), , , . , , , , (ISO) (IEC) ISO/IEC ( ISO/IEC Guide). , . , , 28, ISO/IEC GUIDE 28:2004, JUS ISO/IEC Uputstvo28, . , ISO/IEC GUIDE 2. 2004. , 2007. SRPS ISO/IEC Uputstvo 2:2007, . , 1976. , . , 2 , , , , , , ( ), . 2 , ( ), ISO . ( ), . , , : 1) , , , (ISO) (IEC) ; 2) ( ISO IEC) , , , , ;3) ISO IEC, , ;4) , ISO IEC, ;5) ISO IEC ISO/IEC ;6) , , 7) , 75% , .

3.3 , Guide 2 ( 2), 1976. , , ISO, (UN/ECE), , . (, ) , , . , 1986. , ISO/IEC, , , ISO (ISO/STACO), (IEC) (UN/ECE), ISO (ISO/CASCO) (ILAC). 2, 2004. ISO/IECGuide2:2004, 11 90 ISO IEC (, ), , , . , ISO : (de), (es), (it), (nl) (sv). , , 2, , , , . , 2, ISO/IEC 17000:2004, Conformity assessment Vocabulary and general principles (ISO/IEC 17000:2004, - ), 50 , , . , , , . , , . ISO/IECGuide2:2004 2005. , - , SCS ISO/IEC Uputstvo 2:2005, 2007. SRPS ISO/IEC Uputstvo 2:2007 11 , : (fr), (ru), (de), (es), (it), (nl) (sv), . , , , , , , . ISO/IEC 17000:2004, Conformity assessment Vocabulary and general principles, 2007. , SRPS ISO/IEC 17000:2007 Ocenjivanje usaglaenosti - Renik i opti principi. (SRPS ISO/IEC Uputstvo 2:2007 - 83 SRPS ISO/IEC 17000:2007 - 80) , :1) , ;2) SRPS ISO/IEC Uputstvo 2:2007 , , , , 2;3) 12, 12, SRPS ISO/IEC 17000:2007 ( , SRPS ISO/IEC 17000:2007 4.1 , 12.4.1 4) , (bold) .1

1 1.1 , , 1, , .2 , , .1.2 1 ", " , , , , , , , , , , .2 . , , .1Standardization1.1standardizationactivity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given contextNOTE1In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards.NOTE2Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes and services for their intended purposes, prevention of barriers to trade and facilitation of technological cooperation.

1.2subject of standardizationtopic to be standardizedNOTE1 The expression product, process or service has been adopted throughout this Guide to encompass the subject of standardization in a broad sense, and should be understood equally to cover, for example, any material, component, equipment, system, interface, protocol, procedure, function, method or activity.NOTE2 Standardization may be limited to particular aspects of any subject. For example, in the case of shoes, criteria could be standardized separately for sizes and durability.

1.6 , 1.6level of standardizationgeographical, political or economic extent of involvement in standardization

1.6.1 1.6.1international standardizationstandardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from all countries

1.6.2 , .1.6.2regional standardizationstandardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from countries from only one geographical, political or economic area of the world

1.6.3 , , (. ), , , , .1.6.3national standardizationstandardization that takes place at the level of one specific countryNOTE Within a country or a territorial division of a country, standardization may also take place on a branch or sectoral basis (e.g. ministries), at local levels, at association and company levels in industry and in individual factories, workshops and offices.

1.7o , 1.7consensusgeneral agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments

NOTE Consensus need not imply unanimity.

2

2 1.1. , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . .2 Aims of standardizationNOTE The general aims of standardization follow from the definition in 1.1. Standardization may have one or more specific aims, to make a product, process or service fit for its purpose. Such aims can be, but are not restricted to, variety control, usability, compatibility, interchangeability, health, safety, protection of the environment, product protection, mutual understanding, economic performance, trade. They can be overlapping.

2.5 , , , , , , .2.5safetyfreedom from unacceptable risk of harmNOTEIn standardization, the safety of products, processes and services is generally considered with a view to achieving the optimum balance of a number of factors, including non-technical factors such as human behaviour, that will eliminate avoidable risks of harm to persons and goods to an acceptable degree.

2.6 , 2.6protection of the environmentpreservation of the environment from unacceptable damage from the effects and operations of products, processes and services

3

3 3.1 , , 1 " " , , , .2 "" , .3 , .3 Normative documents3.1normative documentdocument that provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their resultsNOTE1The term normative document is a generic term that covers such documents as standards, technical specifications, codes of practice and regulations.NOTE2A document is to be understood as any medium with information recorded on or in it.NOTE3The terms for different kinds of normative documents are defined considering the document and its content as a single entity.

3.2, , , , , , , () , .3.2standarddocument, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given contextNOTEStandards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.

3.2.1.1 / 3.2.1.1international standardstandard that is adopted by an international standardizing/standards organization and made available to the public

3.2.1.2 / 3.2.1.2regional standardstandard that is adopted by a regional standardizing/standards organization and made available to the public

3.2.1.3 3.2.1.3national standardstandard that is adopted by a national standards body and made available to the public

3.3 , , , 3.3prestandarddocument that is adopted provisionally by a standardizing body and made available to the public in order that the necessary experience may be gained from its application on which to base a standard

3.4 , , , 1 , , () .2 , .3 3 .

3.4technical specificationdocument that prescribes technical requirements to be fulfilled by a product, process or serviceNOTE1 A technical specification should indicate, whenever appropriate, the procedure(s) by means of which it may be determined whether the requirements given are fulfilled.NOTE2 A technical specification may be a standard, a part of a standard or independent of a standard.NOTE3 Note 3 applies to the Russian version only.

4

4

4.1( ) , , , .4 Bodies responsible for standards and regulations

4.1body(responsible for standards and regulations)legal or administrative entity that has specific tasks and compositionNOTEExamples of bodies are organizations, authorities, companies and foundations.

4.2, , 4.2organizationbody that is based on the membership of other bodies or individuals and has an established constitution and its own administration

4.3 , 4.3standardizing bodybody that has recognized activities in standardization

4.3.2 , 4.3.2international standardizing organization

standardizing organization whose membership is open to the relevant national body from every country

4.4.1 , 4.4.1national standards bodystandards body recognized at the national level, that is eligible to be the national member of the corresponding international and regional standards organizations

5

5.1 , .5.1basic standardstandard that has a wide-ranging coverage or contains general provisions for one particular fieldNOTE A basic standard may function as a standard for direct application or as a basis for other standards.

5.2 , , , , , , .5.2terminology standardstandard that is concerned with terms, usually accompanied by their definitions, and sometimes by explanatory notes, illustrations, examples, etc.

5.3 , , , , .5.3testing standardstandard that is concerned with test methods, sometimes supplemented with other provisions related to testing, such as sampling, use of statistical methods, sequence of tests

5.4 , , 1 , , , , , , , , , .2 , . , .5.4product standardstandard that specifies requirements to be fulfilled by a product or a group of products, to establish its fitness for purposeNOTE1 A product standard may include in addition to the fitness for purpose requirements, directly or by reference, aspects such as terminology, sampling, testing, packaging and labelling and, sometimes, processing requirements.NOTE2 A product standard can be either complete or not, according to whether it specifies all or only a part of the necessary requirements. In this respect, one may differentiate between standards such as dimensional, material, and technical delivery standards.

6

, . "" " ", 6.1 6.9, " " " " 6.1.

6.1

, , , , , , , . , , .6.1harmonized standardsequivalent standardsstandards on the same subject approved by different standardizing bodies, that establish interchangeability of products, processes and services, or mutual understanding of test results or information provided according to these standardsNOTE Within this definition, harmonized standards might have differences in presentation and even in substance, e.g. in explanatory notes, guidance on how to fulfil the requirements of the standard, preferences for alternatives and varieties.

6.2 , 6.2unified standardsharmonized standards that are identical in substance but not in presentation

6.3 1 .2 , .6.3Ident identical standardsHar haronized standards that are identicalin both substance and presentation NOTE1 Identification of the standards may be different.NOTE2 If in different languages, the standards are accurate translations.

7

7.1 , , , ; . , "", "".7.1provisionexpression in the content of a normative document, that takes the form of a statement, an instruction, a recommendation or a requirementNOTEThese types of provision are distinguished by the form of wording they employ; e.g. instructions are expressed in the imperative mood, recommendations by the use of the auxiliary should and requirements by the use of the auxiliary shall

7.2 7.2statementprovision that conveys information

7.3 7.3 instruction provision that conveys an action to be performed

7.4 7.4recommendation provision that conveys advice or guidance

7.5 , 7.5 requirement provision that conveys criteria to be fulfilled

7.5.1 , , " " .7.5.1exclusive requirement mandatory requirement (deprecated) requirement of a normative document that must necessarily be fulfilled in order to comply with that document NOTE The term mandatory requirement should be used to mean only a requirement made compulsory by law or regulation.

8

8.1 ( ) , 1 , , , .2 , (" "), () .8.1body(of a normative document)set of provisions that comprises the substance of a normative documentNOTE1In the case of a standard, the body comprises general elements relating to its subject and definitions, and main elements conveying provisions.

NOTE2Parts of the body of a normative document may take the form of annexes (normative annexes) for reasons of convenience, but other (informative) annexes may be additional elements only.

9

9.1 , 9.1standards programmeworking schedule of a standardizing body, that lists its current items of standardization work

9.1.1 9.1.1standards projectspecific work item within a standards programme

9.2 , , 9.2draft standard proposed standard that is available generally for comment, voting or approval

9.3 , ( ), , 9.3period of validity period of time for which a normative document is current, that lasts from the date on which it becomes effective (effective date), resulting from a decision of the body responsible for it, until it is withdrawn or replaced

9.4 , , 9.4 review activity of checking a normative document to determine whether it is to be reaffirmed, changed or withdrawn

9.5 , , .9.5correction removal of printing, linguistic and other similar errors from the published text of a normative document NOTE The results of correction may be presented, as appropriate, by issuing a separate correction sheet or a new edition of the normative document.

9.6 , , .9.6 amendment modification, addition or deletion of specific parts of the content of a normative documentNOTE The results of amendment are usually presented by issuing a separate amendment sheet to the normative document.

9.7 .9.7revision introduction of all necessary changes to the substance and presentation of a normative document NOTE The results of revision are presented by issuing a new edition of the normative document.

9.8 9.8reprint new impression of a normative document without changes

9.9 , , .9.9new edition new impression of a normative document that includes changes to the previous editionNOTE Even if only the content of existing correction or amendment sheets is incorporated into the text of a normative document, the new text constitutes a new edition.

10 : , ., , , . , , .

10.1 ( ) , , , , . 10.1taking over an international standard (in a national normative document)

publication of a national normative document based on a relevant international standard, or endorsement of the international standard as having the same status as a national normative document, with any deviations from the international standard identified

NOTE The term adoption is sometimes used to cover the same concept as taking over, e.g. adoption of an international standard in a national standard.

11

11.4 , 11.4mandatory standardstandard the application of which is made compulsory by virtue of a general law or exclusive reference in a regulation

12

12 SRPS ISO/IEC 17000:2007.12Conformity assessmentThe terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 17000:2004.

12.2 12.2.1 (3.1) (3.3), , , 1 (4.2), (4.3) (5.5), (5.6) (2.5). 2 ''' '' '''' , , , , , . ( 1 3.3).

12.2.2 , , , . NOTE The first-, second- and third-party descriptors used to characterize conformity assessment activities with respect to a given object are not to be confused with the legal identification of the relevant parties to a contract.

2 Terms relating to conformity assessment in general 2.1 conformity assessment demonstration that specified requirements (3.1) relating to a product (3.3), process, system, person or body are fulfilled NOTE 1 The subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere in this International Standard, such as testing (4.2), inspection(4.3) and certification (5.5), as well as the accreditation(5.6) of conformity assessment bodies (2.5). NOTE 2 The expression "object of conformity assessment" or "object" is used in this International Standard to encompass any particular material, product, installation, process, system, person or body to which conformity assessment is applied. A service is covered by the definition of a product (see Note 1 to 3.3).

2.2 first-party conformity assessment activity conformity assessment activity that is performed by the person or organization that provides the objectNOTE The first-, second- and third-party descriptors used to characterize conformity assessment activities with respect to a given object are not to be confused with the legal identification of the relevant parties to a contract.

12.2.3 1 , , , , . 2 12.2.212.2.4 , 1 ( ). 2 12.2.22.3 second-party conformity assessment activity conformity assessment activity that is performed by a person or organization thathas a user interest in the object

NOTE 1 Persons or organizations performing second-party conformity assessment activities include, for example, purchasers or users of products,or potential customers seeking to rely on a suppliers management system, or organizations representing those interests. NOTE 2 See Note to 2.2.

2.4 third-party conformity assessment activity

conformity assessment activity that is performed by a person or body that is independent of the person or organization that provides the object, and of user interests in that object NOTE 1 Criteria for the independence of conformity assessment bodies and accreditation bodies are provided in the International Standards and Guides applicable totheir activities (see Bibliography). NOTE 2 See Note to 2.2.NOTE 1 Persons or organizations performing second-party conformity assessment activities include, for example, purchasers or users of products, or potential customers seeking to rely on a suppliers management system, or organizations representing those interests.

NOTE 2 See Note to 2.2.

12.2.5

(2.6)

12.2.6 (5.6)

1.2.72.6 accreditation body

, (12.3.2) (12.2.1) , , .

12.3 12.3.1 , .

12.3.2 12.3.2

[ ISO 9000:2000, 3.4.5]

2.5 conformity assessment bodybody that performs conformity assessment servicesNOTE An accreditation body (2.6) is not a conformity assessment body. 2.6accreditation body authoritative body that performs accreditation(5.6) 2.7conformity assessment system rules, procedures(3.2) and management for carrying out conformity assessment (2.1) NOTE Conformity assessment systems may be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.

3 Basic terms3.1specified requirement need or expectation that is stated NOTE Specified requirements may be stated in normative documents such as regulations, standards and technical specifications.

3.2 procedure specified way to carry out an activity or a process[ISO 9000:2000, 3.4.5] 3.

12.3.3 [ ISO 9000:2000, 3.4.2] 1 ISO 9000:2000: (. ); (. , ); (. , ); (. . . , , . 2 5.2, 1, (5.2) 12.4

12.4.1 , (12.3.2)12.4.2 , (12.3.2)

NOTE 1 Four generic product categories are noted in ISO 9000:2000: services (e.g. transport); software (e.g. computer program, dictionary); hardware (e.g. engine, mechanical part); processed materials (e.g. lubricant). Many products comprise elements belonging to different generic product categories. Whether the product is then called service, software, hardware or processed material depends on the dominant element.

3.3productresult of a process [ISO 9000:2000, 3.4.2] NOTE 1 Four generic product categories are noted in ISO 9000:2000: services (e.g. transport); software (e.g. computer program, dictionary); hardware (e.g. engine, mechanical part); processed materials (e.g. lubricant). Many products comprise elements belonging to different generic product categories. Whether theproduct is then called service, software, hardware or processed material depends on the dominant element.

NOTE 2 The statement of conformity described in Note 1 to 5.2 can be regarded as a product of attestation(5.2).

4 Conformity assessment terms relating to selection and determination

NOTE 2 The statement of conformity described in Note 1 to 5.2 can be regarded as a product of attestation(5.2).

4.1

sampling provision of a sample of the object of conformity assessment, according to a procedure (3.2) 4.2testingdetermination of one or more characteristics of anobject of conformity assessment, according to aprocedure (3.2)

12.4.3 , (3.3), , , , , .

12.4.4, (12.3.1)

4.3 inspection examination of a product design, product (3.3), process or installation and determination of its conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirementsNOTE Inspection of a process may include inspection of persons, facilities, technology and methodology. 4.4audit systematic, independent, documented process for obtaining records, statements of fact or other relevant information and assessing them objectively to determine the extent to which specified requirements (3.1) are fulfilled

3.4 - , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , . (. BSI, DIN, ANSI .) , , . , (CEN Comit Europen de Normalisation, European Committee for Standardization), 1961. . , EN 30 . , ISO, , . , . , , () (WSSN World Standards Services Network) , , () , 700.000 , , . , . , , , :1) ;2) , , , , .;3) ;4) ;5) 6) (. QMS, EMS, OHSAS .) . (ISO) (IEC) , , -, . , , ISO IEC (ISO/IEC Information Centre),, ISO Web site- (http://www.iso.org), , , , , , .

3.5 , , , , , . , , , . ( ), ( ). , , , . , , :1) , , , , , . : , , , , (. , , , , .) , . 2) , . : ( ), (. ) ( ) (. ).3) , , () (. ISO 14001 ISO 9001).4) , .5) , , . , , , , () IAF (International Accreditation Forum). 5. , 6. , .

QMSEMS ( )(OHSAS,SR)

5 .

QM & EM ? ?

6 , .

( , , , , .) , , . , , , , . ( 85 % 15 % ), ( ), . , . . (EMS) , , , . , , , , ., . . , EMS- 340.000 USD, 11 , , 350.000 USD EMS-, 630.000 USD/. , Bahia Sul Celulose (BSC) S.A, EMS-, , , 500.000 USD/., , , EMS, ISO 14001, , . , EMS , .

3.6 , , , 20. , . , , , . , . 20. . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , . 1990- , , . , 1994. (JUS ISO 5813:1994 JUS ISO 5814:1994) , - (JUS ISO 5815:1994) 5 (5), . 1997. (JUS ISO 5667-1:1997, JUS ISO 5667-2:1997, JUS ISO 5667-3:1997 JUS ISO 5667-6:1997), (JUS ISO 5961:1997) (JUS ISO 8199:1997). , 2000. (JUS ISO 10381-6:2000) , ., , , , , , . , , , , , , , (. EN ISO 11200), . . , . 1990- , (ISO) (IEC) , , , . , . ISO IEC 1991. , SAGE (Strategic Advisory Group on Environmental), . 100 , 11 , 20 . 1992. SAGE , ISO . , 1993. , ISO/TC 207 (TC technical committees), ISO 14000, , . SAGE , , ISO 14000, , , ISO/TC 207, , , SC (SC - subcommittees) (WG working groups). ISO/TC 207, . , , SAGE , ISO 14000, ISO/TC 176, , ISO 9000. , , , . , ISO 14001, 1996. , , .1 ISO 14001:1996 ISO 9001:1994, .2 ISO 9001:1994 ISO 14001:1996. , ISO 14001, ISO 9001, , . , . , , (OHSAS), (Risk management) . (. ISO Management Systems, The International Review of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000, ISO ) (. ). , ''Galeb Group'', , 2007. , . ISO 9000 ISO 14000 , . , . , , '''', ISO 9001 ISO 14001 , :1) , , , , , , ;2) , , / , , / 3) ISO 9001 ( 15 ISO 9000) ISO 14001 ( , 22 ISO 14000) (, ), ( ), ISO 9001 ISO 14001, / , , .3.7 ISO 14000 , ISO , SAGE ISO/TC 207. , 1993. , ISO/TC 207 (TCG- WG 3 - ). , , , , , ISO. ISO/TC 207, . , ISO, , . 7 .

(EMS) (LCA)(EA)(EPE) (EL) (DFE) a (GHG) 7 , ISO . , , , , , , ISO/TC 207. , , . , , ISO/TC 207, , ISO 14000, :EMS - Environmental Management Systems, 1, ISO/TC 207/SC1, , ISO 1400;EA - Environmental Auditing and related environmental investigations, 2, ISO/TC 207/SC2 - , ISO 1901X;EPE - Environmental Performance Evaluation'', 4, ISO/TC 207/SC4, , ISO 1403;GHG - Green house gas management and related activites - - 7, ISO/TC 207/SC7, ISO 1406LCA - Life Cycle Assessment'', 5, ISO/TC 207/SC5, , ISO 1404 ISO 1407EL - Environmental Labelling'', 3, ISO/TC 207/SC3 - , ISO 1402 DFE - Design for Environment, ( , , Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development - Environmentally conscious design - () ), 10, ISO/TC 207/WG 10. 10 , .

7 ISO 14000, , 8, :1) (EMS,EA EPE) 2) (LCA, EL DFE).

ISO 14000

LCA EMS

EL

DFE EPE

GHG

TCG

8 ISO 14000.

ISO 14000, PDCA , 8.

ISO 14040 ISO 14062 ISO 14020 ISO 14063 ISO 14030 ISO 19011 EMS- ActPlanCheckDo

8 ISO 14000 PDCA .

, , . ISO 14000 ISO/TC 207 , , , e (EMS), ISO 14001 ISO 14004. , ISO 14000 . '''' , , ISO 14000, . , ISO 14001 ISO 14004 () ISO 14000. , PDCA , .4. (EMS)

(EMS)? , . , , . . , , ISO 14000 , '''', ISO 14001:1996 ISO 14004:1996, . , . , . ISO 14000, , ISO/TC 207, 1, ISO/TC 207/SC1, Environmental management systems ( ). 2014. , :ISO 14001:2004 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for useISO 14004:2004 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniquesISO 14005:2010 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for the phased implementation of an environmental management system, including the use of environmental performance evaluationISO 14006:2011 Environmental management systems - Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign 2009. ISO 14001:2004 ISO 14001:2004/Cor 1:2009. 1, ISO 9001:2008, ISO 9000. ISO , ISO 14000 ( 1996. ), ISO 14001 ISO 9001, EMS QMS. ISO 14001, , .1 ISO 14001 ISO 9001, .2 ISO 9001 ISO 14001. ISO 9001, , .1, ISO 9001 ISO 14001, .2 ISO 14001 ISO 9001. , ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 .1 .2 ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2000, ISO 9001:2008. 2009. ISO 14001:2004/Cor 1:2009, . , ISO/DIS 14001 ISO/DIS 14004, . ISO 14001 ISO 9001:2008, , , ISO 9001:2008 ISO 14001. , , :SRPS ISO 14001:2005 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Zahtevi sa uputstvom za primenuSRPS ISO 14004:2005 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Opte smernice za principe, sisteme i tehnike podrkeSRPS ISO 14001:2005/Corr.1:2010 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Zahtevi sa uputstvom za primenu - Tehnika ispravka 1 SRPS ISO 14006:2013 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Smernice za inkorporaciju eko-dizajna , , 2013. :SRPS ISO 14005:2013 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Smernice za faznu implementaciju sistema menadmenta zatitom ivotne sredine, ukljuujui i korienje vrednovanja uinka zatite ivotne sredine. , , . ISO/TC 207 2, ISO/TC 207/SC2, Environmental auditing and related environmental investigations ( ). , ISO, , () , , . , , 5. (). 4.1 ISO 14001 ISO 14001 '''', ISO 14001:1996 ISO 14004:1996, ISO 14000, . ISO 14000 , , , , , . ISO 14001, 2004. , : ISO 14001:2004 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use , , 2005. , , :SRPS ISO 14001:2005 , . ISO 14001:2004 (EMS), , . ISO 14001:2004 . , EMS, :ISO 14004:2004 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques , , 2005. , , : SRPS ISO 14004:2005 Sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine - Opte smernice za principe, sisteme i tehnike podrke ISO 14001:2004 , (EMS), , ISO , 9.

PDCA 9 , ISO 14001. PDCA , , :1. (Plan): , , ;2. (Do): ;3. (Check): , , ;4. (Act) : . ISO 14001:2004 , :1. , EMS;2. EMS- 3. ISO 14001:2004, :) ;) (. , .);) ) ( ) EMS- . EMS, 3. ISO 14001:2004, 20 ( 3.1 3.20), EMS, . , , EMS, . , , , . , , . (organization) , , , , , , , , . , . (environmental policy) , , . (environmental objective) , . (environmental target) , , . (environmental aspect) , , , , , . (environmental impact) , , . ISO 14001:2004, 4., EMS, :1) 2) , ( EMS-) : ; ; ; .

4.2 (EMS)

ISO 14001:2004 , , .

1. ISO 14001:2004 :1.1) ;1.2) , , , , ;1.3) ;1.4) ;1.5) ;1.6) , , , , , EMS 1.7) . ISO 14001:1996 EMS-, '' '', , . ISO 14001:2004, , EMS, . -, , , , :a) , , ;b) ;c) ( ) d) . EMS- (. ).

2. , 3., PDCA , , , , , EMS.2.1 ( , ), EMS- , . , 4.2 , : , , , , , , , , , .2.2 , :) ; , , , , , , , : , , , , , (, , ), .) , : 1) ; 2) , 3) . : , , , , , , , ) , . , , . , , , ( , , , . EMS-.

2.3 EMS- , . , :) , , ; , , EMS-. , , . , , , , , EMS-, ISO 14001:2004, EMS-, , .) , ; , , , , . , , . , , , , , : EMS- , , EMS- , .) ; (, ) ( ) .) ; EMS- : , , EMS-, EMS-, EMS-, , ISO 14001:2004 , , . ) ; EMS- , , , : , , , , .) , , , , .) . . , , . , , , , . , : ( , , , .), , , , , , .2.4 EMS, , :) ; , , , , . .

) ; , . .

) , ; : , , , , .

) , , , , . ,

) . - , : - ISO 14001:2004 . , : - , - , , . - , , , .

2.5 , , , . -, -, .

:1. ;2. ;3. ;4. ;5. ;6. , ;7. , , 8. .

, , -. -. , ISO 14001:2004, , , , , . , 4. , 4 . , 4.3.1 .3.1, 4. . , QMS EMS, , ISO 14001 ISO 9001. , 2009. 1, ISO 14001:2004/Cor 1:2009, 1 2, ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004 ISO 9001:2008, 2008. ISO 9001:2008., 2015. , ISO 14001 ( , ISO/DIS 14001), , , ISO 1 ISO 9001:2008, .1 .2, ISO 9001:2008 ISO 14001. ISO 14001 , , ISO 14001, , ISO 14001, 7. 7 ISO 14001.ISO 14001

ISO 14001

( , , .)

, ,

5 (E) ISO 14001:2004 , , . , , , ( , , ), . (EMS), ( 2.4, 2. ), , ( , , , , ). , , , , . , , , , . , , ISO, , , , . , ISO , . ( ) ISO 10011, : 1, ISO 10011-1:1990, ; 2, ISO 10011-2:1991, 3, ISO 10011-3:1991, . 1996. , :ISO 14010:1996, ;ISO 14011:1996, ISO 14012:1996, . (QMS) (EMS) ( ), :ISO/TC 176 (Quality management and quality assurance - ), ISO/TC 176/SC 3 (Supporting technologies - ) ISO/TC 207 (Environmental management - ), ISO/TC 207/SC2 (Environmental auditing and related environmental investigations - ), , 2002. , , ISO 9000 ISO 14000. :ISO 19011:2002 Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing ISO 19011:2002, , 2003. , :JUS ISO 19011:2003 Uputstva za proveravanje sistema menadmenta kvalitetom i/ili sistema upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine. ISO 19011:2002 : (ISO 10011-1:1990, ISO 10011-2:1991, ISO 10011-3:1991) (ISO 14010:1996, ISO 14011:1996 ISO 14012:1996 ), ISO 19011:2002 , . 20. 21. . , ISO, , , ( ), . ISO 19011:2002, 2011. , :ISO19011:2011 Guidelines for auditing management systems , , , , 2011. , , :SRPS ISO19011:2011Uputstva za proveravanje sistema menadmenta ISO 19011 , , , : ISO 19011 ISO/IEC 17021 ( ), , , (), , . ISO19011:2011 :5.1 5.2 5.3 .5.1 20 , 3 ISO19011:2011, (3.1 3.20), , ISO19011:2011: 3.1 (audit), (3.3) , (3.2) 1 , , , (. ). - . , , . 2 . , , , . 3 (. , , ) , . 4 (3.7), . 5 ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.1.3.2 (audit criteria) , (3.3) 1 ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.3. 2 ( ), (3.4) "" "".3.3 (audit evidence), (3.2) .ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.43.4 (audit findings) (3.3) (3.2) 1 . 2 . 3 , . 4 ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.5.3.5 (audit conclusion) (3.1) (3.4) ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.6.3.6 (audit client) (3.1) 1 , . , : , . 2 ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.7.3.7 (auditee) ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.83.8 (auditor) (3.1)3.9 (audit team) (3.8) (3.1), , , (3.10) 1 . 2 .ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.103.10 (technical expert) (3.9) 1 , , , . 2 (3.8) .[ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.11]3.11 (observer) (3.9), 1 (3.9) (3.1). 2 (3.7), (3.1).3.12 (guide) (3.7) (3.9)3.13 (audit programme) (3.1) , ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.2.3.14 (audit scope) (3.1) , , , .3.15 (audit plan) (3.1)ISO 9000:2005, 3.9.123.16 (risk) ISO Guide 73:2009, 1.1.3.17 (competence) . c .3.18 (conformity) ISO 9000:2005, 3.6.13.19 (nonconformity) ISO 9000:2005, 3.6.23.20 (management system) , , .[ISO 9000:2005, 3.2.2]5.2 , , , , , . , :1): : , ; ; ; , ; .2) : , . , . , , , , .3) : . .4): . . .5): . , . . , .6) : . . , , . , .

5.3 , , , . . , , , , . , . , , . : ;///// ; ; ; ; ; , ; , ; . . . PDCA , , . 10 , ISO19011:2011.

10 .

, 11 , 6 ISO19011:2011.

11 .

6 (EPE)( EPE ''Environmental Performance Evaluation'') , , , ISO 14000, , , 1403, ISO 14031 ISO 14039. , ISO/TC 207, 4 , ISO/TC 207/SC4 . 2014. , :ISO 14031:2013Environmental management -- Environmental performance evaluation -- GuidelinesISO/TS 14033:2012Environmental management -- Quantitative environmental information -- Guidelines and examplesISO/CD 14034Environmental management -- Environmental technology verification (ETV) and performance evaluation ISO 14031:2013 ISO 14031:1999 . , , ISO 14031:1999, 2005. , , : SRPS ISO 14031:2005 Upravljanje zatitom ivotne sredine - Vrednovanje uinka zatite ivotne sredine - Smernice EMS ( ) , ISO 14031:2013. EMS , , , . , EMS- 4 :1) ;2) ;3) 4) . , , :1) 2) , , (LCA Life Cycle Assesment). ISO/TS 14033:2012 , , , . () , , , . , PDCA . , (, , , , , , , ) : , - , . . (EPE) , , , , . (EPI) . (ECI) , . (MPI) . (OPI) . (EPE) 12.

3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2

3.3

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.3.4

3.3.5

3.4

12. . , PDCA , , () ., , , . , ( 3.2.2), . ISO/TR14032:1999 ISO 14031, .

7.

. , , ISO/TC 207, 7, ISO/TC 207/SC7, ( Green house gas management and related activites''- GHG). 2014. , :ISO 14064-1:2006Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removalsISO 14064-2:2006Greenhouse gases - Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal enhancementsISO 14064-3:2006Greenhouse gases - Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertionsISO 14065:2013Greenhouse gases - Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies for use in accreditation or other forms of recognitionISO 14066:2011Greenhouse gases - Competence requirements for greenhouse gas validation teams and verification teamsISO/TS 14067:2013Greenhouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communicationISO/TR 14069:2013Greenhouse gases - Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions for organizations -- Guidance for the application of ISO 14064-1 , , :SRPS ISO 14064-1:2006 Gasovi staklene bate - Deo 1: Specifikacija za kvantitativno iskazivanje i izvetavanje o emisijama i uklanjanju gasova staklene bate, sa uputstvom za primenu na nivou organizacijeSRPS ISO 14064-2:2007 Gasovi staklene bate - Deo 2: Specifikacija za kvantitativno iskazivanje, praenje i izvetavanje o smanjenjima emisije ili poveanjima uklanjanja gasova staklene bate, sa uputstvom za primenu na nivou projektaSRPS ISO 14064-3:2008 Gasovi staklene bate - Deo 3: Specifikacija sa uputstvom za validaciju tvrdnji o gasovima staklene bateSRPS ISO 14065:2009 Gasovi staklene bate - Zahtevi za verifikaciona i validizaciona tela za gasove staklene bate koji se koriste tokom akreditacije ili drugih oblika prikazivanja , : SRPS ISO 14066:201 Gasovi staklene bate - Zahtevi za kompetetivnost timova za validaciju i verifikaciju gasova staklene bate , , GSB ( ), ( ). ISO 14064, , : 1 - ISO 14064-1:2006 - , . ISO 14064 , , , , , , ; 2 - ISO 14064-2:2006 - , , . ISO 14064 , , , . 3 - ISO 14064-3:2006 - . ISO 14064 / , /. ISO 14064 . 13.

13 ISO 14064 13 ISO 14065:2007 .

ISO 14064 37 , 2.1 2.37:2.1gasovi staklene bate (greenhouse gas; GSB) GSB prirodni i vetaki gasoviti sastojak atmosfere koji apsorbuje i emituje zraenje specifinih talasnih duina spektra infracrvenog zraenja koje emituju povrina Zemlje, atmosfera i oblaci NAPOMENA Gasovi staklene bate obuhvataju ugljen-dioksid (CO2), metan (CH4), azot-suboksid (N2O), fluoro-ugljovodonike (HFCs), perfluorougljenike (PFCs ) i sumporheksafluorid (SF6 ). 2.2 izvori gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas source) fizika jedinica ili proces koji isputa GSB u atmosferu 2.3 ponor gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas sink) poniranje gasova staklene bate fizika jedinica ili proces koji uklanja GSB iz atmosfere 2.4 rezervoari gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas reservoir) fizika jedinica ili komponenta biosfere, geosfere, ili hidrosfere, sa sposobnou da sauva ili akumulira GSB koji je uklonjen iz atmosfere poniranjem (2.3) ili GSB koji je uhvaen iz izvora gasova staklene bate (2.2) NAPOMENA 1 Ukupna masa ugljenika sadrana u rezervoaru GSB-a u utvrenom trenutku vremena smatra se uskladitenim ugljenikom u rezervoaru. NAPOMENA 2 Gasovi staklene bate mogu se prenositi iz jednog u drugi rezervoar GSB-a. NAPOMENA 3 Prikupljeni GSB iz izvora GSB-a pre nego to dospe u atmosferu, kao i skladita prikupljenog GSB-a u rezervoaru GSB-a smatraju se uhvaenim i uskladitenim GSB-om. 2.5 emisija gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas emission) ukupna masa isputenog GSB-a u atmosferu u utvrenom vremenskom periodu 2.6 uklanjanje gasova staklene bate (geenhouse gas removal) ukupna masa uklonjenog GSB-a iz atmosfere u utvrenom vremenskom periodu 2.7 faktor emisije ili faktor uklanjanja gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas emission or removal factor) faktor koji se odnosi na podatke o aktivnosti emisije ili uklanjanja GSB-a 2.8 neposredna emisija gasova staklene bate (direct greenhouse gas emission) emisija GSB-a iz izvora gasova staklene bate (2.2) koju poseduje ili kontrolie organizacija 2.9 energija posredne emisije GSB-a (energy indirect greenhouse gas emisssion) emisija GSB-a nastala u proizvodnji preuzete elektrine energije, toplote ili pare koje je koristila organizacija 2.10 ostale posredne emisije gasova staklene bate (other indirect greenhouse gas emission) emisija GSB-a koja nije energija posredne emisije GSB-a, nego je posledica aktivnosti organizacije, ali nastaje iz izvora gasova staklene bate (2.2) koje poseduje ili kontrolie organizacija 2.11 podaci o aktivnostima vezanim za gasove staklene bate (greenhouse gas activity data) kvantitativna mera aktivnosti koja dovodi do emisije ili uklanjanja GSB-a 2.12 tvrdnje o gasovima staklene bate (greenhouse gas assertion) izjava ili injenine i objektivne tvrdnje koje pruaju odgovorne strane (2.23) NAPOMENA 1 Tvrdnje o GSB-u mogu se dati za odreeni vremenski trenutak ili se mogu odnositi na odreeni period vremena. NAPOMENA 2 Tvrdnje o GSB-u koje je obezbedila odgovorna strana treba da budu lake za identifikaciju, da omogue dosledno vrednovanje ili merenje u odnosu na odgovarajue kriterijume validatora (2.34) ili verifikatora (2.36). NAPOMENA 3 Tvrdnje o GSB-u treba da budu dostavljene u formi izvetaja o gasovima staklene bate (2.17) ili u planu projekta o GSB-u.

2.13 informacioni sistem o gasovima staklene bate (greenhouse gas information system) politike, procesi i procedure kojima se ustanovljavaju, vode i odravaju informacije o GSB-u 2.14 katastar gasova staklene bate (greenhouse gas inventory) izvori gasova staklene bate (2.2), ponori GSB-a (2.3), emisije i uklanjanja GSB-a u jednoj organizaciji 2.15 projekat o gasovima staklene bate (greenhouse gas project) aktivnost ili aktivnosti koje posle identifikacije svih uslova u osnovnom scenariju dovode do smanjenja emisije GSB-a ili poveanja uklanjanja GSB-a 2.16 program o gasovima staklene bate (greenhouse gas programme) dobrovoljni ili obavezni meunarodni, nacionalni ili regionalni sistemi ili eme koje prepoznaju, objanjavaju i upravljaju emisijama GSB-a, uklanjanjima, smanjenjima emisija ili poveanjima uklanjanja izvan organizacije, ili projektima o gasovima staklene bate (2.15) 2.17 izvetaj o gasovima staklene bate (greenhouse gas report) poseban dokument namenjen razmeni informacija organizacije ili projekta o GSB-u sa ciljnim korisnicima (2.24). 2.18 potencijal globalnog zagrevanja (global warming potential; GWP) PGZ faktor koji prikazuje apsorpciono delovanje jedne masene jedinice datog GSB-a u odnosu na ekvivalentnu jedinicu ugljen-dioksida u odreenom vremenskom periodu 2.19 ekvivalent ugljen-dioksida (carbon dioxide equivalent; CO2e) CO2e jedinica za poreenje apsorpcionog delovanja GSB-a u odnosu na CO2 NAPOMENA 1 Ekvivalent CO2 se izraunava mnoenjem date mase GSB-a sa njegovim potencijalom globalnog zagrevanja (2.18). NAPOMENA 2 Prilog C sadri podatke o potencijalima globalnog zagrevanja koje je izdala Meunarodna grupa za klimatske promene. 2.20 referentni vremenski period (base year) istorijski period utvren radi poreenja emisija GSB-a ili uklanjanja ili drugih informacija nastalih tokom vremena 2.21 postrojenje (facility) pojedinana instalacija, skup instalacija ili proces proizvodnje (stacioniran ili pokretan) koji mogu biti definisani geografskim koordinatama, organizacionom jedinicom ili procesom proizvodnje 2.22 organizacija (organization) kompanija, korporacija, firma, preduzee, zakon, ili institucija, njihov deo ili njihova kombinacija, bilo da su pripojeni neemu ili ne, ili da su javni ili privatni, a koji imaju svoje funkcije i administraciju 2.23 odgovorna strana (responsible party) osoba ili osobe odgovorne za saoptavanje tvrdnji o gasovima staklene bate (2.12) i prateih informacija o GSB-u 2.24 ciljni korisnici (intended user) pojedinac ili organizacija koje oni koji izvetavaju o informacijama vezanim za GSB prepoznaju kao subjekte koji se oslanjaju na te informacije prilikom donoenja odluka 2.25 klijent (client) organizacija ili osoba koja zahteva validaciju (2.31) ili verifikaciju (2.35) NAPOMENA Klijent bi trebalo da bude odgovorna strana (2.23), administrator programa GSB-a, ili neki drugi korisnik. 2.26 usmerena akcija (directed action) posebna aktivnost ili inicijativa koja nije organizovana kao projekat o gasovima staklene bate (2.15) ve je implementira organizacija da bi se smanjile ili predupredile neposredne ili indirektne emisije GSB-a ili poveanja uklanjanja GSB-a NAPOMENA 1 ISO 14064-2 utvruje projekat o GSB-u. NAPOMENA 2 Usmerene akcije mogu biti neprekidne ili prekidane. NAPOMENA 3 Razlike u emisijama GSB-a ili njihovog uklanjanja koje su rezultat usmerenih akcija mogu nastati unutar ili izvan organizacionih granica. 2.27 nivo pouzdanosti (level of assurance) stepen pouzdanosti zahteva ciljnih korisnika (2.24) za validacijom (2.31) ili verifikacijom (2.35) NAPOMENA 1 Nivo pouzdanosti se koristi kako bi se utvrdio stepen detaljisanja koji validator ili verifikator koncipira u svom planu validacije ili verifikacije da bi odredio da li postoje neke materijalne greke, propusti ili pogrena tumaenja. NAPOMENA 2 Postoje dva nivoa pouzdanosti (umerena ili limitirana) koji kao rezultat imaju razliito formulisane izjave o validaciji ili verifikaciji. Primeri izjava o validaciji i verifikaciji mogu se nai u ISO 14064-3:2006, A.2.3.2. 2.28 materijalne odrednice (materiality) odredbe o materijalnosti koncept po kome pojedinane ili grupne greke, propusti ili pogrena tumaenja mogu uticati na tvrdnje o gasovima staklene bate (2.12) i mogu uticati na odluke ciljnih korisnika (2.24). NAPOMENA 1 Ovaj koncept se koristi ako prilikom kreiranja planova validacije ili verifikacije i planova uzorkovanja namenjenih odreivanju tipa sutinskih procesa koji treba da minimiziraju rizik, validator ili verifikator ne pronalaze materijalna neslaganja (2.29) (otkrivanje rizika). NAPOMENA 2 Ovaj koncept se koristi za prepoznavanje informacije koja, ako izostane ili se pogreno protumai, moe veoma pogreno da predstavi tvrdnju o ciljnim korisnicima GSB-a i na taj nain utie na njihove odluke. Prihvatljive materijalne odrednice odreuju validator, verifikator, ili program o GSB-u zasnovan na dogovorenom nivou pouzdanosti. Za dalja objanjenja o ovim odnosima, videti ISO 14064-3:2006, A.2.3.8. 2.29 materijalna neslaganja (material discrepancy) pojedinane ili zbirne aktuelne greke, propusti ili pogrena tumaenja tvrdnji o gasovima staklene bate (2.12) koji mogu uticati na odluke ciljnih korisnika (2.24) 2.30 praenje (monitoring) kontinualno ili periodino ocenjivanje emisija GSB-a i uklanjanja ili drugih podataka o GSB-u 2.31 validacija (validation) sistematian, nezavisan i dokumentovan proces za procenu tvrdnji o gasovima staklene bate (2.12) u planu projekta o GSB-u prema ugovorenim kriterijumima validacije (2.32) 2.32 kriterijumi validacije (validation criteria; verification criteria) kriterijumi verifikacije politika, procedure ili zahtevi upotrebljeni kao reference prema kojima se vr.i poreenje NAPOMENA Ovi kriterijumi validacije ili verifikacije mogu biti uspostavljeni propisima vlada, programima o GSB-u, dobrovoljnim inicijativama za izve.tavanjem, standardima, ili uputstvima o dobrim praksama.

2.33 izjava o validaciji (validation statement; verification statement) izjava o verifikaciji formalno napisana deklaracija namenjena ciljnim korisnicima (2.24) koja obezbeuje verodostojnost izjava odgovorne strane (2.23) datih u tvrdnji o gasovima staklene ba.te (2.12) NAPOMENA Deklaracija validatora ili verifikatora mo.e obuhvatati zahtevane emisije GSB-a, uklanjanja, smanjenja emisija ili unapreivanje (poveavanje) uklanjanja.

2.34 validator (validator) kompetentna i nezavisna osoba ili osobe sa odgovorno.u za izvoenje i izve.tavanje o rezultatima validacije NAPOMENA Ovaj termin se mo.e odnositi i na telo za validaciju.

2.35 verifikacija (verification) sistematian, nezavisan i dokumentovan proces za procenu tvrdnji o gasovima staklene ba.te (2.12) prema dogovorenim kriterijumima verifikacije (2.32) NAPOMENA U nekim sluajevima, kao prilikom verifikacije preko prve strane, nezavisnost mo.e biti pokazana putem neposedovanja odgovornosti za razvoj podataka i informacija o GSB-u.

2.36 verifikator (verifier) kompetentna i nezavisna osoba ili osobe sa odgovorno.u za izvoenje i izve.tavanje o rezultatima verifikacije NAPOMENA Ovaj termin se mo.e odnositi i na telo za verifikaciju. 2.37 nesigurnost (uncertainty) parametar povezan sa rezultatima kvantitativnog odreivanja, okarakterisan disperzijom vrednosti koja mo.e biti umereno dodata procenjenom iznosu

8 ( LCA Life Cycle Assessment) 5, ISO/TC 207/SC5, . ISO 14000 1404X 1407X. 2014. , :ISO 14040:2006Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and frameworkISO 14044:2006Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelinesISO/TR 14047:2012Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to impact assessment situationsISO/TS 14048:2002Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Data documentation formatISO/TR 14049:2012 ISO/TS 14049:2012 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to applyISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysisISO/TS 14071:2014Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Critical review processes and reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO 14044:2006ISO/TS 14072:2014Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines for organizational life cycle assessment , , , : SRPS ISO 14040:2008 Upravljanje zatitom ivotne sredine - Ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa - Principi i okvirSRPS ISO 14044:2009 Upravljanje zatitom ivotne sredine - Ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa - Zahtevi i uputstva za primenuSRPS ISO/TR 14049:2005 Upravljanje zatitom ivotne sredine - Ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa - Primeri primene ISO 14041 u definisanju cilja i predmeta i analize inventara ivotnog cuklusaSRPS ISO/TS 14048:2006 Upravljanje zatitom ivotne sredine - Ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa - Dokumentacioni format podataka , , , '' '', . , , ( ). , . , EMS, EA EPE. , : , . (LCA) , . (LCI) . (LCIA) . , . . , , '' ''.

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mr Milorad MihajloviULOGA I ZNAAJ STUDIJE OCENJIVANJA IVOTNOG CIKLUSA ZA UNAPREENJE SISTEMA UPRAVLJANJA ZATITOM IVOTNE SREDINEROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSaetak:Koncept ocenjivanja ivotnog ciklusa je danas jedan od najznaajnijih pristupa u ekolokom menadmentu, jer omoguava potpuno razumevanje i ocenjivanje posledica uticaja odreenih procesa, proizvoda ili usluga na razliite aspekte ivotne sredine, tokom njihovog celokupnog ivotnog ciklusa (od kolevke do groba). Tako se u okviru sistema upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine, moe utvrditi pojedinana odgovornost svakog od aktera u tetnom delovanju na ivotnu sredinu. Savremena nauna dostignua, vezana za razliite aspekte ocenjivanja ivotnog ciklusa se mogu olakano koristiti u praksi zahvaljujui primeni medjunarodnih standarda iz serije ISO 14000. U radu je data kratka komparacija koncepta ivotnog ciklusa sa ostalim konceptima u ekolokom menadmentu, sa prikazom vaeih medjunarodnih standarda, koji se odnose na ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa.Abstract:The concept of life cycle assessment is now one of the most important approaches to environmental management because it allows a full understanding and evaluating the consequences of the impact of certain processes, products or services on various aspects of the environment during their entire life cycle (from''cradle to grave''). Thus, within the system of environmental management, may determine individual responsibility of each stakeholder in the harmful effects on the environment. Contemporary scientific achievements related to different aspects of life cycle assessment can be made easier to use in practice due to the implementation of international standards in the ISO 14000 series The paper gives a brief comparison of the life cycle approach with other approaches in environmental management, with the presentation of applicable international standards related to life cycle assessment.Kljune rei: ivotni ciklus, ocenjivanje ivotnog ciklusa, sistemi upravljanja zatitom ivotne sredine, ekoloki menadment, menadment ivotnim ciklusomKey words: life cycle (LC), life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental management systems (EMS), environmental management (EM), life cycle management (LCM)1. UVODNeki od elemenata koncepta ocenjivanja ivotnog ciklusa (u daljem tekstu srlaeno LCA) su poeli da se razvijaju, kao rezultat novih saznanja i porasta zabrinutosti ire svetske javnosti, zbog prekomernog i nekontrolisanog iscrpljenja prirodnih sirovinskih resursa i ubrzane degradacije ivotne sredine, tokom ranih 1960-tih godina. Medjutim, realno koncept je nastao tokom 1970-tih godina, u traganju za novim modelom energetskog snabdevanja, jer je prvi naftni ok, 1973. godine, ozbiljno uzdrmao nacionalne ekonomije industrijski najrazvijenijih zemalja sveta. Druga znaajna okolnost za ubrzan razvoj koncepta LCA je nastala tokom 1980-tih godina, kada su mnoge velike kompanije prepoznale poslovni interes u razvoju zelenih tehnologija, kojima su izlazile u susret zahtevima potroaa, koji su pokazivali sve veu zabrinutost za pogoranje stanja ivotne sredine, na globalnom nivou. Tako je, na primer, kompanija Coca-Cola jo 1969. godine investirala u sprovodjenje jedne interne studije LCA, sa ciljem da se poredjenjem izmedju vie razliitih boca, odredi ekoloki najprihvatljivija boca za njihov uveni i najprodavaniji napitak, koja e kao otpad najmanje optereivati ivotnu sredinu i najmanje uticati na iscrpljenje prirodnih resursa. Za svaku bocu su dobijeni kvantitativni podaci o utroku prirodnih sirovina i goriva i optereenju ivotne sredine otpadnim materijama. Ubrzo zatim, i druge velike kompanije, iz Evrope i SAD, su poele da sprovode studije LCA svojih proizvoda, kako bi povaale sopstvenu konkurentnost na tritu.Danas je LCA istovremeno i koncept i analitiki alat u eklokom menadmentu. Kao koncept, LCA se u naunoj i strunoj literaturi, esto oznaava i kao nain razmiljanja u duhu ivotnog ciklusa (life cycle thinking), koji je jedan od temelja odrivog razvoja, kao novog koncepta razvoja oveanstva, , oko koga je na Drugoj konferenciji UN o ivotnoj sredini i odrivom razvoju, 1992. godine u Rio de eneiru, postignut najiti konsenzus u dotadanjoj istoriji oveantva.Brojne kompanije i organizacije, irom sveta, kao koristan alat u ekolokom menadmentu, koriste LCA za unapredjenje ekolokih performansi svojih procesa, proizvoda ili usluga, jer se u njemu primenjuje pristup od kolevke do groba, koji omoguava procenu kumulativnih uticaja na ivotnu sredinu, tokom cekokupnog ivotnog veka proizvoda, koji poinje ekstrakcijom sirovina iz zemlje, preko proizvodnje i upotrebe proizvoda i postupanja na kraju ivotnog ciklusa, kroz eventualnu reciklaciju ili ponovnu upotrebu, a zavrava se konanim odlaganjem, odnosno, vraanjem svih materijala u zemlju. Ovakvim sistemskim pristupom se ostvaruju dva osnovna cilja : 1) sveobuhvatnost ocenjivanja svih faza ivotnog ciklusa nekog procesa, proizvoda ili usluge, ime se izbegava odlaganje reavanja nastalih tetnih uticaja na ivotnu sredinu ili njihovo neidentifikovanje i 2) kvalitativno i kvantitativno analiziranje svih korienih materijalnih i energetskih resursa (u vidu ulaznih veliina u sistem) i svih vrsta otpadnih materija (u vidu izlaznih veliina iz sistema), koje se izbacuju u okolinu, na osnovu kojih se mogu proceniti vrste i stepeni uticaja na ivotnu sredinu i prioriteti u njenoj zatiti.Treba istai da je, pored LCA, do danas u ekolokom menadmentu razvijeno nekoliko razliitih koncepata i alata, koji su, prevashodno, namanjeni neposrednim donosiocima odluka u oblasti zatite ivotne sredine (menadmentu u organizacijama, nevladinim organizacijama, dravnoj upravi, vladi i sl.) radi korienja u procesima karatkoronog (tekueg) i dugoronog (stratekog) planiranja. irok dijapazon koji pokrivaju odluke u oblasti zatite ivotne sredine, kako po pitanju donosioca odluka, tako i po pitanju specifinosti razmatrane problematike, cilja i sadraja odluka, uslovio je da se razliiti koncepti i alati nezavisno razvijaju, bez neophodnog usaglaavanja i razvoja kompatibilnosti. Zbog toga se oni danas mogu koristiti pojedinano ili u kombinaciji da drugim konceptima i alatima, sa ciljem da se, kroz izbalansiran izbor pojedinanih prednosti i nedostataka, dodje do to kvalitetnijih odluka.Uporedne karakteristike razliitih koncepata i alata koji se koriste u ekolokom menadmentu (sa osnovnim karakteristikama, prednostima, slabostima i oubiajenim poljem primene) se mogu nai u savremenoj literature, poslednjih godina i na srpskom jeziku. Zbog toga je u ovom radu detaljnije analiziran i prikazan samo koncept LCA, sa aspekta praktine primene u meunarodnoj standardizaciji, dok su za ostale koncepte i alate data samo kratka rekapitulacija osnovnih karakteristika i polja primene.2. OSTALI KONCEPTI U EKOLOKOM MENADMENTUOblast ekolokog menadmenta se veoma dinamino razvija i po pitanju broja koncepata (i odgovarajuih alata) i po pitanju njihovog kvaliteta, kako bi se u to veoj meri ostvarila i unapredila naela prihvatljivog ekolokog, socijalnog i ekonomskog razvoja, koja su temelj odrivog razvoja. Od velikog broja razliitih pristupa u ekolokom menadmentu, koji su jo poetkom 1990-tih godina identifikovani, zahvaljujui inicijativi i radu meunarodnog Drutva za ekotoksikologiju i hemiju (SETAC Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry), u ovom radu su, pored LCA, ukratko analizirana samo jo etiri koncepta. Projektovanje (dizajn) za ivotnu sredinu (DfE Design for Environment) je tipian dizajnerski koncept, iji opti cilj je dizajniranje proizvoda koji su ekoloki prihvatljivi. Ovim konceptom su atributi zatite ivotne sredine, na sistemski nain ugraeni u dizajn proizvoda. Projektovanje za ivotnu sredinu je razvijeno tako da je ostvaren spoj tri jedinstvene karakteristike : 1) razmatra se celokupan ivotni ciklus proizvoda, tako da dizajneri, dobijaju reenja sa jasnim ekolokim posledicama, jer koriste sve raspoloive informacije o pojedinim fazama ivotnog ciklusa, a ne samo ukupne trokove proizvodnje i druge tradicionalne kriterijume (poput duine veka trajanja, trokova odravanja i sl.); 2) poetak primene je u ranoj fazi procesa realizacije proizvoda, tako da unapred definisane grupe ekolokih dizajn ciljeva, omoguavaju dizajnerima proveru dobijenih reenja i 3) sve odluke se donose korienjem seta vrednosti, zasnovanom na sistemu integrativnog naina miljenja i na industrijskoj ekologiji, tako da dobijeni dizajn proizvoda odraava ekoloki odgovorno ponaanje korisnika. Koristi se u industriji u oblasti dizajna raznih proizvoda. istije tehnologije (CT Cleaner Technology) je klasian inenjerski koncept, zasnovan na preventivnom pristupu, sa nainom razmiljanja u duhu ivotnog ciklusa (life cycle thinking), tako da se u proizvodnim procesima tei smanjenju korienih materijalnih i energetskih resursa i supstituciji zagadjujuih i tetnih materija ekoloki prihvatljivijim materijama. Koncept je nastao kao suprotnost klasinom Clean-up pristupu, kojom se otklanjaju i ublaavaju posledice ve nastalih zagaanja ivotne sredine i otpadnih materija. Za razliku od koncepta ocenjivanja ivotnog ciklusa u konceptu istijih tehnologija je mnogo zastupljeni ekonomski aspekti primenjenih reenja. Primenjuje se u industriji u fazi projektovanja ili inovacije tehnolokih procesa proizvodnje, u razvoju mera ekonomske politike, koje donosi vladin sector i u nevladinim organizacijama, na planu razvoja svesti stanovnitva o zatiti ivotne sredine.Zahvaljujuu pomoi Organizacije Ujedinjenih nacija za industrijski razvoj (UNIDO) u Beogradu je 2007. godine osnivan i poeo je sa radom, Centar za istiju proizvodnju u Srbiji. Tako je, na primer, tokom 2009. godine (prema Zavrnom izvetaju projekta istija proizvodnja) u 11 srpskih kompanija ostvarena godinja uteda od 2,8 miliona EUR, jer je na godinjem nivou smanjena potronja elektrine energije (4.000 MWh), vode (700.000 m3) i prirodnog gasa (1,000.000 m3), uz smanjenje emisije CO2 (7.700 tona) i koliine nastalog otpada (220 tona).Industrijska ekologija (IE - Industrial Ecology) je koncept koji analizira sloene odnose u trouglu: industrijski sistemi - drutvena zajednica - prirodni sistemi, tako to se uspostavljvu analogije izmedju industrijskih i prirodnih sistema, iz kojih se dobijaju ekoloka unapredjenja, zasnovana na procesima kruenja materije i energije slina onima u prirodi. Zahvaljujui nainu razmiljanja u duhu ivotnog ciklusa u ovom konceptu se interesi drutvene zajednice iskazuju kroz primenu principa odrivog razvoja. Koncept industrijske ekologije se koristi u industriji (sa ciljem uspostavljanja tzv. industrijskog metabolizma), u vladinom sektoru (na planu realizacije ciljeva opte politike) i u nevladinom sektoru (kao podrka konceptu odrivog razvoja na svim nivoima). Ekoloki menadmant totalnim kvalitetom (TQEM Total Quality Environmental Management) je concept koji je razvijen za potrebe menadera, koji se bave upravljanjem kvalitetom, kao kombinacija ekolokog menadmenta (EM) i menadmenta totalnim kvalitetom (TQM). U skladu sa tim, u TQEM konceptu su sauvane osnovne karakteristike oba pomentuta manadmenta : 1) sistemski pristup; 2) identifikacija potreba, zahteva i elja svih korisnika; 3) prepoznavanje i eliminacija, stvarnih i potencijalnih problema sa zatitom ivotne sredine, bez odlaganja i 4) stalno unapredjenje sistema, koje podrazumeva primenu modela menadmenta zasnovanog na Demingovom PDCA ciklusu. Ovaj concept se primenjuje u industriji i omoguava optimizaciju upotrebe tehnikih i ljudskih resursa u procesu ostvarivanja zadatog ekolokog uinka.3. PREGLED I ANALIZA MEDJUNARODNIH STANDARDA ZA OCENJIVANJE IVOTNOG CIKLUSAU Medjunarodnoj organizaciji za standardizaciju (ISO) su, u periodu od 1991. do 1993. godine, utvrdjeni glavni elementi standardizacije u oblasti ekolokog menadmenta, na osnovu kojih je zapoet razvoj dve grupe meunarodnih standarda iz serije ISO 14000, koje su usmerene ka : 1) organizovanju i 2) proizvodima i uslugama.Kada su u pitanju meunarodni standardi, koji se odnose na LCA, oni su razv