ekpresi gen
TRANSCRIPT
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Central Dogma of
Molecular Biology
KSPR SI G N
DR. Restu Syamsul Hadi,M.Kes
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merupakan rangkaian proses penerjemahan informasigenetik (dalam bentuk urutan basa pada DNA atau RNA )menjadi protein
Ekspresi gen
Proses ekspresi gen mengikuti tahapan yang samauntuk semua bentuk kehidupan, dan disebut dogmasentral
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DNA
RNA
AMINO ACID
Replikasi
Transkripsi
Translasi
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Ada 3 proses :
• Replikasi
– DNA menghasilkan DNA
• Transkripsi – menghasilkan RNA dari DNA
• Translasi
– Menghasilkan asam amino dari RNA
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• Diperlukan untuk terjadinya pembelahan
• DNA polymerase mengikat nukleotid
bebas untuk melengkapi basapasangannya
• Diperlukan enzim untuk menjaga agar
terhindar dari kesalahan
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• DNA cetakan
• Molekul Deoksi ribonukleotida (basa purin-pirimidin, gula
/deoksiribosa, gugus fosfat)
• DNA polymerase, enzim utama –katalisis proses
polimerisasi nukleotida
• Enzim primase,mengkatalisis primer untuk memulai
replikasi
• Enzim Helikase dan girase, membuka untaian DNA
induk
• Enzim ligase, menyambung fragmen DNA
KOMPONEN UTAMA REPLIKASI
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Sintesis Protein
:
DNA RNA ProteinsReplikasi Transkripsi Translasi
Replikasi : proses perbanyakan bahan genetik
- proses yang mengawali pertumbuhan sel- setiap sel anakan (progeny) yang dihasilkan punya
komposisi yang identik dengan induk
- merupakan proses pengkopian rangkaian molekul
genetik
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Model Replikasi DNA
Ada 3 hipotesis:1. Semikonservatif2. Konservatif
3. Dispersif
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REPLIKASI DNA
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• Rantai DNA membelah
• Berpasangan dengan RNA pasangannya
• Melibatkan RNA polymerase
Transkripsi berlangsung dalam empat tahap,yaitu pengenalan promoter, inisiasi,elongasi, dan teminasi.
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Enzim RNA polimerase mengikat untai DNA cetakanpada suatu daerah (promoter) yang mempunyaiurutan basa tertentu sepanjang 20 hingga 200 basa..
Setelah mengalami pengikatan oleh promoter, RNApolimerase akan terikat pada suatu tempat di dekatdaerah promoter, yang dinamakan tempat awalpolimerisasi.
Selama sintesis RNA berlangsung RNA polimerasebergerak di sepanjang molekul DNA cetakan sambilmenambahkan nukleotida demi nukleotida kepadauntai RNA yang sedang diperpanjang.
Molekul RNA yang baru saja selesai disintesis, dan juga enzim RNA polimerase, segera terlepas dari untaiDNA cetakan begitu enzim tersebut mencapai urutan
basa pengakhir (terminasi).
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Sintesis Protein : Transkripsi
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DNA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Transkripsi Eukariotik
Export
G AAAAAA
RNA
Transcription
G AAAAAA
RNAProcessing
mRNA
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3 Tipe RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – DNA template
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) – pembawa asam
amino• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – komponen mayor
pada Ribosome
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Structural characteristics of RNAmolecules
• Single polynucleotide strand whichmay be looped or coiled (not a double
helix)• Sugar Ribose (not deoxyribose)
• Bases used: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
and Uracil (not Thymine).
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• Pada sitoplasma, mRNA berikatan dengansatu unit ribosom.
• Masing-masing tRNA berikatan dengansatu asam amino.
• Asam amino terikat mRNA bergerak pada
ribosome menghasilkan rantai polipeptida.
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
Translasi merupakan proses pengkodean dari molekulmRNA menjadi rantai polipeptida.
Masing-masing dengan 3 nukleotida pada mRNA yangdisebut dengan kodon ( codon or three-letter codeword).
Masing-masing kodon merupakan kode spesifik dariasam amino.
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
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H
P
O
O
HO
O
O
CH2 NH2 N
NH
N
N
HOH
P
O
O
HO
O
O
CH2
NH2
N
N
N
N
H
P
O
OH
HO
O
O
CH2
NH2
N
N
N
N
O
A Codon
Guanine
Adenine
Adenine
Arginine
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
• Kode digunakan 3 huruf karena ada 20asam amino yang berbeda untukmenghasilkan protein.
• Ada 4 basa dalam RNA (ATGC), maka 42 (4x 4)=16; 43 (4x4x4)=64.
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
•Dengan 3 huruf maka akan ada 64 kodon
• Artinya akan ada satu asam amino yang dikodedengan lebih dari satu kodon.
•Kodon (UAA, UAG, & UGA) untuk stop codons, ini
kodon untuk menghentikan sintesis.•Disamping mengkode asam amino methionine, kodon AUG merupakan kodon “initiator” codon, yang
memulai sintesis protein
P t i S th i T l ti
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA)• Molekul tRNA memiliki tempat perlekatan yangpenting.
•Satu sisi, disebut anticodon, yang mengikat kodondengan molekul mRNA.
•Sisi yang lain sebagai tempat mengikat amino acid.
•Selama sintesis protein, anticodon dari molekul tRNA
merupakan base pairs /pasangan kodon dengankodon mRNA.
i S h i l i
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
Ribosome:•Tersusun dari 2 subunits, besar dan kecil, masing-masing subunit mengandung ribosomal RNA(rRNA) & proteins.
•Sintesis Protein dimulai ketika dua subunits ribosommengikat mRNA.
•Kodon initiator AUG berikatan dengan anticodon of
tRNA
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
Ribosome:•Sintesis protein berlangsung sampai stopcodon hingga dihasilkan sintesis protein baru
dan proses translasi selesai.
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
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AE
Large
subunit
P
Small
subunit
Translation - Initiation
fMet
UAC
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
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AE
Ribosome P
Arg
Aminoacyl tRNA
PheLeu
Met
Ser
Gly
Polypeptide
CCA
Translation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
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AE
Ribosome P
PheLeu
Met
Ser
Gly
Polypeptide
Arg
Aminoacyl tRNA
UCUCCA
Translation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
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AE
Ribosome P
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
Ser
Gly
Polypeptide
Translation - Elongation
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
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AE
Ribosome P
Translation - Elongation
Aminoacyl tRNA
Ala
CCA
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
Ser
Gly
Polypeptide
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
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AE
Ribosome P
Translation - Elongation
Arg
UCU
PheLeu
Met
Ser
Gly
Polypeptide
CGA
Ala
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-AT GCA...TAAAAAA 5’ mRNA
3’
T i ti A d T l ti
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3’
5’
5’
3’
Transcription And TranslationIn Prokaryotes
Ribosome
Ribosome
5’
mRNA
RNAPol.
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Figure 17.UN04
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tRNA
Polypeptide
Aminoacid
E A Anti-
codon
RibosomemRNA
Codon
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Sintesis protein merupakan proses yang berlangsung denganarah tertentu sebagai berikut.
1. Molekul mRNA ditranslasi dengan arah 5’ → 3’, tetapi tidakdari ujung 5’ hingga ujung 3’.
2. Polipeptida disintesis dari ujung amino ke ujung karboksil
dengan menambahkan asam-asam amino satu demi satuke ujung karboksil.
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