el concepto de belleza contenido en el mito del juicio de paris-libre

7/26/2019 El Concepto de Belleza Contenido en El Mito Del Juicio de Paris-libre

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UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIN

FACULTAD DE HISTORIA, GEOGRAFA Y LETRAS

DEPARTAMENTO DE CASTELLANO

EL CONCEPTO DE BELLEZACONTENIDO EN EL MITO DEL

JUICIO DE PARIS

Tesis paa !p"a a# "$"%#! &e P!'es! &e Cas"e##a(!

A%"!) Cis"ia( Ma(*i##a Ma&e#+

P!'es! %$a) D+ Jai-e B#%-e S.(*/e0+

Sa("ia! &e C/i#e, 1223


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UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIN

FACULTAD DE HISTORIA, GEOGRAFA Y LETRAS

DEPARTAMENTO DE CASTELLANO

EL CONCEPTO DE BELLEZACONTENIDO EN EL MITO DELJUICIO DE PARIS

Tesis paa !p"a a# "$"%#! &e P!'es! &e Cas"e##a(!

A%"!) Cis"ia( Ma(*i##a Ma&e#+

P!'es! %$a) D+ Jai-e B#%-e S.(*/e0+

Sa("ia! &e C/i#e, 1223


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In memoriam Iuliae Mancillae


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Pes!(as)

D+ Jai-e B#%-e S.(*/e0+Da+ Gi%seppi(a Ga--a"i*! A-ai+Da+ A(a Ma$a G!(0.#e0 &e T!8ia+Ma+ 9*: I;.( Sa#as Pi(i##a+Ma+ 9*: Ma$a A(#i*a &e C/i#e+Bi8#i!"e*a &e# C!(es! Na*i!(a# &e C/i#e+Bi8#i!"e*a &e Li"ea"%a &e #a U(i;esi&a& &e C/i#e+Bi8#i!"e*a &e Te!#!$a &e #a P!("i'i*ia U(i;esi&a& Ca">#i*a &e C/i#e+Bi8#i!"e*a Na*i!(a# &e C/i#e+Bi8#i!"e*a Sa( J!a?%$( &e #a P!("i'i*ia U(i;esi&a& Ca">#i*a &e C/i#e+Ce("! Bi8#i!"e*ai! &e P%e("e A#"!+Ce("! &e Es"%&i!s C#.si*!s &e #a U(i;esi&a& Me"!p!#i"a(a &e Cie(*ias &e #a E&%*a*i>(+Ce("! &e Es"%&i!s Gie!s, Bi0a("i(!s = Ne!/e#


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Pese("a*i>(+

I("!&%**i>(+ 2

Cap$"%#! I+ La *$"i*a #i"eaia *!("e-p!.(ea a("e e# %i*i! &e Pais+ 5

Cap$"%#! II+ Be##e0a, -i"! = si(i'i*a*i!(es+ 13

Cap$"%#! III+ Las '!*a#i0a*i!(es &e# es"%&i!+ 36

Cap$"%#! IV+ A(.#isis &e #!s 'a-e("!s ?%e (aa( e# %i*i! &e Pais+ 2

Cap$"%#! V+ E# %i*i! &e Pais) i("epe"a*i>(+ 5

C!(*#%si!(es+ 64

Re'ee(*ias+ 66


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A se"e("a a!s &e #a pi-ea p%8#i*a*i>( &e# a"$*%#! &e a# Rei(/a&" e'ei&! a# %i*i!

&e Pais, es"a "esis ;ie(e a ap!"a -.s a("e*e&e("es a# ;a#i!s! "a8a! i("epe"a"i;! ?%e se

/a se%i&! e( "!(! a es"e "e-a *!( a%"!es *!-! S"i("!( 976:, a#*!" 9@@:, S%"e

93@: = Da;ies 93 = 1224:, e("e !"!s+ I(*#%=e(&! a#%(as *!(si&ea*i!(es e( "!(! a

#!s *!(*ep"!s &e belleza, bello = mito, a&e-.s &e !"as e( "!(! a #as si(i'i*a*i!(es &e

Afrodita, Atenea, Dios, Helena, Hera, Hermes, e# -!("e Ida, #a manzana, #a montaa, e#

oro = Paris #a i(;es"ia*i>( se p#a("ea -


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E# pese("e "e"! es %(a i(;es"ia*i>( e( "!(! a# -i"! &e# %i*i! &e Pais) s% p!p>si"!

es a#*a(0a %(a i("epe"a*i>( a&-isi8#e a*e*a &e# *!(%("! &e 'a-e("!s #i"eai!s ?%e

(aa( es"e /e*/! -$"i*! =, a #a ;e0, a*e*a &e# -i"! *!-! p!&%*"! *%#"%a# i(&epe(&ie("e

&e *a&a !8a #i"eaia ?%e #! *i"a, a%(?%e &epe(&ie("e &e #a "a&i*i>(+ E(*!("a-!s a?%$ %(a

pi-ea paa&!a, p%es"! ?%e #a "a&i*i>( p%e&e se e*!i&a pi(*ipa#-e("e &es&e #!s

"e"!s #i"eai!s ?%e se e'iee( a# /e*/! -$"i*! = a #as *i*%(s"a(*ias ?%e #! !&ea(, &e

-!&! ?%e (%es"! p!p>si"! &e8e e("e(&ese e( e# se("i&! &e ?%e i("e("ae-!s (!

*!-p!-e"e(!s *!( #a ;isi>( pa"i*%#a &e (i(%(a &e #as !8as es"%&ia&as, si(! ?%e ##ea

a *!(!*e e# esp$i"% "a&i*i!(a# &e# -i"! e( s% *!('i%a*i>( *%#"%a#, e*!ie(&! #!s

aspe*"!s *!i(*i&e("es e( #as &is"i("as ;esi!(es, =a sea e( s% aspe*"! #i"ea#, =a sea e( s%

aspe*"! espii"%a#, es &e*i, &e #a es"%*"%a p!'%(&a ?%e s%8=a*e a# -i"! &e# %i*i! &e

Pais+

E# -i"! &e# %i*i! &e Pais (aa *>-!, &esp% ;i*"!ia e( #a 8a"a##a = A'!&i"a !'e*i> a He#e(a, #a

-.s /e-!sa &e #as -%ees+ Pais &e*i&i> a 'a;! &e A'!&i"a = se a"a! e# !&i! &e Hea =

A"e(ea s!8e #! *!(sis"$a e( e# e*/a0! &e s%s ea#!s = e( e# ;ee&i*"! a&;es! a e##as

9aspe*"!s esa#"a&!s p! #a ;esi>( &e L%*ia(!: pe! e( a&e#a("e &es*%8ie-!s ?%e

Res"!s a?%e!#>i*!s *!-! *."eas = !"!s "a-8i


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(i(%(a &e es"as !'e(sas es i(*!-pa"i8#e *!( #a es"%*"%a &e# -i"!, si(! ?%e "!&as e##as

es".( *%-p#ie(&! %(a -is-a '%(*i>( &e("! &e# e#a"!+U( ee*i*i! &e i("epe"a*i>( a*e*a &e es"e -i"! (!s a=%&a. a *!-pe(&e &e -e!

-a(ea #a '!-a e( ?%e se es"%*"%a( #as (aa*i!(es "a&i*i!(a#es &e# *i*#! ( p!s"ei! a# a%"!+ Pe! e# /a##a0! &e %( pei(e &e -a'i# &e# si#! VIIa+C+ ?%e

epese("a *#aa-e("e e# %i*i! &e Pais1, a #a ;e0 ?%e e# es"%&i! *$"i*! s!8e e# "e"!

/!-( &e# %i*i! /a( a*a8a&! p! e'%"a

&e'i(i"i;a-e("e #a s!spe*/a &e Ais"a*!+

La /ip>"esis ?%e p!p!(e-!s es ?%e, e( e# %i*i! &e Pais, #a 8e##e0a (! s>#! es".

*!-p!-e"i&a *!( #!s a"i8%"!s '$si*!s &e "es &i!sas 9Hea, A"e(ea = A'!&i"a:, si(!

a&e-.s *!( #! ?%e *a&a %(a epese("a = *!( #!s !8se?%i!s ?%e !'e*e( a Pais+ Es"a

/ip>"esis "ie(e, e;i&e("e-e("e, e# *a.*"e &e %(a pes%(*i>( ?%e se. p%es"a a p%e8a a #!

#a! &e (%es"a i(;es"ia*i>( paa p!&e &e"e-i(a 'i(a#-e("e si es ;e&a&ea ! 'a#sa =

*%.# es s% ;a#! i("epe"a"i;!+ N! !8s"a("e, a&;e"ie-!s &e i(-e&ia"! ?%e e##a *ae*e

a8s!#%"a-e("e &e !ii(a#i&a&, p%es"! ?%e =a /a si&! e(%(*ia&a p! !"!s a%"!es

Rei(/a&"4, S"i("!(5, a#*!"6, Da-is*/7= Da;ies@, a&e-.s &e Ap%#e=!3 =, a&e-.s, (!

e?%iee &e %(a #e*"%a (i a(.#isis p!'%(&! paa ##ea a se p!p%es"a+

1 Ta-8i( *!( #!s ea#!s, a*!"a(&! ?%e,*!-! %e0, ea (!-a# ?%e #!s e*i8iea si #ee-!s e( es"e se("i&! 5@623 = Q 363@ 9@@:+7C%a(&! pe%("a) ?%iee &e*i es"! ?%e Pais "%;! ?%e e#ei -e(!s e("e "es "ip!s &e 8e##e0a ?%e e("e"es '%(*i!(es, = ?%e s% e#e**i>( se i(*#i(> (a"%a#-e("e /a*ia #a ?%e se ;i(*%#a8a *!-(-e("e a #a i&ea &e

8e##e0a 97) 47:+@ C%a(&! *!-paa #a e#e**i>( &e Pais *!( #as ?%e apae*e( e( *%e("!s "a&i*i!(a#es = *!( e# %i*i! &eSa#!->( 91224:+


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La -e"!&!#!$a ?%e %"i#i0ae-!s se. e# a(.#isis *!-paa&! &e ?%i(*e ;esi!(es &e#

-i"! &e# %i*i! &e Pais, %8i*a&as e( "e"!s e("e #!s si#!s I a+C+ = VI &+C+ &es&epespe*"i;as #i"eaia, "ip!#>i*!(aa"i;a = a("!p!#>i*a) ;a#e #a pe(a a*#aa ?%e #!s "es

e('!?%es a(a#$"i*!s %"i#i0a&!s s!( &e (a"%a#e0a es"%*"%a#is"a+ Ta-8i e# %i*i! ?%e se "a"a8a e("e #!s&i!ses = e# /!-8e, = a?%e# pas"! s"i*!, %e0 e#ei&! p! *!(se! &e# a( Jpi"e, ;e(&i> #a pi-ease("e(*ia &e a?%e# a("i%! si#!, p! a(a(*ia &e s% #%%ia, *!( &es"%**i>( = pe&i-ie("! &e "!&! #i(ae91222) 416417:+


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se /a.( sea#a(&! e# (-e! &e# ;!#%-e( e'ei&! *!( (-e! !-a(! a("e*e&ie(&! a#

(-e! &e #a p.i(a, si%ie(&! #!s &!s p%("!s &esp%


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E( es"e *ap$"%#! ep!(&e-!s, *!(!#>i*a-e("e 9i(&i*a(&! e("e pa-e(! (i*! e( #a -i"!#!$a iea, p%es #a (aa*i>( pae*e

&e-asia&! &i&.*"i*a paa se /e!i*a =, a%(?%e e# e#a"! '%e e*!i&! e( #as Ciprias= se

a&-i"e ?%e '%e *!(!*i&! &es&e -e&ia&!s &e# si#! VIa+C+, e# /a##a0! &e %( pei(e &e -a'i#

&e #a pi-ea -i"a& &e# si#! VIIa+C+ ?%e epese("a e# %i*i! &e Pais -!"i;> ?%e a#%(!s

p!p%siea( a"asa #as Ciprias= #aIlada! p#a("eaa( ?%e #a /is"!ia *i*%#a8a a("es &e ?%e

#as Ciprias'%ea( es*i"as+ Es"e "ip! &e (aa*i>( es p!8#e-."i*! p!?%e se !p!(e a #! ?%e

*!(si&ea-!s a*ai*! =, p! e(&e, (! &e8iea es"a e( e#a*i>( *!( H!-e! pe! e(H!-e! /a= (aa*i!(es ?%e es*apa( &e# e#a"! p!pia-e("e


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&esea( a=%&a a s% p%e8#!, si(! ?%e a&e-.s pe"e(&e( &es"%i a !"! &e es"a -a(ea, #a

si"%a*i>( e( e# O#i-p! *a-8ia *!( e# #i8! VIII, p%es Hea = A"e(ea apae*e( -.spe!*%pa&as &e #!s a?%e!s ?%e e(e-ias &e #!s "!=a(!s, Ze%s pe-i"e ?%e #!s a?%e!s

s%*%-8a( a("e #!s "!=a(!s = P!sei&>( pae*e s%-ase a #a *a%sa &e Hea = A"e(ea+ Las

es*e(as &e #!s &i!ses /!-( /%-a(a, &e -!&! ?%e a?%e##as es*e(as &e #!s &i!ses s>#! s!( p!si8#es e( %(

"a8a! p! sa"is'a*e s% *!(*%pis*e(*ia 9K 142:)

e# %i*i! &e Pais s>#! "ie(e se("i&! e( *%a("! i("!&%*e #a /is"!ia &e #a &es"%**i>( &e

T!=a = se%a-e("e i(*#%$a e# -!"i;! &e #!s &!s /e-a(!s !p%es"!s, p%es /a= %(a

*!("ap!si*i>( e("e Pais = H( a #a '!-a /!-


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p!e-a *%=! *!-ie(0! &ia *a("a, &i!sa, e# e! &e Pais+ E# ap"! &e He#e(a p%e&e se

e("e(&i&! *!-! (!;e#a, pe! &epe(&e &e# %i*i! &e Pais paa !*%i) es a&-isi8#e ?%e #apes!(a#i&a& &e Pais /a=a si&! ap!pia&a paa e# !'e*i-ie("! &e A'!&i"a, pe! #a /is"!ia

*ae*e. &e i-p!"a(*ia si e##a (! es". pese("e+ Pa%#a"i(a-e("e se /a i&! a&-i"ie(&! ?%e #a

Ilada"ie(e e#e-e("!s &e (!;e#a = e( e##a se *!(%a %( e#e-e("! &e# (!"e 9#a fA?%i#ei&ag:

*!( %( "ip! &e -a"eia# s%e! 9#a /is"!ia &e Pais = He#e(a:) #a -%e"e es paa A?%i#es

"a("! %(a *e"e0a i("ei! *!-! %( &es"i(! e"ei! ?%e *!("ae( -aes"a& -i#i"a, a-is"a&

e( #as a-as, i(%ia *!("a e# /!(!, *!-p!-is! -.s a##. &e #a -%e"e e("e p$(*ipes =

*a-aa&as = e# e;a(*/is-! /as"a #a p!'a(a*i>( &e %( *a&.;e = /as"a e# sa*i'i*i! &e #!s

pisi!(e!s e( %(a *ee-!(ia '%(eaia "!&! #! *%a# ;ie(e &es&e e# (!"e /a*ia %( s% -.s

*!("e-p#a"i;!, &!(&e %(! a(a -.s esi(.(&!se ?%e &es"%=( &e #! ?%e *a&a &i!sa 9espe*ia#-e("e A'!&i"a: epese("a = !'e*e e( #%a&e s%s a"i8%"!s '$si*!s+


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!"a pa"e, #!s &!s aspe*"!s &e #a /is"!ia #a e#e**i>( a#e>i*a = e# *e"a-e( &e 8e##e0a

e*i8i.( %( (!-as+ La /is"!ia &e# %i*i! p%&!

i(;e("ase paa ep#i*a #a Ilada a #a ;e0 ?%e e# epis!&i! &e E(!(e = #!s &e"a##es

!-.("i*!s &e E%$pi&es se 8asa$a( e( #a /is"!ia &e# a8a(&!(! = e# -a*! 8%*>#i*!, pe!

/a= %(a "a&i*i>( a("i%a ?%e 8i(&a -a"eia# "a("! a #aIlada*!-! a #!s p!e-as *$*#i*!s

as$ *!-! #a /is"!ia &e# %i*i! p%e&e se "a( a("i%a *!-! #a &e T!=a = s% aspe*"! 8%*>#i*!

p%&! s%i &e "a&i*i!(es *!(%e("es *!( ( *!('i%a&a p!


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es"!s &e"e-i(a("es !ii(a s$-8!#!s *!-p%es"!s, ;!*a8%#ai!s a%"!i0a&!s e

i("e"e"%a#i&a&es &i;esas, a%(?%e E%$pi&es (! espe"> "!"a#-e("e #a "a&i*i>(, p%es"! ?%ese i(*#i(a8a /a*ia "e-as !-.("i*!s e( #a "ae&ia, = s% i(sis"e(*ia s!8e e# "e-a &e# %i*i!

p%e&e sea#a s% pe!*%pa*i>( p! e# &esa-pa! &e #!s /!-8es a("e #!s &esi(i!s &e #!s

&i!ses+

R+ GRAVES9@2:

Es e;i&e("e ?%e #a a("i%a i-ae( &e #as Tes Di!sas, #a -a(0a(a = e# !;e( pas"! &e#

I&a, i("epe"a&a i*!(!">pi*a-e("e p! a#( e(e-i! pi-i"i;! &e #as -%ees e( #a

'.8%#a &e #a fMa(0a(a &e #a Dis*!&iag 9*>-! Pais a&%&i*> #a -a(0a(a a #a &i!sa &e#

a-!:, "e($a %( si(i'i*a&! *!-p#e"a-e("e &is"i("!+ C!(*e&e %(a -a(0a(a a #a &i!sa &e#

a-! /a8$a si&! %(a i-pe"i(e(*ia p! pa"e &e# pas"!+ T!&as #as -a(0a(as #e pe"e(e*$a(+

jk O8;ia-e("e #as "es &i!sas s!(, *!-! &e *!s"%-8e, #as "es pes!(as &e #a a("i%a

Di!sa Tip#e, (! i;a#es *e#!sas, = e;i&e("e-e("e #a &i!sa &e# a-! &a #a -a(0a(a a# pas"!

9! *a8e!: = (! #a e*i8e &e ( &e #a '.8%#a

&e #a Ma(0a(a &e #a Dis*!&ia, ?%e e# pas"! e*i8i> &e He#e(a *!-! e*!-pe(sa p! s%

%i*i!, p!;ie(e e;i&e("e-e("e &e %( i*!(! ?%e a*!-paa8a a# &e# fJ%i*i!g = ?%e -!s"a8a

a %( pas"! !;e( "!-a&! &e #a -a(! *!( He#e(a+ Pe! He#e(a (! ea %(a -%e -!"a# ea

He##e, ! Pes


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Ti(&.e! se pe;i(! &e #as p!si8#es epesa#ias &e #!s ?%e (! '%ee( 'a;!e*i&!s p! s%

e#e**i>( = Pais (! #! /i0!+ La *!("ie(&a (%(*a es". a%se("e *%a(&! #!s ie!s *!-pi"e(,p%es e# ;e(*i&! s%e#e (! a*ep"a s% &e!"a, pi(*ipa#-e("e p!?%e eis"e %(a

s!8ees"i-a*i>( &e# a(! e( &es-e&! &e# -(: =

&i;i(a 9Ze%s = Hea: e( e# #i8! Ise e;ie"e e( e# #i8! IV= ?%e #a s%p%es"a s%pe;isi>(

&e #!s &i!ses s!8e #a e("ea &e H( &e# %i*i! &e Pais, p%es #!s &i!ses (! pae*e( -%= *!-p!-e"i&!s *!( e# es*a"e

&e H


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%i*i! &e Pais ep#i*i"a, p%es, *>-! #!s &i!ses pesis"e( e( s%s e(*!es -ie("as ?%e

A?%i#es &ep!(e s% ia) es"a i("epe"a*i>( es *!('i-a&a p! e# a8!e*i-ie("! ?%e -%es"aAp!#! /a*ia A?%i#es 9 1@@ss+ = b @ss+ = 46472:, p%es"! ?%e &es"a*a e# *!-p!"a-ie("!

(!8#e &e ( *!( !"a !8a, m"e-is &ea a Tese! e Hip>#i"! paa *!8a

;e(a(0a &e A'!&i"a -a"a(&! a a#%(! &e s%s 'a;!i"!s -ie("as ?%e Hip>#i"! pe&!(a. a

s% pa&e e( e#Hiplito&e E%$pi&es si #a *!("as"a-!s *!( #a0neida, a?%$ Hea &ep!(e s%

a;esi>( /a*ia #!s "!=a(!s = E(eas -a"a i(-isei*!&e-e("e a# s%p#i*a("e T%(!+

A+ SUTER93@:

La a%"!a p!p!(e ?%e #a es*e(a /!-(+ La a%"!a aa&e, p! #"i-!, ?%e e# pa">( &e# ap"! es %( s%8s"i"%"! paa #a/is"!ia &e# %i*i! e( e# ?%e se p!;ee #a -a"eia paa #a *aa*"ei0a*i>( &e Pais *!-!

a-a("e = !8e"! &e *e(s%a+


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H+ DAMISCH97:

La e'ee(*ia #i"eaia -.s a("i%a a# %i*i! &e Pais es". e( #aIlada, pe! es"a e'ee(*ia

/a si&! p%es"a e( &%&a *!-! %(a i("ep!#a*i>( a *a%sa &e# "( &e e(*aa a Pais e# &ese-pa"e &e #as &i!sas+

E# %i*i! &e Pais "ie(e a%"!(!-$a e( *%a("! e#a"!, si 8ie( '!-a pa"e &e %( *!-p#e!

-a=! ?%e es *!/ee("e *!( #aIlada+ La %s"i'i*a*i>( paa e# %s! &e ma)-losn.es"a$a e(

?%e #ea &e A?%i#es = e# a8!e*i-ie("! &e #as &i!sas es".( e#a*i!(a&!s *!( e# ap"! !

&esp!sei-ie("! &e %(a -%e = es"! sea#a #a i("e;e(*i>( &i;i(a e( #!s as%("!s /%-a(!s,

a%(?%e Je(>'a(es *i"i*a8a #as i(-!a#i&a&es &e #!s &i!ses /!-


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!8#ia*i>(, si(! s!#a-e("e #a a'i-a*i>( &e #a p!pia ;a#e("$a, #a ;i*"!ia = e# p!&e1+ Pe!

e# es?%e-a s!*ia# = #a T!=a ?%e (!s &es*i8e H!-e! (! se *!esp!(&e( *!( #a ea#i&a&/is">i*a e;e#a&a p! #a a?%e!#!$a, a%(?%e (! (!s i("eesa "a("! es"a ;e&a& /is">i*a

*!-! #a 'i**i>( p!(

&e# %i*i! s%e#e es"a a*!-paa&a p! !"as *!( #as *%a#es se ;i(*%#a, a%(?%e es"! (!

sie-pe es as$) apae*e( #as 8!&as &e Te"is, e# ee(*%e("! &e He#e(a = Me(e#a!, e# ap"! &e

He#e(a, H( *!( #!s &!(es = #as '%(*i!(es

epese("a&as p! e##!s ?%e *!( #a 8e##e0a &e #as &i!sas4, si 8ie( %(a s!#a &e e("e e##as es".

a8!*a&a a #a '%(*i>( espe*$'i*a &e #a 8e##e0a+ E# /e*/! &e ?%e Pais /!(e a #a 8e##e0a es %(

i(&i*i! se%! &e a*a$s-!, p%es"! ?%e -.s a&e#a("e es"a '%(*i>( es a8s"a$&a &es&e s%

-a(i'es"a*i>( !ii(aia #!s e(i"a#es = e# *!i"! /a*ia %( (i;e# -.s e#e;a&!,

as!*i.(&!#a *!( '%(*i!(es -.s *%#"as, &e -!&! ?%e #a &i-e(si>( s!*ia# ;e(0a s!8e #a a$0se%a#+

n%e&a( -a(i'ies"as #as si(i'i*a*i!(es &e #as &i!sas = &e# %e0, pe! *a8e pe%("ase

a/!a p! ?%< Ze%s es*!e a Pais *!-! .8i"! si es %( -!"a# &e se! -as*%#i(! = Ze%s

sa8$a ?%e s% &e*isi>( a"ae$a *!(se*%e(*ias seias+ La e#e**i>( &e Pais *!-! %e0 se

1Es"! es *!("a&i*/! p! L!8e* *%a(&! a'i-a ?%e, e( #a Ge*ia /e!i*a, se *!(si&ea8a( &e#i"!s e# !8!, #ae-8ia%e0, e# a&%#"ei! = e# ap"! = se *e$a ?%e #as #e=es &e #a -!a# es"a8a( 8a! #a *%s"!&ia &e *ie"!s&i!ses 937:+4Es"a i&ea es *asi ea*"a-e("e #a -is-a ?%e /e-!s p!p%es"! e( (%es"a /ip>"esis+


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;i(*%#a a #a e#a*i>( &e #a 8e##e0a *!( #a -%e"e = #a &i'ee(*ia &e #!s se!s, a%(?%e ( &e %(a i(&i;i&%a#i&a&

/%-a(a ! &i;i(a i-p#i*a8a "e(e %( (!-8e = %( *%ep! paa #a -e("a#i&a& iea a*ai*a)

*!-! *a&a &i!s *!("a8a *!( as!s &i'ee(*ia#es 9i(&i;i&%a#es:, p!&$a( s%i *!('#i*"!s

*!-! e# &ii-i&! p! Pais+ L!s &i!ses "ie(e( %( *%ep! *!( %(a sa(e i(-!"a#, ?%e

*ae*e &e /a-8e = s%e!, pe! i%a#-e("e ape"e*e, &is'%"a = &esea e# a#i-e("! = #a sies"a

=, a%( -.s, es". s%e"! a# &ese! a-!!s!, e# ros, p%es"! ?%e se "a"a &e %( *%ep! se%a&!+

E# se se%a&!s /a*e &e #!s &i!ses sees &e &ese! = &e p#a*e =, a&e-.s, p!&$a &e*ise ?%e

#a &i'ee(*ia e("e #!s se!s es e# ->;i# &e #a s!*ie&a& &e #!s i(-!"a#es, p%es"! ?%e se 8asa

e( #a ep!&%**i>(, a%(?%e es"a '%(*i>( es%#"a -ai(a# e( Hes$!&! a #a ;e0 ?%e #!s &i!ses

(! p!&$a( &isp!(e a s% a("!! &e s%s !8e"!s se%a#es+ La e#e**i>( &e Pais se %s"i'i*a,

p%es, e( #a &i'ee(*ia &e# *%ep! &i;i(! = &e# *%ep! /%-a(!, p!?%e a%( *%a(&! ( *!( e# p#a"!(is-!, #a i&ea#i0a*i>( &e #a

8e##e0a (! p!&$a (i &e8$a &es#ia #a I&ea &e s%s e#a*i!(es *!( e# ei(! &e# &ese!) as$, Paise*!(!*e e( A'!&i"a #a 8e##e0a p! e*e#e(*ia =, a%(?%e Hea = A"e(ea sea( 8e##as e( s%s

.-8i"!s, (! e(*a(a( %( i&ea# &e 8e##e0a ;i(*%#a&! *!( #a es'ea &e #as se(sa*i!(es

se%a#es+ T!&a;$a s%8sis"e #a &i'i*%#"a& &e ?%e Pais /a=a p!&i&! *!("e-p#a a #as &i!sas,

-.s e(*i-a &es(%&as = pes%-i8#e-e("e *!( s% apaie(*ia &i;i(a, si( /a8e ?%e&a&!

*ie! ! /a8e s%'i&! a#( *as"i! *!(s"a"a8#e e( #! i(-e&ia"!, pe! es"! p%e&e ep#i*ase

5Es"! es si-i#a a #! ?%e epei-e("a( A?%i#es = P$a-! a&-i.(&!se -%"%a-e("e 9K 713741: a("e e#&es"i(! 'a"a# ?%e a-8!s &e8e.( e('e("a, a%(?%e e( s% *as! e##!s es".( -.s *!(s*ie("es ?%e Pais &e es"asi"%a*i>(, #! *%a# p%e&e e#a*i!(ase *!( s% *aa*"ei0a*i>( -.s se(si8#e+


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p!?%e #as &i!sas se pese("a!( ;!#%("aia-e("e a("e ( #i8e, p%es"! ?%e "e($a %( a#-a

a# se;i*i! &e #!s se("i&!s pe! "a# ;e0 e# p!pi! Ze%s /a8$a pe;is"! ?%e Pais, e# pas"!

#ia&! *!( #a "e*ea '%(*i>( ai*%#"%a, 'e"i#i&a&, ep!&%**i>( = a%"!i0a&! p! s%

#i(ae ea#, es*!e$a a A'!&i"a6= &a$a #%a a %(a %ea ?%e &is-i(%i$a e# (-e! &e

/!-8es pis!"ea(&! #a "iea = &a$a 'i( a #a e&a& &e #!s /-%#as "a&i*i!(a#es a *as!s &e"e-i(a&!s e( %( "ie-p! a("ei! a

#a polis+ E# f%i*i!g p%e&e e("e(&ese *!-! !pea*i>( i("e#e*"%a# = *!-! ape*ia*i>(

e-i"i&a &e %( &e#i"!, #a se("e(*ia = #a e#e**i>( ?%e i-p#i*a as$, di)azein se %8i*a e( e#

-%(&! &e#!enos= !8e&e*e a %(a -!&a#i&a& pe&e"e-i(a&a, -ie("as ?%e )rineinse %8i*a

e( #apolise i-p#i*a #a ape*ia*i>( pes!(a# &e# %e0+ 5rineines"%;! #ia&! pi-ea-e("e

a# .-8i"! e#ii!s!, ;a#i( =a *!(saa&a &e O;i&i!, Pais es e(*aa&!&e e("ea #a -a(0a(a a #a &i!sa ?%e *!(si&ee -.s 8e##a, si 8ie( se s%iee ?%e es"a

*apa*i&a& paa %0a es"a8a s%e"a a #a 8e##a apaie(*ia &e# p!pi! Pais+ Si as%-i-!s ?%e

Pais e'e*"i;a-e("e %0> s!8e #a 8e##e0a &e #as &i!sas = (! s!8e s%s !'e"as,

i("epe"ae-!s ?%e #a pese(*ia &e A'!&i"a a(%(*ia8a *>-! se$a #a e*!-pe(sa =

e(*e(&$a e# &ese! &e p!see es"a e*!-pe(sa+ Pais (! pe'ii> a A'!&i"a s!#a-e("e p!?%e

6os"a es #a i("epe"a*i>( ?%e se *!#ie &es&e #a #e*"%a &e# es%-e( &e #as Ciprias/e*/! p! P!*#! = &es&e#a#iblioteca&e Ap!#!&!!+


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#e !'e*i> a #a -.s 8e##a &e #as -%ees, si(! p!?%e se%a-e("e ( &e #a &i!sa -.s 8e##a a *a-8i! &e #a -%e -.s 8e##a+ Pe! (! es "a("! #a -%e

-.s 8e##a #! ?%e e("%sias-a a Pais, p%es (! #a ;e, si(! e# p#a*e ?%e #e es p!-e"i&!+

+ PONCEDELENA+ 93:

E# ##a-a&! fJ%i*i! &e Paisg, "a( ;i(*%#a&! a# -i"! &e He#e(a, es "es"i-!(i! &e %(a

a("i?%$si-a *ee-!(ia i"%a# s%pea&a =a e( #a


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es"! (!s e*%e&a e# pa">( &e #!s "es /e-a(!s *!( #!s &!s pi-e!s 'a*asa(&! = e#

"e*e! "i%('a(&! "as e# e(*%e("! *!( e# a=%&a("e ?%e #!s i("e!a Pais se *!-p!"a*!-! #!s "es /e-a(!s, i(s%#"a(&! &!s ;e*es = e#!ia(&! %(a, = "a-8i( =a /a8$a si&! %#"aa&! p! La!-e&!("e = es"! p%e&e

a=%&a(!s a ape*ia p! ?%< e# %i*i! &e Pais es -e(*i!(a&! e( "a# p%("! &e #a Ilada+

Fa(0 D!(sei'', ?%ie( ese> e# a"$*%#! &e Rei(/a&", es"i-> *!(;e(ie("e *!-paa e#

%i*i! &e Pais *!( %( sc-ema ?%e apae*e e( Pro1erbios 3 = -%es"a a Sa8i&%$a e

I(se(sa"e0 *!-! &!s -%ees ?%e ##a-a( a #!s "a(se("es e( #a *a##e+ Si( e-8a!, pae*e

-e! *!-paa#! *!( e# %i*i! &e Sa#!->(, p%es"! ?%e a?%$ se *!("ie(e( ;ai!s e#e-e("!s

*!-%(es *!( Hea*#es e( #a e(*%*ia&a = 9mutatis mutandis: *!( e# %i*i! &e Pais+ P!&$a

a#ease ?%e #as -%ees e( e# %i*i! &e Sa#!->( (! s!( pes!(i'i*a*i!(es e#e;a("es, pe!

es"! pie&e i-p!"a(*ia si *!(si&ea-!s ?%e, e( e# epis!&i! a("ei!, Sa#!->( /a8$a ;is"! a

Di!s e( %( s%e! =, &esp%


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1@

E# e(*%e("! &e Pais *!( #as "es &i!sas, p! !"a pa"e, es%#"a "a-8i( &e %( es"i#! &e ;i&a, #as 'i%as 'e-e(i(as a=%&a("es = #a

a-8i;a#e(*ia &e e##as, p%es"! ?%e e##!s !p"a( p! *aeas p!


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E( es"e *ap$"%#! (!s &e"e(&e-!s paa e;isa = e'#ei!(a e( "!(! a #!s *!(*ep"!s &e

bello, belleza = mito, ea-i(a(&! "a-8i'i*!s = es"(+ E( #a se%(&a

se**i>(, p!*e&ee-!s &e i%a# '!-a ?%e e( #a pi-ea, pe! e( e#a*i>( a# *!(*ep"! &e

mito+ E( #a "e*ea se**i>(, p! #"i-!, -!s"ae-!s #as si(i'i*a*i!(es e#a"i;as a #!s

e#e-e("!s *!(s"i"%=e("es &e #a /is"!ia &e# %i*i! &e Pais+ Es"e *ap$"%#!, p%es, *!("e(&. e#

-a*! "e>i*! paa (%es"a i(;es"ia*i>(, &e'i(ie(&! e# -ae( &e #!s *!(*ep"!s ?%e

%"i#i0ae-!s e( e##a = #as si(i'i*a*i!(es &e #!s e#e-e("!s e( #!s e#a"!s ?%e a(a#i0ae-!s+

! " "

+ Res%-e( &e a%"!es+

ABBAGNANO

C%a(&!, e# a! -is-! e( ?%e *!-e(0> #a %ea, A88a(a(! p%8#i*> s% pi-ea !8a

i-p!"a("e &e "e-."i*a p#e(a-e("e eis"e(*ia#is"a, es%#"a8a =a -a(i'ies"a #a pe*%#iai&a& &e s%

"e(&e(*ia = &e s%s p%("!s &e pa"i&a) A88a(a(! es %( pe(sa&! eis"e(*ia#is"a si( as*e(&e(*ia

(i *!i(*i&e(*ia ieeaa&ia(a 9#as "ie(e, e( e'e*"!, -.s 8ie( a("ia(as, i(*#%s! e( ( &e# a8s%&! &e #a eis"e(*ia "a# *!-! se pese("a

*aa*"e$s"i*a-e("e e( Sa"e+


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1

E( e# pe$!&! &e p!s%ea, jk A88a(a(! /a "e-a"i0a&! esa espe*ia# p!si*i>( s%=a e( e#

*%a&! &e #a a*"%a# 'i#!s!'$a &e #a eis"e(*ia, '!-%#a(&! *!( *ie"! a#*a(*e p!##! &es&e e# si#! VIII, p! #! *%a# (! ea

e#a*i!(a&a *!( #a Es"( &e #! ;e&a&e!, #! Be##! *!-!

si-e"$a, #! Be##! *!-! pe'e**i>( se(si8#e = #! Be##! *!-! pe'e**i>( epesi;a+

+ L! Be##! *!-! -a(i'es"a*i>( &e# 8ie(+ Es"a p!s"%a "ie(e s% !ie( e( P#a">( = p#a("ea

?%e, a "a;( se(si8#e+ La pe'e**i>( se(si8#e p%e&e e("e(&ese *!-!

fepese("a*i>( se(si8#e pe'e*"ag 9*!ie("e a#e-a(a: ! *!-! fp#a*e ?%e a*!-paa a #a

a*"i;i&a& se(si8#eg 9*!ie("e i(#esa:) es"as &e'i(i*i!(es '%e!( *!(*i#ia&as p! a(",

?%ie( ap%("> /a*ia #a i-p!"a(*ia &e# %s"!, e# &esi("e


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6+ L! Be##! *!-! pe'e**i>( epesi;a+ Es"a p!s"%a &e'i(e, "a# *%a#, e# a"e *!-! epesi>(

=, a# /a*e#!, i-p#i*a ?%e "!&! a"e es Be##!+

J+ B+ LOTZ

Na*i&! e( 24+ C%s> Fi#!s!'$a = Te!#!$a e( Va#e(8% e I((s8%*+ Si%i> #!s es"%&i!s &e

espe*ia#i0a*i>( e( Fi8%! &e Bis!;ia, sie(&! &is*$p%#! &e Hei&ee+ Des&e 47 es

p!'es! &e O("!#!$a e His"!ia &e #a Fi#!s!'$a a("i%a = -!&e(a e( e# *!#ei! Be*/-a(s &e

P%##a*/ 9B%e, 34) VIII:+

E( #a #e(%a a#e-a(a, 6c-7n-eitf8e##e0ag se e#a*i!(a *!(sc-auenf*!("e-p#agsc-7n

f8e##!g, p! s% pa"e, "ie(e e# si(i'i*a&! !ii(a# &e f*!("e-p#a8#eg, f&i(! &e ;eseg+

Se( e# a%"!, es"as e#a*i!(es *!(&%*e( a &!s p!s"%as e( "!(! a #! 8e##!) #a ?%e #!

*!(si&ea *!-! aa&a8#e a #a ;is"a = #a ?%e #! *!(si&ea esp#a(&! &e #a '!-a, ;+ +, #a

?%e %8i*a #! 8e##! e( e# s%e"! 9epeie(*ia: ! e( e# !8e"! 9epi'a($a:, espe*"i;a-e("e+

Se( es"e *i"ei! 9&e 8e##e0a !8e"i;a:, #a 8e##e0a es &e'i(i&a *!-! '!-a &e #a

pe'e**i>( *!( ?%e %( e("e epesa &e -a(ea a*a8a&a e# se e( #a *!('i%a*i>( ?%e #e

*!esp!(&e ! se( #a i&ea e("aa&a e(


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4

a"i8%"!s '%(&a-e("a#es &e# ser = &e s% i&ea, ?%e&a(&! &es'i%a&! = !*asi!(a(&! #a

repulsin+

FERRATER

Fi#>s!'! = e(sa=is"a espa!#, (a*i&!^ e( 1 e( Ba*e#!(a = -%e"!^ e# 42 &e e(e! &e

e( #a -is-a *i%&a& 9AA+VV+, 261226) s%p#+ 1, p+ 1:+ Se &!*"!> e( Fi#!s!'$a =

Le"as e( #a U(i;esi&a& &e s% *i%&a& (a"a# (! !8s"a("e, &e8$a se e( Hispa(!a-(i*as+ Pe!

#a a( *a("i&a& &e &e'i(i*i!(es s%i&as &%a("e #a i*!, e# -e"a'$si*!, e#


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+ E# -!&! &e /a8#a se-.("i*! *!(sis"e e( a;ei%a ?%< epesi!(es s!( si(>(i-as &e f8

es 8e##!g+ P%e&e &e*ise ?%e se "a"a &e %( a(.#isis pe;i! a "!&a "e!$a a*e*a &e #! 8e##!+1+ E# -!&! &e /a8#a psi*!#>i*! *!(sis"e e( ea-i(a e# p!8#e-a &e #a (a"%a#e0a &e #!

8e##! &e a*%e&! *!( e# a(.#isis &e #!s p!*es!s psi*!#>i*!s p! -e&i! &e #!s *%a#es

'!-%#a-!s %i*i!s es"i*! p%e&e *!(;e"ise e( -!&! &e /a8#a s!*ia#+

4+ E# -!&! &e /a8#a -e"a'$si*! i("e("a e&%*i "!&as #as *%es"i!(es e#a"i;as a #! 8e##! a

*%es"i!(es a*e*a &e #a (a"%a#e0a #"i-a &e #a 8e##e0a e( s$+

5+ E# -!&! &e /a8#a ( -!a#+

6+ E# -!&! &e /a8#a ai!#>i*! e("ie(&e #a 8e##e0a *!-! %( ;a#! = (! *!-! %(a

p!pie&a& &e #as *!sas ! %(a ea#i&a& p! s$ -is-a 9p!s"%as &e Hipias = S>*a"es e(

Hipias el Maor:, p! #! *%a# a'i-a ?%e #! 8e##! (! es e( e# se("i&! ?%e son #!s

"as*e(&e("a#es, si(! ?%e 1ale+ Ea-i(a(&! *%.# es #a p!si*i>( &e #! 8e##! &e("! &e #a

ea?%$a &e #!s ;a#!es, #!s ai>#!!s s%e#e( %8i*a#! e("e #!s ;a#!es es"(, ?%e apae*e, ?%e se e#a*i!(a *!( #!s f;a#!es

i('ei!esg, ?%e (! es e# (i*! ;a#! es" #a #%0, = e# 1 &e N!;ie-8e &e# -is-! a!

e# pi-e &$a &e s% ;i&a+ M%i> e( Pa$s e# 42 &e Ma=! &e @@3+ S% ;e&a&e! (!-8e '%( 'i#!s>'i*a &e V!#"aie) *a>"i*a #a %(a, ##e(a &e *!("a&i**i!(es =

s!'is-as ?%e #e s%e$a( #!s i(&e'i(i&!s i(*i&e("es &e s% ;i&a *!-p#e$si-a, = sis"e-."i*a #a

!"a, &e8i&a . #as i('#%e(*ias ?%e e*i8i> e( I(#a"ea &e #!s pe(sa&!es -.s si(i'i*a&!s &e#

I#%-i(is-! = &e# De$s-! 9AA+VV+, 261226) ;!#+ 7, pp+ 225 = 21:+

V!#"aie a'i-a ?%e, ;%#a-e("e, e# *a.*"e &e f8e##!g es". as!*ia&! a #! ?%e (!s !&ea

'$si*a = (a"%a#-e("e, pe! a Fa(*ia = pes"> se;i*i!s e( e# C%a"e#

Ge(ea# &e# E( (i "a-p!*! #a -a(ea &e &e'i(i #! 8e##!+ Es"!

i(&i*a %(a e?%i;a#e(*ia e( #a se(si8i#i&a& &e #as *!sas 8e##as, &e("! &e #a *%a# s!8esa#e(


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#!s se("i-ie("!s &e a&-ia*i>( = as!-8! 9&e8i&!s a #a apai*i>( &e a#! 8e##!:+ A%(?%e

P#a">( #!s e#a*i!(a 9*%a(&! s!( !ii(a&!s e( #a *!("e-p#a*i>( &e a#! 8e##!: a# a-!, E+S!%ia% #!s ;i(*%#a *!( #a ep%#si>( 9= a ( ;i!#e("a

93) 373@:+

L! 8e##! es %(a epesi>( &ie*"a &e #a i&ea &e ;a#! es"-%#as paa &e'i(i #! 8e##! =_! #a

8e##e0a+

La i&ea &e #! 8e##! p#a("ea #!s si%ie("es p!8#e-as) + ?%e #a es"-! %s"i'i*a #a pese(*ia &e *!sas 8e##as '%ea &e #a p!&%**i>( /%-a(a

e( #a (a"%a#e0a, = 5+ ?%e a#%(as !8as *!(si&ea&as 8e##as #! /a( si&! a"%i"a-e("e, si(

?%e /a=a %(a i("e(*i>( &e p!&%*i a#! 8e##!+

U+ FRANE

Es"%&i!s &e 'i#!s!'$a, "e!#!$a *a">#i*a = 'i#!#!$a a#e-a(a, D+ 'i#+ *!#a8!a&!a e( e# Ce("! &e

I(;es"ia*i>(Lei8(i0 p!'es!a as!*ia&a e( e# Se-i(ai! &e Fi#!s!'$a &e #a U(i;esi&a& &e

Mh(s"e *!e&i"!a &e #a 9eitsc-rift f:r ;st-eti) und all!emeine 5unst/issensc-aft p%8#i*a*i!(es

s!8e Lei8(i0, /is"!ia &e #a es"


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+ La i("e#ii8i#i&a& &e #! 8e##!+ E( #a A("ihe&a& se e("e(&$a #! 8e##! *!-! #! ?%e es;a#!a&! p!si"i;a-e("e, sea es"! ;i;ie("e, /!(!a8#e ! "i#+ La 'i#!s!'$a a("i%a, e(

*a-8i!, &is"i(%e #a 8e##e0a se(si8#e = #a i("e#ii8#e, p!p!(ie(&! ?%e #a 8e##e0a es

i&e("i'i*a&a p! #a a0>(, p%es #a *!(&i*i>( &e f8e##!g se !8"e(&$a s!8e #a 8ase &e ?%e

#! *%a#i'i*a&! *!-! "a# pa"i*ipa &e #a i&ea &e 8e##e0a = (+ La ape*ia*i>( &e #a 8e##e0a es si-i#a a #a &e #a

A("ihe&a&) se i("%=e, &es&e #a '!-a 8e##a, %(a 8e##e0a s%pase(si8#e+ Sa("! T!-.s &e

A?%i(! p!p!(e "es *i"ei!s &e 8e##e0a) #! $("e! ! pe'e*"!, #a -e&i&a *!e*"a !

a-!($a &e #as pa"es = #a *#ai&a&+

La 8e##e0a &e# -%(&! se(si8#e es e("e(&i&a *!-! -e".'!a &e #a pe'e**i>( &i;i(a = !"!a

%( i! *is"ia(! a #apan)alapi"a>i*a+ Es"! se *!(&i*e *!( #a pese(*ia &e i-.e(es

-%(&a(as #! 8e##! (a"%a# e( #as *a"e&a#es >"i*as+ La a(&e0a = 8e##e0a &e #!

*ea&! !'e*e( #a !p!"%(i&a& paa i("%i *%.( a(&i!s! = 8e##! es e# Cea&!+

4+ La 8e##e0a &e# a"e+ E# Re(a*i-ie("! e("ie(&e a# a"e *!-! e# #%a &e #a 8e##e0a p!a("!(!-asia+ La "aea &e# a"is"a, e("!(*es, *!(sis"e e( *ap"a *!( s% e(i! #a 8e##e0a &e

#as *!sas = &e# -%(&!, #a *%a# se es*!(&e$a "as #a -a"eia#i&a& &e #! ;isi8#e = se

*aa*"ei0a$a p! #a *!(s"i"%*i>( "e#e!#>i*a &e #a (a"%a#e0a 9'i(a#i&a& = e%#ai&a&:, &e

-!&! ?%e es"a 8e##e0a se p#as-e e( #a !8a a"$s"i*a = se ia p! #!s *!(*ep"!s &e %(i&a&,

!&e(, si-e"$a ! *#ai&a&+

E# Ba!*!, #a I#%s"a*i>( = e# C#asi*is-! i("epe"a( #a 8e##e0a a"$s"i*a *!-! i-i"a*i>( &e

#a 8e##a (a"%a#e0a) i-i"a*i>( (! *!pia s%s*i"a&!a &e i-pesi!(es (%e;as,


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&is"a*"!a &e #a *!"i&ia(i&a& = p!p!*i!(a&!a &e p#a*e (! a*!s"%-8a&!, #a *%a# es".

*aa*"ei0a&a e( ;i"%& &e# pae("es*! e("e #! 8e##! = #! -!a#, &es&e &!(&e se p!s"%#a #ae&%*a*i>( es"( *!( #a

s%8e"i;i&a& &e# se /%-a(! = *!( a#%(a ;$a espe*$'i*a paa pe*i8i#a 9se("i-ie("!

es"( e("e #! 8e##!

epei-e("a8#e se(si8#e-e("e = a?%(, *!-! p!s"%#a( Lei8(i0 = !#'+ E( #a e">i*a, #a 8e##e0a

se #ia a %(a *!i(*i&e(*ia e( #a &es*ip*i>( = a #a *!(*a"e(a*i>( &e #as i&eas = se /a*e

pese("e e( #a e%(i>( &e se*%e(*ias ep!si"i;as = a%-e("a"i;as *!( i("e;e(*i>( &e

%(a i("e(*i>( e-!"i;a+

a(", e( pi-ea i(s"a(*ia, e("ie(&e #a 8e##e0a *!-! #a 8e##a epese("a*i>( &e %(a *!sa =

%0a ?%e se a"i*%#a -e&ia("e %( %i*i! es"


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7+ E# p!*es! &e &is!#%*i>( &e #! 8e##!+ r#"i-a-e("e, e# *!(*ep"! &e 8e##e0a se /a"a(s'!-a&! e( a#! -%(&a(!, se /a e-a(*ipa&! &e #a -!a# = #a e#ii>( = pae*e

i(ap!pia&! paa *!(*e8i #a ea#i&a& &e #a ;i&a = &e# a"e+

EZCURDIA_ CHmVEZ

A%s"$( E0*%&ia H$a+ Na*i&! e( #a Ci%&a&^ &e M'i*as+

Pe&! C/.;e0 Ca#&e>(+ Eesa&! &e #a Fa*%#"a& &e Fi#!s!'$a = Le"as &e #a UNAM, &!(&e !8"%;!

#!s "$"%#!s &e Li*e(*ia&!, Maes"! = D!*"! e( Fi#!s!'$a+

Se /a &ese-pea&! *!-! p!'es! "i"%#a = &e "ie-p! *!-p#e"! e( #a Es*%e#a Na*i!(a#

Pepaa"!ia, e( &!(&e i-pa"e, *!( espa#&! &e 4 a!s e( #a &!*e(*ia, #as *."e&as &e L>i*a, o"i*a

e His"!ia &e #as D!*"i(as Fi#!s>'i*as+

E("e a#%(!s &e #!s e*!(!*i-ie("!s a #!s ?%e /a si&! a*ee&! p! s% #a8! = p!'esi!(a#is-!

es".() Pe-i! U(i;esi&a& Na*i!(a# A%">(!-a &e M( &e


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?%e #! 8e##! es %( "a(s*e(&e("a# *!-%(i*a&! *!( e# a#-a &e# /!-8e = *!(e*"a&! *!(

p!p!*i!(es a-!(i!sas+

FOULnUIo_ SAINTJEAN

L! 8e##! es #! ?%e s%s*i"a p#a*e &esi("eesa&! &e #as '%(*i!(es pe*ep"i;as =

a&-ia*i>( 97@) :, -ie("as ?%e #a 8e##e0a es e# *a.*"e &e #! ?%e es 8e##! 97@)

22: se( es"!s a%"!es+

COMTESPONVILLE

U(! &e #!s -.s &es"a*a&!s 'i#>s!'!s 'a(*eses &e #a a*"%a#i&a&, es "a-8i( si( ?%e

i("e;e(a e# &ese! &e p!see#!, #! *%a# !"!a$a %( as! a8s"a=e("e a #a 8e##e0a+ E#

*a.*"e s%8e"i;! ?%e e*!(!*e e# a%"! a# %i*i! &e #! 8e##! i-pi&e #a i&e("i'i*a*i>( &e %(a

8e##e0a %(i;esa#, !8e"i;a ! a8s!#%"a+

JOLIVET

E( "!(! a Ja*?%esk Mai"ai( se a%pa( /!= ;a#i!s!s e#e-e("!s i("e#e*"%a#es &e# *a"!#i*is-!

'a(*( &e#


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4

se a #a inteli!encia = &e'i(e #! 8e##! p! %(a p!pie&a& 9a sa8e, #a a"%i&a&: ?%e

"a-8is!'! 'a(*


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MtLLER_ HALDER

C!('i-a( e# *a.*"e *%a#i"a"i;! &e #a 8e##e0a = es%-e( a8e;ia&a-e("e p!s"%as &e

a%"!es &es"a*a&!s e( e# "e-a+ P#a("ea( #a &is"i(*i>( &e #! 8e##! *!( #! s%8#i-e s!8e #a

8ase &e %( pe&!-i(i! &e# f*!("e(i&! espii"%a#g e( es"! #"i-! = *!( #! *>-i*! s!8e #a

8ase &e %( pe&!-i(i! &e #a fepese("a*i>( se(si8#eg e( e##!, &es&e &!(&e se e("ie(&e ?%e

e( #a 8e##e0a eis"i$a %( e?%i#i8i! e("e e# *!("e(i&! espii"%a# = #a epese("a*i>( se(si8#e+

C+ JANAAY

#ir)bec) Colle!e, L!(&es 9H!(&ei*/, 122) @:+

C!(si&ea ?%e (! "!&a ape*ia*i>( &e# "ip! f8es 8e##!g *!-! #! ep%es"! p! Fea"e

976: e?%i;a#e a %( %i*i! p!pia-e("e es"e!s *!-! e# a-! = #a a(%s"ia = *!(si&ea(&! ?%e e# /!-8e es

*apa0 &e pe*i8i#!s, se /a*e (e*esai! ?%e e# /!-8e *%e("e *!( a#( >a(! &e #a -is-a

*!(s"i"%*i>( paa p!&e se("i#!s, as$ *!-! es (e*esai! ?%e "e(a %( *%ep! '$si*! paa

pe*i8i #as se(sa*i!(es+ P!&$a a%-e("ase ?%e #!s se("i-ie("!s (a*e( = -%ee( e( e#

*ee8! &e# /!-8e = ?%e (! /a= e(


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*!(s"i"%*i>( (! *a8e *!(si&ea a#! f;a*$!g+ N! !8s"a("e, si a&-i"i-!s ?%e e( #a

a*"%a#i&a& #a *!-%(i&a& (e%!*ie("$'i*a es". &e a*%e&! e( ?%e e# *ee8! es e# s!p!"e'$si*! &e #a -e("e 9P!0!, 1225) 2:, &e8ee-!s a*ep"a "a-8i( -e(s%a8#e

&e #!s se("i-ie("!s se /a##a e( e# *ee8! &e# /!-8e, &e8ee-!s esp!(&e ?%e, e( "a# *as!,

%( *ee8! /%-a(! "a-p!*! s%p!(e %( *%ep! '$si*!, p!?%e e( i*as ?%e /a*e( p!si8#es #as se(sa*i!(es+

a(" sea#a #a !8e"i;i&a& &e #a se(sa*i>( !p%es"a a #a s%8e"i;i&a& &e# se("i-ie("!, =a

?%e #a se(sa*i>( ap%("a a# !8e"! &es&e e# *%a# "!&!s #!s /!-8es pe*i8e( #!s -is-!s

as!s ;ei'i*a8#es e( #a ea#i&a&, -ie("as ?%e e# se("i-ie("! es i(sepaa8#e &e #a

s%8e"i;i&a& &e ?%ie( es". si("ie(&!+ N! !8s"a("e, (!s pae*e ?%e se(sa*i>( = se("i-ie("!

p%e&e( *!-pa"i es"as *aa*"e$s"i*as) !8e"i;i&a& = s%8e"i;i&a&+ U( -!&! &e ;ei'i*a #a

!8e"i;i&a& &e #as se(sa*i!(es es *!(s"a"a ?%e "!&!s #!s /!-8es pe*i8i-!s #! -is-! e(

#as -is-as *!sas pe*i8i&as) #a s%a;i&a& &e #a se&a, #a a*i&e0 &e# #i->(, #a !s*%i&a& &e #a

(!*/e, e"*( se /a*e pa"e("e e( e# *ee8! /%-a(! 9P!0!, 1225:+ E##!s p%e&e( se, a&e-.s,

!*asi>( &e %s"! ! &is%s"! paa ?%ie( #!s pe*i8e, pe! #as *i*%(s"a(*ias e( #as ?%e %s"e

Ta-8i


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! &is%s"e a#%(a *!sa pe*i8i&a p%e&e( &epe(&e "a("! &e# !8e"! *!-! &e# s%e"! = &e #a

si"%a*i>( si e("e(&e-!s a #a 8e##e0a *!-! %( ;a#! 9F!(&i0i, @1:+C!(si&ee-!s #! si%ie("e) #a 8e##e0a es a"i8%i&a a #! '$si*! 9%( !s"!:, a #! a'$si*! 9%(

se("i-ie("!:, a #! (a"%a# 9e# !*(&e espe*$'i*a-e("e &es*a(sa #!

8e##!) #! /a*e e( #a es"%*"%a &e #as *!sas ! e( #a si"%a*i>( ?%e #as !&ea As$ *!-! %(a

pa"i"%a (! es e("e(&i&a *!-! 8e##a -ie("as (! es #e$&a 9e i("epe"a&a:, %(ai("epe"a*i>( -%si*a# (! p%e&e se 8e##a si (! es". ei&a p! esa pa"i"%a) #a ese(*ia &e #!

8e##! se (!s es*apa &e #as -a(!s %(a = !"a ;e0+ De# -is-! -!&!, es %( /e*/! ;ei'i*a8#e

?%e,a calle de la 1er!:enza9Mi0!%*/i, 67: -a(i'ies"a #a i&ea &e %( Jap>( &ea&a&!

p! #a i("%si>( &e #a *%#"%a !**i&e("a#, pe! #! 8e##! &e esa !8a (! p%e&e es"a e( #a

12A*e*a &e #! ?%e ##a-a-!s construido= ocurrido, a*#aa-!s ?%e #! construido*!esp!(&e a #a es"%*"%a'!-a# &e *%a#?%ie p!&%*"! *%#"%a# !, a%(, &e %( *!(*ep"! % !"! 'e(>-e(! #! ocurrido, e( "a("!, es #a

pese(*ia = ee*%*i>( &e #! costruidoe( %(a si"%a*i>( *!(*e"a+ As$, p! ee-p#!, &ie-!s ?%e %( *!(%("! &ep#a(!s es e# construido &e %( e&i'i*i!, *%=a *!(s"%**i>( = p!s"ei! pese(*ia e( e# #%a ?%e se #e;a("e*!esp!(&e. a #! ocurrido+


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epesi>( &e es"a i&ea, p%es "!&!s *!(*!&ae-!s e( ?%e "a("! a?%e##a pe#$*%#a *!-! #a

!a*i>( a("ei! #! /a*e( 9epesa( #a -is-a i&ea:, pe! s>#! #a pe#$*%#a es 8e##a+ Ta-p!*!p!&e-!s a#ea ?%e #a 8e##e0a &e #a !8a a"$s"i*a ep!se e( #a epesi>( &e# *!("e(i&!, =a

?%e (i*!, e"*( &e #!s /!-8es *apa*es, e(

-e&i! &e# *a!s ?%e s%*e&e a #a *a".s"!'e, &e aspia a #! &i;es!, a #! 8e##!, *!-! si

##e;ase( *!(si! e# esp$i"% &e #a 8e##e0a+ Ais">"e#es &is"i(%i> "es -!&!s &e ;i&a 9bioi:

?%e p!&$a( e#ei *!( #i8e"a& #!s /!-8es, ! sea, *!( p#e(a i(&epe(&e(*ia &e #as(e*esi&a&es &e #a ;i&a = &e #as e#a*i!(es ?%e !ii(a8a(+ jk Esas "es '!-as &e ;i&a

"ie(e( e( *!-( s% i("es!'! &e&i*a&a a i(?%ii = *!("e-p#a #as *!sas

1Capa0 &e pe*i8i e i&e("i'i*a *!sas 8e##as+11 A ?%i


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e"e(as, *%=a e"e(a 8e##e0a (! p%e&e ea#i0ase -e&ia("e #a i("e'ee(*ia p!&%*"!a &e#

/!-8e, (i *a-8iase p! e# *!(s%-! &e e##as 9Ae(&", 4) 17:+ Es"a '!-a &e e("e(&e#! 8e##! (!s *!('i-a #a -%#"ip#i*i&a& &e !*asi!(es &e apai*i>( ?%e (!s !'e*e #! 8e##! =

e'%e0a #a i&ea &e %(a f&i(i&a&g ?%e #! s%s"e("a, pe! #! &e#i-i"a e( *%a("! a# *a.*"e

#i8e &e# /!-8e ?%e p%e&e pe*i8i = ;i;i e'e*"i;a-e("e #a 8e##e0a = es"! *!(*%e&a *!( e#

p#a("ea-ie("! &e Ae(&", se( e# *%a# #a #a8! = e# "a8a! es".( #ia&as a# %s! = a#

*!(s%-!, es &e*i, a #as (e*esi&a&es e i("eeses &e# /!-8e ?%e &e8e( se sa"is'e*/!s a("es

&e ?%e p%e&a a**e&e a %(a epesi>( p#e(a-e("e /%-a(a &e s% se+ Y si #! 8e##! = #!

/%-a(! *!i(*i&e( e( e# *!(%("! &e #as *!sas -e!es, e("!(*es "ie(e se("i&! s%p!(e ?%e

#a 8e##e0a s>#! p%e&e a#*a(0ase *%a(&! se /a( s%pea&! #as a*"i;i&a&es (e*esaias = "i#es

paa #a ;i&a = /e-!s i(esa&! a %( es"a&i! s%pei!+

P!&e-!s a&!p"a *!-! &e'i(i*i>( i(s"%-e("a# ?%e #! 8e##! es #! &i(! &e se a**e&i&!

= ese(*ia#-e("e epei-e("a&!+ Es"a &e'i(i*i>( se a%s"a a# /e*/! &e ?%e "!&!s aspia( a

pe*i8i #! 8e##! = a se e##!s -is-!s 8e##!s+ N! e( ;a(! &i*e Le Se((e ?%e lo -! &esea e# /!-8e #a 8e##e0a+ Si a'i-a-!s ?%e

#! 8e##! es &i(! &e se a**e&i&!, a*ep"ae-!s "a-8i( &e se 9*!(si&ea&a:

8e##a+


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Pe! si, *!-! #! /e-!s &i*/!, #a ese(*ia &e #! 8e##! (! eis"e *!-! "a#, si(! ?%e #a "!-a

&es&e a?%e##! &!(&e se /a*e pese("e = s% pese(*ia -is-a (! p%e&e a&-i"ise si(!*!-! fpese(*ia 8e##ag &e #! *%a#i'i*a&! 8e##!, e("!(*es es"ae-!s &esea(&!, *a&a ;e0

?%e (%es"a ;!#%("a& se &iia esencialmente/a*ia #! 8e##!, (! e# ser&e #a 8e##e0a, si(! e#

ser &e #! 8e##!, *!( #! *%a# es"ae-!s *!(s"a("e-e("e '!a(&! (%es"! p!pi! ser *!(

-!&!s ?%e e( !"as '!-as *!i(*i&e( *!( a#! 8e##!, pe! ?%e (! (e*esaia-e("e #! /a.(

e( (!s!"!s = ?%e (! *!esp!(&e( espe*$'i*a-e("e a#ser&e #a 8e##e0a, =a ?%e e##a (! "ie(e

%(a fa%"!(!-$a s%s"a(*ia#g = &epe(&e. e( "!&! -!-e("! &e !"!s seres?%e #a s!s"ea(+

As$, p! ee-p#!, /a= -%ees ?%e ?%iee( ser &e#a&as ! f8a8iesg, /a= pes!(as ?%e

&esea(sersa8ias, ! /.8i#es, ! #i8es, ! -i##!(aias, ! 'a-!sas, e"*( p!&e-!s espa#&a #! &i*/! p!

Hee# ! &e'e(&e p!si*i!(es &i;esas &e e##a, *!-! ?%e esa -e".'!a es pa"e("e e( #a !$a,

&!(&e asis"i-!s a #a *!"e-p#a*i>( -a(i."i*a &e %( -%(&! !"! e( #a e-8ia%e0 = e#

s%e!, pasaes /a*ia e# -%(&! e*ep*i!(a#, ! e( e# %e! = e# a"e, *!-p%es"!s p!

a*"i;i&a&es = p!&%*"!s &is"a*"!es 9?%e dis2traen&es&e #a ea#i&a& /a*ia %( -%(&! !"!:+


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! "

+ Res%-e( &e a%"!es+

ABBAGNANO

E# -i"! p%e&e e("e(&ese &e "es -a(eas) *!-! '!-a a"e(%a&a &e i("e#e*"%a#i&a&,

*!-! '!-a a%">(!-a &e pe(sa-ie("! = &e ;i&a = *!-! i(s"%-e("! &e *!("!# s!*ia#+

+ E# -i"! *!-! '!-a a"e(%a&a &e i("e#e*"%a#i&a& es *!(si&ea&! "a# p! #a A("ihe&a&

*#.si*a 9P#a">( = Ais">"e#es:, #a *%a# #e a"i8%=e ;e!si-i#i"%& a("es &e ?%e ;e&a&+ Se

s%-a( a #! a("ei! #as es*%e#as (a"%a#is"as, se( #as *%a#es e# -i"! (a*e &es&e #a

-is-a a*"i"%& "e>i*a ! *!("e-p#a"i;a ?%e #%e! &a. #%a a #a *ie(*ia, = ?%e *!(sis"e

e( *!(si&ea %( &e"e-i(a&! 'e(>-e(! (a"%a# *!-! *#a;e paa #a ep#i*a*i>( &e "!&!s

#!s !"!s 'e(>-e(!s 9@5) 323:+

1+ E# -i"! *!-! '!-a a%">(!-a &e pe(sa-ie("! = &e ;i&a "ie(e %(a f'%(*i>( = ;a#i&e0

!ii(aiasg, f'!-a 'a(".s"i*a ! p!'i*a *!("e-p!.(ea E+

Cassie #a *aa*"e$s"i*a &e# pe(sa-ie("! -$"i*! es e("e;is"a e( #a !#;i&a&a !

i-pe'e*"a &is"i(*i>( e("e e# s$-8!#! = e# !8e"! &e# s$-8!#!+ E( #a s!*i!#!$a se /a

e("e(&i&! *!-! p!&%*"! &e %(a -e("a#i&a&prel!ica 9@5) 32: *%=! -!&e#! es #a

s!*ie&a& D%/ei- ! %(a (a"%a#e0a *%=as #e=es (! s!( #>i*as, si(! -$s"i*as

L( ?%e /a*e(

#!s s!*i>#!!s -!&e(!s Fa0e, Ma#i(!usi = es"a$a #ia&! *!( #a %s"i'i*a*i>(,

-a("e(*i>( = *!("i(%a*i>( &e #as "a&i*i!(es *%#"%a#es16+ E# -i"!, e("!(*es, (! p!&$a

i("epe"ase *!-! -a(i'es"a*i>( &e# esp$i"% i("e#e*"%a# &e;a#%a&a ! se("i-e("a#

ea#"a&a, si(! *!-! aspe*"! p!pia = (e*esaia-e("e s!*ia#+ L! &ispa &e# *!("e(i&!

16Es"! *aa*"ei0a$a a# -i"! *!-! %(a espe*ie &e fi(s"i("! *%#"%a#g, *!(si&ea(&! ?%e e# i(s"i("! (a"%a#ap%("a a #a &e'e(sa, -a("e(*i>( = p!#i'ea*i>( &e #a ;i&a+


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5@

&e# -i"!^ &e(%(*ia #a i-p!si8i#i&a& &e e'ei#! a %(a % !"a '!-a espii"%a#, a 8ase &e

s% *!("e(i&!, = #a !p!"%(i&a& &e es"%&ia#!, e( *a-8i!, *!( e'ee(*ia a #a '%(*i>( ?%e*%-p#e e( #a s!*ie&a& /%-a(a 9@5) 32:+

BRUGGER

E("ie(&e a# -i"! *!-! (aa*i>(, #e=e(&a &e "ie-p!s a("i%!s, *!-! i-ae( !

a#e!$a ?%e "a&%*e e#a*i!(es eis"e("es e( e# %(i;es! ! e( #a ;i&a = *!-! i("%i"i;a =

.'i*a *!(*ep*i>( &e# %(i;es! = &e #a ;i&a, #as -.s &e #as ;e*es pes!(i'i*a&a, e( #a ?%e

#! p#.s"i*! (! es %(a -ea a#e!$a e"e(a &e #! *!(*ep"%a#, si(! ?%e '!-a *!( e##! %(a

i(&i;isa %(i&a& !ii(aia, ;i;i&a espe*ia#-e("e p! e# /!-8e pi-i"i;! *!-! si '%ea #a

-is-a ea#i&a& 934) 4@:+ E( es"e #"i-! se("i&!, e# -i"! se *!(s"i"%=e e( *!(%a*i>(

"a(se(ea*i!(a# &e i-.e(es epesa&a a "a;( -i"!#>i*a *!-! e(;!#"%a &e #a ;e&a& 'i#!s>'i*a,

#! *%a# '%e e"!-a&! #%e! p! P#a">(+ E("e #!s (e!p#a">(i*!s, Sa#%s"i! &is"i(%i> e("e

-i"!s "e!#>i*!s e'ei&!s a #!s &i!ses e( s% ese(*ia 9*!ie("e 'i#!s>'i*a: ! e( s%

a*"i;i&a& 9*!ie("e p!( *%a(&! pe"e(&e( e("e(&e #a (a"%a#e0a &e #!s &i!ses


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53

= &e# -%(&! = -i"!s %sa&!s p! ?%ie(es e(sea( ! pa*"i*a( i"!s &e i(i*ia*i>(

976) 12:+ D%a("e e# Re(a*i-ie("! = #a I#%s"a*i>(, #!s -i"!s '%e!( &es;i"%a&!s,pe! V!#"aie ?%ie( s!s"%;! es"e &espe*i! a&-i"i> #a f;e&a& /is">i*ag *!("e(i&a e(

e##!s+

E( #a i*! &es&e e# *%a# se &es*%8i$a s% (e*esi&a& &e *!(*ie(*ia

*%#"%a# = se i#%-i(a$a #a es"%*"%a &e #a *!(*ie(*ia /%-a(a, &es&e &!(&e se *!#ie ?%e

"!&!s #!s s%p%es"!s epis"e-!#>i*!s jk p%e&e( se es"i-a&!s *!-! -i"!s, #!s *%a#es

jk p%e&e( &i'ei e("e s$ e(!-e-e("e e( #! ?%e "!*a a s% a&!, pe! (! e( #! ?%e "!*a a

s% (a"%a#e0a 976) 1:+

J+ FEIBLEMAN

Dis"i(%e &!s -!-e("!s e( #a i("e#ie(*ia &e# -i"!) pi-e! *!-! pese("a*i>( &e #a

;e&a& &e -a(ea si-8>#i*a = a'e*"i;a = &esp%


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e(*aa e( *%a#?%ie ( e( #a -e-!ia #a ;a#i&e0 %(i;esa#, p! s% pa"e, es". #ia&a *!( s% *a.*"e

pe"e-p!a# a #a ;e0 ?%e a"e-p!a# = *!( s% pe!*%pa*i>( p! #!s as%("!s /%-a(!s

'%(&a-e("a#es+

G+ HENCMANN

Es"%&i!s &e 'i#!#!$a a#e-a(a, !-.(i*a = 'i#!s!'$a, D+ 'i#+ *!#a8!a&!a e( e# I(s"i"%"! &e

Fi#!#!$a A#e-a(a &e #a U(i;esi&a& &e M%(i*/ p%8#i*a*i!(es s!8e G!e"/e, R!-a("i*is-! =

"e!$a &e #a #i"ea"%a 'e-i(is"a *!#a8!a&!a e( #a e&i*i>( &e M%(i*/ &e #as !8as &e G!e"/e

9He(*-a(( = L!""e, 3) 2:+

L!s -i"!s s!( epese("a*i!(es si-8>#i*as p#.s"i*as ! #i(h$s"i*as a*e*a &e#

!ie(, e# se("i&! = e# 'i( &e# -%(&! = &e #a eis"e(*ia /%-a(a+ Se *#asi'i*a( e(

*!s-!>(i*!s, "e!>(i*!s, e"i!#>i*!s17, e"*-e(!s(a"%a#es 9He(*-a(( = L!""e, 3) 76:+


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62

&e "!&a #a His"!ia e( e#a*i>( *!( -i"!s a(*es"a#es ! *!("e-p!.(e!s &e *a&a ( pa"i*%#a e( s%sepese("a*i!(es = *!-e("ai!s a*e*a &e #!s -i"!s+

EZCURDIA_ CHmVEZ

Dis"i(%i( &e/e*/!s e"a!&i(ai!s ee*%"a&!s p! &i!ses, /


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COMTESPONVILLE

Di*e, se(*i##a-e("e, ?%e e# -i"! es %(a '.8%#a ?%e se "!-a e( sei! 91224) 464:, &es&e

&!(&e *!#ei-!s ?%e "!&! -i"! es s%s"a(*ia#-e("e 'a#s! = ?%e /a= ?%ie(es *ee( e( e##!s+

JOLIVET

E("ie(&e a# -i"! *!-! *a(a# &e "a(s-isi>( &e #as *ee(*ias = se("i-ie("!s e#ii!s!s

&e %(^ %p!+ Ta-8i( 'i*"i*ia *!( *a.*"e &i&.*"i*!, *!-! &es*ip*i>(

! e#a*i>( p%a-e("e i-ai(a"i;a 965) I, 12: = *!-! *!(%("! &e epese("a*i!(es ?%e

*!(-%e;e( espii"%a#-e("e+

J+ BALTZA

J!( Ba#"0a+ U(i;esi&a& &e De%s"!, Bi#8a! 9O"i0Os(e!, *!('%s! =

(! ;e&a&e!, es e# l!os /ea*#i"a(! 9e( O"i0Os( *%a(&! ep!(e e( e# -i"! &e #a *a;e(a #a ;i(*%#a*i>( =

as%(*i>( &es&e e# !s*%! mt-os /a*ia e# #%-i(is*e("e lo!os a "a;(

&e-ii*a ?%e *!esp!(&e, es"%*"%a#-e("e, a# ;iae /e!i*! = a# -i"! i(&!e%!pe!+

Si *%a#?%ie *ie(*ia jk es %( *as! &e #e(%ae 9ibid) 665: = &e pensamiento

pri1ado, "!&as e##as &e8iese( pa"i &es&e #a *!("a&i**i>( '%(&a-e("a#+ Si( e-8a!,


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"a"a( &e s%s"e("ase e( #a no constatacin de lo contradictorio 9ibid) 666: = e( #a

'!-%#a*i>( &e eas espe*ia#i0a&as ! "( 'a8%#!sa ie'#ei;a ?%e -%es"a ae("es i-pes!(a#es

*aa*"ei0a&!s ?%e e'e*"a( a**i!(es ! a;e("%as *!( %( se("i&! si-8>#i*!+ E( !"! se("i&!,

"a-8i


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pi-!&ia# ?%e "%;! #%a e( e# *!-ie(0! &e# Tie-p!, ab initio 936) 35:1@+ Pe! "a-8i(, *%e("a %(a /is"!ia 9L+M+ M!'a% = A+ S!%ia%, e( E+ S!%ia%, 3) @3:, #!

*%a# es a"i8%i&! p! #as a%"!as &e es"a *i"a a %( 'a*"! -(e-!"( &e# /!-8e = s% *!(s"i"%*i>( *!-! se a&%#"! =

#i8e ( a es"a p!s"%a, G%ea 9@: a'i-a ?%e #!s -i"!s (! s!( si-p#es "a(s'!-a*i!(es#%-i(!sas &e /e*/!s a*ai*!s = &e epeie(*ias /ie!'.(i*as ?%e (!s p!(e( e( *!("a*"! *!( e# illo tempore(i (aa*i!(es 'a("asea&as &e a#! !*%i&!, si(! "a("e!s &e esp%es"a a #as pe%("as -.s i(?%ie"a("es, a#as *%es"i!(es -.s p!'%(&as &e# /!-8e i(&i;i&%a# =, s!8e "!&!, &e# %p! /%-a(! 9) 64:+


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pe'e**i!(a-ie("! &e# /!-8e, s% pas! &e# f/!-8e -!&e(!g a# f/!-8e e"e(!g:) es"!

*!(;ie"e a# -i"! e( %(a ea#i&a& si-8>#i*a, es &e*i, e( %(a '!-a &e se ?%e (! *!('%(&e#! si-8>#i*! = #! -ea-e("e si(i'i*a"i;!, si(! ?%e es". '%(&a&a e( = eis"e s!#a-e("e

*!-! *!(%("! &e s$-8!#!s+

N! !8s"a("e, *a8e pe(sa e( a?%e##! ?%e i(spia es"a (aa*i>(, es"a -si*a = es"a

p#as"i*i&a& apae*i&as e( e# i"!, p%es"! ?%e e# -i"!^ (! es %(a si-p#e (aa*i>( (i %(a

'!-a &e *ie(*ia, (i %(a a-a &e# a"e ! &e #a /is"!ia (i %(a (aa*i>( ep#$*i"a 9Fa0e,

*i"+ p! A88a(a(!, @5) 32:+ A&e-.s, e( e# -i"! se *!(s"i"%=e #a ea#i&a&, e# *!s-!s,

p! -e&i! &e #a i%p*i>( &e #! saa&! jk e( e# M%(&! 9E#ia&e, 7) 1:, p%es"! ?%e

#!sa!radoes #! realp! e*e#e(*ia 9id, 36) 36:, = 'ia as$ #a '!-a ! -!&! correcto

&e# se &e #a *!sa+ C!-! e( e# -i"! i("e;ie(e( '%e0as ! sees i("e#ie("es ! p!;is"!s &e

*!(*ie(*ia, es ap!pia&! = (e*esai! ?%e e# /!-8e i-i"e s%s a*"%a*i!(es paa ?%e ase%e

&e es"a -a(ea #a *!("i(%i&a& &e# ser, &e# mundo = &e s mismo, =a ?%e #a '%(*i>(

-ais"a# &e# -i"! es jk #a &e 'iaq #!s -!&e#!s ee-p#aes &e "!&!s #!s i"!s = &e "!&as

#as a*"i;i&a&es /%-a(as si(i'i*a"i;as) a#i-e("a*i>(, se%a#i&a&, "a8a!, e&%*a*i>(, e"*+

9ibid) 3@:+ P! !"a pa"e, -e&ia("e e# -i"! ?%e&a 'ia&a #a ese(*ia &e %(a si"%a*i>(

*>s-i*a ! &e %(a es"%*"%a &e #! ea#+ Pe! *!-! e# -!&! &e 'ia#a es %( e#a"!, /a= ?%e

e(*!("a %( -!&! &e i(&i*a a# a%&i"! ! #e*"! #*i&! ?%e e# "ie-p! e( ?%e se

&ese(;%e#;e( #!s /e*/!s es %(falso tiempo, /a= ?%e sa8e i(*i"a#! a ?%e 8%s?%e, -.s a##.

&e es"e "ie-p! e( ?%e #! e#a"a&! pae*e "a(s*%i, #! a?%e"$pi*!, #! sie-pe pese("e, #!

?%e (! "a(s*%e 9E*/e;e$a, *i"+ p! Fea"e, 76) II, 12:+ Es"! e'%e0a #a i&ea &e ?%e

e# -i"! es a#! !*%i&! '%ea &e# "ie-p! #i(ea#, e( %( "ie-p! *$*#i*!, = ?%e es". !*%ie(&!

*!(s"a("e-e("e, a%(?%e &e8a-!s ;a#e(!s &e# i"! paa /a*e#! pa"e("e e( "!&! s%

esp#e(&!+ A("e #a &i;esi&a& e( #!s "ip!s = "e-as -$"i*!s, pae*e *!/ee("e *ee ?%e #!p!pi! &e# -i"! es s% pe"e(e(*ia a# "ie-p! *$*#i*! s%-a&a a s% *a.*"e *%#"%a#) es #a

e"e(i0a*i>( ! es%e**i>( *!(s"a("e &e #! pee*e&e!+ Y a%( *%a(&! pase( *ie( a!s si(

se a"e(&i&!s, #!s -i"!s se%i.( a/$, (a*ie(&! = e(a*ie(&!, !*%ie(&! *!(s"a("e-e("e,

pes"!s a se ##e;a&!s &e (%e;! a# "ie-p! #i(ea# = a# pe(sa-ie("! i(&%*"i;!&e&%*"i;! p!

i("e-e&i! &e# i"%a# paa -!s"a a #!s /!-8es e# !ie( &e# se (! e( s$ -is-!s, si(!

e( #a apai*i>( &e e##!s, es &e*i, e( e# e(*%e("! &e# "ie-p! e"e(! = &e# "ie-p! -!&e(!,

&e# pe(sa-ie("! /ea*#i"a(! = pa-e($&e! = #a '!-a &e #! saa&!+ E( #as pa#a8as &e


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L+M+ M!'a% = A+ S!%ia%, e# -i"! es a"e-p!a# e( *%a("! ?%e s% ap#i*a*i>( es ;.#i&a e(

"!&! -!-e("! 9e( E+ S!%ia%, 3) @3:+ Y es"! se e#a*i!(a *!( #a epe"i*i>( &e*aa*"ees e( #!s -i"!s &e &i;esas ei!(es, *%=a ep#i*a*i>( !8e&e*e a ?%e e# se("i&! &e

#!s -i"!s (! &epe(&e &e #!s e#e-e("!s ais#a&!s, i("ea("es &e s% *!-p!si*i>(, si(! &e #a

-a(ea e( ?%e es"#! e(

%(a !*asi>( se pa"e("> p! ;e0 pi-ea e( e# -%(&!, &es&e &!(&e a'i-ae-!s ?%e e#

construido "e"! (aa"i;! ?%e es i&e("i'i*a&! *!( e# -i"! p!;ie(e &es&e a?%e# pi-e

!*%i&! ea#-e("e13 a# "ie-p! ?%e &es&e a?%e# !*%i&! !*%e("e %">pi*a =

%*>(i*a-e("e) *!(!*e #!s -i"!s es ape(&e e# se*e"! &e# !ie( &e #as *!sas+ E( !"!s

"#! *>-! #as *!sas /a( ##ea&! a #a eis"e(*ia, si(! "a-8i(&e

e(*!("a#as = *>-! /a*e#as eapae*e *%a(&! &esapae*e( 9E#ia&e, 7) 12:+ He-!s &e

&e&%*i, p%es, ?%e e# e#a"! -$"i*! es "a( s>#! #a epese("a*i>( #i(h$s"i*a &e a#! !*%i&!

e( %( pasa&! e-!"! = !*%e("e e( %(a s%paea#i&a& a"e-p!a# = ?%e (! (!s -%es"a a#

-i"! -is-! e( "!&a s% i?%e0a = *!-p#ei&a& "a# *!-! #a *>(i*a pei!&$s"i*a s>#! (aa

#!s /e*/!s, pe! (! #!s ##e;a *!(si! a "!&as pa"es, ?%e e# i"! es%#"a &es&e #a

*!(%(*i>( &e# -i"! *!( #a ea#i&a& espa*i!"e-p!a# &e# /!-8e = se *!(s"i"%=e =a #!

&ii-!s e(summa&e epese("a*i!(es -$"i*as = &e %(a si"%a*i>( *!(*e"a = ?%e e# -i"!

p!pia-e("e /a8#a(&!, es &e*i, sepa.(&!#! &es&e s% e#a"! = &es&e e# i"! es %(*!(%("! i-ai(ai! ?%e -%es"a &e -a(ea e-!*i!(a#, se(si8#e e i("e#ii8#e *>-! /a(

*!8a&! '!-a e# -%(&! = e# /!-8e !ii(aia-e("e = *%.#es s!( #!s a?%e"ip!s &e ( = p!#i'ea*i>( &e #a ;i&a+ Las e#a*i!(es e("e -i"! e i(s"i("!

s!( p!p%es"as, &e '!-a -.s ! -e(!s ep#$*i"a ! i-p#$*i"a, p! R+ Cai##!is 933:, N+

A88a(a(! 9@5, '%(&a&! e( Fa0e, Ma#i(!usi = S!e#: = H+ Ba%0. 91226:+ Paa

13P%es"! ?%e !*%i>, p%e&e se (aa&!+


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Cai##!is, e# /!-8e (! es*apa a #a a**i>( &e #as #e=es 8i!#>i*as ?%e &e"e-i(a( e#

*!-p!"a-ie("! &e !"as espe*ies a(i-a#es, pe!, a&ap"a&as a s% p!pia (a"%a#e0a, esas#e=es s!( -e(!s apae("es e i-pea"i;as) a no condicionan la accin= sino slo la

representacin 9) 2: *#a! es ?%e se s%-a a #a *%asi %(.(i-e *#asi'i*a*i>( &e# -i"! *!-!

'a8%#a*i>(, (aa*i>( =_! epese("a*i>(, pe! #! ;a#i!s! &e s% p!s"%a es ?%e p%e&e

p!p!(e '%(&a&a-e("e %( ;$(*%#! e("e i(s"i("! = (aa*i>(+ La epese("a*i>( -$"i*a

9ima!en casi alucinante: es". &es"i(a&a a p!;!*a, e( a%se(*ia &e# i(s"i("!, e#

*!-p!"a-ie("! ?%e #a pese(*ia &e ( -$"i*a = ?%iee

&e*i ?%e, e( e# /!-8e, si 8ie( (! /a= i(s"i("!, ( -$"i*a+ Se( A88a(a(!, e# -i"!

&es&e %(a #e*"%a s!*i!#>i*a = si%ie(&! a Fa0e 96:, Ma#i(!usi 966: = S!e#

927: *%-p#i$a %( i-p!"a("e pape# s!*ia# &e %s"i'i*a*i>(i(s"a%a*i>(, -a("e(*i>( =

*!("i(%a*i>(epa(si>( &e #as "a&i*i!(es *%#"%a#es, #! *%a# es /!-!#!a8#e *!( #a

s%s!&i*/a &e'i(i*i>( &e i(s"i("! = (!s *!(&%*e a *ee ?%e, s!*i!#>i*a-e("e, e# -i"!

&e;ie(e i(s"i("! s!*ia#, *!('i%a&! &e i"!s = e#a"!s ?%e ase%a( #a *!/esi>(,

*!(se;a*i>( = *!("i(%a*i>( &e# %p!+ L! &ispa &e# *!("e(i&! &e# -i"!^ &e(%(*ia #a

i-p!si8i#i&a& &e e'ei#! a %(a % !"a '!-a espii"%a#, a 8ase &e s% *!("e(i&!, = #a

!p!"%(i&a& &e es"%&ia#!, e( *a-8i!, *!( e'ee(*ia a #a '%(*i>( ?%e *%-p#e e( #a s!*ie&a&

/%-a(a 9A88a(a(!, @5) 32:+ E# a%"! pae*e s!#i&ai! &e es"a p!s"%a a("e e# -i"!

*!-! -e&i! &e *!("!# s!*ia#+ P%e&e se ?%e e# -i"! si;a a#%(a ;e0 paa es!, pe! (! se

"a"a &e s% (a"%a#e0a pi-a) e# -i"! *ea = &a se("i&! paa "!&!s #!s /!-8es p! i%a# = (!

s>#! paa a#%(!s e( 'a;! ! &es-e&! &e !"!s+ Ba%0., p! s% pa"e, !8se;a ?%e e#

&is*%s! -$"i*! se i(*#i(a /a*ia %(a *!(*ep*i>( *$*#i*a *a#*a&a &e# *%s! &e #a (a"%a#e0a9) 14:, #! ?%e se *!(&i*e *!( #a a"e-p!a#i&a& -$"i*a e'ei&a p! !"!s a%"!es 9*'+ M+

E#ia&e, 7 + B%e, 34, = L+M+ M!'a% = A+ S!%ia%, e( E+ S!%ia%, 3: = (!s

e-i"e (%e;a-e("e a #a &is*%"i&a e#a*i>( e("e (a"%a#e0a = se /%-a(!) e( ?%< "( &e# /!-8e a %( espa*i! = %( -!-e("!

&e"e-i(a&!s = 'i(i"!s e( !p!si*i>( a# espa*i! = "ie-p! i('i(i"!s &e #a (a"%a#e0a, a%(?%e

pe"e(e*ie("es a e##a ! e( #a a*"%a*i>( ;e&a&ea &e# i(s"i("! s!8e s% *!-p!"a-ie("! !

s%s epese("a*i!(es, sea(


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E# /!-8e se epesa a# -is-! "ie-p! = &e '!-a i(sepaa8#e, a "a;( = pe(sa-ie("!, *!( %(a i-ai(a*i>( *apa0 &e *!(s"%i epese("a*i!(es

-e("a#es ;a#i( &e -i"!s

!8e&e*e a %(a *ie"a espe*ie &e (e*esi&a&) #a (e*esi&a& &e #a *!(*ie(*ia *%#"%a#+ L!s -i"!s

p%e&e( se, p%es, *!(si&ea&!s *!-! s%p%es"!s *%#"%a#es 9Fea"e, 76) 1: =

!8"e(&e-!s ?%e e# -i"! se =e%e *!-! '!-a !ii(aia &e #e(%ae = ?%e


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63

"a("!, es %( ima!inario %">pi*! = %*>(i*! p!pi! &e %(a *%#"%a = *apa0 &e apae*e e(

&i;esas '!-as, &e e("e #as *%a#es pi-a #a #i(h$s"i*a (aa"i;a, ?%e -%es"a *>-! /a(*!8a&! '!-a e# -%(&! = e# /!-8e = *%.#es s!( s%s a?%e"ip!s+ E# i"!, p! #"i-!, es #a

*!(%(*i>( &e -i"! = si"%a*i>( *%#"%a#, ;++, #a epese("a*i>( &e# -i"! p! pa"e &e %(

%p! /%-a(! paa e# *%a# es si(i'i*a"i;! = ese(*ia#+

#

Es"e apa"a&! es". e'ei&! a #!s si(i'i*a&!s *!("e(i&!s p! #!s &is"i("!s *!-p!(e("es

&e# -i"! &e# %i*i! &e Pais, a"e(&ie(&! a #! ?%e se /a &i*/! e( e(ea# a*e*a &e e##!s = si(

e(-a*a#!s a( e( e# *!("e"! ?%e #!s es"%&iae-!s+ Las e'ee(*ias a #!s a%"!es /a( si&!

%8i*a&as a# 'i(a# &e# apa"a&! paa *!#a8!a e( #a '#%i&e0 &e #a #e*"%a = es".( sea#a&as

*!( #e"as -i(s*%#as1 e( #%a &e (-e!s 9(, /e-!s

&e*i&i&! (! %sa e# '!-a"! &e #e"a *%si;a a# es*i8i#!s, si 8ie( #a -a=!$a es". es*i"! *!(

-a=s*%#a i(i*ia#, -!s"a(&! s% "a&%**i>( e( #e"a *%si;a *%a(&! sea sea#a&a p! (%es"a

'%e("e+

A'!&i"a

Es"e pes!(ae -$"i*! es i(&i;i&%a#i0a&! *!-! &i!sa &e #a 8e##e0a = &e# a-!a, a%(?%e a

;e*es se aa&e ?%e #! es &e #a 8e##e0a ?%e e*i"a #a pasi>(8, &e #a 8e##e0a p#.s"i*a*, &e

#a "i%('a("e 8e##e0a&, &e #a -.s se&%*"!a 8e##e0ae ! &e #a 8e##e0a 'e-e(i(a' =

"a-8i


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6

&ese!, &e# -a#, &e# -a"i-!(i!-, &e #a ;i&a &e #a "iea ! &e #a 'e*%(&i&a&(, &e #a

'e"i#i&a&

, &e #a (a;ea*i>(!

, &e #a %;e("%&p

, &e# p#a*e?

, &e #!s a&i(es, &e #as '#!es

, &e#as &e#i*ias, &e #a 'e#i0 "a;es$a, &e# p%e"!, &e #a (a"%a#e0a '#!e*ie("es, &e #!s -ai(e!s",

&e #a %ea 9a# -e(!s e( Espa"a = e( e#a*i>( *!( s%s a-!es *!( e# &i!s Aes:%, &e#

*ai!, &e# a'e*"! = &e "!&!s #!s i-p%#s!s ?%e s!s"ie(e( #a ;i&a s!*ia#/ = &e #a

;!#%p"%!si&a&;+

Es e("e(&i&a *!-! (a*i&a &e #a esp%-au, a-a("e &e #a isa, *asa&a *!( He'es"!42, ,

!ii(a#-e("e !ie("a#, &i!sa &e Asia Me(!, a-ia &e #!s /a&e = e(e-ia

&e #!s ie!s 9e( H!-e!:, &i!sa &e ;ee"a*i>( *!( p!&e s!8e #a ;i&a = e# (a*i-ie("!,

e%(i>( &e #as (a"%a#e0as -as*%#i(a = 'e-e(i(a4, f#a ?%e -ia &es&e #!s is*!s *!s"e!sg,

f#a (!&i0a &e #!s (i!sg 9e( C/ipe:, '!-a &e #a &i!sa "ees"e ! paa(a C=8e#e e( #a

T>a&e41, &i;i(i&a& &e -%e"e = &e# -%(&! s%8"e.(e!44, pes!(i'i*a*i>( &e #a 8e##e0a = e#

a-! /%-a(!s, p%a = a%s"ea45, &i!sa *e#es"e 9ei(a &e #!s *ie#!s:, pes!(i'i*a*i>( &e#

p!&e *>s-i*! &e a-! e( e# -%(&! a(i-a# = e( #a ;i&a ;ee"a#p, fesp%-ag=, &i!sa &e

!ie( !ie("a#, e# a"a*"i;! se%a#, pi(*ipi! &is!#;e("e = pi(*ipi! &e #a ;i&a e( e#

U(i;es!0, -%e (a*i&a &e #as !#as = (a*i&a &e# se-e( &e# &i!saa, #a -.s /e-!sa &e

"!&as #as '!-as ?%e *!8a #a Ma&eTieaa8, i(;!*a&a e( #as 8a"a##as 9e( "a("! ?%e Ve(%s

Vi*"!i!sa:a*, #a s%i&a &e #a esp%-aq/, i(s"i("! p!paa&! &e #a espe*iea&+ Ta-8i e# i(s"i("! &e #a 'e*%(&i&a& = &e #a ep!&%**i>(ae= ?%e si-8!#i0a

#a pasi>( &ese(*a&e(a&a ?%e &es"%=e #as %(i!(es #e$"i-as e i(*i"a a #!s -!"a#es a "!&a

*#ase &e ;!#%p"%!si&a&es = &e ;i*i!sa'+

Re*i8e, a&e-.s, #!s (!-8es &e Ua(ia46, la reina de los cielosp, &e As"a"(i*a &e %(a A'!&i"a Ua(ia !p%es"a a !"a A'!&i"aPa(&e-! 9a# -e(!s a("es &e# si#! IVa+C+:+ Aea ?%e e# ep$"e"! fUa(iag ap%("a sie-pe /a*ia e# Es"e = ?%e#a epesi>( fA'!&i"a Ua(iag es "a&%**i>( #i"ea# &e# se-$"i*! fM


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72

=pis, de C-ipre47, ai Ap!s"!p/ia 9e( Te8as:, la i&as8p, "i"!(es8?, e# -a*/!

*a8$!8, P!sei&>(8s, C


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7

/ie>&%#as ! /e"aias54, #a "!"%a 9*!-! s$-8!#! !ie("a#:, a#%(!s p%e"!s = p!-!("!i!s

!*!s!s, C=8e#e, e# *e&! = e# a8a#$ 9&es&e A&!(is:, #as a%as 'e"i#i0a("es, #a pe&i0, e#a(s!, #a *a8a, e# "!!, e# */i;! = e# *!&e!, e# *a8a##!, Pes(:, e# a(a&!, #a a-ap!#a, #a p!*ea*i>(,

Pa(&!a, Fa>(s, s% *!"e! 9a*!-paa("es:", #a a#-ea**, oi, Hi-e(e!, Ap!#!, Sa#a-8>,

Z!/a, As(, %(a #a(0a *%=! e"e-! es e# -.s"i# &e %(

(a;$!, *as*!, "!-pe"a, #!s !paes, #!s ;as!s, #as "e#as, *e("a%!s -ai(!s, F#!a, (.=a&es,

e# si(! &e# P!#!, #a se-i&es(%&e0, es"e##asa*, s% s!(isa a-a8#eq, s% -ia&a "ie(a =

;!#%p"%!saq, e# !! &e s%s *a8e##!sq, jk s%s pies &e 8#a(*%a &e p#a"aq, = #a *a$&a &e s%s

*a&eas*', Ve(%s 9e# p#a(e"a:, #!s pe!s 9%"i#i0a&!s e( sa*i'i*i!s:a!, e# !sa#, e# pa#!-! = #a

es-ea#&a*+

A*"a *!-! p!"e*"!a &e #!s ;$(*%#!s *!(=%a#es, &e #a 'a-i#ia = &e #!s (a*i-ie("!s*/,

#a ?%e &a ;ie("!s 'a;!a8#es paa #a (a;ea*i>(, *!(&%*"!a &e 8a*!s, pa"!(a &e#

-a"i-!(i!, #a ?%e *!("!#a #a ;i&a &e #a "iea = #as a%as &e# -a, #a ?%e !8ie(a e( e#

-%(&! &e #!s -%e"!sp, &ispe(sa&!a &e# !*$!, p!"e*"!a &e #as '%e0as ;ee"a"i;as*i,

pasi>(, 'e*%(&a*i>(, p!paa*i>( = e(!;a*i>( &e #a ;i&a, '#!e*i-ie("! &e #a 8e##e0aa, #a

?%e s%8#i-a e# a-! sa#;ae, i("e.(&!#! a %(a ;i&a ;e&a&ea-e("e /%-a(a*,

p!"e*"!a &e #!s (a;ea("es 9e( "a("! ?%e Ve(%s -ai(a:a*= p!"e*"!a &e# -a"i-!(i! =

&e #a 'e*%(&i&a&

55, *'

+

54 P!s"i"%"as saa&as ?%e se /a##a8a( e( e# "e-p#! &e&i*a&! a A'!&i"a e( C!i("!, #! *%a# e'%e0a e#*a.*"e !ie("a# &e es"a &i!sa = sea#a #a '%e"e i('#%e(*ia !ie("a# s!8e C!i("!+55A-a a #as (!;iasq, pepaa #!s -a"i-!(i!sq, *%i&a #a *.-aa (%p*ia#q = pesi&e #!s (a*i-ie("!sq9A/i!(, Ba8i##!( = Lissaa%e, @) 45:+


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71

A"e(ea

Es &i!sa &e #as a"es*, &e #a %ea*#, &e #a sa8i&%$a*-, &e #a i("e#ie(*ia*(, &e #!s

*!(se!s*, &e #!s *!-8a"es ! 8a"a##as*!, &e #a *i%&a&*p, &e# /!a*?, &e# pa#a*i! 9paa #!s

*e"e(ses:*, &e #a a"esa($a*s, &e #a *!"e, &e# -e*a&! 9e( La*e&e-!(ia:, &e #as a"es &e #a

;i&a, &e# "ei&!p, &e #a %;e("%&, &e #as *ie(*ias=, &e #a pe'e**i>( a"$s"i*a, &e #a

ai*%#"%a*", &e #a e(e$a, &e #a ;i*"!ias, &e #a a0>(*%, &e #a a**i>(**, &e #a pa0*;, &e#

-a Ee!, &e# e?%i#i8i! i("ei!, &e #a -e&i&a e( "!&as #as *!sas*&, &e #!s !'i*i!s, &e#

*!(!*i-ie("! e( e(ea# = &e #a *ie(*ia *ea"i;a*+

Es *aa*"ei0a&a *!-! &i!sa %eea*u, &i!sa ;ie(*, ;ie( %eea*=, &i;i(i&a&

/e#p!#is a"e(ie(se&e, #a -.i-a '%e0a =

sa8i&%$a&', #a p!;i&e(*ia &i;i(a&, #a i("e#ie(*ia, #a p%e0a ;ii(a#?, #a %ea !&e(a&a,

e# ;a#! e'#ei;!&/, #a espii"%a#i0a*i>( *!-8a"i;a ! #a *!-8a"i;i&a& espii"%a#**, #a a0>(a'

= #a %s"i*ia*+ S% s$-8!#! es #a #e*/%0a*e+

Re*i8e a#%(!s (!-8es *!-! Pa"/ a#%(as '%(*i!(es *!-! &ei&a& &e #a ;ee"a*i>(+5@A/i!(, Ba8i##!( = Lissaa%e 9@:, = Es*!8e&! 91: #! i("epe"a( *!-! 1ir!en+


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74

Tritn Earroo cretenseF B!a-ia ! Ba!&a-$a, la -a*/!s, defensora !centinela&(

A"/v(aia, la diosa de AtenasTi"w($a 9e( A*a&ia: A$"/=ia 9e( #a *!s"a Me.i&a: A#a#!-e(v$s ! A#a!-e(v 9e( e#

(!"e &e Ge*ia = Be!*ia:, la au8iliadora en la batalla A!aia 9e( Espa"a: A#ea 9e(

A*a&ia: H=$eia 9e( A*a&ia = e( e# m"i*a = p!;e(ie("e &e# ep$"e"! fA#eag:, e#a*i!(a&!

*!( #a sa#%& He##w"$s 9e( C!i("!: Ei#e($a A-a$a 9e( A?%ea: G!!p/!(!s53 P.(&!s!s

A/ve"is 9e( e# m"i*a:, fundadora del asentamiento Pa"ia 9e( #a is#a &e A(a'e: =

H!-!#w$s 9e( Be!*ia:, di1inidad de la concordia pblica Pa(a/a$s 9e( Pa"as:, a#%&e a #a

#ia a?%ea H!-a$a 9p!;e(ie("e &e fA-a$ag:, diosa de la confederacin O(a % O(a

9e( Te8as:, s% se("i&! es i(!a&! A$a, e'ei&! a s%s "e-p#!s e( #a A*>p!#is

Ai>p!i(!s 9*e*a &e Espa"a:, e'ei&! a #a e"i8%*i>( p%a P/v-$a 9e( Ei"as:, diosa de

los presa!ios P>(!ia ! P!(aia 9e( De#'!s:, ( %eea&p ?%e 8a! &e #a /ia &e Ti">(&/

! &e# ia("e Pa#asa'+

Es". e#a*i!(a&a 9e( *%a("! a epese("a*i!(es, i"!s = si(i'i*a*i!(es: *!( #a #a(0a !

pi*a62, &?, e# !#i;! 9e( e# m"i*a:&, #a


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75

A"e(as&u, #a *a8e0a &e #a G!!(a&, #a sepie("e&=, Hea*#es&0, #a Vi*"!iaea, Ze%se8, M|"ise*,

P!sei&>(e&

, e# Pa#a&i! ! Pa#a&i>(8'

, Pese!ee

, #a '#a%"ae'

, U#ises % O&ise!e

, e# *a! &e%eae/, Be#e!'!("esei, e# m"i*ae, e# aa&!e, #a a-a&%ae#, Di!-e&es, A?%i#ese-, e# (a;$!

A!se(, #a *!a0ae, e# Ae>pa! &e A"e(ase!, #a G!!(a61, &-, Ei*"!(i!ep, C(, #a *!"a*&, Masias 9%( s."i!:*e, #a

f"$a&a *api"!#i(ag66, Hea*, #a "!-pe"a, #a !##a &e 8a!, e# as"i##!, #a =%("a paa #!s

8%e=es, #a 8i&a &e #!s *a8a##!s = #!s (-e!seu+

E##a a*"a67 s!8e #!s /(, 7@) 754:+66C!-p%es"a p! Ze%s, Hea = A"e(ea+67Pesi&e, pa"!*i(a, p!"ee, i(;e("a ! i(s"i"%=e+6@Fa(e## 9372: espe*i'i*a ?%e p!"ee a #!s /


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i(&%s"i!sa*&, #!s !'i*i!s = "aeas &!-( &e *a!s, e# "!(! &e# a#'ae!,

#as ;asias*e

, #!s sa8i!s = a"is"as&a

= #a %ea e( *%a("! '%(*i>( &e #a *i%&a&'!

+

Di!s

E# &i!s es %(a e("i&a& -is"ei!sa, i(asi8#e = saa&a a #a ?%e se *!(si&e> *!-!

*ea&!a, !&e(a&!a = e*"!a &e# %(i;es!, &e #!s /!-8es, &e #a (a"%a#e0a = &e# a#-a 'p

! 8ie( e# s$-8!#! e*$p!*! &e# Se, e# A8s!#%"!, e# U(! = #a Vi&a*&, sie(&! e( s% *!(%("! =

e( #a -i"!#!$a = e( e# p!#i"e$s-!, sees s!8e/%-a(!s, ;e(ea&$si-!s p! #!s a("i%!s

?%e si-8!#i0a( /e*/!s (a"%a#es'?+ Se( e# si-8!#is-! a(ae(


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;ee"a*i>( = #a 'e"i#i&a&, e#a*i!(a&a *!( e# *%#"! &e# .8!#, e("e *%=a ese(*ia es se

ap"a&!'

, e( s% !ie( &i;i(i&a& p!&e!sa, se *!(;i"i> e( si-p#e -!"a# paa ##ea a se%( si-p#e i(s"%-e("! ?%e pe-i"iea a #!s ( = a*ia, -!&e#! &e

pe;esi>( ! ;$*"i-a &e #a 'a"a#i&a&, a?%e"ip! &e 'a"a# 8e##e0a, &es"i(! 'a"a# e(*%8ie"!

*!( e# !s"! a&!a8#e &e s% /e-!s%a &es#%-8a("e = *ea&!aa, #a -%e -.s /e-!sa

&e# -%(&!8, *a%sa &e #a *!("ie(&a e("e a?%e!s = "!=a(!sk*, #a -%e ?%e,

*!(s"a("e-e("e a-e(a0a&a, s!"ea #as &i'i*%#"a&es = sa8e ?%e s% /e-!s%a #a sa*a. &e

"!&!s #!s -a#!s pas!s&, #a -.s 8e##a e("e #as 8e##ase, -%e 8e##$si-a, !8e"! &e %(a

&%a *!("ie(&a e("e #!s p%e8#!s, *a%sa &e %(a %ea #aa = *%e("a, s$-8!#! &e# e"e(!

'e-e(i(!', *(/+

C!-! /e-!s &i*/!, p!see as!s *!-%(es *!( &i!sas &e #a ;ee"a*i>( = #a 'e"i#i&a&,

p! #! *%a# s% ap"! si-8!#i0a #a -%e"e &e #a ;ee"a*i>(i a&e-.s, e( Espa"a jk #a

'i%a -$"i*a &e He#e(a se si"a a *a8a##! e("e #a a&!#es*e(*ia = e# es"a"%"! &e #a -%e

a&%#"a = *asa&a, e(*a(a jk #as *%a#i&a&es &e #a -%*/a*/a a&%#"a a ?%ie( %(a 8e##e0a

?%e =a /a a#*a(0a&! s% p#e(i"%& si"a e( e# %-8a# &e# -a"i-!(i!/, as%-e e# pei!&!

?%e sepaa #a sa#i&a &e# p!*es! i(i*i."i*! &e# -!-e("! &e# -a"i-!(i! = "ie(e #a '%(*i>(

&e *!(&%*i a #as a&!#es*e("es #a*e&e-!(ias a s% p#e(a -a&%e0 se%a# He#e(a /a*e &e #as

>;e(es a&!#es*e("es espa"a(as %(as -%ees a s% i-ae(+

L!s e#e-e("!s e#a*i!(a&!s *!( e##a s!( Tese!, #!s Di>s*%!s 9C.s"! = P>#%:,

Me(e#a!, Pais, De$'!8!

8%

, Ze%s, Le&a

*a

, e# .8!# = #a '%e("e


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7@

Hea

Es &i!sa &e #!s (a*i-ie("!s ! pa"!s#, &e# -%(&! 'e-e(i(! ! &e #as -%ees63, -, &e#

-a"i-!(i!(, '!-a &e #a &i!sa"iea, &e# &i(e!, &e #a #e=!, &e #a 'e*%(&i&a& 'e-e(i(a !

&e #a 'e"i#i&a& e(ea#p, &i!sa &e# =%!p, &e# *!(se!&, &e A!s**= &e #a #%0*+

Es *aa*"ei0a&a *!-! ei(a &e #!s *ie#!s?, *e#!sa, ;e(a"i;a, #a -.i-a &i!sa

!#$-pi*a, ;i!#e("as, #e$"i-a esp!sa &e Ze%s", "ip! saa&! &e -%e = esp!sa&&, aspe*"!

'e-e(i(! &e #a (a"%a#e0a%, '%(&a&!a &e #a *i;i#i0a*i>( &e A!s ai;a, #a ?%e

s!s"ie(e #as ie(&as, &i!sa i*a e( 8%e=esp, ei(a &e #!s &i!ses6, se!a &e# *ie#! = &e #a

"iea=, pes!(i'i*a*i>( &e #a &i(i&a&;, esp!sa, -a&e?, &i!sa ai;a p! e*e#e(*ia,

epese("a("e &e #!s &ee*/!s *!-! esp!sa 9(! *!-! -a&e: , *%=! -a"i-!(i! si-8!#i0a

#a %(i>( &e# *ie#! *!( #a "iea, *!(si&ea&a #a *a%sa pi-ea &e #a 'e*%(&i&a& &e# s%e#!72,

'%e0a e(ea"i;a &e #a (a"%a#e0au, espe*ia#-e("e a&!a&a p! -%ees, #a &e #!s

8#a(*!s 8a0!s, #a &e #!s !!s 8!;i(!sa, s!8ea(a &e# O#i-p!a', faieg, fp!spei&a&ga* =

epese("a("e &e# *i*#! #%(a*+

Se #e a"i8%=e( #!s si%ie("es ep$"e"!s) B!!pis, la de los !randes oos Basi#is 9e(

A!s:, la reinae! P!s=-(a, la diosa -acia la cual fue ele1ado el -imno A*aea ! Aaia,

la diosa adorada en las alturasa- Aeia ! Aea,por creerse


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Se e(*%e("a e#a*i!(a&a *!( A!s 9e( *%a("! *i%&a&, -!(s"%! = e-8a*a*i>(:0,

Sa-!s/a

, e# pa;! ea#/8

, e# -a(0a(! ?%e &a8a '%"!s &e !!/*

, Ze%s/&

, #as Hespsi-a, C!(!s, R/ea, Ha&es, P!sei&>(, De-(, #!s p!#!s, e# *i("%>(a*, Ti'>(a!, e# &$*"a-! 9espe*ie &e /ie8a:, e# a(sa>(

9si*, p!8a8#e-e("e .(sa, espe*ie &e a;e:, e# *!&e!, #a *ihea, e# *ie#! es"e##a&! = e#

pei(a&! e( *a(e#>(*+

S% a*"%a*i>( se e"ie(&e s!8e e# -a"i-!(i!/u, #!s (a*i-ie("!s/, #as esp!sas/=, #!s

'%"!s = espe*ia#-e("e #!s *eea#esp, #a -%e=, e# /!a**, #!s ;$(*%#!s *!(=%a#es, #a

'e*%(&i&a& &e #as esp!sas, #a 'a-i#iaa, e# (!;ia0! = e# e-8aa0!*+ P! !"a pa"e, (!

&!-i(> jk #!s 'e(>-e(!s a"-!s'


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7

pie&a76, ii, &e# ;ie("!77, i, &e #a 'e"i#i&a&7@, i, &e #a '!"%(ai#, &e #a as"%*ia*p, &e #!s p!8esi-,

&e #a pa#es"a*s

, &e #!s ;iaesi(

, &e# e(a!p

, &e #as asa-8#eas&e

, &e #!s !a&!es, &e #!sa"is"as #i8ea#es&', &e #!s e8a!s, &e #!s -%e"!ss, &e# es"a&i!", &e #a pa#a8a, &e #a

i-(asiaa, &e #!s i("e*a-8i!sa*, &e #!s i-(as"as*, &e# !8! = &e #!s !0(es'!+

o# es *aa*"ei0a&! *!-! -e(sae! &e #!s &i!sesi, -e(sae! &e Ze%si!, -!&e#! &e

pi*a&$a, as"%*ia = /a8i#i&a&ip, &ispe(sa&! &e 'e#i*i&a&, a*ia = '!"%(ai?, i(e(i!s!i,

pa">( &e #!s *!-e*ia("esis, pas"!i", %$a &e #!s *a-i(a("esi%, es*a(*ia&! ! f-a=!&!-!g

&e# O#i-p!i;, pa">( &e #!s #a&!(esiu, pes%asi;!i, a?%e"ip! %;e(i#, .i# a"#e"ai=,

s%8"e.(e!i0, #a&>(a, es"a"%a *!( 8%s"! = 'a#! 9"$pi*a &e #!s -!("$*%#!s &e pie&a !

-ermaia:8, pa">( &e #a e#!*%e(*ia&&, *api".( &e #!s s%e!s*, 8a?%e!&, -e&ia&!,

a-8i%! e i-pe;isi8#e, &es!&e( *!(*e"a&!e, p!8a8#e-e("e pe/e#( e("e /!-8es = &i!sesp, e# -.s &ies"! &e #!s &i!ses, se! &e #!s

a(i-a#es7, esp$i"% &e #!s -!("$*%#!s &e pie&a&e, *!(see! &e #!s "i"a(es&, 8%e( pas"!?,

*!-pae! &e (i('as = *.i"es, e# -.s /%-a(i"ai! &e #!s &i!ses, 'a#a0, a*/i-a!, -aes"!

&e# #e(%aes, pa">( &e #!s !a&!es&/, *%a"e! &e 8%e=es, %a&i.( &e /a0aas, &i;i(!

pas"!, *%s"!&i! &e #!s *a-i(!s%, &es*%8i&! = -aes"! &e "!&as #as a"es = *ie(*ias, e'e &e

#as Ga*ias, e#!*%e("ea, se;i*ia#a', -!;i-ie("!, "a(si*i>(, i("e*a-8i!*e, *!-pae! &e

Ze%sa*, a"is"a i-p!;isa&!, e?%i#i8a&!, pi(*ipi! &e# #i8e a#8e&$!, &%a#i&a& =

&%p#i*i&a&, 'a*"!, '%(es"!', ".(si"!, i("e#ie(*ia, %a&i.( &e #a i("ei&a& &e #a *asa,

ep#!a&!, *i;i#i0a&! = a;a!'!+ Si-8!#i0a e# #$-i"e, #a '!("ea&e, #a 'e*%(&i&a&, #a

i("e#ie(*ia i(&%s"i!sa, a# 8%e( pas"! = #a -e&ia*i>(

*&

+ S% (!-8e si(i'i*a$a fe# &e#-!("$*%#! &e pie&asg&e, p!;e(ie("e &e fAa-esg, el armenio&, -e(sae! ! i("( = 'e"i#i&a& 9) 5:+73Se #e a"i8%=e( *%a#i&a&es p!'


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@2

Es (!-8a&! Ps=/!p!-p>s, conductor de las almas a los infiernos /"/!(i!s@2,

infernal/

i!p/!!s@

, el


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@

A!s 9-!(s"%! &es"%i&! p! He-es:%, #a 8!#sa 9paa e# &i(e!:;, #a '#a%"a ! sii(au,

Pa(

, e# !! a#a&! = #!s pies a#a&!s=

, #a -ie#0

, e# *!&e!a

, T/!"/@, 8

, e# -a("! ! *apa*

,Di!(is!&, Ze%s, Ma=ae, #!s -e*a&ees, #!s ;iae!s', Mi"i#! 9a%ia &e P(, #as #e"as &e# a#'a8e"!', e# -a*/!

*a8$!, e# pe!, e# .a"a 9pie&a pe*i!sa:, e# 8as">(, %(a *!!(a &e /ie&a, !#i;! = -!ea,

e# e-!, #a "!-pe"a*= e# p#e*"!eu+

S% *a-p! &e a**i>( se e"ie(&e s!8e #!s #a&!(esi, #!s *a-i(a("es ! ;iae!s, #!s

e8a!s, #!s *!-e*ia("es#, #!s pas"!es-, e# *!-e*i!(, #a es*i"%a ! e# a#'a8e"!, #a

as"!(!-$a, #!s *a-i(!s!, #!s pes!s = -e&i&ase, #a '#a%"ap, #as e(*%*ia&as?, #!s

-%e"!s, #a i-(asias, #a pi*a&$a, #a as"%*ia, #a #ia", #!s sa*i'i*i!s%, #as '!("eas, #a

p%e"a 9&e #a *asa = &e# "e-p#!:, #a *.-aa (%p*ia#p, #a 'e*%(&i&a&*", e# *a-8i!&', #a -si*a?,

#a (!*/e, #!s *e".-e(es = i-(asi!s, #!s 8a(&i&!s, #!s si;ie("es, #a -aia, #a pe'i&ias, #!s

a(a&!s, #a "


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@1

8!e! = e# *%#"i;! &e# !#i;!eu+ Se &i*e ?%e a"ie(&e #as (e*esi&a&es .pi&a-e("ea= ?%e es

p!"a&! &e pa#a8a &i;i(a a #!s -!"a#es*e

+

I&a 9-!("e:

E# -!("e I&a es". %8i*a&! e( #a T>a&e 9T%?%$a asi."i*a: = es". e#a*i!(a&! *!( #as

'i%as &e Pais'%, A'!&i"a&'= E(!(a, #a *i%&a& &e D.&a(! = #a -a(0a(a &e #a Dis*!&ia&+

P! !"a pa"e, e# (!-8eIda"a-8i;e(es /as"a e# ra!na r7), jk e# 'i( &e# *i*#! *>s-i*! a*"%a# #8+ E( *%a("! a#

!ie( &e #a -a(0a(a, se &i*e ?%e e# &i!s &e #a e-8ia%e0, Di!(is!s, '%e e# *ea&! &e #a

-a(0a(a, ?%e ea#> a A'!&i"a, #a &i!sa &e# a-!#*+

S% si(i'i*a*i>( es %( "a("! a-p#ia, a'i-.(&!se ?%e es s$-8!#! &e #!s &ese!s/%-a(!s, &e# pe*a&!, #a "e("a*i>( = #a &is*!&ia0, s$-8!#! &e #a "e("a*i>( = &e# pe*a&!

!ii(a##*, si(i'i*a*i>( #!8a# &e #!s &ese!s "ee(a#es ! #a *!-p#a*e(*ia e( "a#es

&ese!s#8, s$-8!#! &e #!s &ese!s "ees"es, &e s% &ese(*a&e(a-ie("!#& ! ?%e %(

es?%e#e"! *!( %(a -a(0a(a e( #a -a(! si(i'i*ak) e# pe*i! &e# pe*a&! !ii(a# es #a

-%e"e#e+ Ta-8i


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@4

pi-a;ea#', s$-8!#! &e e(!;a*i>( = &e pepe"%! 'es*! #8, espe*"! a #! *%a# se a'i-a

?%e A;a#!( "a-8i( e("e e# -%(&!

"ee(a# = e# s%pa"ee(a#) #as -!("aas e;!*a( %(a i&ea &e e#e;a*i>( espii"%a#, ;i(ie(&!

a se %(a i-ae( a#e>i*a &e #a &i;i(i&a& *e#es"e s%pe-a#i, si-8!#i0a( #a p!i-i&a& &e

Di!s = s!( p%("!s &e e(#a*e jk *!( %( -%(&! s%pa/%-a(!

#

= s$-8!#!s &e #ae#e;a*i>(q p! e(*i-a &e #a ##a(%a &e #! *!"i&ia(!q37, # e( *%a("! a#"a, ;e"i*a#,

e#e;a&a = p>i-a a# *ie#!, pa"i*ipa &e# si-8!#is-! &e #a "as*e(&e(*ia#/, es e(*%e("! &e#

*ie#! = #a "iea, "( /%-a(a = pe(&ie("e es*a#a*&, %(i>( &e #a "iea =

e# *ie#!##, e# &es"i(! &e# /!-8e 9i &e a8a! /a*ia ai8a: jk e# "(

36 E( A"e(as, #!s e*i( espii"%a# 9Bie&e-a((, 4) 42:+


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@5

/%-a(a = #a '%(*i>( ps$?%i*a &e #! s%pa*!(s*ie("e, ?%e *!(sis"e pe*isa-e("e e( *!(&%*i

a# /!-8e a #a *i-a &e s% &esa!##!3@, #-

p! s% a#"%a, si(i'i*a e#e;a*i>( i("e(a,"a(sp!si*i>( espii"%a# &e #a i&ea &e as*e(&e#(= s% *i-a es p%("! &e %(i>( &e# *ie#! = #a

"iea# es e# !! &e #a a#"%a = &e# as*e(s!, e# ee e( "!(! a# ?%e ia #a %e&a &e "!&!

*$*%#! ;i"a# e i(i*i."i*!, e# *e("! ?%e se ia&ia /as"a e# /!i0!("e &e #a pe'e**i>(, #a

es*a#ea &e #a 'i&e#i&a& = !8e&ie(*ia a #! saa&!, e# *e(i" &e #a e;!#%*i>( *>s-i*a =

/%-a(a33, #!, es s$-8!#! &e# p!es! espii"%a#, ?%e *%#-i(a e( #a *i-a &e #a pe'e**i>(

s$-8!#! &e #a i(i*ia*i>(, ?%e a*a8a e( #a *%-8e &e #a sa8i&%$a s$-8!#! &e #a as*e(si>(

/%-a(a, ?%e "ie(e p! *e(i" #a -a&%e0 s$-8!#! &e #! saa&!, ?%e se *!(s%-a e( e#

"e-p#! espii"%a# &e #a a&!a*i>( s$-8!#! &e #a ;i&a, ?%e se *iea e( #a *!pa &e# %-8!s!

.8!# &e# -%(&!#p+ E# se%(&! si-8!#is-! se e'iee a #a -!("aa *!-! /a8i"a*i>( &e #!s

&i!ses) as$, #as pi.-i&es -ei*a(as '%e!( *!(*e8i&as *!-! -!("aas a"i'i*ia#es e( #as

?%e /a8i"a8a( #!s &i!ses# #a -!("aa, e( *%a("! *e("! &e #as /ie!'a($as a"-!s'( s%pa*!(s*ie("e &e #as '%e0as ;i"a#es, #a !p!si*

el concepto de belleza contenido en el mito del juicio de paris-libre

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