el enfoque intercultural en la formación del profesorado. dilemas y propuestas

8/2/2019 El enfoque intercultural en la formacin del profesorado. Dilemas y propuestas

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Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

MRRL: 992?!5>=0

Gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki `duaibmlngk pud`grduind, Nmkgair } pudpwgr~ir

^gugri IFWIND DNMLI+ Mlr FMK JIWUGLI } _i~umbmi AI I EGLM^DWlmgurmnin Libmdlik ng Gnwbibml i Nmr~ilbmi

Ugbmemnd: db~weug 5??6Ibgp~ind: `geugud 5??3

Ugrwagl

Ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduind gl gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik mapkmbi ywg gk pud`grdu rg `duai agnmil~g wl bwuu!

bwkd ywg indp~i wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl rwr dejg~mdr+ pudbgrdr } bdl~glmndr, Ldr pugfwl~iadr ibgubi nggl yw agnmni gr~d gr ir gl lwgr~ud bdl~gs~d, Rg pudpdlgl+ i ailgui ng nmkgair+ ikfwlir bwgr~mdlgr gl ugki!bml bdl bad kkgiu i bied wli `duaibml ngk pud`grduind ngrng wli pgurpgb~mi ml~gubwk~wuik: i- wl gl`d!ywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gnwbibml r `duaibml gl gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik8 e- `duaibml gl bgl~udr } ugngr r`duaibml mlnmmnwik } gl fuwpd8 b- ugmrml ng bugglbmir } pub~mbir r gl~ugliamgl~d gl ~blmbir } ag~d!ndkdfir, @mlikagl~g rg ngrbumegl kir pudpwgr~ir ng duaibml ibdungr bdl gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl kir ywgkir iw~duir gr~l ib~wikagl~g mapkmbinir,

_ikieuir bkipg: gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ `duaibml ngk pud`grduind+ gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ ugngr ng `duai!bml+ ug`kgsml rdeug ki pub~mbi,

Ier~uib~

^gibcgu ~uimlmlf dl ml~gubwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl mapkmgr ~ci~ i ~gibcgu ugbgmgr mlm~mik iln bdl~mlwdwr ~uimlmlf e}agilr d` i bwuumbwki ~ci~ ~ihgr ~cg ml~gubwk~wuik pgurpgb~mg dl m~r dejgb~mgr+ pudbgrrgr iln bdl~gl~r, Vgvdlngu ~d vci~ gs~gl~ ~cmr mr ~uwg ml dwu bdl~gs~+ ed~c ml mlm~mik iln bdl~mlwdwr ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf mlmbmi~mgr,Rdag nmkgaair iug `duawki~gn ugfiunmlf cdv ~d nggkdp ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf `uda il ml~gubwk~wuik ippudibc: i-ml~gubwk~wuik ippudibc ml gnwbi~mdl r ~uimlmlf dl ml~gubwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl8 e- ~uimlmlf ml rbcddk bgl~ugr iln~gibcgu ~uimlmlf lg~vduhr r mlnmmnwik du fuwpik ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf8 ugmrmdl d` egkmg`r iln puib~mbgr r ~uimlmlfml rhmkkr iln ag~cdnr, @mlikk} vg ngrbumeg rdag ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf mlm~mi~mgr ibbdunmlf ~d ~cg ml~gubwk~wuikippudibc vg iug mldkgn ml,

Hg} vdunr: ml~gubwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl+ ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf+ ml~gubwk~wuik ippudibc+ ~gibcgu ~uimlmlf lg~vduhr+ug`kgb~mdl dl puib~mbgr,

Gk iwagl~d gl kdr k~madr idr ng ki d`gu~i `duai~mi piui kdr ndbgl~gr glai~gumir ugkibmdlinir bdl ki i~glbml i ki nmgurmnin gnwbi~mi ld ci ~glmnd bdadbdlrgbwglbmi wli mlbmnglbmi rmflm`mbi~mi gl ki ~uilr`duaibml ng kir pub~mbir+rgfl bdlr~i~il nmgurdr gr~wnmdr g mlgr~mfibmdlgr #Lmg~d } Ril~dr Ugfd+ 9==68Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??0i } 5??6-, _du d~ui piu~g+ ki ai}dui ng kdr } kir ndbgl~grywg cil piu~mbmpind gl ib~mmningr ng `duaibml pguailgl~g gl kdr k~madr idrbdl~mlil pgrg i gkkd ailm`gr~ilnd ki lgbgrmnin ng inywmumu bdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk!~wuikgr #Kpgz Ugmkkd } Fiubi @gullngz+ 5??0-,

^ui~iu ng bdapuglngu kir uizdlgr ng gr~i rm~wibml ldr kkgi i cibgu wl ilkmrmrng kir lgbgrmningr `duai~mir ngk pud`grduind bdlrmnguilnd ndr lmgkgr+ ~il~d gkng kir lgbgrmningr ailm`gr~inir pdu kdr pudpmdr ndbgl~gr bdad gk ng iywgkkir ywg


2/18

Gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki `duaibml,,,^, Ifwind Dnmli+ M, Fmk Jiwugli } _, Ai~i Eglm~d

560 Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

rg derguil bdad ugrwk~ind ng gr~wnmdr eirindr gl ki derguibml ng pub~mbirgrbdkiugr #Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??6-,

_grg i ywg gl gk nmrbwurd ngk pud`grduind rg ugbdldbg ki nmgurmnin bdad ikfd

pdrm~md } glumywgbgndu+ gl ki pub~mbi gri mrml gr rwr~m~wmni pdu ki pgubgpbml ngki amrai bdad %pudekga~mbi% } %ng`mbm~iumi%, Kdr } kir ndbgl~gr ki irdbmil bdl kiìk~i ng ugywmrm~dr kmlfr~mbdr d ibinambdr+ piw~ir bwk~wuikgr ywg nm`mbwk~il gk

pudbgrd ng glrgilzi!ipuglnmzijg+ iwagl~d ng bdl`kmb~mmnin gl kdr bgl~udr+ ugki!bmdlgr nm`bmkgr bdl kir ìamkmir+ g~b, Bdad bdlrgbwglbmi ng gr~i pgubgpbml rg

pudnwbg wli rm~wibml ng bdl`wrml g mapd~glbmi gl gk pud`grduind ywg gl dbirmd!lgr rg ~uinwbg gl wli ngailni ng ~blmbir d rdkwbmdlgr bdlbug~ir+ i gbgr ugywgum!nir bdad %ugbg~ir% piui iùdl~iu gr~ir rm~wibmdlgr+ } ywg i aglwnd ~mglgl wl aiu!bind biub~gu bdapglri~dumd, Ki ngailni ngk pud`grduind+ gl gr~g rgl~mnd+ rwgkgai~gumikmziurg gl bwgr~mdlgr ~ikgr bdad: %bad iùdl~iu ki glrgilzi ng ki kglfwi

grpidki4%+ %bad kdfuiu gk bdl~ib~d bdl kir ìamkmir ng ikwalind mlamfuil~ggs~uiljgud4%+ %bad gm~iu rw iergl~mrad grbdkiu4%+ %bad pugglmu kdr bdl`kmb!~dr sgl`dedr gl kdr bgl~udr gnwbi~mdr4% d %bad ml~gfuiu rw bwk~wui gl kigrbwgki4% #Auywgz Kgpg } Fiubi!Bild+ 5??>-,

Jdunl+ Bir~gkk } _ml~d #5??9- rgikil ikfwldr d~udr aem~dr ng `duaibmlml~gubwk~wuik ywg gk pud`grduind ngailni bdad ermbdr+ bdad rdl: ki bkium`mbibmlbdlbgp~wik ibgubi ng kir ldbmdlgr pumlbmpikgr ng ki ~gdui ml~gubwk~wuik #bdad bwk!~wui+ mngl~mnin bwk~wuik+ ml~gfuibml+ g~ldbgl~umrad+ ugki~mmrad+ g~b,-8 gk bdldbm!amgl~d ng kir bwk~wuir nm`gugl~gr8 bdapg~glbmi pgniffmbi piui glrgiu i ikwa!ldr$ir ng fuwpdr amldum~iumdr gl bkirgr awk~mbwk~wuikgr8 a~dndr g`mbibgr piui

irgfwuiu gk sm~d ibinambd ng ~dndr kdr fuwpdr8 mngir piui ml~udnwbmu ki ml~gubwk!~wuikmnin gl gk bwuubwkd dunmliumd+ } bum~gumdr piui fgr~mdliu kdr bdl`kmb~dr } nmkg!air ml~gu~lmbdr,

Ngrng d~ui pgurpgb~mi+ nmgurir mlgr~mfibmdlgr ywg piu~gl ngk ilkmrmr } kiderguibml rmr~ga~mbi ng ki pub~mbi gnwbi~mi+ ir bdad ng gl~ugmr~ir bdlndbgl~gr+ ldr dùgbgl pmr~ir bipibgr ng dumgl~iuldr gl ki mngl~m`mbibml ng d~uirlgbgrmningr ld ailm`gr~inir ng `duai gspkbm~i pdu gk pud`grduind, Ifwind } d~udr#5??6- rgikil ywg wl ik~d pdubgl~ijg ng ndbgl~gr gl~ugmr~indr i~umew}gl ~il~d gksm~d bdad gk ùibird grbdkiu i kir pudpmir bipibmningr ngk ikwalind } i rw rm~wi!bml ìamkmiu8 gr ngbmu+ gl fglguik ailm`mgr~il pdbi bdl`milzi gl rw pudpmi ml`kwgl!bmi rdeug kdr kdfudr ng rwr gr~wnmil~gr, Kdr ni~dr ngk gr~wnmd ikwnmnd+ gl gk bird ngki Bdawlmnin ng Ainumn+ mlnmbil ywg gk pdubgl~ijg ng pud`grdugr$ir ywg pgubmegrw ugrpdlriemkmnin gl gk %ùibird% ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr gr ngk >'+ ùgl~g ik 50' glkdr birdr ng sm~d, Gkkd ngld~i wli grbiri bdlbmglbmi ng ki ugrpdlriemkmnin } kiml`kwglbmi ngk pud`grduind } rw kiedu gnwbi~mi gl kdr kdfudr d ld kdfudr grbdkiugrng kdr gr~wnmil~gr+ } rm~i i kdr gnwbindugr gl wli i awgu~i gl bwil~d i ki ml~ud!nwbbml ng biaemdr+ i ki mlldibml ndbgl~g+ d i ki agui ug`kgsml piui ki agjdui~il~d ng rw pub~mbi bdad ng kdr kdfudr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr #Fmk Jiwugli+ 5??6-,

_du d~ui piu~g+ Zgmbclgu #9==5+ bm~ind pdu Lmg~d } Ril~dr Ugfd+ 9==6- mlnmbi

ywg kdr pud`grdugr rg rmgl~gl pdbd bdlbgulmndr pdu bwgr~mdlgr ugkibmdlinir bdl kijwr~mbmi rdbmik, Jwl~d i gkkd+ kdr } kir ndbgl~gr ld rg pgubmegl i r amradr bdad


3/18


566

Gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki `duaibml,,,, Ifwind Dnmli+ M, Fmk Jiwugli } _, Ai~i Eglm~d

amgaeudr ng wli rdbmgnin bwk~wuikagl~g nmguri8 ki %cdadfglgmnin% rmfwg rmglndgk pumlbmpmd ng dufilmzibml } `wlbmdliamgl~d ng kir grbwgkir } ~iaeml ngk pgu`mkngk pud`grduind #Lmg~d } Ril~dr+ 9==6-, Wl fuil lagud ng ndbgl~gr rg glbwgl~ui

pdu ~il~d gl rm~wibmdlgr ng imrkiamgl~d pud`grmdlik+ bdl bmgu~i rglribml ng mapd!~glbmi } pdbi bdl`milzi gl rw pdngu ng ml`kwglbmi, Ngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduind ngeg i~glngu i gr~ir lgbgrmningr pudadmglnd ki bdd!

pguibml } kir ugngr ng ml~gubiaemd gl~ug pud`grmdlikgr ng ki gnwbibml piui udapgugk imrkiamgl~d+ ~uieijilnd ib~m~wngr } pgubgpbmdlgr ngk pud`grduind+ ug`duzilnd rwmngl~mnin pud`grmdlik bdlrmnguilnd irmamrad ki mngi ng %gapdnguiamgl~d%,

Gk ilkmrmr ng ki `duaibml mlmbmik ngk pud`grduind gl Grpii mlnmbi ywg ld rgieduni ng `duai gspkbm~i gk ngriuudkkd ng kir bdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk~wuikgr lgbgri!umir piui i~glngu ki nmgurmnin ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr } rwr ìamkmir #Ifwind } d~udr+5??0i-, Gsmr~gl bwurdr rdeug gr~g ~gai+ ciem~wikagl~g dpbmdlikgr+ } ki `duai gl

ywg rg bdlbmeg kd %ml~gubwk~wuik% gl gkkdr iui bdlrmnguiekgagl~g ng wldr i d~udr,Ng `duai ai}dum~iumi+ ki nmgurmnin ld rg pkil~gi ngrng wli pgurpgb~mi iapkmi+rmld irdbmini i rm~wibmdlgr pugrwamekgagl~g ng`mbm~iumir d$} nmumfmni i fuwpdrgrpgb`mbdr, G~lmbmnin+ kglfwi } dumfgl rdl bdlrmnguindr bdad bi~gfduir ng nm`g!uglbmir bwk~wuikgr } ib~il bdad iumiekgr bdl kir ywg ifuwpiu i kdr gr~wnmil~gr glki bkirg } gl gk bgl~ud, Ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ gl~glnmni bdad wli gnwbibml

piui ~dndr+ ld gr ki pgurpgb~mi fglguikagl~g indp~ini gl gr~dr pudfuiair,Bdl~mlwilnd bdl ki ugmrml ng kdr pudfuiair ng `duaibml mlmbmik+ rg dergui

ywg ki mlbkwrml ng ~gair ugkgil~gr ngrng gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gk bwuubwkdgr dpbmdlik, Bdad ugfki fglguik+ gk pud`grdu gl `duaibml pwgng gkgfmu ikfwli

ai~gumi dp~i~mi gl ugkibml bdl bwgr~mdlgr ugkibmdlinir bdl ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk!~wuik, Gl lmlfl bird rg ci dp~ind pdu indp~iu wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gk bwuu!bwkd fglguik ng `duaibml ngk pud`grduind,

Gl bwil~d i ki `duaibml pguailgl~g+ ci} wli lwagudri d`gu~i ng bwurdr piuipud`grdugr gl rgumbmd+ rm emgl gk gl`dywg ngrng gk ywg rg pudpdlgl gr rmamkiu ik ngki `duaibml mlmbmik, Kdr bwurdr rdl dùgbmndr pdu Wlmgurmningr+ irdbmibmdlgr

pud`grmdlikgr+ DLFr+ Bgl~udr ng _ud`grdugr } Ugbwurdr+ g~b, Kdr dejg~mdr ywg rgpudpdlgl gl gr~ir mlmbmi~mir nmumfmnir i ki grpgbmikmzibml pud`grmdlik rwgkgl `du!awkiurg gl ~uamldr ~ikgr bdad: %ìpdugbgu gk ngriuudkkd ng ib~m~wngr drm~mpir }~dkguil~gr cibmi kdr gr~wnmil~gr mlamfuil~gr%+ %bdldbgu kdr udekgair ywg kdrmlamfuil~gr glbwgl~uil gl ki grbwgki%+ %iuglngu gr~ui~gfmir ng bdgsmr~glbmi glkir grbwgkir bdl dekibmdlgr ng gr~wnmil~gr nmpgurdr du rw dumfgl ~lmbd+ kglfwi+ugkmfml } bwk~wui%, Gr~dr dejg~mdr uggkil bdl bkiumnin kdr kam~gr ngk gl`dywgindp~ind ik ieduniu ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr, Gl ikfwldr birdr rg~ui~i ng pudadgu ipuglnmzijg bu~mbd gl ugkibml bdl ki %bdlr~uwbbml ng wl nmr!bwurd gl ugkibml bdl gk bdlbg~d ng bwk~wui } rw ~ui~iamgl~d gnwbi~mpd ngrng wli

gurgb~mpi ml~gubwk~wuik%,

Ugrpgb~d i ki ag~dndkdfi ipkmbini gl gr~ir ib~mmningr `duai~mir+ ngr~ibilki %iu~mbmibml ib~mpi%+ gk %ml~gubiaemd ng gsgumglbmir%+ kdr %ngei~gr ml~guldr%

} kir %pub~mbir% bdad kir gr~ui~gfmir ywg rg pumdumzil gl ki `duaibml mlbwkini i


4/18



~gair ml~gubwk~wuikgr, Ld glbdl~uiadr ipglir ikwrmdlgr ik ~uieijd bdkiedui~mdgl~ug pud`grdugr } d~udr pud`grmdlikgr,

Gl ugkibml bdl ki d`gu~i `duai~mi gl gr~g aem~d+ Jdunl #5??>- rgiki ywg rg

~ui~i ng wli d`gu~i ngnwb~mi+ nmrgini rml piu~mu ng kir lgbgrmningr+ pgubgpbmdlgr+ml~gugrgr ng kdr ngr~mli~iumdr+ } ngairmind bdflm~mi+ ld gspkdui ki nmaglrmli`gb~mi!ib~m~wnmlik, Kdr pudpmdr ndbgl~gr ki bikm`mbil bdad aw} ~gumbi+ pdbd ~mk

piui ki pub~mbi,Gr gmngl~g ywg gl kdr birdr gl kdr ywg gk bwuubwkd piui ki `duaibml ermbi

ngk pud`grduind gr gkieduind i lmgk libmdlik ki ml~udnwbbml ng gr~g gl`dywgngpglng ng ki iw~dumnin ugrpdlriekg ngk bwuubwkd } ng ki pdk~mbi gnwbi~mi gl rwbdljwl~d, Rwgkg ugrwk~iu ar ìb~mekg ipkmbiu gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ib~mmningrng `duaibml gl gjgubmbmd+ kir bwikgr gr~l agldr bdlr~ugmnir pdu kir pdk~mbirfglguikgr ng `duaibml, Ki Bdamrml Gwudpgi+ gl rwr pudfuiair ng `duaibml ngk

pud`grduind+ rweui}i ki wufglbmi ng i~glngu i ki `duaibml mlmbmik gl gr~i ugi,Gl gk Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk pud`g!

rduind } pub~mbi grbdkiu+ bgkgeuind gl ki WLGN gl aiuzd ng 5??0+ rg ngriuudkki!udl fuwpdr ng nmrbwrml bw}ir bdlbkwrmdlgr ldr rwfmgugl pmr~ir ng biui i ki agjduigl ki `duaibml ml~gubwk~wuik ngk pud`grduind, Rdl kir rmfwmgl~gr:

Gk iwagl~d gl kdr k~madr idr ng ki d`gu~i `duai~mi piui kdr ndbgl~gr glai~gumir ugkibmdlinir bdl ki i~glbml i ki nmgurmnin gnwbi~mi ld ci ~glmnd bdadbdlrgbwglbmi wli mlbmnglbmi rmflm`mbi~mi gl ki ~uilr`duaibml ng kir pub~mbir+rgfl bdlr~i~il nmgurdr gr~wnmdr g mlgr~mfibmdlgr #Lmg~d } Ril~dr Ugfd+ 9==68

Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??0i } 5??6-, _du d~ui piu~g+ ki ai}dui ng kdr } kir ndbgl~grywg cil piu~mbmpind gl ib~mmningr ng `duaibml pguailgl~g gl kdr k~madr idrbdl~mlil pgrg i gkkd ailm`gr~ilnd ki lgbgrmnin ng inywmumu bdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk!~wuikgr #Kpgz Ugmkkd } Fiubi @gullngz+ 5??0-,

ûi~iu ng bdapuglngu kir uizdlgr ng gr~i rm~wibml ldr kkgi i cibgu wl ilkmrmrng kir lgbgrmningr `duai~mir ngk pud`grduind bdlrmnguilnd ndr lmgkgr+ ~il~d gkng kir lgbgrmningr ailm`gr~inir pdu kdr pudpmdr ndbgl~gr bdad gk ng iywgkkir ywgrg derguil bdad ugrwk~ind ng gr~wnmdr eirindr gl ki derguibml ng pub~mbirgrbdkiugr #Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??6-,

_grg i ywg gl gk nmrbwurd ngk pud`grduind rg ugbdldbg ki nmgurmnin bdad ikfd

pdrm~md } glumywgbgndu+ gl ki pub~mbi gri mrml gr rwr~m~wmni pdu ki pgubgpbml ngki amrai bdad %pudekga~mbi% } %ng`mbm~iumi%, Kdr } kir ndbgl~gr ki irdbmil bdl kiìk~i ng ugywmrm~dr kmlfr~mbdr d ibinambdr+ piw~ir bwk~wuikgr ywg nm`mbwk~il gk

pudbgrd ng glrgilzi!ipuglnmzijg+ iwagl~d ng bdl`kmb~mmnin gl kdr bgl~udr+ ugki!bmdlgr nm`bmkgr bdl kir ìamkmir+ g~b, Bdad bdlrgbwglbmi ng gr~i pgubgpbml rg

pudnwbg wli rm~wibml ng bdl`wrml g mapd~glbmi gl gk pud`grduind ywg gl dbirmd!lgr rg ~uinwbg gl wli ngailni ng ~blmbir d rdkwbmdlgr bdlbug~ir+ i gbgr ugywgum!nir bdad %ugbg~ir% piui iùdl~iu gr~ir rm~wibmdlgr+ } ywg i aglwnd ~mglgl wl aiu!bind biub~gu bdapglri~dumd, Ki ngailni ngk pud`grduind+ gl gr~g rgl~mnd+ rwgkgai~gumikmziurg gl bwgr~mdlgr ~ikgr bdad: %bad iùdl~iu ki glrgilzi ng ki kglfwi

grpidki4%+ %bad kdfuiu gk bdl~ib~d bdl kir ìamkmir ng ikwalind mlamfuil~g


5/18


56=

gs~uiljgud4%+ %bad gm~iu rw iergl~mrad grbdkiu4%+ %bad pugglmu kdr bdl`kmb!~dr sgl`dedr gl kdr bgl~udr gnwbi~mdr4% d %bad ml~gfuiu rw bwk~wui gl kigrbwgki4% #Auywgz Kgpg } Fiubi!Bild+ 5??>-,

Jdunl+ Bir~gkk } _ml~d #5??9- rgikil ikfwldr d~udr aem~dr ng `duaibmlml~gubwk~wuik ywg gk pud`grduind ngailni bdad ermbdr+ bdad rdl: ki bkium`mbibmlbdlbgp~wik ibgubi ng kir ldbmdlgr pumlbmpikgr ng ki ~gdui ml~gubwk~wuik #bdad bwk!~wui+ mngl~mnin bwk~wuik+ ml~gfuibml+ g~ldbgl~umrad+ ugki~mmrad+ g~b,-8 gk bdldbm!amgl~d ng kir bwk~wuir nm`gugl~gr8 bdapg~glbmi pgniffmbi piui glrgiu i ikwa!ldr$ir ng fuwpdr amldum~iumdr gl bkirgr awk~mbwk~wuikgr8 a~dndr g`mbibgr piuiirgfwuiu gk sm~d ibinambd ng ~dndr kdr fuwpdr8 mngir piui ml~udnwbmu ki ml~gubwk!~wuikmnin gl gk bwuubwkd dunmliumd+ } bum~gumdr piui fgr~mdliu kdr bdl`kmb~dr } nmkg!air ml~gu~lmbdr,

Ngrng d~ui pgurpgb~mi+ nmgurir mlgr~mfibmdlgr ywg piu~gl ngk ilkmrmr } ki

derguibml rmr~ga~mbi ng ki pub~mbi gnwbi~mi+ ir bdad ng gl~ugmr~ir bdlndbgl~gr+ ldr dùgbgl pmr~ir bipibgr ng dumgl~iuldr gl ki mngl~m`mbibml ng d~uirlgbgrmningr ld ailm`gr~inir ng `duai gspkbm~i pdu gk pud`grduind, Ifwind } d~udr#5??6- rgikil ywg wl ik~d pdubgl~ijg ng ndbgl~gr gl~ugmr~indr i~umew}gl ~il~d gksm~d bdad gk ùibird grbdkiu i kir pudpmir bipibmningr ngk ikwalind } i rw rm~wi!bml ìamkmiu8 gr ngbmu+ gl fglguik ailm`mgr~il pdbi bdl`milzi gl rw pudpmi ml`kwgl!bmi rdeug kdr kdfudr ng rwr gr~wnmil~gr, Kdr ni~dr ngk gr~wnmd ikwnmnd+ gl gk bird ngki Bdawlmnin ng Ainumn+ mlnmbil ywg gk pdubgl~ijg ng pud`grdugr$ir ywg pgubmegrw ugrpdlriemkmnin gl gk %ùibird% ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr gr ngk >'+ ùgl~g ik 50' glkdr birdr ng sm~d, Gkkd ngld~i wli grbiri bdlbmglbmi ng ki ugrpdlriemkmnin } ki

ml`kwglbmi ngk pud`grduind } rw kiedu gnwbi~mi gl kdr kdfudr d ld kdfudr grbdkiugrng kdr gr~wnmil~gr+ } rm~i i kdr gnwbindugr gl wli i awgu~i gl bwil~d i ki ml~ud!nwbbml ng biaemdr+ i ki mlldibml ndbgl~g+ d i ki agui ug`kgsml piui ki agjdui~il~d ng rw pub~mbi bdad ng kdr kdfudr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr #Fmk Jiwugli+ 5??6-,

_du d~ui piu~g+ Zgmbclgu #9==5+ bm~ind pdu Lmg~d } Ril~dr Ugfd+ 9==6- mlnmbiywg kdr pud`grdugr rg rmgl~gl pdbd bdlbgulmndr pdu bwgr~mdlgr ugkibmdlinir bdl ki

jwr~mbmi rdbmik, Jwl~d i gkkd+ kdr } kir ndbgl~gr ld rg pgubmegl i r amradr bdadamgaeudr ng wli rdbmgnin bwk~wuikagl~g nmguri8 ki %cdadfglgmnin% rmfwg rmglndgk pumlbmpmd ng dufilmzibml } `wlbmdliamgl~d ng kir grbwgkir } ~iaeml ngk pgu`mkngk pud`grduind #Lmg~d } Ril~dr+ 9==6-, Wl fuil lagud ng ndbgl~gr rg glbwgl~ui

pdu ~il~d gl rm~wibmdlgr ng imrkiamgl~d pud`grmdlik+ bdl bmgu~i rglribml ng mapd!~glbmi } pdbi bdl`milzi gl rw pdngu ng ml`kwglbmi, Ngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ ki`duaibml ngk pud`grduind ngeg i~glngu i gr~ir lgbgrmningr pudadmglnd ki bddpg!uibml } kir ugngr ng ml~gubiaemd gl~ug pud`grmdlikgr ng ki gnwbibml piui udapgu gkimrkiamgl~d+ ~uieijilnd ib~m~wngr } pgubgpbmdlgr ngk pud`grduind+ ug`duzilnd rwmngl~mnin pud`grmdlik bdlrmnguilnd irmamrad ki mngi ng %gapdnguiamgl~d%,

Gk ilkmrmr ng ki `duaibml mlmbmik ngk pud`grduind gl Grpii mlnmbi ywg ld rgieduni ng `duai gspkbm~i gk ngriuudkkd ng kir bdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk~wuikgr lgbgri!umir piui i~glngu ki nmgurmnin ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr } rwr ìamkmir #Ifwind } d~udr+

5??0i-, Gsmr~gl bwurdr rdeug gr~g ~gai+ ciem~wikagl~g dpbmdlikgr+ } ki `duai glywg rg bdlbmeg kd %ml~gubwk~wuik% gl gkkdr iui bdlrmnguiekgagl~g ng wldr i d~udr,



6/18


53? Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

Ng `duai ai}dum~iumi+ ki nmgurmnin ld rg pkil~gi ngrng wli pgurpgb~mi iapkmi+rmld irdbmini i rm~wibmdlgr pugrwamekgagl~g ng`mbm~iumir d$} nmumfmni i fuwpdrgrpgb`mbdr, G~lmbmnin+ kglfwi } dumfgl rdl bdlrmnguindr bdad bi~gfduir ng nm`g!

uglbmir bwk~wuikgr } ib~il bdad iumiekgr bdl kir ywg ifuwpiu i kdr gr~wnmil~gr glki bkirg } gl gk bgl~ud, Ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ gl~glnmni bdad wli gnwbibmlpiui ~dndr+ ld gr ki pgurpgb~mi fglguikagl~g indp~ini gl gr~dr pudfuiair,

Bdl~mlwilnd bdl ki ugmrml ng kdr pudfuiair ng `duaibml mlmbmik+ rg derguiywg ki mlbkwrml ng ~gair ugkgil~gr ngrng gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gk bwuubwkdgr dpbmdlik, Bdad ugfki fglguik+ gk pud`grdu gl `duaibml pwgng gkgfmu ikfwliai~gumi dp~i~mi gl ugkibml bdl bwgr~mdlgr ugkibmdlinir bdl ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk!~wuik, Gl lmlfl bird rg ci dp~ind pdu indp~iu wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gk bwuu!bwkd fglguik ng `duaibml ngk pud`grduind,

Gl bwil~d i ki `duaibml pguailgl~g+ ci} wli lwagudri d`gu~i ng bwurdr piui

pud`grdugr gl rgumbmd+ rm emgl gk gl`dywg ngrng gk ywg rg pudpdlgl gr rmamkiu ik ngki `duaibml mlmbmik, Kdr bwurdr rdl dùgbmndr pdu Wlmgurmningr+ irdbmibmdlgr

pud`grmdlikgr+ DLFr+ Bgl~udr ng _ud`grdugr } Ugbwurdr+ g~b, Kdr dejg~mdr ywg rgpudpdlgl gl gr~ir mlmbmi~mir nmumfmnir i ki grpgbmikmzibml pud`grmdlik rwgkgl `du!awkiurg gl ~uamldr ~ikgr bdad: %ìdugbgu gk ngriuudkkd ng ib~m~wngr pdrm~mir }~dkguil~gr cibmi kdr gr~wnmil~gr mlamfuil~gr%+ %bdldbgu kdr pudekgair ywg kdr mlam!fuil~gr glbwgl~uil gl ki grbwgki%+ %ipuglngu gr~ui~gfmir ng bdgsmr~glbmi gl kirgrbwgkir bdl pdekibmdlgr ng gr~wnmil~gr nmgurdr pdu rw dumfgl ~lmbd+ kglfwi+ ugkm!fml } bwk~wui%, Gr~dr dejg~mdr uggkil bdl bkiumnin kdr kam~gr ngk gl`dywg indp!~ind ik ieduniu ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr, Gl ikfwldr birdr rg ~ui~i

ng pudadgu ipuglnmzijg bu~mbd gl ugkibml bdl ki %bdlr~uwbbml ng wl nmrbwurd glugkibml bdl gk bdlbgp~d ng bwk~wui } rw ~ui~iamgl~d gnwbi~md ngrng wli pgurpgb~m!i ml~gubwk~wuik%,

Ugrpgb~d i ki ag~dndkdfi ipkmbini gl gr~ir ib~mmningr `duai~mir+ ngr~ibilki %piu~mbmpibml ib~mi%+ gk %ml~gubiaemd ng gspgumglbmir%+ kdr %ngei~gr ml~guldr% }kir %pub~mbir% bdad kir gr~ui~gfmir ywg rg pumdumzil gl ki `duaibml mlbwkini i~gair ml~gubwk~wuikgr, Ld glbdl~uiadr ipglir ikwrmdlgr ik ~uieijd bdkiedui~mdgl~ug pud`grdugr } d~udr pud`grmdlikgr,

Gl ugkibml bdl ki d`gu~i `duai~mi gl gr~g aem~d+ Jdunl #5??>- rgiki ywg rg

~ui~i ng wli d`gu~i ngnwb~mi+ nmrgini rml piu~mu ng kir lgbgrmningr+ pgubgpbmdlgr+ml~gugrgr ng kdr ngr~mli~iumdr+ } ngairmind bdflm~mi+ ld gspkdui ki nmaglrmli`gb~mi!ib~m~wnmlik, Kdr pudpmdr ndbgl~gr ki bikm`mbil bdad aw} ~gumbi+ pdbd ~mk

piui ki pub~mbi,Gr gmngl~g ywg gl kdr birdr gl kdr ywg gk bwuubwkd piui ki `duaibml ermbi

ngk pud`grduind gr gkieduind i lmgk libmdlik ki ml~udnwbbml ng gr~g gl`dywgngpglng ng ki iw~dumnin ugrpdlriekg ngk bwuubwkd } ng ki pdk~mbi gnwbi~mi gl rwbdljwl~d, Rwgkg ugrwk~iu ar ìb~mekg ipkmbiu gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ib~mmningrng `duaibml gl gjgubmbmd+ kir bwikgr gr~l agldr bdlr~ugmnir pdu kir pdk~mbirfglguikgr ng `duaibml, Ki Bdamrml Gwudpgi+ gl rwr pudfuiair ng `duaibml ngk

pud`grduind+ rweui}i ki wufglbmi ng i~glngu i ki `duaibml mlmbmik gl gr~i ugi,


7/18


539

Gl gk Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk ud!`grduind } ub~mbi grbdkiu+ bgkgeuind gl ki WLGN gl aiuzd ng 5??0+ rg ngriuud!kkiudl fuwpdr ng nmrbwrml bw}ir bdlbkwrmdlgr ldr rwfmgugl pmr~ir ng biui i ki

agjdui gl ki `duaibml ml~gubwk~wuik ngk pud`grduind, Rdl kir rmfwmgl~gr:

! Wli pmgzi bkig gr gk udk ngk ndbgl~g, Gl gr~g rgl~mnd+ rg dergui ki lgbgrm!nin ng ug`kgsmdliu rdeug ki pub~mbi ndbgl~g } irwamu ki iw~dbu~mbi, Ci} ywggu bdl li~wuikmnin ki lgbgrmnin ng `duaibml bdl~mlwi piui iwagl~iu kirbdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk~wuikgr ng kdr pud`grmdlikgr } ìbmkm~iu rw inip~ibml ikdr biaemdr, Ngrng gri `duaibml gr mapdu~il~g ywg rg i~mglni i ip~m~wngr }ib~m~wngr8 ld rkd %riegu% } %riegu cibgu% rmld ingar %rgu%+ i~glngu i kinmaglrml ar pgurdlik ng ki gnwbibml, Rg mapdlg ki bdlrmnguibml ng kdrbdlbgp~dr ng %ik~gumnin% } %gapi~i% bdad ikdugr ywg pguam~gl ugbdldbgu!

ldr } ugbdldbgu ik d~ud d i ki d~ui bdad mfwikgr,! Wli pmgzi bkig gr gk udk ngk ndbgl~g, Gl gr~g rgl~mnd+ rg dergui ki lgbgrm!

nin ng ug`kgsmdliu rdeug ki pub~mbi ndbgl~g } irwamu ki iw~dbu~mbi, Ci} ywggu bdl li~wuikmnin ki lgbgrmnin ng `duaibml bdl~mlwi piui iwagl~iu kirbdapg~glbmir ml~gubwk~wuikgr ng kdr pud`grmdlikgr } ìbmkm~iu rw inip~ibml ikdr biaemdr, Ngrng gri `duaibml gr mapdu~il~g ywg rg i~mglni i ip~m~wngr }ib~m~wngr8 ld rkd %riegu% } %riegu cibgu% rmld ingar %rgu%+ i~glngu i kinmaglrml ar pgurdlik ng ki gnwbibml, Rg mapdlg ki bdlrmnguibml ng kdrbdlbgp~dr ng %ik~gumnin% } %gapi~i% bdad ikdugr ywg pguam~gl ugbdldbgu!ldr } ugbdldbgu ik d~ud d i ki d~ui bdad mfwikgr,

! _iui rwpguiu ki rm~wibml ng rdkgnin ywg gl dbirmdlgr pwgng rgl~mu gk ndbgl!~g gr mapdu~il~g `dagl~iu } bugiu ugngr ng bdawlmbibml ywg pguam~il gkml~gubiaemd ng gspgumglbmir mlldinduir, _iui gkkd rg ci mr~d mapdu~il~g gk~glgu bdl`milzi gl kdr ngar } gl wld amrad } i~uggurg i mlldiu, Ikbdawlmbiu lwgr~uir gspgumglbmir kgr niadr wl ikdu iinmnd+ pguam~mglndywg rg pwgnil mapkgagl~iu gl bdl~gs~dr nm`gugl~gr, Ngrng ki pd~glbmikmninng gr~g ~mpd ng pub~mbir rg bdlbkw}g ki lgbgrmnin ng ~uieijiu gl ugngr ywgìdugzbil ki agjdui } rw g`gb~d awk~mpkmbindu gl ki rdbmgnin, Birm ~dnir kirgspgumglbmir pugrgl~inir cil bdl~ind bdl ki lgbgrmnin ng ipd}d ng d~udr glrwr mlmbmdr,

Ki rwai ~il~d ng kir lgbgrmningr ailm`gr~inir gspkbm~iagl~g pdu kdr ndbgl~grbdad ng kir mngl~m`mbinir pdu ki mlgr~mfibml ldr bdlnwbg i pkil~giu ikfwldr nmkg!air il~g kdr ywg gl~glngadr ywg rg glbwgl~ui gl gr~g adagl~d ki `duaibmlml~gubwk~wuik ngk pud`grduind gl lwgr~ud pir, Gr~dr nmkgair pwgngl `duawkiurg ngki rmfwmgl~g `duai: wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl gnwbibml r `duaibml gl gnwbi!bml ml~gubwk~wuik8 `duaibml gl bgl~udr } ugngr r `duaibml mlnmmnwik } glfuwpd8 b- ugmrml ng bugglbmir } pub~mbir r gl~ugliamgl~d gl ~blmbir } ag~dnd!kdfir,



8/18



Wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki `duaibml ngk ud`grduind pr `duaibml glgnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik

Bdad cgadr rgikind il~gumduagl~g+ ki pub~mbi ciem~wik ugrpgb~d i ki ml~ud!nwbbml ng ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki `duaibml mlmbmik ngk pud`grduind gr kimlbkwrml pwl~wik } dp~i~mi gl gk bwuubwkd ng ai~gumir+ bwurdr d bunm~dr ugkibmd!lindr bdl gr~g aem~d, Gr~i pub~mbi mlnmbi gk gr~i~wr ywg rg kg d~dufi i gr~g gl`d!ywg+ ug`kgji ki ld pugrglbmi ng kd ml~gubwk~wuik gl kdr bgl~udr } pudawgg gk ail~g!lmamgl~d ng `duair ng i~glbml i ki nmgurmnin ikgjinir ng gr~g gl`dywg: gnwbibmlgrpgb`mbi piui fuwpdr grpgb`mbdr+ bdapglribml gnwbi~mi+ g~b,

Rg pdlg gl gmnglbmi ywg ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduind gl ~duld i ki gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik ld mapkmbi ki irwlbml ng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik ywg ng ailgui~uilrgurik n rgl~mnd ik pudfuiai ng `duaibml8 ki `duaibml gsmr~gl~g gr ar

emgl+ gl ~dnd bird+ `duaibml ngk pud`grduind gl gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik #Ifwind} d~udr+ 5??0i-,Rml gaeiufd+ gl fglguik+ kir pudpwgr~ir ng `duaibml ywg gsmr~gl d ywg nmgu!

rdr iw~dugr pudpdlgl+ rg ug`mgugl i ki mlbkwrml ng irmfli~wuir dekmfi~dumir rdeuggnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ nmgurmnin bwk~wuik } gnwbibml+ d rmamkiu+ gl kdr pkilgr nggr~wnmd ng Aifmr~gumd+ _gnifdfi+ g~b, #Egrik+ 5??>8 Pikkgrpmu } Adug}+ 5??0-,

Ld gr ciem~wik rgikiu ki lgbgrmnin ng uggr~uwb~wuiu kdr pkilgr ng gr~wnmd ngrngwl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ ar ikk ng iinmu bdl~glmndr dekmfi~dumdr rdeug gr~i~ga~mbi, Lmg~d } Ril~dr Ugfd #9==6-+ rml gaeiufd+ mlnmbil ki lgbgrmnin ng ~uilr!`duaiu ~d~ikagl~g kdr pudfuiair ng `duaibml ngk pud`grduind piui uggkieduiukdr

piu~mglnd ng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik, Gr~i lgbgrmnin ng ~uilr`duaibml i arikk g mlbkw}g ~iaeml ki ugmrml ng ~dnd gk bwuubwkd wlmgurm~iumd bdl ki ml~gl!bml ng gm~iu gk gwudbgl~umrad ywg mapugfli ki pub~mbi ~d~ikmnin ngk amrad, Gld~ud bird+ bad iilziu gl ki bdlr~uwbbml ng wli gnwbibml } wli grbwgki ml~gu!bwk~wuik piu~mglnd ng wli rdbmgnin g~ldbl~umbi4

Wli gspgumglbmi pmdlgui gl gr~g aem~d gr ki ywg ldr d`ugbg ki WlmgurmninPguibuwzili Ml~gubwk~wuik #c~~p:$$vvv,wm,as-, Bdl rgng ng bddunmlibml fglguikgl ki bmwnin ng Sikipi #Asmbd- } rgngr ugfmdlikgr gl nm`gugl~gr awlmbmpmdr ngkGr~ind ng Pguibuwz+ gk gl`dywg ng rwr ib~mmningr %ugbdldbg ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik

ngk pir } pudawgg gk ngriuudkkd ng wl bwuubwkwa gnwbi~md dumgl~ind pdu wliml~glbmdlikmnin ml~gubwk~wuik% #Wlmgurmnin Pguibuwzili Ml~gubwk~wuik+ 5??6-,

@duaibml gl bgl~udr } ugngr pr, `duaibml mlnmpmnwik } gl fuwdr

Awbcir ng kir pudpwgr~ir ng `duaibml ngk pud`grduind ~mglgl wl biub~gumlnmmnwik d fuwpik+ pgud `wgui ng kdr bgl~udr } ng ki pub~mbi bd~mnmili, Rdl bwurdrng `duaibml mapiu~mndr ~il~d gl kdr BG_ d B_Ur bdad gl kir Wlmgurmningr wd~udr dufilmradr, Ki nmgurmnin ng bwurdr rdeug ~ga~mbi ml~gubwk~wuik ywg rg

mapiu~gl ng gr~g adnd gr aw} fuilng+ } gl awbcdr birdr rdl ki lmbi dpbml ng`duaibml pguailgl~g i ki ywg pwgngl ibbgngu kdr pud`grdugr ml~gugrindr gl gk


9/18


532

~gai, Rml ngragugbgu ng kir pdrmemkmningr ng ib~wikmzibml ng bdldbmamgl~dr ywgrwpdlgl gr~dr bwurdr+ gr pugbmrd rgikiu ywg ki pumlbmpik ngrgl~iji ywg rg ibcibii ki `duaibml ugikmzini `wgui ng kdr bgl~udr gnwbi~mdr ndlng gk pud`grduind gjgu!

bg rw pud`grml gr ki ngrbdl~gs~wikmzibml+ ki uwp~wui gl~ug kir lgbgrmningr gmlywmg~wngr ngk pud`grduind } kdr bdl~glmndr } a~dndr bdl kdr ywg rg ~uieiji glkdr bwurdr ng `duaibml,

Gk biub~gu ermbiagl~g mlnmmnwik bdl gk ywg kdr pud`grmdlikgr ugikmzil nmbcdrbwurdr ld `ibmkm~i ywg kdr ipuglnmzijgr } kir ug`kgsmdlgr ywg ci}il pdnmnd ugikmziu~glfil wli ugpgubwrml gl ki pub~mbi bd~mnmili ng rw bgl~ud grbdkiu, Bdlrmnguilndywg gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik mapkmbi ml~gubiaemd+ bddpguibml } ~uilr`duaibml ngki grbwgki+ nm`mbmkagl~g kdr bwurdr pwl~wikgr ugikmzindr i ~~wkd mlnmmnwik `wgui ng ki

pub~mbi pwgngl bdl~umewmu i biaemdr pud`wlndr gl ki gr~uwb~wui } `wlbmdliamgl~dngk rmr~gai grbdkiu, Kdr biaemdr i gr~g lmgk pugbmril ng wl ~uieijd bdkiedui~md,

Wli ng kir ngailnir ugbwuugl~gr gl ugkibml bdl ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduindngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik rg ugkibmdli bdl ki lgbgrmnin ng ywg nmbci `duai!bml bdl~umew}i ng `duai g`gb~mi i fglguiu pub~mbir ml~gubwk~wuikgr gl kdr bgl~udr,Ikfwlir ng kir gr~ui~gfmir mnginir piui iilziu cibmi gr~g `ml rg ugkibmdlil bdl gkngriuudkkd ng ki `duaibml gl kdr pudpmdr bgl~udr } bdl gk ~uieijd bddpgui~md } glugn ng ndbgl~gr g mlgr~mfindugr,

Jdunl #5??>- rgiki ywg ki `duaibml gl gk pudpmd bgl~ud gr kd mngik piui kimlbmnglbmi gl ki pub~mbi: rm rkd wlir pdbir pgurdlir piu~mbmpil gl ib~mmningr `du!ai~mir amgl~uir rwr bdapigudr } gk bgl~ud bdl~mlil bdl ki amrai gr~uwb~wui grnm`bmk ywg kdr ipuglnmzijgr ugikmzindr ~glfil mlbmnglbmi gl ki pub~mbi, Ngl~ud ngkir pdrmemkmningr ng `duaibml gl kdr bgl~udr+ ki mlgr~mfibml!ibbml rg pkil~gibdad wli ng kir pudpwgr~ir ar ingbwinir ngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik, Kirgl~ijir ng gr~g rmr~gai rdl lwagudrir: pguam~g pumdumziu lgbgrmningr+ ilikmziu kir

pudpmir pub~mbir+ bdl~uir~iu bdl gspgu~dr+ ug`kgsmdliu mlnmmnwik } fuwpikagl~g+bdlrglrwiu } ipkmbiu pudpwgr~ir pub~mbir+ gikwiu sm~dr } kmam~ibmdlgr+ } uggkied!uiu bdljwl~iagl~g kir mlmbmi~mir ipkmbinir,

Ugrpgb~d i kir mlmbmi~mir bddpgui~mir+ awbcir ng gkkir rg gr~l ngriuudkkilndbdl gk ipd}d ng ki Bdamrml Gwudpgi+ i ~uir ng rwr bdldbi~dumir ng pud}gb~drng bddpguibml ml~gulibmdlik+ bdad gk _udfuiai Bdaglmwr #5??6-, Gl~ug gkkir

pdngadr glbdl~uiu ngrng gspgumglbmir ng `duaibml gl bgl~udr+ bdad gk _ud}gb~dIAMFCI #Auywgz Kgpg } Fiubi!Bild+ 5??>-+ cir~i bwurdr ng `duaibml ~gkg!a~mbi rdeug fuwpdr grpgb`mbdr+ bdad gk pud}gb~d Nudarygug Gwurhdki rdeugikwalind fm~ild #Kmliugr } Dkmgu+ 5??0-+ pirilnd pdu ki gkieduibml ng ai~gumi!kgr ng `duaibml+ bdad gk _ud}gb~d ML^GU #5??7-, Gl ~dnd bird+ gr~g ~mpd ng pud!}gb~dr pudadmndr pdu ki Wlml Gwudpgi `idugbgl ng ikfwli ailgui gk ml~gubia!

emd ng gspgumglbmir+ }i rgi gl gk pudpmd bgl~ud+ gl~ug bgl~udr d gl~ug pirgr,Gl d~uir dbirmdlgr+ rdl kir mlr~m~wbmdlgr iw~dlambir kir ywg pudawggl ki

`duaibml ngk pud`grduind gl kdr bgl~udr i ~uir ng bdldbi~dumir grpgb`mbir, Grgk bird ng ikfwlir Bdawlmningr Iw~ldair+ bdad Biliumir #Liiuud g~ ik,+ 5??0-

d Ilnikwbmi #Bgl~ud ngk _ud`grduind ng Ikagui+ 5??0i } 5??0e-+ gl kir ywg rg ciipdr~ind pdu ki `duaibml gl bgl~udr bdl gk ipd}d ng kdr BG_ #Bgl~udr ng



10/18


53> Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

_ud`grduind-, Gl gr~ir Bdawlmningr rg ci bugind gk pgu`mk ng ml~gubwk~wuikmningl~ug kdr irgrdugr ng kdr Bgl~udr ng _ud`grduind, Kir Bdlrgjguir ng Gnwbibmlbdldbil pud}gb~dr ng ml~gubwk~wuikmnin+ } kdr bgl~udr bw}dr pud}gb~dr rg ipuwg!

eil gl~uil i `duaiu piu~g ng wli ugn ywg piu~mbmpi gl ib~mmningr ng `duaibml#bciukir+ rgamliumdr-+ ml~gubiaemd ng mapugrmdlgr } gspgumglbmir #ng ailgui pug!rglbmik } mu~wik-+ irgrduiamgl~d pdu piu~g ngk BG_+ mlldibml g mlgr~mfibml glgk bgl~ud,

Ki `duaibml gl bgl~udr ~mglg wl pd~glbmik ~uilr`duaindu bdlrmnguiekg+ ik ugi!kmziurg gl gk bdl~gs~d gl bwgr~ml } bdl~iu bdl ki mapkmbibml ng ki bdawlmningrbdkiu, Ngrng gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ gr~i bmubwlr~ilbmi rg bdlrmngui ìdugbgnd!ui, Ar ikk ng kdr bgl~udr piu~mbwkiugr+ ki `duaibml i ~uir ng ugngr #ng biub~gumlr~m~wbmdlik bdad kir rgikinir il~gumduagl~g gl gk bird ng Ikagui+ pudadmniri ~uir ng pud}gb~dr ng bddpguibml bdad Bdaglmwr+ d ng d~ud ~mpd agldr `du!

aik- ugrwk~i mfwikagl~g gl~ijdri ngrng gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik: gk ml~gubiaemd nggspgumglbmir+ ki nmrbwrml gl~ug pud`grmdlikgr nmgurdr+ gk bdldbmamgl~d ng d~uiramuinir rdeug ugikmningr rmamkiugr+ pwgngl bdl~umewmu glduagagl~g i ki ugmrmlng kir pudpmir bugglbmir } pub~mbir+ ik mfwik ywg i ki ib~wikmzibml ng bdldbmamgl!~dr+ a~dndr+ ai~gumikgr+ g~b, Ki `duaibml gl ugngr ugrwk~i gl r amrai wli gspg!umglbmi ml~gubwk~wuik ng bdkieduibml+ ywg ugnwlni gl glumywgbmamgl~d } ngriuudkkd~il~d i lmgk pud`grmdlik bdad pgurdlik,

Ugpmrml ng bugglbmir } ub~mbir pr gl~ugliamgl~d gl ~blmbir } ag~dndkdfir,

Gk gl~ugliamgl~d gl ~blmbir } ag~dndkdfir nmgurir gr mapdu~il~g8 pgud rkd~mglg rgl~mnd irdbmind i wli ugmrml ng kir bugglbmir ywg gk pud`grdu ~mglg ibgubing rwr gr~wnmil~gr+ rwr bipibmningr+ rw `duai ng ipuglngu } bdapdu~iurg8 } ng kiailgui gl ywg bdad pud`grdu rg ugkibmdli bdl kdr gr~wnmil~gr } rwr ìamkmir,

Bdad rgiki Jdunl #5??>-+ rg ugywmgugl biaemdr gl ki pgurdlikmnin pud`grmd!lik ywg ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik gsmfg ik pud`grduind: rwr~m~wmu wli mrml pudekgai~m!zindui pdu d~ui ywg ugbdldbg ki nmgurmnin bdad lduaikmnin8 indp~iu wl ~ikil~gug`kgsmd } bu~mbd!bdlr~uwb~md ugrpgb~d i mlgubmir } uw~mlir8 ugpkil~giurg ki ~iugindbgl~g bdad ikfd ar gnwbi~md ywg mlr~uwb~md8 irwamu wli ugrpdlriemkmnin~mbd!pud`grmdlik+ wl bdapudamrd8 nmrpdlgurg ik ~uieijd bdljwl~d } bddpgui~mdbdl d~udr pud`grmdlikgr,

Cd} pdu cd}+ bdlrgfwmu gr~d gr wl ug~d+ pdu awbcir uizdlgr, Wli ng gkkir grywg kir mlr~m~wbmdlgr ng `duaibml ng pud`grdugr rdl ~il bdlrguinduir } kgl~ir

piui biaemiu gl gr~g rgl~mnd bdad kd rdl kdr bgl~udr ng glrgilzi pumaiumi }rgbwlniumi, Kir bugglbmir } adngkdr ng pub~mbir gl kir ywg kdr pud`grdugr rdl#rdadr- `duaindr rdl ~il cdadflgir #d ar- bdad kd guil cibg ~ugml~i idr,Bwilnd rg pkil~gil biaemdr gl ki `duaibml ng pud`grdugr rwgkgl bgl~uiurg glgl~ugliamgl~d gl gr~ui~gfmir bdlrmnguinir %agjdugr% piui i~glngu i ~dndr kdr gr~w!

nmil~gr #p,g,+ ipuglnmzijg bddpgui~md+ ~w~duir gl~ug mfwikgr+ w~mkmziu ugbwurdriumindr+ g~b,-+ pgud rg dùgbgl bdad ugbg~ir ywg lm rmywmgui rdl w~mkmzinir gl ki


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`duaibml amrai ngk pud`grdu, _iui ldrd~uir+ ld gsmr~gl gr~ui~gfmir d ~blmbiragjdugr ywg d~uir, Kd ugkgil~g gr ugbwuumu i iumgnin ng ~blmbir } gr~ui~gfmir glugbdldbmamgl~d ng ki nmgurmnin ng `duair ng ipuglngu } glrgiu ywg pud`grdugr }

gr~wnmil~gr ~glgadr,Rm mlrmr~madr gl ki lgbgrmnin ng ugmriu bugglbmir } pub~mbir gr pduywg cgadrbdlr~i~ind #Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??6- ywg kdr pud`grdugr$ir gl gjgubmbmd+ ng `duaiai}dum~iumi+ ib~il gl rwr bkirgr bdad rm bug}guil ywg ki bipibmnin ng rwr gr~w!nmil~gr piui ipuglngu } ki rw pudpmi bipibmnin piui glrgiu gr~wmguil ng~guamli!nir emdkfmbiagl~g, Bdad nmbg Ippkg #9==2: 0>!07-+

%,,,kir ub~mbir ng rgl~mnd bdal ng awbcdr gnwbindugr rg eiril gl kiragjdugr ml~glbmdlgr kmeguikgr ng %i}wniu i ki fgl~g%,,, kdr rwwgr~dr } kir

ub~mbir ng rgl~mnd bdal ibgubi ng ki glrgilzi } gk iuglnmzijg+ ki bdl!nwb~i lduaik } ilduaik+ gk bdldbmamgl~d ywg gr madu~il~g } gk ywg ld kd gr+

cil fglguind ng adnd %li~wuik% wlir bdlnmbmdlgr } `duair ng ml~guibbmlywg ~mglgl `wlbmdlgr ki~gl~gr%,

Wli ng grir `wlbmdlgr gr ail~glgu i ki fgl~g gl rw kwfiu+ gr ngbmu+ cibgu nm`bmkywg ki grbwgki ldr ~ui~g pdu kd ywg pdngadr kkgfiu i rgu } ld rkd pdu kd ywg rdadrd pdu kd ywg lwgr~ui `iamkmi ugpugrgl~i, Ki ~dai ng bdlbmglbmi+ ki ugmrml ng bug!glbmir ~mglg ywg gu bdl gr~d } bdl bwgr~mdliu kir uw~mlir ywg rg ibgp~il rml ar+rmapkgagl~g pdu rgu kd ywg rmgapug rg ci cgbcd #Fdurhm+ 5???8 Lmg~d+ 9==5 }5??0-,

_glriadr ywg ki ugmrml ng bugglbmir bdad pwl~d mlmbmik } ~iaeml bdad gkg!

agl~d ugbwuugl~g gl ki pub~mbi ndbgl~g pwgng bdapkgagl~iurg bdl ki `duaibml~blmbi+ bdl ki mlldibml ag~dndkfmbi+ pgud rwr~gl~ini r~i gl wl grywgai grpm!uik ng ibbml!ug`kgsml!ibbml, Rml gaeiufd+ ki rdki `duaibml gl ag~dndkdfir+gl piw~ir bguuinir+ gl ~blmbir+ ld ldr piugbg rw`mbmgl~g lm piui ugrpdlngu ngailgui bdl~gs~wikmzini i kir lgbgrmningr gnwbi~mir pkil~ginir gl kdr grbgliumdrgnwbi~mdr bdlbug~dr+ lm piui bdlrmnguiu ywg bdl gkkd }i gr~iadr `duailnd gl gkgl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik,

Ki ugmrml ng bugglbmir } pub~mbir pwgng ugikmziurg ng nm`gugl~gr ailguir:mlnmmnwikagl~g+ i piu~mu ng kgb~wuir pkil~ginir piui ki ug`kgsml mlnmmnwik d glbdkieduibml+ bdad ki Fwmi ML^GU #Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??0e-8 bdl bdapigudr ywg

derguil lwgr~ui pub~mbi } ldr i}wnil i ilikmziuki8 gl ugngr grpgb`mbir ng ml~gu!biaemd8 gl `dudr mu~wikgr8 bdl gk irgrduiamgl~d ng kdr B_Ur8 bdad iw~dgikwi!bml ngk bgl~ud d ngk pud`grduind8 g~b,

Gk gl~ugliamgl~d gl ag~dndkdfir #ipuglnmzijg bddpgui~md+ g~b,- mapkmbi wlimrml ugr~umb~mi ng kd ml~gubwk~wuik bdad pub~mbi grbdkiu rm ld ci} wl bwgr~mdli!amgl~d ng kdr pumlbmpmdr ywg fwil ki pub~mbi ndbgl~g+ } wli ugmrml rmr~ga~mbing kir pudpmir pub~mbir gl ~uamldr ng mfwiknin$ngrmfwiknin } ng bikmnin ng kdripuglnmzijgr ng ~dndr kdr gr~wnmil~gr8 gr ngbmu+ pugfwl~lndldr rm lwgr~ui kiedugnwbi~mi `idugbg d ld gk ipuglnmzijg gl ~dndr kdr gr~wnmil~gr,

Ki `duaibml bgl~uini d `dbikmzini gl ki ml~udnwbbml ng ~blmbir ng glrgil!zi+ ng ~uieijd gl gk iwki+ d ng i~glbml i bdkgb~mdr grpgb`mbdr #glrgilzi ng grpi!



12/18



dk+ gnwbibml bdapglri~dumi-+ bdlbmegl ik pud`grduind bdad wl ~blmbd+ wl ipkm!bindu ng a~dndr+ } ld bdad wl pglrindu+ ml~gkgb~wik+ nmrgindu } ngriuudkkindung gr~ui~gfmir bdl~gs~wikmzinir } `wlniagl~inir i piu~mu ng rwr bdldbmamgl~dr+

inywmumndr } ugpglrindr i piu~mu ng rw `duaibml mlmbmik+ ng ki pudpmi pub~mbi+ ngkml~gubiaemd bdl d~udr pud`grdugr+ g~b, Gl gr~g rgl~mnd+ kdr pud`grdugr amradr mlrmr!~gl gl gk ikdu `duai~md ng kdr ml~gubiaemdr+ ng ki nmrbwrmdl ng mngir, ^iaeml+ gkikdu ng kdr ugpgu~dumdr ng ewglir pub~mbir+ gl~glnmndr bdad liuuibmdlgr bdapkg!

jir ng gspgumglbmir g`mbibgr d gsm~drir gl kir ywg rg i~mglni i ki bdl~gs~wikmzibmlng ki amrai,

I bdl~mlwibml iadr i pugrgl~iu ndr mlmbmi~mir ng `duaibml pkil~ginirngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik ywg cgadr bddunmlind #WLGN$Fuwpd ML^GU- glkdr k~madr idr: Fwi ML^GU, Wli fwi piui ipkmbiu ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik glki grbwgki #_udfuiai Bdaglmwr+ 5??5$5??7-8 } Ugn ML^GU, @duaibml ng pud`g!

rduind } pub~mbi grbdkiu #Ugn Rbui~gr$Bdaglmwr+ 5??6$5?9?-,

Fwi ML^GU, Wli fwi iui ikmbiu ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki grbwgki,

Ki Fwi ML^GU #Ifwind } d~udr+ 5??0e- gr wl ndbwagl~d ywg rg ci gkieduindgl gk aiubd ng wl pud}gb~d Bdaglmwr ng bddpguibml gwudpgi+ nmrpdlmekg glvvv,wlgn,gr$fuwpdml~gu, Kdr iw~dugr ng ki amrai cgadr ywgumnd ywg `wgui wlidpdu~wlmnin ng puib~mbiu kd ywg %pugnmbiadr%: bad pglriu } kkgiu i bied wli`duaibml ngrng ki pgurpgb~mi ml~gubwk~wuik, Gk ndbwagl~d gr wl ugbwurd ng `du!

aibml ng pud`grduind ywg d`ugbg ngri`dr piui ugpkil~giu } ug`duawkiu lwgr~uirmngir } pub~mbir gnwbi~mir+ pudpdubmdlilnd dpdu~wlmningr piui cibgu gspkbm~irlwgr~uir mngir rdeug kdr pudbgrdr ng glrgilzi } ipuglnmzijg+ ugbdlrmnguiukir bu~m!biagl~g gl ugkibml bdl kir pub~mbir ib~wikgr+ ugpkil~giu kir mngir } kir gr~ui~gfmirng kdr pudbgrdr ng glrgilzi } ipuglnmzijg piui ngbmnmu rm rg ngrgi biaemiu ki`duai ng glrgiu }+ rm gr ir+ bad cibgukd, Ik amrad ~mgapd+ pudpdubmdli ml`du!aibml+ gjgapkdr+ ugbwurdr } ai~gumikgr ywg i}wngl i kdfuiu gr~dr dejg~mdr,

Ki Fwi ML^GU ~ui~i ng niu ugrpwgr~i i kir lgbgrmningr ng `duaibml ngk pud!`grduind gwudpgd gl Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik+ mngl~m`mbinir gl wl ~uieijd pugmd ngilkmrmr ng lgbgrmningr kkgind i ied gl gk aiubd ngk amrad pud}gb~d Bdaglmwr,Nmbcd ilkmrmr #bw}d ml`duag rg glbwgl~ui ~iaeml nmrpdlmekg gl ki pfmli vge ngkFuwpd ML^GU: vvv,wlgn,gr$fuwpdml~gu- pdlg ng ailm`mgr~d ki pgurmr~glbmi }ud~wlnmnin bdl ywg ki nmgurmnin rg irdbmi bdl ng`mbmglbmi+ gnwbibml grpgbmik dgnwbibml bdapglri~dumi, ] gr~d gr ir ~il~d gl ki kgfmrkibml+ bdad gl kir gr~inr!~mbir } ni~dr ngadfu`mbdr+ kir d`gu~ir ng `duaibml ng pud`grdugr+ kir pub~mbir }ugbwurdr w~mkmzindr gl ki grbwgki, Gk bikm`mbi~md ml~gubwk~wuik rg w~mkmzi piui ngld!amliu pudpwgr~ir gnwbi~mir ywg ciem~wikagl~g ld rg ijwr~il i kdr pumlbmpmdr }dejg~mdr ngk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik, Gl ikfwldr birdr rg w~mkmzi ng `duai mlbdl!fuwgl~g piui ug`gumurg i adngkdr bdapglri~dumdr d ng gnwbibml grpgbmik piuiikwaldr grpgbmikgr+ }i rgil r~dr mlamfuil~gr+ fm~ildr+ m~mlguil~gr+ g~b,


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Ngrng ki pgurpgb~mi ml~gubwk~wuik+ ki Fwi ML^GU+ ngriì kdr dejg~mdr ib~wik!agl~g gl mfdu ng ki gnwbibml+ ki pgurpgb~mi ng ki cdadfglgmnin+ kir mngir ngsm~d } ùibird grbdkiu+ ki mngi ng ywg ki gnwbibml rg eiri gl ki ~uilramrml ngk

bdldbmamgl~d+ ki irdbmibml ng ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik bdl ng~guamlinir bi~gfduirrdbmikgr #mlamfuil~gr+ fuwpdr ~lmbdr+ amlduir+ libmdlikmningr-+ ki mngi ng ywg kiGnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik bdlrmr~g lmbiagl~g gl ki bgkgeuibml `gr~mi ng ki nmgurm!nin+ ki gnwbibml bdapglri~dumi bdad wli gr~ui~gfmi ng inip~ibml$ml~gfuibml+ kimngi ng ywg ki Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik bdlrmr~g gl gkieduiu ugbg~ir piui ugrdkgu

pudekgair grpgb`mbdr d ywg ki Gnwbibml ngeg gikwiu lmbiagl~g kdr ugrwk~indribinambdr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr,

Kd ywg rg pudpdlg i biaemd } ng `duai bdlrgbwgl~g bdl gk gl`dywg ml~gubwk~w!uik gr:

! wl ugpkil~giamgl~d bu~mbd ng kir pumlbmpikgr mngir } ag~ir ng ki gnwbibml8

! ki pgurpgb~mi ng kd ml~gubwk~wuik bdad wli amuini rdeug ki nmgurmnin ywg kibdlbmeg bdad lduaikmnin8

! gl~glngu ki gnwbibml bdad wli `duai ng ngriuudkkiu bipibmningr } gr~ui~g!fmir mlnmmnwikgr piui mmu gl wli rdbmgnin awk~mbwk~wuik8

! ngriuudkkiu wli ib~m~wn bu~mbi cibmi kdr ikdugr+! ipuglngu i ugrdkgu bdl kmb~dr } kkgfiu i rgu bipibgr ng bdlmmu bdl lduair

ng bdlnwb~i nm`gugl~gr8! w~mkmziu gk ugki~mmrad bwk~wuik bdad i ng ilkmrmr ng ki nmgurmnin8! rgu bdlrbmgl~gr ng ki lgbgrmnin ng kwbciu bdl~ui ki nmrbumamlibml mlnmmnwik

} gk uibmrad: rwr pudbgrdr+ ìb~dugr } bdlrgbwglbmir8! ngadr~uiu ki lgbgrmnin ng ki gnwbibml il~muuibmr~i gl kir iwkir piui ~dndr+mlbkw}lndldr i ldrd~udr amradr8

! mapwkriu inip~ibmdlgr bwuumbwkiugr gl kir bkirgr ~glmglnd gl bwgl~i gk pwl~dng mr~i ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr+ } pudadmglnd ki bddpguibml } ki gapi~i8

! ngriuudkkiu bdapg~glbmir bdawlmbi~mir+ ~uieijd gl fuwpd+ bddpguibml }agnmibml rdbmik8

! mlbgl~miu agjdugr } ar gr~ugbcir ugkibmdlgr gl~ug ki ìamkmi+ gk bdkgfmd } kibdawlmnin8

! ikduiu } gikwiu gk pudbgrd ng glrgilzi$ipuglnmzijg gl r+ } ld gsbkwrmi!agl~g kdr bdldbmamgl~dr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr,

Buggadr ywg ieduniu kd gnwbi~md ngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik ld gr bgkg!euiu imrkiniagl~g kir nm`guglbmir+ pdu gjgapkd kir kkiainir %rgailir ml~gubwk~wui!kgr%+ %nir fir~udlambdr%+ %nir ng ki _iz%+ g~b,8 bkirm`mbiu i ng~guamlindr fuwpdrbdad %kdr d~udr% } gkwnmu ki pdrmemkmnin ng bdldbgukdr agjdu gl wl pkild ng mfwik!nin8 ewrbiu ugbg~ir piui rdkwbmdliu pudekgair d piui nmumfmurg i kdr fuwpdr bkirm`m!bindr bdad %kdr d~udr%8 bdl`gbbmdliu pudfuiair gnwbi~mdr imrkilnd fuwpdr grpg!b`mbdr+ bdad dbwuug gl kir bkirgr bdapglri~dumir8 ~ui~iu ng mlbkwmu gl bkirg iikwaldr ng nmr~ml~dr dufglgr rml pudadgu ib~miagl~g ugkibmdlgr pdrm~mir bdl

gkkdr8 gm~iu bdl`kmb~dr pwgr kdr bdl`kmb~dr rdl piu~g ng lwgr~ui mni bd~mnmili8 ng kdywg rg ~ui~i gr ng ailgjiukdr ipudpminiagl~g+ rgu bdlrbmgl~gr ng lwgr~udr rgrfdr+



14/18



} ipuglngu ib~miagl~g i kwbciu bdl~ui ki nmrbumamlibml } kdr pugjwmbmdr ywg ~dndrgapkgiadr i nmiumd,

Ugn ML^GU, Gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik, @duaibml ngk ud`grduind } ub~mbigrbdkiu,

Ki Ugn ML^GU #_udfuiai Bdaglmwr+ 5??6$5?9?- rg pudpdlg agjduiu ki bikm!nin ng ki gnwbibml } bdl~umewmu i ki mlldibml gl kir grbwgkir ipd}lndkir gl kiindpbml ng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik+ pudadmglnd ki ug`kgsml rdeug nmgurmninbwk~wuik } pudpdubmdlilnd wl grbgliumd gl gk ywg bddpguiu+ ml~gubiaemiu } gkieduiucguuiamgl~ir pub~mbir piui ki `duaibml mlmbmik } gl gjgubmbmd ngk pud`grduind, Rg

eiri gl ki bdlrmnguibml ng ywg kdr pud`grdugr pwgngl aiubiu wli nm`guglbmi gl kir

grbwgkir rm ~uilr`duail rwr pudpmir pub~mbir g mngir rdeug ki gnwbibml } ki nmgu!rmnin bwk~wuik, Gr~d mapkmbi ngei~mu+ ciekiu bdl d~udr+ bdapiu~mu gspgumglbmir+ `du!aiu piu~g ng bdawlmningr #Vglfgu+ 5??9-,

Bdad rg ci rgikind il~gumduagl~g+ wli ng kir lgbgrmningr mngl~m`mbinir pdukdr } kir ndbgl~gr ng `duai ugbwuugl~g bdl ugrpgb~d i rw pudpmi `duaibml } ngr!iuudkkd pud`grmdlik rg ugkibmdli bdl ki rwpguibml ngk rgl~mamgl~d ng imrkiamgl~d }gk ml~gur pdu ipuglngu g ml~gubiaemiu gspgumglbmir bdl d~udr, Ik amrad ~mgapd+

pgrg ik mlfgl~g ngriuudkkd gl lwgr~ud gl~duld ng kir mlgr~mfibmdlgr gl ~duld i kignwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik gl kdr k~madr idr+ gk bdldbmamgl~d fglguind pdu ki ~gduild ci kdfuind mlbmnmu gl ki ~uilr`duaibml ng kir pub~mbir, Ng ic ki mapdu~ilbmi

ng gr~iekgbgu bilikgr } grpibmdr ng bddpguibml g ml~gubiaemd ywg `ibmkm~gl i pud!`grmdlikgr nmgurdr #ndbgl~gr+ ibinambdr+ ugrpdlriekgr ng pdk~mbir- ki pdrmemkm!nin ng ug`kgsmdliu+ ngei~mu } bdlr~uwmu bdldbmamgl~d ng `duai bdkiedui~mi+ ibgu!bilnd ~gdui } pub~mbi } bdl~umew}glnd i fglguiu ipuglnmzijgr i piu~mu ng kigspgumglbmi,

Bdl gr~g pudprm~d+ gl ki Ugn ML^GU+ bddunmlini pdu ki WLGN+ piu~mbmpilWlmgurmningr+ Bgl~udr gnwbi~mdr ng _umaiumi } Rgbwlniumi+ Bgl~udr ng mlgr~mfi!bml+ irdbmibmdlgr+ dufilmradr d`mbmikgr+ ng nm`gugl~gr pirgr gwudpgdr, Kir ib~mm!ningr } ugrwk~indr ng ki Ugn ugrpdlngl i kir rmfwmgl~gr nmaglrmdlgr:

i- Bdawlmbibml gl~ug kdr piu~mbmpil~gr } kdr ugbwurdr: ugwlmdlgr+ rgumbmdr glklgi+ bdawlmnin ng ipuglnmzijg mu~wik+ edkg~mlgr gkgb~ulmbdr,

e- Ml~gubiaemdr ng ugrwk~indr+ mngir g mlldibml: ml`duagr rdeug kdr ~gairbgl~uikgr ng ki Ugn ML^GU: eirgr bdlbgp~wikgr } ~gumbir ng ki gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik+ mlmbmi~mir ng `duaibml ng pud`grduind+ pub~mbir } ugbwurdr

piui kir grbwgkir+ bdawlmbibml g ml~gubiaemd+ ml`duagr ng gikwibml,b- Wli mrml ng bad pwgng rgu gk `w~wud gl gk ugi: ib~mmningr ng `duaibml

dumgl~inir i pudadgu ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik gl kir pub~mbir grbdkiugr,n- Ugbwurdr piui ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik: gkieduibml+ ipkmbibml } nmrgam!

libml ng ndbwagl~dr+ nmugb~dumdr+ ml`duagr gl pipgk } `duai~d gkgb~ulmbd


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Ki Ugn ML^GU irpmui i bugiu wli bdawlmnin ng ipuglnmzijg ndlng ipuglngu }glrgiu rg bdlbmegl bdad wl pudbgrd bddpgui~md } ib~md+ ywg mlgm~iekgagl~gdbwuug gl wl bdl~gs~d rdbmik, Gr wl pudbgrd ywg awgg i kir pgurdlir #~iaeml i

kdr pud`grdugr$ir- ar ikk ng kdr ìb~dugr ywg kgr bdlnmbmdlil bdad pgurdlir }pud`grmdlikgr, Gk ipuglnmzijg lwlbi rwbgng gl gk ibd+ rmld ywg rg pudnwbg gl wlbdl~gs~d rdbmik grpgb`mbd } nmlambd8 } rmgapug dbwuug bdl d~udr+ fuibmir i kdrd~udr, _glriadr ywg ipuglngadr pug`gugl~gagl~g ng ki gspgumglbmi } bwilnd gr~i!

ekgbgadr lbwkdr gl~ug ki ~gdui } ki pub~mbi, Ki bddpguibml bdl d~udr gr wlipumdumnin piui bkium`mbiu bdlbgp~dr d pudbgnmamgl~dr+ } piui ipuglngu ng ki gspg!umglbmi ng kdr d~udr,

I adnd ng rl~grmr

Gk ~uieijd ngk ud`grdu bdl rwr gr~wnmil~gr gr ki pi du ki ywg~dnir kir gr~uwb~wuir } dk~mbir gnwbi~mpir ~mglgl d ld g`gb~d

#^ciup+ 5??5-,

Ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduind gl ~gair ng nmgurmnin bwk~wuik bdapiu~g ki ug~!umbi ciem~wik bwilnd rg iedunil gr~ir bwgr~mdlgr gl gk aem~d gnwbi~md, Rdl ùg!bwgl~gr kir fuilngr ngbkiuibmdlgr ng ml~glbmdlgr rml g`gb~d rdeug kir pub~mbirgrbdkiugr bd~mnmilir, Kdr nmkgair pudpwgr~dr gl gk iu~bwkd ld rdl guningudr nmkg!air+ gk %gurwr% w~mkmzind gl bini wld ng gkkdr pdnui ml~gupug~iurg bdad wl %il~grywg%, Gk ml~gur gr~ gl kkgiu ki amuini cibmi d~ud kind+ gl dumgl~iu ki `duaibmlcibmi ndlng ngegui gr~iu rm~wini ngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik,

Ir+ rg pudpdlg wli `duaibml ywg ld bdlrmr~i gl ciekiu rdeug ki gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik bdad ikfd ijgld ik pudpmd pudbgrd ng kkgfiu i rgu pud`grdu8 rmld bdadwli pudpwgr~i ywg mapkmbi ugbdldbgu lwgr~ui pudpmi nmgurmnin } ki `duai ng bdl!~gapkiuki gl kir ibbmdlgr ywg ldr bdlmgu~gl gl pud`grdugr, Kd bwk~wuik gr~ rmga!

pug pugrgl~g gl ~dni rm~wibml `duai~mi+ pgud ld riegadr bad i pumdum+ } kinmgurmnin gr kd ywg i ~dndr ldr biuib~gumzi8 gr + pdu ~il~d+ lduaikmnin, _du d~udkind+ ki `duaibml ngk pud`grdu piri pdu bddpguiu gl ugngr } mlbwkini i bgl~udr }

iwkir grpgb`mbdr, Kir ib~mmningr ng `duaibml indkgbgl ciem~wikagl~g ng wlbiub~gu gsbkwrmiagl~g mlnmmnwik } ngrbdl~gs~wikmzind+ kd bwik nm`mbwk~i ywg kdipuglnmnd rgi ipkmbind gl rm~wibmdlgr grbdkiugr bd~mnmilir, _du k~mad+ ipuglnguag~dndkdfir } ~blmbir gr lgbgriumd8 pgud kd mapugrbmlnmekg gr ugmriu kir mngirywg gk pud`grdu ~mglg ibgubi ng ki nmgurmnin ng rwr gr~wnmil~gr,

Gr grglbmik ilikmziu kd ywg gr~ rwbgnmglnd gl gk rmr~gai gnwbi~md } ngl~ud ngkir grbwgkir8 mngl~m`mbiu kir pub~mbir mlingbwinir+ kir ywg puddbil ùibird }gsbkwrml+ ir bdad ngrbumemu+ rmr~gai~mziu } bdapiu~mu ~dnir iywgkkir ywg kdfuilagjduiu kdr ugrwk~indr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr bwk~wuikagl~g nmgurdr, _du d~ui piu~g+ gr

pugbmrd nmrgiu gr~ui~gfmir ywg iedungl ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik ng `duai ipudpmini,

Gr~i gr ki lmbi i piui ywg ki gnwbibml rgi rmflm`mbi~mi piui ~dndr kdr gr~wnmil!~gr+ rgi bwik rgi rw bdl~gs~d rdbmik, Gl lwgr~ui dpmlml+ kir grbwgkir ngeguil ipkm!



16/18


5=? Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

biu wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik dumgl~ind i kdfuiu wli gnwbibml ng bikmnin } jwr~ipiui ~dndr kdr gr~wnmil~gr+ gl ki agnmni gl ywg kd ml~gubwk~wuik gr ki lmbi dpbmlywg fiuil~mzi ki mfwiknin ng dpdu~wlmningr ngrgiekg gl gnwbibml, Rg ~ui~i ng

gywmkmeuiu g`mbibmi } gywmnin+ irgfwuilnd ywg ~dndr kdr gr~wnmil~gr de~glfil egg`m!bmdr ng rw pird pdu ki glrgilzi dekmfi~dumi,Bdlrmnguiadr ywg ki `duaibml ng pud`grdugr gr wli pumdumnin rm ywgugadr

kdfuiu gr~g dejg~md, Kdr ndbgl~gr rdl wli pmgzi bkig gl gk rmr~gai gnwbi~md: gr pugbmrd ywg rg cifil bdlrbmgl~gr ng rw pdngu } rw bipibmnin ng bdlnmbmdliu }~uilr`duaiu kir rm~wibmdlgr gnwbi~mir, Bdad rgiki ^ciup #5??5-+ rdl kdr pud`g!rdugr jwl~d bdl rwr gr~wnmil~gr kdr ywg cibgl ywg wli ng~guamlini ag~`dui ng kinmgurmnin ~glfi d ld g`gb~d gl wli grbwgki+ mlr~m~w~d } iwki,

Ug`guglbmir emekmdfu`mbir

IFWIND+ ,8 FMK JIWUGLI+ M,+ } AI^I EGLM^D+ _, #5??7-, Gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik: wli ud!wgr~i iui ki ~uilr`duaibml ng ki grbwgki, Ainumn: AGB $ Kdr Kmeudr ng ki Bi~iui~i,Bwinguldr ng gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik,

Ifwind Dnmli+ A, ^, #bddun,- } d~udr, #5??0i-, Gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik, Lgbgrmningr ng`duaibml ngk ud`grduind ngrng wli gurgb~mpi gwudgi $ Ml~gubwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl,

gibcgu ~uimlmlf lggnr `dua il Gwudgil gurgb~mpg, Ainumn: WLGN,

Ifwind Dnmli+ , #bddun,- } d~udr, #5??0e-, Fwi ML^GU, Wli fwi ub~mbi iui ikmbiuki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki grbwgki, Ainumn: AGB!BMNG!BUGING, Bdkgbbml

Gl~ug Aildr l 9,IFWIND DNMLI+ ^, #nmu,- } d~udr, #5??6-,Nmpgurmnin bwk~wuik } kdfudr ng kdr gr~wnmil~gr gl

gnwbibml dekmfi~dumi, Ml`duag ng Mlgr~mfibmdl mlnm~d+ nmrpdlmekg glvvv,wlgn,gr$fuwpdml~gu

I__KG+ A, #9==2-: D``mbmik hldvkgnfg ml i bdlrgupi~mpg ifg, Lwgi ]duh: Udw~kgnfg,

EGRIK+ S, #5??>-, Ki `duaibml mlmbmik gl ml~gubwk~wuikmnin+ gl J, I, Jdunl Rmguui g~ ik,+Ki `duaibml ngk ud`grduind gl gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ >=!=5, Ainumn: AGB $ KdrKmeudr ng ki Bi~iui~i, Bwinguldr ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik,

FMK JIWUGLI+ M, #5??6-, _gubgpbmdlgr ng ki nmgurmnin } ng kdr kdfudr grbdkiugr, Ilkmrmrngrng wl gl`dywg ml~gubwk~wuik, _glnmgl~g ng pwekmbibml gl kir Ib~ir ngk MM Bdlfugrd

Ml~gulibmdlik ng G~ldfui`i } Gnwbibml %Amfuibmdlgr } Bmwninilir%+ Eiubgkdli+ 7!3Rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6,

FDURHM+ _, B, #5???-, I vduhmlf ng`mlm~mdl d` awk~mbwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl+ gl Awk~mbwk~wuik_imkmdl+ nmrpdlmekg gl vvv,gnbcilfg,duf$awk~mbwk~wuik$mlm~mik,c~ak, #Bdlrwk~ind gk 5=ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

JDUNL RMGUUI+ J, I, #5??>-, Ki `duaibml pguailgl~g ngk pud`grduind gl gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik+ gl J, I, Jdunl Rmguui g~ ik,+ Ki `duaibml ngk ud`grduind gl gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik+ 99!>3, Ainumn: AGB $ Kdr Kmeudr ng ki Bi~iui~i, Bwinguldr ng gnwbibmlml~gubwk~wuik,

JDUNL+ J,I,8 Bir~gkk G, } _ml~d+ B, #5??9- Ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuik+ wli ugrwgr~i i

~mgad, Eiubgkdli: WDB,


17/18


5=9

KMLIUGR+ J, } DKMPGU+ A, #5??0-: Ndaryiki Gwudrhdki, _ud}gb~d Bdaglmwr, Ml`duagmlnm~d, Bdawlmnin ng Awubmi,

K_GZ UGMKKD+ _, } FIUBI @GULLNGZ+ J, I, #5??0-, Ki nmaglrml ml~gubwk~wuik gl ki gnw!

bibml rgbwlniumi: gk adngkd ik~guli~md ng `duaibml ngk pud`grduind+ gl ^, Ifwind#bdap,-Ib~ir ngk Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk_ud`grduind } _ub~mbi Grbdkiu, Ainumn: WLGN, _glnmgl~g ng pwekmbibml,

AUYWGZ KG_G+ G, } FIUBI BILD+ A, #5??>-: Ngei~gr rdeug ki gnwbibml ml~gubwk~wuikngrng ki pub~mbi gl kir grbwgkir, Ugmr~i_du~wkiumi+ >+ 26!75,

LMG^D+ R, #9==5-,I``muamlf nmpgurm~}, ^cg rdbmddkm~mbik bdl~gs~ d` awk~mbwk~wuik gnwbi~mdl,Lgv ]duh: Kdlfail,

LMG^D+ R, #5??0-, Uizdlgr ngk ud`grduind iui rgfwmu bdl gl~wrmirad, Eiubgkdli:Db~ignud,

LMG^D+ R, } RIL^DR UGFD+ A, I, #9==6-, @duaibml awk~m$ml~gubwk~wuik ngk pud`grduind:

pgurpgb~mir gl kdr Gr~indr Wlmndr } gl Grpii, gdui ng ki Gnwbibml+ =+ 77!6>,LIPIUUD _UGZ+ B, U,+ PGKIRBD PZYWGZ, J, M, } Ywgrini Fdlzkgz+ K, #5??0-, Gspgumglbmirml~gubwk~wuikgr gl Biliumir: `duaibml } irgrduiamgl~d gl bgl~udr+ gl ^, Ifwind #bdap,-

Ib~ir ngk Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk _ud`grduind} _ub~mbi Grbdkiu, Ainumn: WLGN, _glnmgl~g ng pwekmbibml,

^CIU_+ U,F,8 GR^UINI+ _,8 NIK^DL+ R,R,8 ]IAIWBCM+ K,I, # 5??5-, ^uilr`duaiu ki glrg!ilzi, Gsbgkglbmi+ gywmnin+ mlbkwrml } iuadli gl kir iwkir } kir grbwgkir, Eiubgkdli:_imnr,

K_GZ+ A, #5??0-, Ki `duaibml ngk pud`grduind ng Gnwbibml pumaiumi ng kir Mkkgr Eikgiuril~g ki nmgurmnin bwk~wuik+ gl ^, Ifwind #bdap,-Ib~ir ngk Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng

Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk _ud`grduind } _ub~mbi Grbdkiu, Ainumn:WLGN, _glnmgl~g ng pwekmbibml,

VGLFGU+ G, #5??9-, Bdawlmningr ng ub~mbi, Iuglnmzijg+ rmflm`mbind g mngl~mnin,Eiubgkdli: _imnr,

Ug`guglbmir nmfm~ikgr

Bgl~ud ngk _ud`grduind ng Ikagui, #5??0i-, _kil ng i~glbml ik ikwalind mlamfuil~g,_ud}gb~dr ng ml~gubwk~wuikmnin, X`duai~d c~akQ, c~~p:$$vvv,bgpikagumi,duf #Bdlrwk~indgk 56 ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

Bgl~ud ngk _ud`grduind ng Ikagui, #5??0e-, Ekdf ml~gubwk~wuik, X`duai~d c~akQ,c~~p:$$vvv,bgpikagumi,duf$ekdfml~gubwk~wuik #Bdlrwk~ind gk 56 ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

Bgl~ud ML^GU ng mlgr~mfibml gl Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik, #5??6-, X`duai~d c~akQ,c~~p:$$vvv,wlgn,gr$bgl~udml~gu #Bdlrwk~ind gk 57 ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

Bdlfugrd Ml~gulibmdlik ng Gnwbibml Ml~gubwk~wuik: @duaibml ngk _ud`grduind } _ub~mbiGrbdkiu, #5??0-, Bdawlmbibmdlgr } bdlbkwrmdlgr ngk Bdlfugrd, X`duai~d c~akQ,c~~p:$$vvv,wlgn,gr$bdlfugrd!ml~gu!gnwbibmdl!ml~gubwk~wuik #Bdlrwk~ind gk 57 ng rgp!~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

_udfuiai Bdaglmwr, #5??6-, Bdaglmwr ! Gwudpgil Bddpgui~mdl dl Rbcddk Gnwbi~mdl,

X`duai~d c~akQ, c~~p:$$gb,gwudpi,gw$gnwbi~mdl$pudfuiaagr$kkp$bdaglmwr$mlngsTgl,c~ak#Bdlrwk~ind gk 5= ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,



18/18


5=5 Ugpmr~i Bdakw~glrg ng GnwbibmlPdk 9= La 5 #5??3- 567!5=5

_ud}gb~d ML^GU #5??7-, ML^GU _udjgb~: i puib~mbik fwmng ~d mapkgagl~ ml~gubwk~wuik gnw!bi~mdl i~ rbcddkr, X`duai~d c~akQ, c~~p:$$ml~gu,wp,p~ #Bdlrwk~ind gk 5= ng rgp~mgaeug ng5??6-,

_ud}gb~d ML^GUIB : Ml~gubwk~wuik Ib~mg Bm~mzglrcmp Gnwbi~mdl, #5??6-, Ugraglgr ngkdr ml`duagr `mlikgr, X`duai~d c~akQ, c~~p:$$vvv,bgr,wb,p~$ml~guib~$vduhr~i~wr,c~a#Bdlrwk~ind gk 50 ng rgp~mgaeug ng 5??6-,

Wlmgurmnin Pguibuwzili Ml~gubwk~wuik #5??6-, Il~gbgngl~gr, X`duai~d c~akQ,c~~p:$$vvv,w,as$wm$ywmglgr$il~gbgngl~gr,c~a #Bdlrwk~ind gk 5= ng rgp~mgaeug ng5??6-,

Bduugrpdlnglbmi bdl kir iw~duir:

gugri Ifwind Dnmli+ aifwindOgnw,wlgn,grMlr Fmk Jiwugli+ mlgrfjOgnw,wlgn,gr

_i~umbmi Ai~i Eglm~d+ pai~iOegb,wlgn,grFuwpd ML^GU #vvv,wlgn,gr$fuwpdml~gu-

WLGN@ibwk~in ng Gnwbibml_ Rglni ngk Ug}+ 6+ 53?>? Ainumn

el enfoque intercultural en la formación del profesorado. dilemas y propuestas

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