Electrochemical Properties of Materials for Electrical Energy Storage Applications

Lecture Note 1,

September 15, 2014

Kwang Kim

Yonsei Univ., KOREA

kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr

39 Y

88.91

8 O

16.00

53 I

126.9

34 Se

78.96

7 N

14.01

교수 소개

김광범 Email : kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 공과대학 B관 325호

연구분야 : - Materials Electrochemistry

전기에너지 저장 장기 (리튬전지, 슈퍼커패시터)

에너지 저장소재 연구실 http://metal.yonsei.ac.kr/~echemlab/

- GS Caltex 산학연구동 411호 (02-365-7745)

공과대학 B 관 129호

강의조교 : 정준희 박사과정 대학원생

GS Caltex 산학연구동 411호 (02-365-7745)

- 강의실 강의 (A546)

월요일 6 교시

수요일 1, 2 교시

- 성적평가

중간 고사 : 40%

학기말 고사 : 50%

출석률 : 10%

- 참고교재:

1) Modern Electrochemistry (Bockris and Reddy, Plenum)

2) Battery Technology Handbook (Editor H.A. Kiehne, Marcel Dekker, Inc)

3) 관련 분야의 논문

매주 강의 교재 복사물 및 PPT 자료 제공

http://metal.yonsei.ac.kr/~echemlab/

강의 소개

강의 소개

주 기간 수업내용 교재범위 및 과제 등 비고

1 2014-09-01 - 2

014-09-07 Electrochemical System

- Electrochemcial cell 강의교재-1 배부 (9.1)개강

(9.3 ~ 9.5) 수강신청 확인 및 변경

2 2014-09-08 - 2

014-09-14 Electrode/solution interface-1

- Electrode Potential (9.7~9.10) 추석연휴

3 2014-09-15 - 2

014-09-21 Electrode/solution interface-2 - Electrochemical Reversibility

4 2014-09-22 - 2

014-09-28 Electrode/solution interface-3

- Nernst Equation

5 2014-09-29 - 2

014-10-05 Electrode/solution interface-4

- Electric Double layer 강의교재-2 배부 (10.3) 개천절

6 2014-10-06 - 2

014-10-12 Electrode/solution interface-5

- Electrosorption

(10.6~10.8) 수강철회 (10.8) 학기 1/3선

(10.9) 한글날

7 2014-10-13 - 2

014-10-19 Electrode/solution interface-6

- Electrocapillary Curve (10.16 ~ 10.22)

중간시험

8 2014-10-20 - 2

014-10-26 중간고사

(10.16 ~ 10.22) 중간시험

9 2014-10-27 - 2

014-11-02 Electrochemical Kinetics-1

- Chemical reaction 강의교재-3 배부

10 2014-11-03 Electrochemical Kinetics-2

강의 소개

주 기간 수업내용 교재범위 및 과제 등 비고

- 2014-11-09 - Electrochemical reaction

11 2014-11-10

- 2014-11-16 Electrochemical Kinetics-3 - Butler-Volmer equation

(11.14) 학기 2/3 선

12 2014-11-17

- 2014-11-23

Electrochemistry in Energy Storage

Devices 강의교재-4 배부

13 2014-11-24

- 2014-11-30

Lithium Secondary Batteries - Electrode materials

- Electrochemical reaction - Thermodynamic data - Kinetic parameters

14 2014-12-01

- 2014-12-07

Electrochemical Capacitors - Electrode materials

- Electrochemical reaction - Thermodynamic data - Kinetic parameters

15 2014-12-08

- 2014-12-14

(12.8 ~ 12.20) 자율학습 및 기말

시험

16 2014-12-15

- 2014-12-21 학기말 고사

(12.8 ~ 12.20) 자율학습 및 기말

시험

It’s all about the blue marble

It’s all about the blue marble

2004 6.5 Billion People 2050 ~ 10 Billion People

1 World 6,379,157,361 2 China 1,298,847,624 3 India 1,065,070,607 4 United States 293,027,571 5 Indonesia 238,452,952 6 Brazil 184,101,109 7 Pakistan 159,196,336 8 Russia 143,782,338 9 Bangladesh 141,340,476

10 Nigeria 137,253,133 11 Japan 127,333,002 12 Mexico 104,959,594 13 Philippines 86,241,697 14 Vietnam 82,689,518 15 Germany 82,424,609 16 Egypt 76,117,421 17 Iran 69,018,924 18 Turkey 68,893,918 19 Ethiopia 67,851,281 20 Thailand 64,865,523 21 France 60,424,213 22 United Kingdom 60,270,708

23 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 58,317,930

24 Italy 58,057,477 25 Korea, South 48,598,175 26 Ukraine 47,732,079

World Population 2004

rank country area sq.km. population 2013-08-31 yearly growth daily increase population

today 2013-09-01 World 510,072,000 7,175,238,082 1.10% 215,060 7,175,453,142

1. China 9,596,960 1,386,967,478 0.61% 22,966 1,386,990,444 2. India 3,287,590 1,254,723,978 1.24% 42,367 1,254,766,345 3. United States of America 9,826,630 320,482,898 0.81% 7,085 320,489,983 4. Indonesia 1,919,440 250,371,742 1.21% 8,297 250,380,039 5. Brazil 8,511,965 200,645,544 0.85% 4,649 200,650,194 6. Pakistan 803,940 182,648,207 1.66% 8,289 182,656,496 7. Nigeria 923,768 174,421,967 2.78% 13,223 174,435,190 8. Bangladesh 144,000 156,907,178 1.19% 5,118 156,912,296 9. Russian Federation 17,075,200 142,782,844 -0.21% -834 142,782,011

10. Japan 377,835 127,125,728 -0.08% -293 127,125,436 11. Mexico 1,972,550 122,579,779 1.21% 4,055 122,583,834 12. Philippines 300,000 98,675,257 1.71% 4,618 98,679,875 13. Ethiopia 1,127,127 94,501,937 2.55% 6,577 94,508,514 14. Viet Nam 329,560 91,825,597 0.95% 2,391 91,827,988 15. Germany 357,021 82,711,418 -0.11% -249 82,711,169 16. Egypt 1,001,450 82,279,909 1.63% 3,664 82,283,573 17. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1,648,000 77,615,818 1.30% 2,765 77,618,583 18. Turkey 780,580 75,085,922 1.22% 2,513 75,088,435

19. Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2,345,410 67,820,465 2.72% 5,029 67,825,494

20. Thailand 514,000 67,043,875 0.30% 547 67,044,422 21. France 643,427 64,350,053 0.55% 963 64,351,016 22. United Kingdom 244,820 63,195,881 0.57% 977 63,196,859 23. Italy 301,230 61,011,478 0.21% 348 61,011,826 24. Myanmar 678,500 53,333,963 0.84% 1,229 53,335,192 25. South Africa 1,219,912 52,844,662 0.78% 1,123 52,845,786 26. Korea, Republic of 98,480 49,306,168 0.53% 713 49,306,881 27. Tanzania, United Republic of 945,087 49,501,301 3.02% 4,068 49,505,369

Current world population (ranked) as of 2013-09-01

Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years

1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. ? 10. ?

2004 6.5 Billion People 2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years

2004 6.5 Billion People 2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

ENERGY

DISEASE

TERRORISM & WAR

POVERTY

ENVIRONMENT

FOOD

WATER

EDUCATION

DEMOCRACY

POPULATION

Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years

1. ENERGY 2. WATER 3. FOOD 4. ENVIRONMENT 5. POVERTY 6. TERRORISM & WAR 7. DISEASE 8. EDUCATION 9. DEMOCRACY 10. POPULATION

2004 6.5 Billion People 2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Smart Grid

World Energy Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent)

300

200

100

0 1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Alternatives to Oil

• Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough • Hydroelectric -- not enough • Biomass -- not enough • Wind -- not enough • Wave & Tide -- not enough • Natural Gas -- sequestration?, cost? • Clean Coal -- sequestration?, cost?

• Nuclear Fission -- radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost? • Nuclear Fusion -- too difficult?, cost?

• Geothermal HDR -- cost ? • Solar terrestrial -- cost ? • Solar power satellites -- cost ? • Lunar Solar Power -- cost ?

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Enabling Nanotech Revolutions

• Photovoltaics -- a revolution to drop cost by 10 to100 fold.

• H2 storage -- a revolution in light weight materials for pressure tanks, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system

• Fuel cells -- a revolution to drop the cost by nearly 10 to 100 fold

• Batteries and supercapacitors -- revolution to improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.

• Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuel such as methanol.

• Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x, and to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space.

• Robotics with AI to enable construction/maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing. (nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials enable smart robots)

• Actinide separation nanotechnologies both for revolutionizing fission fuel reprocessing, and for mining uranium from sea water

• Alloy nanotechnologies to improve performance under intense neutron irradiation (critical for all of the GEN IV advanced reactor designs, and for fusion).

• Thermoelectrics or some other way of eliminating compressors in refrigeration.

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Enabling Nanotech Revolutions

• Photovoltaics -- a revolution to drop cost by 10 to100 fold.

• H2 storage -- a revolution in light weight materials for pressure tanks, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system

• Fuel cells -- a revolution to drop the cost by nearly 10 to 100 fold

• Batteries and supercapacitors -- revolution to improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.

• Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuel such as methanol.

Nano Materials + Materials Electrochemistry

The road to success is paved

with advanced materials.

이차전지(Secondary Battery or Rechargeable Battery)

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy

이차전지(Secondary Battery or Rechargeable Battery)

이차전지(Secondary Battery or Rechargeable Battery)

모토롤라 3900NX 국내최초 카폰 (1984)

노키아 Tanday CT-1033 아날로그 포터블폰과 휴대용 가방(1985년)

SCH-100-최초 CDMA폰(1996년)

Motorola DynaTAC 8000x (1983)

Cell phones vs. Portable rechargeable batteries

iPhone 4G, Galaxy S (2010년)

Lead-acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries

Storage technology Energy density

Lead-acid batteries 100 kJ/kg (30 Wh/kg)

Lithium-ion batteries 600 kJ/kg

Compressed air, 10 MPa 80 kJ/kg (not including tank)

Conventional capacitors 0.2 kJ/kg

Ultracapacitors 20 kJ/kg

Flywheels 100 kJ/kg

Gasoline 43000 kJ/kg

Battery technology is not mature yet

Battery technology trend (Mobile IT devices)

모바일 디바이스의 전원의 발전 Trend(삼성전자)

Future of Transportation is Electric

Imagine driving it

Imagine driving it without the need of this

The Future of Transportation is Electric

배관에서 배선으로 진화

The Future of Transportation is Electric

TESLA www.teslamotors.com/

Full Electric Vehicle, 4.4 to 5.6 sec. from 0 to 100 km/h, zero tailpipe emission Top Speed 210 km/h

에너지저장장치 (Energy Storage System, ESS)

발 전 송 전 배 전 수용가

스마트 그리드 기반 미래 에너지 시장을 선도할 핵심 기술

대규모 전력저장 송배전 효율 향상용 전략저장 수용가 전력저장

에너지 저장장치 (ESS)

전기에너지를 전력계통에 저장 후 필요할 때 공급하는 장치 (수십~수백 MW)

에너지이용 효율 향상, 신재생에너지 활용도 재고, 전력공급 시스템 안정화

에너지저장장치 (Energy Storage System, ESS)

안정적인 전력 공급

정전 피해의 최소화, 단기정전 방지를 위한 비상용 전원

[단기 전력장애 개념]

고품질의 전력 확보

신재생 에너지 도입 확대에 따른 전력의 품질 안정화 대책

[주파수 변동 보상 개념]

ESS 필요성

효율적 전력 활용, 고품질 전력 확보, 안정적 전력 공급에 대한 요구 증대

[대규모 정전사태] [원전 반대 확산] [태양광 발전] [풍력 발전] [Data 센터] [반도체 산업]

효율적인 전력 활용

전력 공급부족 사태 예방을 위한 국가 차원의 전력 활용방안 재고

[Peak Shift 개념]