elektrik devreleri 2 - mersin Üniversitesi - ac devre analizi

8/10/2019 Elektrik Devreleri 2 - Mersin niversitesi - AC Devre Analizi

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NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM [JIJB JSNSBNWD

>. KL WZ XJ NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM @NW DBN [DWDBINSD7. SMSLKNB NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM JBKJ JKBIJS 3. NB[JWMNMS, UJW TL[, HWJ@NMS;. NDSNB AD_, KNBFN GLTZ:. @Z[ZU SNTDSDBJ KJX W SNTDSDMDM HWJ@NMSN J[@S 8. NB[JWMN[H FJWBI XJ N@DIDM KJ JWBJW 6. SMSLKNB GW KNBFNMDM XJ@[WJB FS[JWB 1. HN_ vj HN_HNW@D

GBI >


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NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM [JIJB JSNSBNWD

>. KL WZ XJ NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM @NW DBN [DWDBINSD

Jbj`trd` jmjrodsd, nbtjrmntdh nì vj kl ru n` i lbnrn` d`d j`dbkj rjtdbdr. Gufmùbbnmbnm jbj`trd` jmjrodsdmdm %45mknm hnzbns nbtjrmntdh nì lbnrn`rjtdbij`tjkdr. Gumum jdtbd mjkjmbjrd vnrkr. Gumbnr s rn dbj dmcjbjyjbdi.

Jbj`trd` jmjrodsdmdm uzn` ijsnhjbjrj j`lmlid` lbnrn` dbjtdbijsd ddm y`sj`fjrdbdibjrj datdyn vnrkr. Gjbdrbd gdr f, ijsnhj vj `nyp ddm dbjtdi anttmm`jsdtd, ùbbnmbnm fjrdbdidm `nrjsd dbj tjrs lrnmtb lbnrn` kj ddr. Klru n` i m

jbkj jkdbijsdmkj ùbbnm

bnm kdmnilbnr (K.N. ojmjrntr) y`sj` fjrdbdibd lbnrn`ynpbninzbnr. @litnsylm zlrbu`bnr mknm klbny, nmcn` >:55 vlbtn `nknr K.Nrjtjm fjmnrntrbjr ynp bngdbidtdr. Nbtjrmntdh nì rjtjm nbtjrmntrbjrkjm dsj735, 8355, >5:55 vj 75555 vlbt fdgd y`sj` fjrdbdibjr jbkj jkdbjgdbkd d fdgd,trnmshlrintr kjmdbjm stntd` in`dmjbjrbj gu fjrdbdibjrd 85 `X, >55 `X vj knany`sj` fjrdbdibjrj y`sjbtij` kj ii`mkr. Jbj`trd` jmjrodsdmdm tn mins y`sj` fjrdbdibd nbtjrmntdh nìbnrbn ynpbr. Anttm slmumkn`d trnmshlrintrbjrbjgu y`sj` fjrdbdi, ùbbnmin fjrdbdidmj kmtrbr.

Cvn guanrb rjkrjsrbjrbj y`sj` fjrdbdibd nbtjrmntdh n i , y`sj` fjrdbdibdkl ru n` in jvdrjrj` jmjrodyd tnin` vj antt m slmumn dmvjrtjrbjrbj k`

fjrdbdibd nbtjrmntdh nìn jvdrij` ii`m lbku u anbkj, uyfubninkn hnzbnùbbnmbinin`tnk r.

Gy` fb vj y`sj` kjvdrbd KN ojmjrntrbjrd `litnsylm zlrbu`bnr mknmklbny ynpbninzbnr. Nbtjrmntrbjr dsj, gy` fb vj y`sj` kjvdrbd lbnrn`ynpbngdbdrbjr. Gybjcj jbkj jkdbjm jmjrodmdm `dblvnt snnt gnmn inbdyjtd vjdbjtij insrnhbnr k` lbur. Nbtjrmntrbjr 755555 `XN, ;55555 `XN fcmkjynpbngdbdrbjr.

Snmnydkj sngdt azb yjrbjrkj nbtjrmntdh ni iltlru (jmk`sdylm iltlru),kl ru n` i iltlrumknm knan vjrdibd nb r. Jmk`sdylm iltlru, K.N.iltlrumknm knan ucuz, knan sn bni lbup, gn` i kn `lbnyk r. K.N.iltlrumum tj` stmb , kjvdr snys mm kzfm lbnrn` nynr jkdbjgdbijsdkdr.

Kl ru n` i m tjrcda jkdbkdd vjyn ùbbnmbins mm fjrj`bd lbkuu yjrbjr kjvnrkr. Jbj`trd`bd tntbnr, fnbvnml tj`md` (inkjm `npbninc b) vj inkjmbjrdmjbj`trd`bj nr tbins ti jbj`trlmd` sdstjibjr vj angjrbj ij sdstjibjrdmkj K.N

NB[JWMN[H N@DI KJXWJ NMNB_ [lpn`


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ùbbnmbr. Gu fdgd yjrbjrkj kl ru n` i fjmjbbd`bj, nbtjrmntdh nì m K.Nn

jvrdbijsd dbj jbkj jkdbdr.

7. S MSLKNB NB[JWMN[H N@DIDM JBKJ JKBIJS

7.> SMSLKNB JI@ (JBJ@[WL IL[LW @ZXXJ[)

j`db>.> kj frbk fdgd, M S ùtupbnr mm ijyknmn fjtdrkdd kzfminmyjtd` nbnmm ddmkj gubumnm dbjt`jm, ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsjcj`j`dbkjanrj`jt jttdrdbkddmkj, dbjt`jmkj gdr ji` dmk`bjmdr.

j`db7.> Sdmsldknb ji`mm jbkj jkdbijsd

b nbjtdmdm dgrjsd snpnr.bjt`jm tjrs ymj kl ru anrj`jt jttdrdbkddmkj, bnbjtdmdm dgrjsd tjrs ymkj snpnr.mk`bjmjm ji`dm ym kjddr. bjt`jminmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb lbnrn` d`d ùtup nrnsmkn anrj`jtjttdrdbkddmkj, b nbjtdmdm dgrjsd snpinz. Tnmd dbjt`jmkj adgdr ji`dmk`bjmijz.

Hnrnkny `nmumumn frj, gdr dbjt`jm ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj kd` lbnrn` anrj`jtjttdrdbkddmkj gdr snmdyjkj >51 in`svjbbd` gdr n` y `jsdylrsn, gu dbjt`jmkj >vlbtbu` gdr ji` dmk`bjmdr.

Inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrd ylumbuu G fnvs (in`svjb/ci 7) dbjt`jmdm glyu (B)ci vj dbjt`jmdm az X ci/sm lbku umn frj, dbjt`jmdm gdr snmdyjkj tnrnyncn nbnm (B.X) ci7 vj dbjt`jmdm > snmdyjkj `jstdd inmyjtd` dzfdbjrd (GBX) in`svjblbur.

bjt`jmkj dmk`bjmjm ji`, CFS gdrdi sdstjidmkj j9G.B.X. >5 -1 vlbt



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I@S sdstjidmkj, j 9 G. B. X. Xlbt

G? Inmyjtd` n` yl umbuu, wjgjr/i 7 B?bjt`jmdm glyu, ijtrjX?bjt`jmdm az, i/snmdyjj? Ji`, vlbt

j`db>.7 kj`d jbj`trli `mnts m M vj S ùtupbnr nrns mkn kzfm gdr inmyjtd`nbnmm lbkuumu `ngub jkjbdi. Gu nbnmm ddmkj, snnt dgrjsd ymmkj kndrjsjblbnrn` kmjgdbjm kz gdr dbjt`jm gubumuylr.bjt`jm kmkrbkmkj, inmyjtd`ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd `jstdd ddm dbjt`jmkj gdr ji` dmk`bjmdr.

j`db>.7 (n) MS ùtupbnr ddmkj dbjt`jm anrj`jtd (g) N.N knbfnj`bd



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Nbtjrmntdh ni m Lsdbns`lp j`rnm frmts

j`db>.7n kn frbk fdgd, X kndrjsjb azm 7 nmmkn0 inmyjtd` ùvvjtdzfdbjrdmj kd` Xh vj inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb Xh az lbin` zjrj d`dgdbjjmj ny rnbi. X a z dbj kmkrbjm dbjt`jm 7 nmmkn inmyjtd` ùvvjtdzfdbjrdmd Xh fdgd gdr azbn kd` lbnrn` `jsjr. bjt`jmdm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmdkd` `jsij a z,Xh 9 X sdm kr.

bjt`jmkj dmk`bjmjm ji`, dbjt`jmdm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsij az dbj klru lrnmtbkr. Azm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb lbnm gdbjjmd Xt 9X. Cls kr. Inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb lbnm az dbj dbjt`jmkjdmk`bjmjm ji` nrns mkn adgdr dbd d yl`tur. Tnmd, dbjt`jmdm inmyjtd` ùvvjtdzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb anrj`jt jtijsd dbjt`jmkj adgdr ji` dmk`bjijz.

Kzfm kndrjsjb gdr azbn kzfm gdr inmyjtd` nbnm ddmkj kmjm dbjt`jmkjji`,j 9 G. B. X. sdm hlrib dbj ajsnpbnmr.

j`db>.7n kn`d dbjt`jmkj, kjdd` nmbnrkn dmk`bjmjm ji`bjrd gubnrn`j`db>.7g

kj`d ji` j rdsd dzdbjgdbdr.>. nmmkn? bjt`jm X az dbj inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjb anrj`jt jkdylr.Gu nmkn95 k r. bjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` lbnrn` `jsidylr. Tnmd,Xh9 X. sdm 5 9 5 k r. u anbkj >. nmmkn dbjt`jmkj dmk`bjmjm ji` s h rkr.

7. nmmkn? bjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd `jsij n s ;: kdr. Inmyjtd`ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsjm az gdbjjmd Xh9X.sdm ;: kdr.bjt`jmkj Xh dbj lrnmtb lbnrn` gdr ji` dmk`bjmdr.



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3. nmmkn? dbjt`jmdm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd `jsij ns 945 kdr.Xh9X.sdm 459X lbur. bjt`jmdm `jstdd inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmdm snys in`sdiui lbku umknm, dmk`bjmjm ji` kn in`sdiui lbur. 3 nm mkn, dbjt`jmS ùtgumum tni nbtmknkr.

;. nmmkn? dbjt`jm ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd9>3: bd` gdr n dbj `jsjr. Inmyjtd`ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsjm az gdbjjmd 3 nmmknm slmrn nznbitr. Xh9X.sdm73: 9X.sdm(45+;: ), ; nmmkn dmk`bjmjm ji` nznbr.

:. nmmkn? dbjt`jm mtr j`sjmd zjrdmkj vj inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmj pnrnbjblbnrn` X a z dbj anrj`jt jkjr. 9>15 kdr. J9G.B.X.sdm>1595 vlbt lbkuufrbr.

>,7,3,; vj : nmbnr mkn dbjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd slbknm snn kl rulbnm gdr anrj`jtbj `jsid tdr. :. nmmknm slmrn dbjt`jmdm inmyjtd` nbnm ddmkj`dùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsjm anrj`jtdmdm ym kjddr. Snknm slbn klru lbur.Klbnys ybn, :. nmmknm slmrn dbjt`jmkj dmk`bjmjm ji`dm kj ym kjddr.

8. nmmkn? dbjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd `jsij ns 9>155 + ;: 5 9 77: 5 lbur. mk`bjmjm ji` mjfntdh ymkj gdrnz nrti tr.

6. nmmkn? dbjt`jmdm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd `jsij ns 9765 5 ynmd 455

kdr. Gu nmkn dbjt`jm M ùtgumum nbtmkn vj `jstd d n` in`sdiui lbku u ddmdmk`bjmjm ji` kj in`sdiui lbur.

1. nmmkn? bjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmd kd` `jsij a z nznbk ddmdmk`bjmjm ji` nznbr. >. nmmkn dmk`bjmjm ji` tj`rnr s h r kj jrdmj kjr.

9455 d`jm, vh 9 X.sdm 9X. sdm 45 9 X lbncn`tr. Gu kuruikn dbjt`jmdminmyjtd` n` y kd` `jsij a z y`sj` kj jrkj lbncn mknm, dmk`bjmjm ji`kj in`sdiui kj jrkj lbur.j9 G. B. X. >5-1 9 Ji

Gumn frj, inmyjtd` nbnm ddmkj kndrjsjb lbnrn` kmjm kz gdr dbjt`jmkjdmk`bjmjm ji`dm fjmjb dhnkjsd,

j9 Ji. Sdm

Lbur. ns mm kjjrdmj frj, kj dd` nmbnrkn dmk`bjmjm ji`dm ym vjkj jrdmd gu hlribbj dhnkj jkdbdr. Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm ajranmfd nmmkn`d kjjrdgubumngdbdr. Kdjr gdr dhnkj dbjm gu hlrib nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm nmd kjjrhlribkr.



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Kzfm gdr inmyjtd` nbnm djrdsdmkj`d gdr dbjt`jmdm ubnr mkn dmk`bjmjm ji`d

nki nk i dmcjbjmkd.bjt`jm dmk`bjmjm ji` s h rknm gnbnynrn` 455 kj plzdtdhin`sdiuin y`sjbdp >15 5 kj s h rn kij`tj slmrn tjrs ymkj 765 5 kj

mjfntdh in`sdiuin y`sjbdp tj`rnr 385 5 kj s h rn kij`tjkdr. bjt`jmdmsrj`bd kmijsd dbj gu kj dd` pjrdylkd` lbnrn` tj`rnrbnmin`tnk r. Gu kj ddijfrj jbkj jkdbjm ji`j nbtjrmntdh ji` kjmdr. rjtdbjm nbtjrmntdh ji`dm kjddij rdsd frnhd` lbnrn`j`db>.7g kj frbij`tjkdr. Gu frnhd`tj ns yntnyj`sjmkj vj rjtdbjm ji` kd`jy j`sjmkj fstjrdbid tdr. Ji`, ns mm sdmsdbj lrnmtb lbnrn` kj dtddmkjm jbkj jkdbjm gu jrd sdms jrdsdkdr. Klbnys ybn,rjtdbjm ji` kj sdmsldknb gdr ji` k r.

Gdr dbjt`jmkj kmkrbij`bj jbkj jkdbjcj` ji` `` lbur. j`db>.3 kjfrbk fdgd, gdr snr ib gdr glgdm M vj S `utupbnr mm nrnsmkn kmkrbrsj,snr i m ajr d`d `jmnr mkn dmk`bjmjm ji`bjr gdrgdrdmj j`bjmkdd ddm tj`dbjt`jmj frj, d`d `nt ji` jbkj jkdbdr. M S `utupbnr nrns mn gdr snr ib glgdmyjrdmj (m) snr ib gdr glgdm `lmur vj glgdmdm ubnr kn j`db>.3 kj`d fdgdgdbjzd`bjrbj gnbnmrsn, glgdm kmkrbkmkj dmk`bjmjcj` lbnm ji`dm (m)`nt lbur. m`, (m) snr i m ajr gdrdmkj dmk`bjmjm ji`bjr, gdrgdrdmj sjrd gnb lbkuu ddm, gdrgdrdmj j`bjmdr. Gdbjzd`bjrj srtmjm h rnbnr ynrki dbj glgdmkjdmk`bjmjm sdmsldknb ji`, gdr nbcyn j`db>.3kj frbk fdgd uyfubnmngdbdr.

rmj`>.>Inmyjtd` nbnm djrdsdmkj, sngdt azbn kmkrbjm gdr dbjt`jmj dmk`bjmjm

ji`dm in`sdiui kj jrd 7; vlbttur. Gu dbjt`jmdm9 ;: 5 d`jm dmk`bjmjmfjrdbdidm nmd kjjrd mjkdr.>?Ji9 7; vlbt nmd kj jr hlrib j 9 Ji. sdm

9;: 5 dsj sdm 9 sdm;: 9 5,656 j9 7; x 5,656 9 >4 Xlbt



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j`db>.3 rjtdbjm ji`j y` kdrjmcdmdm gnbnmins

Sdmsldknb jij` W kdrjmcdmj uyfubnmmcn kjvrjkjm nbtjrmntdh gdr nì fjjr.Lai `nmumumn frj, ajranmfd gdr nmkn kdrjmtjm fjjm n i,

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3. NB[JWMNMS, UJW TL[, HWJ@NMS Nbtjrmntdh n`i m rjtdbijsd ij`nmd` ojmjrntrbjrkjm jbj`trlmd` lbnrn` dsjsdmynb ojmjrntrbjrdmkjm jbkj jkdbjgdbdr. Klru n` ikn lbku u fdgd nbtjrmntdhn` i mkn sjiglb vj knbfn j`bd,j`db >.: kj frbk fdgdkdr.

Fjrdbdi (+X)vj N` i (+D)

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Ulzdtdh in`sdiui

Fjrdbdi (-X)vj N` i (-D)

j`db>.: N.N sjiglb vj knbfn j`bd

Nbtjrmnms? Nbtjrmntdh n`i j`db>.: kj frbk fdgd sh rknm plzdtdhin`sdiui kj jrj knan slmrn s h rn fjbij kuruiumn plzdtdh nbtjrmnms,s h rknm j`sd in`sdiui kj jrj knan slmrn tj`rnr s h rn fjbijsdmj mjfntdhnbtjrmnms kjmdr.`d nbtjrmnmsmm gdrbjijsd dbj gdr sny` b (cycbj) lbuur.

Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdid gdr kjvrjyj gnbnmrsn n` i m n nbtjrmnmsbnrn frjkj ddr. Gu kjddi j`db >.8 kn lbkuu fdgdkdr.

(n) Ulzdtdh nbtjrmnms? kjvrjkj lbuturku u n` i m ym

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(g) Mjfntdh nbtjrmnms? kjvrjkj lbuturkuu n` i m ym j`db>.8

Ujrdylt? Gdr sny`bm lbuins ddm fjjm srjyj pjrdylt kjmdr. M S `utgunrns mkn`d gdr dbjt`jm vjyn glgdm 385 kjrjcj kmkrbk mkj dmk`bjmjmji` gdr sdms knbfnb` kj ddij u rnr. Glgdmj d`d kjvdr ynptr bkmkndmk`bjmjm ji` d`d sdms knbfns dzjr. Gdr pjrdylt 385 kdr. Ujrdylt [ anrhd dbjdhnkj jkdbdr. Gdrdid dsj snmdyjkdr. j`db>.6kj sdmsldknb knbfnmm pjrdylkufrbij`tjkdr.

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j`db>.6 Sdmsldknb knbfnmm pjrdylku

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zi3.> j`db>.4 kn fstjrdbkdd fdgd pjrdylkum gjbdrbjmijsdmkj sh rknms h rn vjyn (plzdtdh, mjfntdh) tjpj kjjrdmkjm tjpj kj jrdmj lbnm zninmnrnbmn gn bnrn` gubumur.

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Hrj`nms? Nbtjrmntdh nì vjyn fjrdbdidm gdr snmdyjkj lbunm pjrdylt snys mnvjyn sny` b snys mn hrj`nms kjmdr. Hrj`nms h anrhd dbn dhnkj jkdbdr. Gdrdid

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Hrj`nmsm gdrdid lbnm ajrtzdm ns `ntbnr ijvcut kj dbkdr. st `ntbnr dsj`dblajrzt, ijfnajrzt vj fdfnajrzt lbnrn` s rnbnmngdbdr. Gu kmibjr dsj0

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mcj (n) kn`d knbfnj`bdmdm hrj`nmsm gubin` ddm gdr snmdyjkj`d sny`b snys gubumur. Gurnkn > snmdyjkj d`d sny`b lbuin`tnk r. Gu kuruikn pjrdylt [9>/795.: s kdr.knbfnmm hrj`nms dsj0

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Az33333.5>

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Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm gdr pjrdylkumum lbuins ddm fjjm srj >5 is dsj gufjrdbdidm hrj`nms mjkdr3

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j`db>.>> j`db>.>> kj frbk fdgd, ynr np r lbnm gdr jigjr zjrdmkj`d N ml`tns anrj`jt jkjrj` tj`rnr N ml`tns mn fjbkddmkj `ntjttdd ylb 7r vj tnrnk nkn385 kdr. N ml`tnsmm jigjr zjrdmkj ynr np `nknr gdr ylb nbnrn` Gml`tns mn fjbkddmkj, `ntjttdd nyn > rnkynm kjmdr. N ml`tns gdr kjvrdmkj(7r /r97) rnkynmb` gdr ny tnrni lbur. Tnr np > lbnm gdr jigjrzjrdmkj`d gdr ml`tnmm gdr kjvrdmkj `ntjttdd n 7 rnkynmkr. u anbkj, 385kjrjcj 7 rnkynmn, rnkynm >15 jkjr. N snb az fjmjbbd`bj rnkynm/snmdyj dbjdhnkj jkdbdr. Xj (lijfn) anrhd dbj fstjrdbdr. M vj S `utupbnr nrns mknkmkrbjm gdr glgdmdm nsnb azmm rnk/s lbuumu `ngub jkjbdi. Glgdmdmajr anmfd gdr t snmdyjkj `ntjttdd n t kdr. Glgdmkj dmk`bjmjm ji`dmajranmfd gdr nmmkn`d kjjrd j9Ji.sdm kr. glgdmdm ajranmfd gdr tzninm mkn `ntjttdd n lbkuumn frj,

9 t ynzbngdbdr. Ji` j9Ji.sdm t lbur.

Gdr sdms knbfns (> pjrdylt) 385 ynmd 7 rnkynmkr. Hrj`nms (h) lbnm gdr ji`,gdr snmdyjkj h tnmj pjrdylt dzjr. Ji`dm nsnb az,



14/241

>;

97h rnkynm/snmdyj lbur. Gu kjjr ji` hlribmkj yjrdmj `lmubursnnbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm ajranmfd gdr nmmkn`d kjjr hlrib lrtnyn `nr.

j 9Ji.Sdm 9Ji.Sdm t9Ji.Sdm7 ht lbur.

rmj`3.;? Gdr nbtjrmntrkj rjtdbjm 85 Az hrj`nmsb sdmsldknb ji`dmin`sdiui kj jrd >55 Xlbttur. Ji`dm nsnb azm 5,55: snmdyjkj`d nmdkj jrdmd ajsnpbnymz.

zi3.;? Nsnb az, rnk/s36685.7h 7 999

[95,55: snmdyjkj`d ns , rnkynm14,>55:,5.366t 999 gubumur.

Xlbt >,4:4:>,5.>55sdm.Jij

4:>,5sdm>51sdm >513,:6.14,>)7/385.(14.> 555

999

99999

Knbfn Glyu ? Jbj`trd` n` i snmdyjkj 355555 `ibd` gdr ylb `nt jkjr. N i mhrj`nms h lbkuumn frj, gdr snmdyjkj h `nknr knbfn ijyknmn fjtdrdr. Gdrknbfnmm `npbnk ijsnhjyj Knbfn Glyu kjmdr. (bnikn) anrhd dbj fstjrdbdr.

Gdrdid ijtrjkdr.

h >5.3

h 355555 199

? Knbfn glyu, ijtrj h9Hrj`nms, pjrdylt/s 9 Ajrzt

rmj`3.:? Hrj`nms :5 Az lbnm nbtjrmntdh n`i m knbfn glyu `n ijtrjkdr5.8:5>5.3

h >5.3 8

11

999

rmj`3.8? Knbfn uzumbuu >855 i lbnm stnmgub rnkylsumum ynym hrj`nmsm gubumuz16>8553.>5

h j`jrsj`0h hlrikjmh >5.3 11 999



15/241

>:

:. @Z[ZU SNTDSDBJ KJX W SNTDSDMDM HWJ@NMSN J[@S j`db>.7 (n) kn lbkuu fdgd M vj S ùtupbnr nrns mkn`d dbjt`jmdm gdr kjvrdmkjdbjt`jm 385 vjyn 7 rnkynmb` gdr n `nt jkjr. bjt`jmkj gdr pjrdyltbu` gdr ji`dmk`bjmdr.bjt`jm kn`d`nkn M kjvdrbj kmkrbrsj, dmk`bjmjm ji`dmhrj`nms (m/85) ajrz lbur. u anbkj, dmk`bjmjm ji`dm hrj`nms, snmdyjkj`dkjvdr snys dbj klru lrnmtbkr. @utup snys nrtt`n knbfn snys knnrtncnmknm hrj`nmstn gu klrubtukn nrtncn`tr.

Gdr nbtjrmntdh nì nbtjrmntrmm ùtup snys (7U) vj kn`d`nkn`d kjvdr snys kn M lbkuumn frj, dmk`bjmjm ji`dm hrj`nms,

85 M.U

h 9

hlrib dbj ajsnpbnmr. Hlribkj`d anrhbjrdm nmbnibnr 0h? Hrj`nms, AjrztU? dht ùtup snys (nym nkb ùtup sny s )M? Kn`d`nkn`d kjvdr snys , Kjvdr/kn`d`nKrt ùtupbu gdr nbtjrmntrkj rltlrum gdr kjvrdmkj dbjt`jm 385 bd` gdr fjlijtrd`ny `ntjtid lbur. Ji` dsj (7.385) jbj`trd`d kjrjcjbd` n y `nt jkjr.

rmj`3.6; ùtupbu gdr nbtjrmntrkjm, :5 Az hrj`nms vj >55 Az hrj`nmsb nbtjrmntdh nìrjtdbjgdbij` ddm, rltlr `n kjvdrbj kmkrbijbdkdr:557

85.:5 M Az:5h 999 h9>55 k/k3555

7>55.85

M 99

rmj`3.1? 8 ùtupbu gdr nbtjrmntr >555 k/k dbj kmkrbij`tjkdr. rjtdbjm ji`dm in`sdiuikj jrd 755 vlbttur. (n) Hrj`nms0 (g) Nsnb az (c) t95,5> snmdyjkj`d ji`dm kjjrdmdajsnpbny mz555

85 M.U

h 999



16/241

>8

[ngbl3.> :5 Az Hrj`nms nbtjrmntrm ùtup snybnr vj kjvdrbjrd

8. NB[JWMN[H FJWBI XJ N@DIDM KJ JWBJW

Nmd Kjjr? Nbtjrmntdh n`

i

m jbkj jkdbdd dmcjbjmdr`jm inmyjtd` ùtupbnrnrns mkn anrj`jt jkjm dbjt`jm inmyjtd` ùvvjt dzfdbjrdmdm `jsij n s mn frjgu dbjt`jmkj gdr fjrdbdi dmk`bjijsd ijyknmn fjbij`tj vj gu fjrdbdi kj jrd nmvj nm kj dij`tj lbku u frbij`tj dkd. Gu kuruikn fjrdbdidm vjyn n` i majranmfd gdr nmmkn`d kjjrdmj nmd kjjr lbnrn` tnm ibnin` fjrj`dr. Nmd kj jr`` anrhbjrbj dhnkj jkdbdr. Fjrdbdi u, nì d, f p fdgd. Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidmajranmfd gdr zninmkn`d j jrdmd0

j9Ji.Sdm t 9Ji.Sdm

gubumur. Nbtjrmntdh nì m nmd kjjrd dsj0

d9Di.Sdm t9Di.Sdm gubumur. Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi vj nì m m tnmj nmd kjjrdmd gubin` ii`mkr.

In`sdiui Kj jr? Nbtjrmntdh nì m jbkj jkdbijsd dmcjbjmdr`jmj`db>.7 kjfrbk fdgd dbjt`jm mc `lmuikn d`jm jm gy` ji` dmk`bjmij`tj dkd.bjt`jm gnbnmf `lmuiumknm, gu `lmuin fjbijsd ddm 45 bd` gdr kmijynpins fjrj`dr. Tjkdmcd `lmuikn, ynmd dbjt`jmdm 765 bd` kmijsd slmumknydmj jm gy` ji` dmk`bjmij`tj, hn`nt ym tjrs lbin`tn dkd. tj nbtjrmntdh

@utup Snys (7U) 7 ; 8 1 >5 >7Kjvdr Snys (k/k) 3555 >:55 >555 6:5 8:5 :55

(g) 555 >15>;,3).>15(rnk).(rnk)

>15(kjrjcj

>;,35>,5.3>;trnkynm/s3>;:5.>;,3.7:57h 7

9

9

9

9999999

(c) Xlbt55.Ji>15Sdm.JitSdm.Jij 5 9999



17/241

>6

ji`dm gu jm gy` kjjrbjrdmj tjpj kj jrd vjyn in`sdiui kj jrd kjmdr.

In`sdiui kj jr jij` ddm Ji, fjrdbdi ddm Zi vj n` i ddm Di sjiglbbjrd dbjfstjrdbdr. j`db>.>7kj frbk fdgd.

Fjrdbdi (+X)vj N`di (+D)

_ninm (t)

Mjfntdh in`sdiui-Ji,-Zi,-Di

Ulzdtdh in`sdiui Ji,Zi,Di

Fjrdbdi (-X)vj N`di (-D)

545

765 385>15

j`db>.>7 Nbtjrmntdh nì m in`sdiui kj jrbjrd

Lrtnbnin Kj jr? Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm vjyn nì m ynr i pjrdylt ddmkj nbk gtm nmd kjjrbjrdm lrtnbnins mn lrtnbnin kj jr kjmdr. Gy` anrhbjrbjdhnkj jkdbdr. Lrtnbniny dhnkj jkjm lr snbtins `lmubur. Zlr(nvf), Dlr, Ulrfdgd

Nbtjrmntdh nì m gdr pjrdylkumkn plzdtdh nbtjrmnms vj mjfntdh nbtjrmnmsbnrvnrkr. Ulzdtdh nbtjrmnms vj mjfntdh nbtjrmnmsbnr gdrgdrbjrdmj jdt lbkuu ddm gdrpjrdylkum lrtnbnin kj jrd sh rkr. Hn`nt ynr i pjrdylkum lrtnbnin kj jrd sh rkj dbkdr. Nbtjrmntdh nì m jrdsd sdms jrdsd lbkuu ddm gu jrdmdm lrtnbninkj jrdmd jbkj jtij` ddm, jrdmdm ynr i pjrdylku zjrdmkj j dt nrnb`b nmdkj jrbjr nbmr vj gumbnr m lrtnbnins gubumur. Kdjr gdr dhnkj dbj ynr ipjrdylkum nbnm tnrnmnrn` tnrnmin kj jrdmj gbi dbj kj gubumur.

Fjrdbdi (+X)vj N`di (+D)

_ninm (t)5

45765 385>15

;: >3:

Z9Zi.sdmwtZi

-Zi

j`db>.>3



18/241

>1

j`db>.>3kj frbjm sdmsldknb fjrdbdidm ynr i nbtjrmnmsmkn ajr : kjrjcjddm nmd kjjrbjrd ajsnpbnmrsn gu ynr i nbtjrmnmstn 38 nmd kjjr vnrk r. Jbkjjkdbjm fjrdbdid 38yn gbmkmkj lrtnbnin kj jr lrtnyn `nr.Lrtnbnin kj jr9nmd kjjrbjr tlpbni /nmd kjjr sny s 95,838 Zi

Gu nbnm jmtjfrnb dbj gubumur vj nbnm ynr i pjrdylkn gbmjrj`tjm nym slmugubumngdbdr.

( )

gubumur

t)k(5

ii

iiii

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5iilrt

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9

9

9

9

9

9

999

Gu slmubnrknm slmrnu tjspdt ynpbngdbdr. Gdr sdms jrdsdmdm lrtnbnin kjjrd,in`sdiui kj jrdmdm 5,838 `ntmn jdttdr. Gu sdmsldknb nì ddmkj nymjmfjjrbd`tjkdr. j`db>.>; kj n` i m lrtnbnin kj jrd Dlr(Dnvf ) frbij`tjkdr.

_ninm (t)5

45765 385>15

Z9Zi.sdmwtDi

N`di (N)

Dlr95,838 Di

j`db>.>;

Jhj`tdh (Jt`dm) Kjjr? Nbtjrmntdh nìkn jm l` ùbbnmbnm kjjr, jt`dmkj jrkdr. Gu kj jr0 gdr kdrjmtjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh nì m, gjbdrbd gdr zninmkn

ijyknmn fjtdrkd d

s

jmjrodsdmj jdt gdr jmjrodyd, nym

kdrjmtjm fjjm klrun` i nym zninmkn ijyknmn fjtdrdylrsn, kl ru n` i m kjjrdmj nbtjrmntdhn` i m jt`dm kjjrd kjmdr. j`db>.>: kj nbtjrmntdh ni vj kl ru n` ingnbnmnm kdrjmbjr nym s y vjrdr. Gy` anrhbjrbj dhnkj jkdbdr. Z, D, J, U fdgdvjyn Z jhh 9Z ris fdgd. Nbtjrmntdh nì m vjyn fjrdbdidm b nbjtd dbj bbjmkj jrdkdr.



19/241

>4

SdmynbOjmnrntr

W

Zjhh9Zris

W

Z k c 9 Z j h h 9 Z r i s

Z kc

j`db>.>: KC fjrdbdij j kj jr lbnm N.N jhj`tdh kjjrd

Nbtjrmntdh n`

ikn d d ynpnm fjrdbdi jhj`tdh kjjrdkdr. Gu kjjrd gdr pjrdylttn nmdkj jrbjrdm `nrjsdmdm nmd kjjr sny s mn gbimm `nrj ``mj j dt lbnrn`tnmibnmr.Fjrdbdidm jt`dm kjjrd0

i

7m

77

7> Z656,5

mu.........uu

Z 9+++9

N`i m jt`dm kjjrd0

i

7m

77

77 D656,5

md...............dd

D 9+++9

hlribbjrd dbj gubumur. Gurnknm kn frbk fdgd jhj`tdh kjjr tjpj kj jrdmdm5,656 `nt mn jdttdr. Gu gubumnm kjjrd jmtjfrnbbj kj gubumngdbdr.

ii

7

5

7ijhh Z656,5

7

Z)t(k)tsdmZ(

[>

Z 999

rmj`3.4?

j`db>.>8 kn frbjm nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm tjpj(Zp), tjpjkjm tjpjyj (Z pp), jhj`tdh(Zjhh ) vj lrtnbnin (Z lrt ) kj jrbjrdmd gubumuz.



20/241

75

5

>7

3;

:Z

-Z

t

j`db>.>8

zi3.4? Nbtjrmntdh knbfnmm tjpj j jrd Zp9Z i 9;,: X lbku u frbr. Gukj jr dbj kdjr nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi kjjrbjrd hlribbjrbj gubumur.

X16,7):,;.(838,5Z838,5ZZ

X>1,3):,;.(656,5Z656,5ZZ

X4):,;.(7Z7Z

invflrt

irisjhh

p pp

9999

9999999

gubumur.

6. SMSLKNB GW KNBFNMDM XJ@[WJB FS[JWB

Gy`b`bjr fjmjbbd`bj, s`nbnr vj vj`trjb gy`b`bjrkdr. Tnbmz fjmbdd lbnmgy`b`bjr s`nbnrkr. @tbj, jmjrod vj scn`b` kjrjcjsd fdgd kj jrbjrd fstjrjmgy`b`bjr s`nbnrkr vj gumbnr cjgdrsjb lbnrn` tlpbnmngdbdrbjr. Fjmbdd,kl rubtusu vj ym lbnm gy`b` vj`trjb gdr kjjr s`nbnr gy`b`bjrd datdvnjkjr. N.N. kjvrjbjrdmj ndt n` i, fjrdbdi, ji` vj jipjknms fdgd kj jrbjr

vj`trjbkdr. N.N fjrdbdi sdmsldknb gdr knbfnj`bdmkj lbkuumknm gumumvj`trjb fstjrdid n `bnin` fjrj`dr.

j`db>.6 frbjm G vj`trmm, snnt dgrjsdmdm tjrs ymmkj (lijfn) n snba z dbj kmkm `ngub jkjbdi. Ajranmfd gdr t nmmkn, G vj`trmm `ntjttddn 9 t kdr. G vj`trmm kd` gdbjjmd ( T j`sjmdmkj`d gdbjjmd) G.Sdm vjynG.Sdm t kdr. Kjdd` zninmbnrkn`d G vj`trmm kuruiumu fstjrjm `ntjttd dnbnr Q j`sjmd zjrdmkj nbmk`tnm slmrn vj`trm gu nmbnrkn`d kjygdbjjmbjrd



21/241

7>

(n) (g)

j`db>.6 Kmjm vj`trm lbuturkuu sdms jrdsd

tnmkmknj`db>.6 (g)kj`d sdms jrdsd jbkj jkdbdr. Sdms jrdsdmdm in`sdiuikj jrd, G vj`trmm fjmbddmj (glyumn) jdttdr. u anbkj gdr sdms jrdsd, nsnb az dbj kmjm vj fjmbdd sdms jrdsdmdm in`sdiui kj jrdmj j dt lbnm gdrvj`trbj fstjrdbjgdbdr.

45 >15 765 385

- Di

+ Did9Di .Sdmwt

w

55 Di

(n) (g)

j`db>.1 Sdmsldknb n`i vj vj`trjb fstjrdid

d9Di .Sdm t nbtjrmntdh n`i m, in`sdiui kj jrd Di lbnm vj nsnb az dbj snntdgrjsdmdm tjrs ymmkj kmjm gdr vj`trbj,j`db>.1 (g) kj`d fdgd fstjrjgdbdrdz.j9 Ji.sdm t ji`dm jrdsd vj vj`trjb fstjrdbddj`db>.4 frbij`tjkdr.

45 >15 765 385

+ J i

- J i

j9 J i .Sdmwt w

55 J i

j`db>.4 Sdmsldknb ji` vj vj`trjb fstjrdid



22/241

77

Kmjm G vj`trmm t95 nmmkn Q j`sjmd (rjhjrnms j`sjmd) dbj ns ynptm `ngub jkjbdi. Xj`trm ajranmfd gdr t nmmkn Q j`sjm dbj ynpt n 9( t+5)kr. Gu nmkn`d vj`trm kjy gdbjjmd G.Sdm( t+5) lbur. t95 nmmkn kjy (GSdm) lbkuumknm, G vj`tr snnt dgrjsdmj tjrs ymkj nsnb az dbjkmkmkj dzjcjd sdms jrdsd, sh r kj jrdmkjm kjdb (G. Sdm) fdgd gdrkj jrkjm gn bnr. j`db>.>5 kj`d sdms jrdsdmdm ajranmfd gdr nmkn`d kjjrd dbjg9G.Sdm( t+)dhnkj jkdbjgdbdr.

45 >15 765 385

G

55x

GG,.

+9 t

j`db>.>5

Q j`sjmdmkjm `nknr fjrdkj lbnm G vj`trmm nsnb az dbj snnt dgrjsdmdmtjrs ymmkj kmijsd dbj dzjcjd sdms jrdsd j`db>.>> kj frbylr. Sdms

j rdsd t95 nmmkn (N.Sdm) fdgd mjfntdh gdr kjjrkjm gn bnr. Gdr zninm slmrn t9 lbkuumkn G vj`tr yntny rjhjrnms j`sjmd zjrdmj fjbdr.

45 >15 765 385

G

55x

g

wt

w

j`db>.>>

N vj`trmm kjy gdbjjmd sh r lbur. gu nmkn jrd kj sh rkr. t nmmkn, Gvj`trmm Q j`sjmd dbj ynpt n (9) lbur. Sdms jrdsdmdm ajranmfd gdrnmmkn`d kjjrd,

g9G.Sdm( t-)dbj dhnkj jkdbdr.



23/241


24/241

7;

S h r hnz? J jr sdmsldknb gdr jrd t95 nmmkn sh r zjrdmkjm gnbnynrn` plzdtdh

ymkj nrtylrsn, gu j rdyj sh r hnz jrdsd kjmdr. Jjr nsnb az dbj snntdgrjsdmdm tjrs ymkj kmjm gdr vj`trm t95 nmmkn rjhjrnms j`sjmd dbj ynpt n s h r dsj gu vj`trj s h r hnz vj`tr kjmdr. j`db>.6 kj s h r hnzb gdr nbtjrmntdhfjrdbdi j rdsd frbij`tjkdr.

bjrd hnz? j`db>.>5 kn`d G vj`tr dbjrd hnz vj`tr vj jrdsd kj dbjrd hnz jrdsdkdr.

Fjrd hnz? j`db>.>> kj`d G vj`tr fjrd hnz vj`tr vj j rdkj fjrd hnzb j rdkdr.m`, t95 nmmkn G vj`tr Q j`sjmdmkjm `nknr fjrdkjkdr. m`, t95nmmkn G vj`tr Q j`sjmdmkjm `nknr fjrdkjkdr. Gjbdrbd gdr zninm fjcd`td`tjmslmrn, G vj`tr rjhjrnms j`sjmd zjrdmj fjbdr vj gu nmkn kn j rd sh rkj jrdmkjkdr.

Hnz Hnr ? Xj`trbjrdm vj jrdbjrdm nrnbnr mkn gubumnm n vjyn zninm hnr` mnhnz hnr kjmdr. @sncn j rdbjr nrnsmkn`d zninm hnr kr. Nbtjrmntdh n`isdmsldknb gdr jrd lbkuumknm vj`trjb tlpbnm vj vj`trjb lbnrn` `nrt bins fjrj`dr. m` nbtjrmntdh ni m vjyn fjrdbdidm zninmn frj kj dij`tjkdr.bjrbjyjm `lmubnrkn hnz vj hnz hnr` lbuturnm kuruibnr ijyknmn fjbjcj`tdr.Gumknm klbnykr `d `lmumum nmbnbins ddm gu `lmu zjrdmkj gdrnz hnzbnkurubiu tur. Hn`nt knan kn kjtnyn fdrdbijid gu kjtnybnr kdjr ijsbj`bjrdmnmn `lmubnr kr.

rmj`3.>5

j`db>.>; kj N, G vj C nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi jrdbjrd dzdbdkdr. Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdibjrdmhlm`sdylmbnr m, hnz kuruibnr m vj ynznrn` 45 kj`d fjrdbdi kj jrdmd gubumuz.

45 >15 765 3855

C

wt;:G

N

- 75

Z (vlbt)>5

1:

j`db>.>:



25/241

7:

zi3.>5 ?

Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm jrdbjrdmdm hnz kuruiumn gn`bkmkn N dbj fstjrdbjmnbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi 5 hnzb, G dbj fstjrdbjm nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi 75 dbjrd hnzb, C dbjfstjrdbjm nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi dsj ;: fjrd hnzbkr. Gu kl rubtukn nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdikjm`bjibjrd n nkn`d fdgd lbur.

X u

X u vjyn

u vjyn

C

G

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99+9+9+9

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26/241

78

NB[JWMN[H N@DI KJXWJBJW

KJXWJ JBJINMBNWD

Nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjbjrdmkj n` i m fjddmj `nr jdt kdrjm fstjrdbdr.Kjvrj jbjinmbnr kjkddidz gu kdrjmbjr0 W lid` kdrjm, B jmk`tnmsmjmk`tdh kdrjmcd vj C `npnsdtnmsm `npnsdtdh kdrjmcdmkjm dgnrjttdr. Gu jbjinmbnrkjvrjbjrkj tj` lbnrn` ùbbnm bngdbkdd fdgd ajpsdmdm gdr nrnkn ùbbnmbk kjvrjbjr kj ijvcuttur. Gu jbjinmbnr m nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdikj`d knvrnmbnr

dmcjbjmjcj`tdr.[JIJB KJXWJBJW

Nbtjrmntdh nìkn j dt kjvrj vnrk r. Gnmbnr0 kdrjmbd kjvrjbjr(lid` kjvrj),glgdmbd kjvrj(jmk`tdh kjvrj) vj `lmknmsntrb kjvrj (`npnsdtdh kjvrj) kdr.[jijb kjvrjbjrj uyfubnmnm Z fjrdbdid vj kjvrjmdm D n` i jt`dm kjjrbjrkdr. Dkjvrj n` i , uyfubnmnm fjrdbdij vj kjvrj jbjinm mm kdrjmcdmj gnb lbnrn`kj ddr. Kjvrj jbjinmbnr K.C kj lbku u fdgd nbtjrmntdh nìkn kn sjrd, pnrnbjbvj sjrd-pnrnbjb (`nr `) gn bnmrbnr. Kjvrj jbjinmbnr mm dkjnb lbins0 W lid`kdrjmcdmkj jmk`tdh kdrjm jt`dsdmdm gubuminins, B vj C jbjinmbnr mkn lid`kdrjm jt`dsdmdm vj f `nygmm lbinins kjij`tdr.

> LI @ KJXWJ

>.>NB[JWMN[H N@DIKN KWJM

Nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjbjrdmkj, jmk`tdh vj `npnsdtdh jt`dsd gubuminynm snhkdrjmcj lid` kdrjm kjmdr. W anrhd dbj fstjrdbjrj` gdrdid lai( ) kur. Kdrjm

lbnrn` j dtbd kjjrbjrkj vj fbjrkj jbjinmbnr lbku u fdgd jbj`trd`bd

s

t

c

bnr,zfnrn vj t fdgd jbj`trd`bd jv nbjtbjrd kj ijvcuttur. Snh lid` kdrjmbd gtmninbnr m, jdt fjrdbdibd klru n` i vj nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjbjrdmkj`nymn`bnrknm j`td`bjrd nìbnr kn gdrgdrdmj jdttdr. T`sj` hrj`nmsb N.Nkjvrjbjrdmkj ùbbnmbnm gy` `jsdtbd gdr dbjt`jmdm kdrjmcd, K.N kn`d kdrjmcdmkjmgdrnz knan gy`tr. N. N. Kn`d dbjt`jmdm jt`dm `jsdtd gdrnz knan `` lbur. N

N kn kdrjmcdm gyijsd, dbjt`jm `jmkd ddmkj nbtjrmntdh nì kj dijbjrdklbnys dbj klnm ji`kjm dbjrd fjbdr. Gu ji`bjr n i dbjt`jmdm k yzjydmjkl ru dtjrbjr. Gumn kjrd lbny kjmdr. :5 Az hrj`nmsb N.N kjvrjbjrdmkj gu lbny l`nknr kj dbkdr.

GBI 7


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>.7 LI @ KJXWJKJ LAI @NMZMZ Nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdij gnbnmnm gdr kdrjmj`db7.> kj frbij`tjkdr. Kdrjmubnr mn sdmynb fjmjrntrmkjm sdmzldknb gdr fjrdbdi uyfubnmkmkn gu kdrjmzjrdmkjm gdr ni n` lbncn`t r. Gu n` i m knbfn j`bd kj uyfubnmnmnbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm knbfnj`bd dbj nymkr. Kj djm snkjcj fjmbd d lbncn`tr. Guknbfn j`bd kjvrj zjrdmkj fstjrdbid tdr.

1111

WZ

Z W

D j`db7.> Lid` kjvrj

Sdmynb fjmjrntrmkjm kdrjm ubnr mn uyfubnmnm u9Zi.sdm t sdmzldknb

nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi uyfubnmkmkn kdrjm zjrdmkjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh nì lai`nmumu dbj gubumur.

t Sdm WZ

Wt SdmZ

Wu

d ii 9

99 Nì m in`sdiui kj jrd

WZ

D ii 9 lbkuumknm, nbtjrmntdh nì m nmd kjjrd nnkn`d j`bd nbncn`tr.

t Sdm. D d i 9

Gu kj jrdm knbfn j`bd j`db7.> kj kjvrj zjrdmkj frbij`tjkdr.

Nbtjrmntdh nì m ajranmfd gdr zninmkn`d kjjrdmd gu hlribj gubinìi`mkr. J jr ajranmfd gdr zninmkn`d kj jrd kj db kj jt`dm kjjr lbnrn`kdrjmcdm zjrdmkjm fjjm nì0



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71

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99999999 W.

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i 777

lbur. Gu kj jrd nipjrijtrj dbj bbjrj` gubumngdbdr. N.N kjvrjsdmkj snh gdrlid` kdrjm, K.N kjvrjsdmkj kj nym jt`dyd fstjrdr. Gu mjkjmbj klru n` iknùbbnmbnm `nmumbnr nymjm nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjbjrdmkj kj uyfubnm r.

(wt)

d9Di.Sdmwt

Z9Zi.SdmwtZiDi

45 >15 385

Z,D

w

ZDl

j`db7.7

j`db7.7 kj lid` kdrjm ubnr mn uyfubnmnm fjrdbdidm vj kdrjm zjrdmkjmfjjm n` i m knbfn j`bd vj vj`tr kdynfrni frbij`tjkdr.Nbtjrmntdh gdrfjrdbdi gdr kdrjm ubnr mn uyfubnmkmkn kdrjmcdm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdikl rubtusumknm kdrjm zjrdmkjm fjjm nì nrtin`tn, kdrjm ubnr mkn`dfjrdbdi kj jrd nznbk`n gumum pnrnbjbdmkj nìkn nznbin`tnk r. Gu kuruij`db7.7 kj frbk fdgd fjrdbdidm in`sdiui lbku u yjrkj n` iknin`sdiui, fjrdbdidm s h r lbkuu yjrkj n` ikn s h r lbin`tnk r. Gu mjkjmbjn` ibn fjrdbdi nym hnzknkr. Kdrjm jbjinm n` ibn fjrdbdi nrns mkn gdr hnzhnr lbuturinin`tnk r. Xj`tr fstjrdidmkj D n` i m jt`dm kjjrd, Z dsjfjrdbdidm jt`dm kjjrdmd fstjrij`tjkdr.

rmj`7.>

j`db7.3 kj`d kjvrjkj, nbtjrmntdh n i `nymn mknm j`dbjm nì gubnrn` gun` i m kdrjmbjr zjrdmkj`d fjrdbdi kibjrdmd ajsnpbnymz.

W >

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> `lai

:85 lai>>5 XZ

j`db7.3



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74

zi7.>

Kdrjmbjr gdr gdrbjrd dbj sjrd gnbnmk`bnr mknm gu kdrjmbjrdm jkj jrd(tlpbnikdrjm)0

9+9+9 ` .` W W W[ :8>:85>7>

Lai `nmumumknm hnyknbnmnrn` `nymn`tnm j`dbjm n`i, nym zninmkn gukdrjmbjr sjrd gnb lbkuu ddm nym n` i fjjcj`tdr. N` i jt`dm kj jrd0

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kdrjmbjr zjrdmkjm gu fjdylrsn, gu kdrjm ubnr mkn gdr fjrdbdi kimjsjgjgdyjtvjrjcj`tdr. Kdrjm ubnr mkn`d jt`dm fjrdbdi kibjrd0

W> zjrdmkj`d fjrdbdi ki? X :65>:65>> . )` ).( iN.( W. D Z 999

W7 zjrdmkj`d fjrdbdi ki? X 34.: )iN).(:85 999 :6577 .( W. D Z

X >>5X)X 9+9+9 :34:657> .( ).( Z Z Z Gu rmj`tj frbk fdgd `npnb gdr kjvrjkj fjrdbdi k ibjrdmdm tlpbni `nymn` ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdij j dttdr. Gu `dr lhhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumumum nbtjrmntdhn` i kjvrjbjrdmkj kj nymjm fjjrbd`bd lbkuumu fstjrij`tjkdr.

Kl ru n` ikn`d lai `nmumu vj `dr lhhum fjrdbdi vj n i `nmumbnr nbtjrmntdhn` ikn kn nymjm fjjrbd`tjkdr. @dr lhhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumu0 `npnb gdr kjvrjkjvjyn `nymn` ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi jbjinm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kibjrdmdm jhj`tdhkj jrbjrdmdm tlpbnimn jdttdr. Gu gdr kjvrjkj b nbjtbjrd dbj fstjrdidj`db7.;kj vjrdbidtdr.



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35

X XXX

W3W>

W7

Z

+ +9

j`db7.; @dr lhh um fjrdbdi `nmumu

j`db7.;kj`d kjvrjkj `nymn` ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kjjrdmd bjmvlbtijtrjmdm fstjrkd d kjjr, kdrjm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kibjrdmd fstjrjmvlbtijtrjbjrdm fjrdbdi kj jrbjrdmdm tlpbni lbnrn` frbij`tjkdr. Gukn `dr lhumfjrdbdibjr `nmumumum nbtjrmntdh n`ikn kn nymjm fjjrbd lbku umufstjrij`tjkdr.

rmj`7.7

j`db7.:n kn`d jbj`trd` kjvrjsdmkj`d W3 kdrjmcd ubnr

mkn`d fjrdbdi kjjrdmd vjj`db7.:g kj`d kjvrjkj `nymn`tnm j`dbjm n` i gubumuz.

Z Z

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1 X7; X >5 N 3 N

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j`db7.:

zi7.7

@dr lhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumu uyfubnmnrn` `nymn` fjrdbdidmdm jbjinmbnr zjrdmkjktmkjm 0

X;X1-X>7-X7;kjm 7>337> 999++9 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z



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3>

@dr lhum n ibnr `nmumumknm ynrnbnmnrn` `nymn`tnm j`dbjm n`i gubumur.

N>3N3N>57> 9+9+9 D D D [

Gubumnm gu kjjrbjr jt`dm kj jrbjrkdr.

>.3 LI @ KJXWJKJ F

Lid` kjvrjkj f n` ibn fjrdbdidm nrpi mn jdttdr. W kdrjmcd ubnr mnuyfubnmnm fjrdbdi sdmzldknb lbkuumknm kdrjmcdm zjrdmkj anrcnmnm f gun` i vj fjrdbdi kj jrbjrdmdm nrpi dbj l nmkn`d kdrjm zjrdmkj anrcnmnm nmdf gubumur.

p9 u.d Vntt

Kdrjm ubnr mn uyfubnmnm fjrdbdi u9 Zi.SdmwtKdrjm zjrdmkjm fjjm ni d9Di.SdmwtAjranmfd gdr nmkn`d f p9 (Zi.Sdmwt).(DiSdmwt) wt SdmZi 7.Di.9

(wt)d9Di.Sdmwt

Z9Zi.Sdmwt

ZiDi

45 >15 385

Z

Dp

765

wt SdmZi p 7.Di.9

F j rdsd

F j rdsd dmcjbjmkddmkj u slmubnr jbkj jkdbdr. F jrdsd ajr zninmplzdtdhtdr.`dcd ynr i pjrdylttn, fjrdbdi vj n` i mjfntdhtdr. Mjfntdh fjrdbdi dbjmjfntdh n i m nrpi lbnm f kj plzdtdhtdr. Gu, kdrjmcdm ajr d`d nbtjrmnmstnjgj`jkjm f j`td dmd fstjrdr. Kdrjmtj anrcnmnm f, kdrjmtjm fjjmn` i m ymmj gnb kj dbkdr.



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N`i vj fjrdbdi j rdbjrdmdm ajr ynr i pjrdylkumkn nmd f s h rknm in`sdiui

kj jrj vj slmrn tj`rnr s h rn kjr. Gybjcj n` i vj fjrdbdidm gdr pjrdylkumknf d`d kjhn in`sdiui vj s h r kj jrbjrdmd nbr.

F j rdsd kj sdms jrdsdmj gjmzjr. Tnbmz gu j rdmdm hrj`nms, n` i (vjynfjrdbdi) hrj`nmsmm d`d `ntmn jdttdr. F j`sjmdmdm j`sjmd yu`nr yn `nyi kuruiknk r. Kdrjm zjrdmkjm fjjm ni vj fjrdbdi kj jrbjrd kzjmbjmkddtn`tdrkj kdrjm zjrdmkj`d lrtnbnin f hlrib lrtnyn `nr.

D Z U lr .9 kdrjmtj snrh jkdbjm fcm lrtnbnin kjjrd, kdrjmtjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh n`i mvj fjrdbdidm jt`dm kjjrbjrdmdm nrpi mn jdttdr.

7 @NUNS[ H KJXWJ

7.>@LMKNMSN[WM TNUDSD XJ J [BJW

@lmknmsntr d`d ubu jmjrod kjplbnynm jbj`trlmd` gdr jbjinmkr. bjt`jm bjvanbnrnrns mn `lmubnm kdjbj`trd` (jbj`trdd dbjtijyjm) inkkjsd jbj`trd` y`m kjpljtij zjbbd dmj snadptdr. m`, jbj`trlm vj prltlmbnr ynbt`nm inkkjkjanrj`jt jkjrj` gdr yjrj fdkjijzbjr. Tnb t`nm inkkjbjrdm y` kjpl jkjgdbijzjbbd`bjrdmkjm ynrnrbnmbnrn` jm tjijb jbj`trlmd` kjvrj jbjinmbnr mknm gdrdlbnm `lmknmsntr dinb jkdbidtdr.

@npnsdtj

@lmknmsntrm y` kjpl jkjgdbij yjtjmj dmj `npnsdtj nk vjrdbdr. Ajr`lmknmsntr dstjmdbkdd `nknr y` kjpl jkjijz. Gumu jt`dbjyjm hn`trbjr gu`lmu nk nbtm dbjrbjyjm zninmkn knan `npsnib dmcjbjmjcj`, y` kjpljkjgdbijsd ddm gu ubnrn iutbn`n gdr pltnmsdyjb (fjrdbdi) uyfubnmins fjrj`dr.

j`db7.8 @lmknmsntrm ynps vj sjiglbbjr



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j`db7.8kj frbk fdgd `lmknmsntr, d`d dbjt`jm bjvan vj gumbnr m nrnsmn

`lmnm kdjbj`trd` inkkjkjm lbu in`tnk r. Tnp b gu j`dbkjkdr. Gu`lmknmsntr ubnr mn gdr fjrdbdi gnbnminknm `lmknmsntrm kuruiumu vj gu`lmknmsntr ubnr mn gdr fjrdbdi gnbnmkmkn `d mj fdgd kuruibnr mlbutuumuj`dbbjrbj nmbnbins snbnmncn`tr.

Gdr `lmknmsntrm ubnr mn gdr fjrdbdi uyfubnmink kuruikn gu`lmknmsntr j`db7.6(n) kj`d fdgd mtr kuruiknkr. @lmknmsntrm ubnr mnj`db7.6 (g)kj`d fdgd gdr fjrdbdi `nymn gnbnmkmkn gu `lmknmsntrzjrdmkjm n i n` lbncn` vj `lmknmsntr bjvanbnr j`dbkj frbk fdgdy`bjmijyj gn bnyncn`tr. Gu y`bjmij uyfubnmn fjrdbdi j jrdmj ubnnmn`nknr kjvni jkjcj`tdr. Gu j`db7.6 (c)kj`d kuruiumu nbncn`t r.

(n) Mtr(kjnro kuruiu)

j`db7.6 @lmknmsntrm nro

(g ) Fjrdbdij gn bnmnm gdr`lmknmsntrm N Gbjvanbnr mm y` lbuuiu

(c) @lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm n`i n` N G uyfubnmnm fjrdbdi kjjrdmkjlbkuu nmkn `jsdbdr.

(k) @lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr (+) vj (-)y`bjrbj uyfubnmnm fjrdbdi kjjrdmkjy`bjmid anbd



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Gu `lmknmsntrm nro lbins kjij`tdr. Nrt ` gu `lmknmsntr fjrdbdi

`nymnmknm `nrk mz nmkn `lmknmsntr ubnr uyfubnkmz fjrdbdikj jrdmd fstjrdr. j`db7.6 (k)kj Z kj jrdmkj nro lbiu gdr `lmknmsntrfrbij`tjkdr. Bjvanbnr jbj`trlm y`bjrd dbj klbnm `lmknmsntrm gdr kdrjmvjyn d`d ucu `sn kjvrj jkdbjrj` y`bjrdm gl nbtbins mn `lmknmsntrm kjnro kjmdr. j`db7.1 kj frbk fdgd `lmknmsntrm (-) y`b bjvansmkn`djbj`trlmbnr, (+) y`b bjvanyn anrj`jt jkjrbjr. Jbj`trlmbnr m gu anrj`jtd kj nron` i m ijyknmn fjtdrdr. Kj nro n i , `lmknmsntrm ajr d`d pbn`ns kn mtrlbnmn `nknr kjvni jkjr. Gu lbny m slmumkn `lmknmsntr ubnr nrns mkn`dfjrdbdi s h rn dmjr. @lmknmsntr glnbi lbur.

j`db7.1 @lmknmsntrm Kjnro

j`dbbjrkj kj frbk fdgd `lmknmsntrbjrkj, jbj`trd` y`bjrd gdr ynbt`nmbnnyr bi lbup d`d dbjt`jm bjvan kn gdrd`dr. Bjvanbnrknm gdrdsd prltlmbnrknm lbunmplzdtdh y`j, kdjrd dsj jbj`trlmbnrknm lbunm mjfntdh y`j snadp lburbnr.

@lmknmsntrbjrkj `npnsdtj gdrdid Hnrnktr. Gdr `lmknmsntr ubnr mn gdr vlbtbu`fjrdbdi uyfubnmkmkn l `lmknmsntr zjrdmkj gdr `ublmbu` gdr jbj`trd` y`lbuuylrsn `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd gdr hnrnktr kjmdbdr. Hnrnk l` y`sj` gdrgdrdi lbkuumknm hnrnkm ns`ntbnr lbnm id`rlhnrnk( H), mnmlhnrnk(mH) vjpd`lhnrnk(pH) `ubbnmbr. Gu gdrdibjr nrns kmi `jmkd nrnbnr mknnnkn`d j`dbkj lbur.

>H9>58 H vjyn > H9>5-8 H>H9>54mH vjyn >mH9>5-4 H>H9>5>7 pH vjyn >pH9>5->7 H



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rmj`7.3

Nnkn`d `bnrkn vjrdbjm `lmknmsntr kjjrbjrdmd H kjjrdmj kmtrmz.

(n) 5,5555>H (g) 5,55:H (c) >555pH (k) 755pH

zi7.3

(n) 5,5555>H x >58 9 >5 H (g) 5,55:H x >58 9 :555 H

(c) >555pH x >5-8 95,55> H (k) 755pH x >5-89 5,5557 H

rmj`7.;

Nnkn`d `bnrkn vjrdbjm `lmknmsntr kjjrbjrdmd pH kjjrdmj kmtrmz.

(n) 5,>.>5-1H (g) 5,55557:H (c) 5,5> H (k) 5,55: H

zi7.;

(n) 5,>.>5-1H x >5>79>555pH (g) 5,55557:H x >5>797:.>5 8pH

(c) 5,5> H x >589>5555pH (k) 5,55: H x >589:555Uh

7.7 @LMKNMSN[W J [BJW

Id`n @lmknmsntr?

Id`n `lmknmsntrbjrkj, l` dmcj d`d dbjt`jm bjvan vj gumbnr m nrnsmknynbt`nm lbnrn` id`n ùbbnmbi tr. Gu `lmknmsntrbjrkj k `np lbnrn`fjmjbbd`bj sjrnid` inkkjsd ùbbnm bi tr. Id`n `lmknmsntrbjr fjmjbbd`bj:5pd`lhnrnk dbj :55 pd`lhnrnk nrns mkn `` `npnsdtjbjrd jbkj jtij` ddm dinbjkdbdrbjr.

@nt @lmknmsntrbjr?

@nt `lmknmsntrbjrkj d`d dbjt`jm bjvan vj gumbnr m nrnsmkn ynbt`nm lbnrn``n t ùbbnmbi tr. bjt`jm inkkjbjr vj gumbnr m nrnsmkn`d `nt l` dmcjlbup, gdr sdbdmkdrd` ynp lbuturin` zjrj gdrgdrd zjrdmj snr bi tr. @nt



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`lmknmsntrbjrkj k `np lbnrn` fjmjbbd`bj pbnstd` ùbbnmbr. Lrtn gy`b`tj

`lmknmsntr jbkj jkdbij` ddm ùbbnmbr.Sjrnid` `lmknmsntrbjr?

gu `lmknmsntrbjrkj kdjbj`trd` inkkj lbnrn` sjrnid` ùbbnm br. Nym id`tnr`npnsdtj sjrnid` `lmknmsntrbjrkj, `n t `lmknmsntrbjrj frj l` knan`` glyutbnrkn jbkj jkdbdr. Kds` gddidmkj`d sjrnid` `lmknmsntrbjrijrcdij` `lmknmsntrbjr lbnrn` nkbnmk r bin`tnk r.

Kj d`jm lmknmsntrbjr?

K j d jm `lmknmsntrbjrkj, sngdt ijtnb pbn`nbnr rltlr, kmjgdbjm gddikjyntn`bnmi ijtnb pbn`nbnr dsj stntlr lbu tururbnr. Gdr idb tnrnh mknmkmkrbjm stntlr, rltlru lbu turnm pbn`nbnr m nrnsmn tnrnh gddidmkj fjjrj``npnsdtjyd lbuturur. Kj d jm `lmknmsntrbjrkj `nr b`b pbn`nbnr nrnsmkn`danvn, kdjbj`trd` inkkj lbnrn` frjv ynpnr. Stntlr dbj rltlru lbu turnm bjvanbnrtni dd dj fjtd`bjrdmkj `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd in`sdiui kj jrdmj ubnr.,bjvanbnr gdr gdrdmkjm tninijm nyr bkmkn dsj `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsdidmdiui kj jrdmj dmjr. Kjd jm `lmknmsntrbjr fjmjbbd`bj `npnsdtjsd 5pd`lhnrnk dbj :55 pd`lhnrnk nrnsmkn kjdjcj` j`dbkj dinb jkdbdrbjr. Kjd jm`lmknmsntrbjr uyfubninkn rnkyl nb cbnr mm dstnsylm sjij kjvrjbjrdmkjùbbnmbr.

Jbj`trlbdtd` `lmknmsntrbjr?

Jbj`trlbdtd` `lmknmsntrbjrkj nsdt jrdydd fdgd gdr jbj`trlbdtd` inkkjmdmjikdrdbkdd gjz, ynbt`nm inkkj lbnrn` ùbbnm br. Gu ynbt`nmm d`d ynmmkn`dnbidmyui pbn`nbnr kn `lmknmsntrm dbjt`jm `si kr. Gu pbn`nbnrknm gdrtnmjsd klruknm klruyn `lmknmsntrm k `ng mn gnbkr. Jbj`trlbdtd``lmknmsntrbjr gy` `npnsdtj kj jrbjrdmd snbnin` zjrj dinb jkdbdrbjr. [dpd``npnsdtj kj jrbjrd gdr id`rlhnrnk dbj 7555 id`rlhnrnk nrns mknkr. Knan mcjfri lbkuuiuz `lmknmsntrbjrdm tjrsdmj, jbj`trlbdtd` `lmknmsntrbjr

ùtupbukur. Tnmd plzdtdh vj mjfntdh ubnr

vnrk

r. Gumknm klbny

k

r `d kjvrjyjgnbnmtbnr mkn plzdtdh ùtup plzdtdhj mjfntdh mjfntdhj gnbnmins fjrj`dr n`sdtn`tdrkj `lmknmsntr pntbnyngdbdr.

7.7 @NUNS[JT J[@ BJTJM HN@[WBJW

@npnsdtj, gdr `lmknmsntrm jbj`trd` y` kjpl jkjgdbij yjtjmj d lbkuumun`bni t`. @lmknmsntr bjvanbnr mn uyfubnmnm fjrdbdi, pbn`nbnrkn jbj`trd`y` ijyknmn fjtdrdr. Zyfubnmnm fjrdbdi nrtt`n, bjvanbnrkn`d jbj`trd` y` kjnrtnr. Gu mjkjmbj, `lmknmsntrm kjpl jttdd jbj`trd` y`, ubnr mn uyfubnmnm



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36

fjrdbdibj kl ru lrnmtbkr. @lmknmsntrm kjpl jkjgdbjcj d jbj`trd` y`,

`npnsdtj dbj kj kl ru lrnmtbkr. Gybjcj gdr `lmknmsntrm ubnr mnuyfubnmnm fjrdbdi, kjpl jttdd jbj`trd` y` vj `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsdnrns mkn`d dbd d nnkn`d hlribbj dhnkj jkdbdr.

Hlribkj ùbbnmbnm ^ `lmknmsntrm kjpl jttdd jbj`trd` y`m(ùblm), C`lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsdmd(Hnrnk), Z dsj `lmknmsntr ubnr mn uyfubnmnmfjrdbdid tjisdb jtij`tjkdr.

rmj`7.:

Nnkn `bnrkn vjrdbjm kjjrbjrj frj dstjmjmd gubumuz.

n) Gdr `lmknmsntrm kjpl jttdd jbj`trd` y` :5 C, gu jbjinmn >5X uyfubnmkmkn gu `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd mjkdr.

g) @lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd 7 H gu `lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`dfjrdbdi >55 X lbkuumn frj `lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr mkn`d y`mj `nknrk r.

c) @lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd >55pH, bjvanbnr mkn`d jbj`trd` y`7 C lbkuumn frj gu `lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi mj`nknrk r.

zi7.: ?

`X75H>5.>55

C>5.7 pH>55C7

C^

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8

88

99

99

999

999

99

7.3 @LMKNMSN[WBJWM SJW GN BNMINSD

@lmknmsntrbjrdm kd``nt jkdbijsd fjrj`jm d`d kuruiu vnrkr. Gumbnrknmgdrdmcdsd nbin fjrdbdid kdjrd dsj `npnsdtjsdkdr. Gumn frj `lmknmsntrùbbnmbncn` yjrbjrdmj frj `n vlbtbu` `lmknmsntr ùbbnmbncn` dsj l kj jrbd`lmknmsntr `npnsdtjsdmd vj fjrdbdi kjjrd sjdbijbdkdr. @lmknmsntrmzjrdmkj`d fjrdbdi kjjrd 7:X d`jm sdz 35X bu` gdr kjvrjkj ùbbnmrsnmz l`lmknmsntr ynmin dbj `nr `nr yn grn` rsmz. @npnsdtj kjjrbjrd uyfum



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31

kj jrkj stnmknrt kj jr gubumnink ysn l zninm dstjkd dmdz `npnsdtjkj

`lmknmsntr jbkj jtij` ddm `lmknmsntrbjrd sjrd vjyn pnrnbjb gnbnynrn` jbkjjtij di`nm mn snadpsdmdz.

@lmknmsntrbjrdm sjrd gnbnmm vj gu gn bnmtkn kj jrbjrdm gubuminhlribbjrd `nkjij `nkjij `nrt bngdbdr.

j`db7.4(n) kj`d kjvrjkj d`d `lmknmsntr sjrd gn b vj gu ubnrn gdr Z fjrdbdi`nymn gnbnmi. @lmknmsntrbjrdm gnbnmftn `nymn`tnm gdr nì jìjsdvj gjbbd gdr srj slmrn gu n i m n `jsdbijsd j`db7.4(g) frbij`tjkdr.@lmknmsntrm y`bjrd `nymnm vjrkdd y`bj jbjinm zjrbjrdmkj`d y`bjr j dtlbumcnyn `nknr n` i nìn`tn y`bjr j dt lbumcn ni n` kurin`tnk r. Gukuruiu u j`dbkj ynzngdbdrdz.

7>[ ^^^ 99

@dr lhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumumknm0

7> ZZZ +9

(n) @lmknmsntrbjrdm sjrd gnbnmins vj ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi



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34

(g) @lmknmsntrbjrdm sjrd gnbnmins, nro lbins vj n` i m l lbins

j`db7.4

Z9^/C kj jrbjrd jdtbddm ajr d`d tnrnh mn ynzbrsn0

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jbkj jkdbdr. Gu hlrib fjmjbbjrsj` m tnmj `lmknmsntrm sjrd gnbnmk kuruium hlribm ynznbi.

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40/241

;5

rmj`7.:

j`db7.>5 kn frbk fdgd tnmj kjdd` `lmknmsntrbjr gdr gdrbjrd dbj sjrdgnbnmi. Gu `lmknmsntrbjrdm jkj jrdmd gubumuz.

j`db7.>5

zi7.:

Sjrd gnbnin hlribmkj kj jrbjr yjrdmj `lmubnrn` gubumur.

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7.; @LMKNMSN[WM ZBNWDMKN@ FJW BI

@lmknmsntr ubnr mkn gdr fjrdbdi ijyknmn fjbjcj`tdr gu fjrdbdi kj jrd y` vj`npnsdtjsdmj gnb lbnrn` kj djcj` lbku umu mcj`d `lmubnr i zkn

dmcjbjidtd`. @dr lhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumumknm jbjinmbnr sjrd gnb lbku`bnr mknm

Z)CC

(Zx

[x 9

gurnkn`d Cx0 anmfd `lmknmsntr ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdid gubncn`snmz l`lmknmsntrm Zx kj jrdkdr. (C>, C7 fdgd)



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;>

rmj`7.8

j`db7.>> kj`d kjvrjkj `lmknmsntr sjrd gn bnmi ubnr mn 7:X fjrdbdiuyfubnmi tr. Gu `lmknmsntrbjrdm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kjjrbjrdmd gubumuz.

j`db7.>>

zi7.8

@lmknmsntrbjr sjrd gnbnmk`bnr ddm sjrd kjvrjkj n ibnr j dt lbncnmknm`dr lhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumumknm ynrnrbnmngdbdrsdmdz.

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Xlbtno hlribmkj kjjrbjrd yjrdmj `lynrn` jbjinm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdikj jrbjrd0

X X H

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999

999

999

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7.: @LMKNMSN[WBJWM UNWNBJB GN BNMINSD

@lmknmsntrbjr pnrnbjb gnbnmk`bnr mkn `nymn`tnm j`td`bjrd n`i `lbbnrnnyr bnrn` kjvrjsdmd tninibnyncn`t r. @nymnm fjrdbdi kjjrd gu jbjinmbnrzjrdmkj nymjm frbjcj`tdr. @nymn`tnm j`dbjm y` jbjinmbnr zjrdmkjfrbjcj` gu y`bjrdm tlpbni `nymnm y`mj jdt lbncn`tr.



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;7

jkdbdr.jbkj CCC gbmrsjynZ'tnrnh md`dajrj dtbddmZ.CZ.CZ.C

^^^

7>[

7>[

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+9+9

+9

j`db7.>7 Unrnbjb `lmknmsntrbjr vj [ 9^ >+^ 7

j`db7.>3 m tnmj `lmknmsntrm pnrnbjb gnbnmins

j`db7.>3kj lbkuu fdgd m tnmj `lmknmsntr gdrd gdrdmj pnrnbjb gnbnmkmkn`dfjmjb hlribiz d`d `lmknmsntr pnrnbjb gn bnmkmkn `nrk i zhlribiz fjmjbbj tdrdrsj`0

m37>[ C...........CCCC ++++9

lbur. m tnmj `lmknmsntr pnrnbjb gnbnmt fjmjb hlrib lrtnyn `nr.

rmj`7.6

j`db7.>;kj`d kjvrjkj jbjinmbnr m kjjrbjrd vjrdbid, gu jbjinmbnr pnrnbjbgnbnmitr. Gu kjvrjmdm jkj jr `npnsdtjsdmd vj `lmknmsntrbjrdm y`bjrdmd,tlpbni y` gubumuz.



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;3

j`db7.>; rmj`

zi7.6 ?

pC pC pC pC ^^^^

pC X pH Z C ^

pC X pH Z C ^

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999

999

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7.8 @LMKNMSN[WBJWM UNWNBJB-SJW GN BNMINSD

@lmknmsntrbjr sjrd, pnrnbjb kjvrjbjrkj nyr nyr gnbnmngdbkd`bjrd fdgd gugnbnmtbnr m d`d kuruiu gdr kjvrj zjrdmkj gubumngdbdr. Gu gnbnin j`bdmj`nr ` gn bnin kjmdr. Kdrjmbjrkj lbkuu fdgd kjvrjkj j kj jr `npnsdtjmdmgubumngdbijsd ddm kjvrjkj`d pnrnbjb gnb `lmknmsntrbjr mcj tj` gdr`lmknmsntr anbdmj fjtdrdbjrj`, kjvrjkj`d jbjinmbnr m gnbnmt kuruibnr mnfrj sjrd vjyn pnrnbjb gn bnmt hlribbjrd `ubbnmbnrn` jkj jr `npnsdtjgubumur.

rmj`7.1

j`db7.>:(n)kn frbjm kjvrjkj`d `lmknmsntrbjrdm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdikj jrbjrdmd gubumuz.



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;;

(n) (g)

j`db7.>: (c)

zi7.1 ?

j`db7.>:(n)kn`d kjvrjyd C7//C3 lbkuumknm gu pnrnbjbbddm jkj jrd hlribkjkj jrbjr yjrdmj ynzbnrn`0

H H H C C >11>537 9+9+

gu kj jr C > `lmknmsntrmj sjrd anbdmj fjbkd. Sjrd gnbnin hlribmkjkj jrbjr yjrdmj ynzbrsn j`db(g) frbjm jkj jr `npnsdtj gubumur.

H H H H H

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`nymn`tnm j`dbjm tlpbni y`0

C H X C Z ^ [ [ 38)7,6).(:(. 999



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;:

j`db(c) zjrdmkj fstjrdbjm kjjr gubumur. C> jbjinm `nymnn sjrd gnb

lbkuumknm tlpbni y` nymjm gu `lmknmsntrm zjrdmkj frbjcjdmkjm gujbjinm m ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi vj C7, C3 jbjinmbnr mn `nbnm fjrdbdi0

X H C

X H C

C ^

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7>138

3>738

>

>>

9

999

gubumur. C7, C3 pnrnbjb gnb lbku`bnr mknm gu fjrdbdi ajr d`d `lmknmsntrmubnr mkn frbjcj`tdr. Gu `lmknmsntrbjrdm y`bjrd dsj hnr`b lbncn`t r. C7, C3`lmknmsntrbjrdm kjplbnk y` id`tnrbnr dsj0

C X H Z C ^

C X H Z C ^

>8)7).(1(.

75)7).(>5(.

333

777

999

999

gubumur. Gu rmj`tj `lmknmsntrbjrdm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi vj y`bjrd nyr nyr gubumiutur.

@lmknmsntrm nro vj Kj nrom Nipjrijtrj vj Xlbtijtrj dbjFstjrdbijsd

@lmknmsntrmnro vj kj nrom dmcjbjid d kuruiumkn jbj`trlm vjprltlmbnr m anrj`jtbjrdmdj`dbbjrbj fstjrid td`. dikd gu `lmknmsntrm gdrkdrjm dbj kjvrjyj gnbnyp gu ubnr fjrdbdi `nymn dbj gjsbjijyj nbnb i.@lmknmsntrm vj kdrjmcdm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi vj n`i kuruibnr m fzbjibjyjbdi.

j`db7.>8(n) @lmknmsntrm nmnatnr `npntbkmkn zjrdmkjm fjjm n i vjubnr mkn`d fjrdbdidm nipjrijtrj vj vlbtijtrjkj`d frm



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j`db7.>8(g)@lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdidm `nymn` fjrdbdidmj jdt lbkuunmkn zjrdmkjm ajranmfd gdr n`i m n`iny vj kdrjm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi sh rkj jrd fstjrijsd

Gdr `lmknmsntrj sjrd gdr kdrjm gnbnyp gu jbjinmbnrn fjrdbdi uyfubnmk nmkn `nymn`tnm gdr srj n i fjjcj`tdr. Gu n` i m fjijsd `lmknmsntrubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kjjrd `nymn` fjrdbdi kj jrdmj j dt lbumcnyn `nknr kjvnijkjcj`tdr. Gu nrnkn j`db(n)kn nipjrijtrj nmnatnr `npnt br `npnt binz inx.n` i `nymn`tnm j`dbkdd ddm gy` kjjr fstjrjcj` knan slmrn`lmknmsntrm fjrdbdid nrtt`n n` i nznbncn`t r.

j`db7.>8(c)@lmknmsntrm kjnromkn nipjrijtrjmdm vj vlbtijtrjmdmfstjrkd d kjjr

j`db7.>8(n)kn vlbtijtrj dsj s

h

rknm gnbnynrn` `lmknmsntr ubnr

mngnbnmnm `nymnm kjjrdmj `nknr y`sjbjcj`tdr. Gu `nymn` fjrdbdidkj jrdmkj nro lbnm `lmknmsntr j`db7.>8(c)kj frbk fdgd fjrdbdi`nymnm `nrk `tnm slmrn `lmknmsntrm y` kdrjm zjrdmkjm anrcnmr.t95 nmmkn nipjrijtrj y`sj` kj jrkjm s h rn kl ru, vlbtijtrjkj inx. knms h rn kl ru kj jr fstjrjcj`tdr. Gu n`nm n` ikn kj nro n i dbj nkbnmkr br.Gu `lmknmsntr nro vj kj nromm srjsd kdrjmcdm vj `lmknmsntrm`npnsdtjsdmj gnbkr. Gu fjjm srjyj WC zninm sngdtjsd kjmdr. Hlriblbnrn`0

WC9



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;1

j`db7.>1

t95 ddm `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm n`i gubursn` kdjr kj jrbjrd kj sdzbjr

gubnrn` n`

i frnhd dmdm klrubuumu frjgdbdrsdmdz.

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t95 nmmkn(nmnatnr `npntbk nmkn) `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm `nymn` fjrdbdidvj kdrjm kjjrdmj gnb lbnrn` inx. Kj jrkj n` i n`t frbylr. Sdzbjrkj t

kj jrbjrd vjrjrj` j dtbd zninmbnrkn`d n`

ibnr

gubumuz.

rmj`7.>5 ?

j`db7.>4kj`d kjvrjkj jbjinmbnr m kjjrbjrd vjrdbidtdr. Gu kjjrbjrkl rubtusumkn `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm nibnr 0(n) t95s (g) t95,5:s (c)t95,>s (k)t95,7s (j)t9 5,:sgubumuz.

j`db7.>4

zi7.>5 N`i hlribmkj kj jrbjrd yjrdmj ynzbins dbj gubumngdbdr. mcj gu kjvrjmdmzninm sngdtjsd gubumur.



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;4

>,5)H>5.>).(>5.>55(WC 83 99

n knm j yj `nknr vjrdbjm zninm kj jrbjrdmd hlribkj yjrbjrdmj `lynrn``lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm n` ibnr gubumur.

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Gurnkn kd``nt jkdbdrsj zninm fjtd`j `lmknmsntrm zjrdmkjm ni n` nznbylr. Srjyd gdrnz knan nrt rsn` n` i frnhd`tj fstjrkd didz fdgd sh rlbncn`t r.

7.6 KWJMCM _JWMKJ@ XJ @LMKNMSN[WZBNWDMKN@ FJW BI

@lmknmsntrj sjrd gnb gdr kdrjm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi ki lai`nmumumknm hnyknbnmbnrn` gubumngdbdr. Kdrjm `lmknmsntrj sjrd gnb lbkuumknm `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm ni nym zninmkn kdrjm jbjinm zjrdmkjm fjjcj dmkjm t95 nmmkn kdrjm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi ki inx.Lbncn`, n` i nznbk `n vj n` i s h r lbkuumkn kdrjm ubnr mkn ajranmfd gdrfjrdbdi ki inmt `jm lbinyncn`t r. Gumu hlribbjrbj dhnkj jkjrj`fstjrjbdi.

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50/241

:5

`dr lhum fjrdbdibjr `nmumumknm hnyknbnmbnrn` `lmknmsntr ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi

nnkn`d j`dbkj lbur.

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j`db7.75 @lmknmsntrmnro jsmnsmkn`d fjrdbdi jrdsd

rmj`7.>>

j`db7.75kj`d vjrdbjm kjvrjkj nmnatnr :5 s `npnt bkmkn `lmknmsntrmubnr mkn`d fjrdbdid ajsnpbnymz.

j`db7.75

zi7.>>

Kjvrjkj`d vjrdbjrbj `lmknmsntr ubnr mkn :5 s slmrn fjrdbdi kj jrd hlribkjkj jrbjr yjrdmj ynzbnrn` `lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi kjjrd gubumngdbdr.



51/241

:>

X X Z

jX jX jZ sZ

s H WC

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rmj`7.>7

j`db7.7> kj`d kjvrjkj `lmknmsntrbjrdm klbin jsmns mkn vj hub klbkuu nmkn`nymn`tnm j`dbjm nibnr vj jbjinm zjrbjrdmkj`d fjrdbdibjrd gubumuz.(Kdrjmkj jrbjrd lai cdmsdmkjmkdr)

j`db7.7>(n)

zi7.>7

j`db7.7>kj`d kjvrjkj nmnatnr `npnt bk nmkn C> `lmknmsntrmmzjrdmkjm n i n`ncn mknm W> kdrjmcdmkjm n`i fjijkd dmkjm kdrjmubnr mkn fjrdbdi 5X tur. C7 jbjinm W7 kdrjmcdmj sjrd gnbnmkmknm nibnr j dt lbncn`tr. @sncn `lmknmsntrbjr hub lbnmn `nknr sn kjvrj j`bdmd nbncn`kjvrjkj ad kdrjm fstjrijyjcj`tdr. Gu kuruin frj `nymn`tnm j`dbjmn` i( j`db(g)kj`d kjvrjyj frj0

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tlpbni n` i gubumkuumn frj gu n` i kdrjm kj jrbjrd jdt lbnm W7 vj W3 jbjinmbnr mknm d`djr nipjr lbnrn` j`db(g) kj`d fdgd n`ncn`tr.



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53/241

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j`db7.7>(c) kj n` gdrj`dbkj frbij`tjkdr.

rmj`7.>3

j`db7.77 kj`d kjvrjkj (n) nmnatnr `npnt bk nmkn D> vj Dc n`ibnr m, (g)nmnatnr `npntbk`tnm uzum gdr srj slmrn D> vj Dc n`ibnr m vj `lmknmsntrmubnr mkn`d fjrdbdid ajsnpbnymz.

>75X

S;5 lai

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zi7.>3

(n) S nmnatnr `npnt bk nmkn (t95) `lmknmsntr gl lbkuu ddm 15 laibu`kdrjmcd sn kjvrj jkjcj dmkjm D> 9 5 lbur. t9 5 kn Zc95

@lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n i N D c 3;5

>7599 lbur.

(g) Nmnatnr `lmknmsntrnro lbumcnyn `nknr uzum gdr zninm `npnb `nbkmnfrj, `lmknmsntrkjm fjjm nro n i s h r lbur. Dc 9 5 Gu kurui`lmknmsntr kjvrjkjm `nr bsn kjvrjkj adgdr kjdd`bd` lbinz. Gu kuruiknkjvrj, 15 laibu` kdrjm dbj ;5 laibu` kdrjmtjm dgnrjt sjrd gdr kjvrjkuruiumknk r.

N D >;515

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X Z c 1515> 99



54/241

:;

7.1 NB[JWMN[H N@DIKN @LMKNMSN[WNbtjrmntdh Nì m @lmknmsntrkjm Fjdd

j`db7.73n kn gdr `lmknmsntrj sdmzldknb gdr ji` uyfubnmkmkn kjvrjkjmgdr nbtjrmntdh nì n` gnbnr. Kjvrjyj gn bnmnm nipjrijtrj vns tns dbjkjvrjkjm fjjm n` i bbjgdbdr. @lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr nrns mkn ynbt`nmgdr inkkj gubumkuu anbkj, kjvrjkjm nbtjrmntdh gdr ni m mnsb fjtddmddmcjbjyjbdi. @lmknmsntrj uyfubnki z sdmzldknb ji`dm kjddi j rdsdj`db7.73g kj frbij`tjkdr.

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[ni s h r nmmkn nmnatnr `npntt i z `ngub jkjbdi. Ji` s h rknm gnbnynrn`plzdtdh in`sdiui kj jrdmj kl ru y`sjbjcj`tdr. @lmknmsntr gl lbkuu ddmZc9 5 k r. Ji`dm plzdtdh ynr i pjrdylkumkn, N ucu (+) plzdtdh vj G ucu kn (-)mjfntdh lbsum. j`db7.7; (n) kn frbk fdgd gdr jbj`trlm n i (-G) ucumknm(+N) ucumn klru n`ncn`t r. @lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr mkn fstjrdbkdd fdgdy`bjr (nrobnr) tlpbnmr. @lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr nrns mknnrobn klru lrnmtb lbnrn` kj djm pltnmsdyjb hnr ijyknmn fjbdr. Kjvrjkjm fjjm nro n i s h rnmmkn in`sdiui kj jrdmkj lbur. m` gu nmkn, `lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`dfjrdbdi s h rkr.

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::

@lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`d Zc fjrdbdid, uyfubnmnm ji`j zt ymkjkdr.

@lmknmsntr klbku`n Zc fjrdbdid nrtt ddmnro n`i nznbinyn gn bnr.Zyfubnmnm ji` (+Ji) kj jrdmj ubntmkn `lmknmsntr klbkuu ddmubnr mkn`d pltnmsdyjb hnr` Zc9Ji lbur. Gu nmkn /7 nmmkn kjvrjkjm fjjmnro n i kn s h r lbur. nro n i mm kjddi j rdsd j`db7.7; (g) kjfstjrdbidtdr.

/7 (45) kjm slmrn kjvrjyj uyfubnmnm ji`, Ji kj jrdmkjm nznbinyn gnbnr.Gu kuruikn `lmknmsntrm ubnr mkn`d Zc fjrdbdidjgj`j ji`dmkjm gy`lbncn ddm `lmknmsntr kjnro lbinyn gn bnr. j`db7.7: (n) kn frbk fdgd,kjvrjkj`d jbj`trlm n` i `lmknmsntrm mjfntdh bjvansmn klru lbur. Kj nron` i , nro n i mn tjrs ymkjkdr.

NG ubnr mkn`djgj`j fjrdbdid nznbk `n kj nro fjrdbdid nznbk`n kj nro n i kn gyr. () kj jgj`j fjrdbdid s h r lbkuu nmkn kjnro n i in`sdiuikj jrdmj ubnr. j`db7.7: (g) kj, s h rknm mjfntdh in`sdiui kj jrdmjy`sjbjm kj nro n i mm kjddi j rdsd frbylr. () kj `lmknmsntr kj nrolbkuu ddm ubnr mkn`d fjrdbdi sh rn kjr.

S

C

N

j9Ji.Sdmwt N

G

++ + Zc

D kjnro

D kjnro

(wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

j

45d

- Di

(n) (g)

j`db7.7: @lmknmsntrkjm nbtjrmntdh n`i m fjdd

() nmmknm slmrn jgj`j ji`d ym kj dtdrjrj` (- Ji) kj jrdmj kl ru

nrtinyn gn bnr. dbj 7 nrns mkn N ucu (-) vj G ucu kn (+) lbur. nmmkn`lmknmsntr kj nro kuruiumknkr. j`db7.78 (n) kn frbk fdgd, kjvrjkjjbj`trlm n` i (-) N knm (+) G yj klru lbur. Gu jbj`trlm n` i `lmknmsntrbjvanbnr m j`dbkj fstjrdbkdd fdgd y`bjijyj gn bnr. @lmknmsntr klbku`nubnr mkn`d (uyfubnmnm ji`j zt ymkj lbnm) fjrdbdi Zc kj nrtinyn gn bnr.



56/241

:8

S

C

N

j9Ji.Sdmwt N

G ++ +

Dnro

Dnro

(wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

j

45

- Di

765

(n) (g)

j`db7.78

kj nro n`i in`sdiuikur. 3 /7 nmmkn `lmknmsntr klbkuu ddm Zc 9 -Ji lbur. @lmknmsntrm nro n i kn s h rn kjr, 3 /7 nmmknm slmrn,jgj`j ji`d (-Ji) kj jrdmkjm nznbinyn gnbnr. Gu kuruikn `lmknmsntrmubnr mkn`d pltnmsdyjb hnr` jgj`j ji`dmkjm gy` lbncn ddm, `lmknmsntrjgj`j zjrdmkjm kj nro lbinyn gn bnr. j`db7.76 (n) kn `lmknmsntrmmjfntdh bjvansmknm plzdtdhj klru kj nro jbj`trlm n` frbylr. jgj`jfjrdbdid 7 nmmkn sh r lbkuu nm, `lmknmsntrm kjnro n i in`sdiuikj jrdmj ubnr.

S

C

N

j9Ji.Sdmwt N

G ++ + Zc

D kjnro

D kjnro

(wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

j

45

- Di

765

(n) (g)

j`db7.76

j`db7.76 (g) kj kj nro n i mm 3 /7 dbj 7 nrns mkn`d jrdsdfrbylr.`lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm ji`dm gdr pjrdyltbu` kjddidmkj

`lmknmsntrm nro vj kj ro n`

ibnr

kjvrjkjm fjjm n`

i

ijyknmnfjtdrdrbjr. Gn n gdr kjydbj, kjvrjkjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh n i `lmknmsntrmkdjbj`trddmkjm fjjm n i kj db, `lmknmsntrmnro vj kj nro n i kr. Gun` in fjmjbbd`bj, `lmknmsntrkjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh ni kjmdr.

j`db7.7;, 7:, 78 vj 76 kj pnrn pnrn fstjrdbjm kjvrj n` i m uyfubnmnmji`bj gdrbd`tj yjmdkjm dzjbdi. j`db7.71 kn frbk fdgd, `lmknmsntrkjmfjjm n` i m kjddi j rdsd dmcjbjmkddmkj0 sdmzldknb gdr n`i lbku , ynbmzuyfubnmnm ji` 45 dbjrdkj gubumkuu frbr.



57/241

:6

Zyfubnmnm ji` J9 Ji.Sdm t, N`i dsj d9 Di.Cls t9Di.Sdm( t + /7) lbur.

(wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

j

45d

- Di

765

d9Di.Sdmwt

.45.D

5J

V

j`db7.71 @lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n`i m vj uyfubnmnm ji`dm kjddi j rdbjrdvj vj`tr kdynfrni

@lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr nrns mkn nro vj kj nroknm klbny ijynknmn fjbjmpltnmsdyjb hnr,uyfubnmnm ji`j zt ymkjkdr. @lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm ji`jj dt vj>15 hnz hnr lbnrn` dzdbjcj` gdr jrd gdzj `lmknmsntrm bjvanbnr nrns mkn ijyknmn fjbjm Zc fjrdbdidmdm kjddi j rdsdmd vjrdr. j`db7.74 kj`lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm ji`dm, fjjm ni m vj Zc fjrdbdidmdm kjddij rdbjrd frbylr.

(wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

jZc

d

45

- Di

765

Zc9Ji.Sdm(wt->15)

5 (wt)

j9Ji.Sdmwt

Ji

>15 385

j

45 765

[/;

j`db7.74 @lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm j`db7.35 @lmknmsntrjuyfubnmnm

ji`, fjjm n`

i vj Zc j rdbjrd Sdmzldknb ji`@lmknmsntrkjm Fjjm Nbtjrmntdh N i m Ajsnpbnmins

@lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm sdmzldknb ji`dm jrdsdj`db7.35 kn frbij`tjkdr.@lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n i, bjvanbnrkn tlpbnmnm nrom kjddidmj gnbkr.@lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n i m lrtnbnin kj jrd,

zninmfjjmkj ddidnro

9lr D vjyn ` sncn t ^

D lr

9



58/241

:1

`lmknmsntrm nro, `npnsdtjsd C sngdt lbkuumn frj uyfubnmnm fjrdbdij

gnbkr.C j^ .9

nro kjddid kj fjrdbdi kj ddid dbj klru lrnmtbkr. jC ^ .9

j`db7.74 kn`d `lmknmsntrj uyfubnmnm ji`dm 5 dbj /7 nrns ikn`d [/;pjrdyltbu` pnrnsm nbnbi. Gurnkn ji` 5 dbj Ji nrns mkn kjdij`tjkdr.Jbj`trliltlr ùvvjtdm kj ddid Ji kdr. j9 Ji

@lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n i m lrtnbnin kj jrd,

[ J C C C

D ilr /)..;(..

99

999

[/7Ji

tj

zninmfjjmkj ddidfjrdbdiC.

zninmfjjmkj ddidnro

Zyfubnmnm ji`dm hrj`nms h lbkuumn frj, h

[ >

9 kdr. Tu`nr kn`d dhnkjkj [

yjrdmj >/h ynzbrsn0

ii

lr J C h h

J C D ...;

>..;

99

`lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm lrtnbnin n` i gubumur. N` i m in`sdiuikj jrd,

lr i D D .7 9 lbkuumn frj

7....;.

7

ilr J C h D 9 kjm ii J C h D ....7 9

gubumur.@lmknmsntrm zjrdmkjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh nì m jt`dm(ris) kj jrd,

7

ijh

D D 9 kdr.

@lmknmsntrkjm fjjm n i m jt`dm kjjrd0

7..7

7ii J C h

D 9 kzjmbjmdrsj, jh jh J C h D ..7 9 gubumur. Nbtjrmntdh nì m vj

fjrdbdidm jhj`tdh kjjrbjrdmdm ynmmn dmkds ùbbnmbinz. J jr Djh9D, Jjh9J lbnrn`yjrbjrdmj hlribkj `lmubursn hrj`nms cdmsdmkjm `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjmn` i hlrib lrtnyn `nr.



59/241

:4

J C h D ..7 9

Gdbdmdylr `d nsnb az h 79 kdr. Gu kjjr `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjmn` i hlribmkj yjrdmj `lmubursn n snb az cdmsdmkjm nì hlrib n nkn`dfdgd lbur.

.C.J9 D

rmj`7.>;

>55 hb

` gdr `lmknmsntrj jt`dm kj jrd >55 Xlbt lbnm vj hrj`nms

:5 Azbd` gdrnbtjrmntdh fjrdbdij gnbnmkmkn gu `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm n i gubumuz.

zi7.>;

Nbtjrmntdh nì m `lmknmsntr zjrdmkjm fjjm n i hlribmkjmhnyknbnmbnrn`0

Nipjr >;,3>55.>5.>55.:5.7..7 8 999 J C h D

@npnsdtdh Wjn`tnms vj LAI `nmumu

@lmknmsntr ubnr mn gdr nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdi uyfubnmkmkn `nymn`tnm j`dbjmn` i J C h D ..7 9 hlrib dbj ajsnpbnmk gubumiutu. Gu dhnkjkjm0

C h J D

.7 9 vjC h D

J .7

>

9

ynzbngdbdr. Nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjsdmkj fjrdbdidm n` in lrnm gdbdmdylr `d jbj`trd`n` i mn `nr fstjrkd d zlrbuu vjrdr. Gu kuruikn J/D lrnm sngdt `nbr.

@npnsdtdh kjvrjkj`d J/D lrnmmn `npnsdtdh rjn`tnms kjmdr. Gdrdid laikur vj Qcdbj fstjrdbdr.

C C h D J

Q c .>

.7>

999



60/241

85

Kl ru n` i kjvrjsdmkj fjrdbdi, n` i vj kdrjm nrns mkn`d dbd dbjrd vjrjm lai

`nmumumum gjmzjrj`dbkj, `npnsdtdh kjvrjkj J, D vj Qc nrns mkn`d dbd dbjr ddm`ubbnmbngdbdr. @npnsdtdh kjvrjkj lai `nmumu0

c x J

D 9 D J

Q c 9 c Q D J .9

@npnsdtdh rjn`tnms hlribmj gnbkmknC h

Q c .7>

9 dmcjbjmkddmkj u

aususbnr frbr.

(n) @npnsdtdh rjn`tnms, hrj`nmsbn tjrs lrnmtb lbnrn` kj ddr.(g) @npnsdtdh rjn`tnms, `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtjsd dbj tjrs lrnmtbkr.

rmj`7.>:

@npnsdtjsd :5 H lbnm gdr `lmknmsntrm0n) :5 Az kj`dg) >555 Az kj`dc) Slmsuz hrj`nmskn`dk) Kl ru N`ikn`d `npnsdtdh rjn`tnmsbnr m ajsnpbny mz.

zi7.>: ?

n) 999 88,83:5.:5.7

>5.7

>5 88

C h Q c

g) 999 >1,3:5.>555.7

>5.7

>5 88

C h Q c

c) 9

99 5:5..7

>5

.7

>5 88

C h Q c

k) 999 :5.5.7

>5.7

>5 88

C h Q c (K.N kn rjn`tnms slmsuzkur.)



61/241

8>

rmj`7.>8

j`db7.3> kn vjrdbjm nbtjrmntdh nì kjvrjsdmkj `lmknmsntrm `npnsdtdhrjn`tnms m vj `nymn`tnm j`tdd n i ajsnpbny mz.

5,55: id`rl HZ9 : X

h9>5 Àz

j`db7.3>Cjvnp 7.>6

@npnsdtdh rjn`tnms0

999 ` >1,3:5).>5555.(7

>5.7

> 8

Az C h Q c

@nymn`tnm j`dbjm nì0

iN` 3,>1

XDknm :6,>:. 9

999c

c Q Z Q D Z

@npnsdtdh Kjvrjkj F

mcj`d `lmubnrknm gdbdmdylr `d `npnsdtdh kjvrjkj nìbn fjrdbdi nrns mkn 45 hnz hnr lbuin`tn vj n` i fjrdbdikjm 45 dbjrd hnzknkr. Ajranmfd gdr nmkn`d`lmknmsntrm anrcnk f, l nmkn n` i dbj ji`dm nrpi mn jdttdr. jd p .9

4 5

U 9 j . dj 9 J i . S d m w t

d 9 D i . c l s w t

5 j 9 5p 9 j . d 9 5

d9 5p 9 j . d 9 5

t

UDj

j`db7.37 @npnsdtdh kjvrjkj f knbfnbnr



62/241

87

j`db7.37 kj frbk fdgd jdtbd nmbnrkn`d n`i vj fjrdbdi kj jrbjrd

nrpbnrn` gubumnm fbjr dnrjtbjmij` surjtdybj fcm kj ddi j rdsddzdbjgdbdr. Zyfubnmnm ji`dm vj n`i m ajranmfd gdr nmkn`d kjjrd,

j Ji.Sdmwt vj d9 Di.Cls wt

gu kj jrbjr p9 d.j hlribmkj yjrbjrdmj `lmubkuu tn`tdrkj fjrdbdi vj n` i mkj jrbjrd klrubtusumkn nmd f hlrib lrtnyn `nr.

t Sdm D J t Sdmt Clst Sdm

t Clst Sdm D J t Cls D t Sdm J dj p

ii

iiii

...7.7>.

.......

.7> pkjm 99

999

Fjrdbdi vj n` i m kjjrbjrdmd jhj`tdh kjjr cdmsdmkjm ynzbkmkn `lmknmsntrzjrdmkj anrcnmnm f gubumur.

tJ.D.Sdm7 p

7

D

7

J ii

9

999 D J t Sdm D J

p ii 7.7

.7

J? Zyfubnmnm ji`dm jt`dm kjjrd, XlbtD? Fjjm n i m jt`dm kjjrd, nipjrp? Ajranmfd gdr nmkn`d f (nmd f), Xntt

Nmd f hlrib dmcjbjmkddmkj, fcmkj sdmzldknb lbnrn` kjdtdd ynbmzhrj`nmsmm, fjrdbdi vjyn n` i hrj`nms mm, d`d `nt lbkuu frbr.

j`db7.37 kj`d f j rdsdmdm, ji`dm ynr i pjrdylkumkn tni gdr pjrdyltbu`kj dijyj u rnk ynmd > pjrdylt dzkdd frbr. Tntny zninm j`sjmdmdmstmkj`d f j rdsd plzdtdh, nbt `si mkn`d kj mjfntdh fc fstjrdr. F plzdtdhd`jm, `lmknmsntrjgj`jkjm f j`jrj` bjvanbnr mkn jmjrod kjpl jkjr. Fmjfntdh d`jm, `lmknmsntr bjvanbnr mkn kjpl jttd d jmjrodydjgj`jyj (`nymn n)fjrd vjrdr.

F j rdsdmdm nbtmkn `nbnm nbnm kjpl jkdbjm jmjrodyd vjyn kjnrokn fjrd vjrdbjmjmjrodyd fstjrdr. j`db7.3> kj frbk fdgd, nrokn kjpl jkdbjm jmjrod,kj nrokn fjrd vjrdbjm jmjrodyj jdttdr. Gu kuruikn lrtnbnin f s h r lbur.



63/241


64/241

8;

3.JMK@[H KJXWJNB[JWMN[H N@DIKN GLGM

j`db7.3;(n) kn frbk fdgd snh gdr zdmk`bjij glgdmdm sdmzldknb nbtjrmntdhgdr fjrdbdi uyfubnmkmkn j`db7.3;(g) kj`d fdgd glgdmkjm sdmzldknb gdr nìfjjr. Gu n` i m ijyknmn fjtdrjcj d inmyjtd` n` s kn sdmzldknb lbnrn`kj ddr vj nìbn nym hnzknkr.

Glgdmkjm fjjm nì m ijyknmn fjtdrjcj d sdmzldknb inmyjtd` n`, glgdmdm`jmkd snr ibnr m snrk ddm, glgdmkj zdmk`bjij ji` ijyknmn fjtdrdr.

Z

B

4 55 > 1 5 7 6 5 3 8 5

d9 D i . s dm w t

9 i . s d m w t

w t

(n) (g)

455 >15 765 385

d9Di.sdmwt

[/;

j _

455 >1 5 76 5 38 5

d9Di.sdmwt

[ /;

j _

(g) (k)

j`db7.3; zdmk`bjij glgdmbd N.N kjvrjsd

Glgdmkj dmk`bjmjm zdmk`bjij ji`dm mnsb kjdtddmd srnybn dmcjbjijsdynpbrsn0

(>) j`db7.3;(c ) kj frbk fdgd, 5 dbj 45 nrns mkn`d ynr i nbtjrmnms jbjnbnbi. N` i s h rknm gnbnyp nrtnrn` (+Di) kj jrdmj, inmyjtd` n` 5 knm



65/241

8:

gnbnynrn` (+i) kj jrdmj ubnylr. Glgdmkjm fjjm nrtnm nì m ijyknmnfjtdrkdd nrtnm n` s mm dmk`bjmkdd zdmk`bjij ji`d Bjmz `nmumumn frj,`jmkdsdmd ijyknmn fjtdrjm n mm vjyn n` i m kjddidmj inmd lbncn`ymkjkdr. N i plzdtdh ymkj nrtt ddm zdmk`bjij ji` mjfntdh lbur.

Nì m kjddi a z t d vjyn inmyjtd` ` mm kjddi a z t , db`gnbnmftn ynmd 5 kj (-) in`sdiui kj jrdmkjm gnbnr, nznbnrn` 45 kj s h rlbur. j`db7.3;c kj zdmk`bjij ji`dm kj ddi j rdsd frbij`tjkdr.

ktk

-M vjyn

99 z z jkt kd

Bj

5 - 45 nrns [/; pjrdylttn, )()( ++kt

k vj

kt kd lbkuu ddm hlribbjrkjm zt

ji`dmdm z j mjfntdh (-) lbncn nmbnbr.

(7) j`db7.3;(k) kj frbk fdgd, 45 kjm slmrn n` i nznbnrn` (+Di)kj jrdmkjm sh rn kjr. 45 dbj >15 nrns mkn, plzdtdh ynr i pjrdylkum d`dmcdynr s mkn, n i m nznbin a z 45 kj s h r, >15 kj dsj in`sdiuikur. N` i mijtknmn fjtdrkd d glgdmd snrnm inmyjtd` n`kn, 45 kj (+) in`sdiuikj jrdmkjm nznbnrn` >15 kj s h rn kjr. Glgdmd snrnm inmyjtd` n kn`d

nznbinmm dmcjbjmjcjd zdmk`bjij ji`d kj s h r, >15 kj n` i m kjddia z kd/kt in`sdiui lbku u ddm zdmk`bjij ji`d kj (+) in`sdiui lbur.j`db7.3;(k) kj zdmk`bjij ji`dm kj ddi j rdsd frbylr.

(3) j`db7.3;(j) kj frbk fdgd, >15 dbj 765 nrns mkn n i ymkj dtdrjrj` (-Di) kj jrdmj kl ru y`sjbjcj`tdr. >15 kj n` i m kjddi a z in`sdiui lbku u ddm zdmk`bjij ji`d (zt ji`) in`sdiuikur. 765 kjn` i m kjddi a z s h r lbkuumknm, zdmk`bjij ji`d kj s h r lbur. n` inrtt ddm zdmk`bjij ji`d kj nin tjrs ymkj, n` i mjfntdh lbku umknmzdmk`bjij ji`d kj plzdtdh ymkjkdr. j`db7.3;(j) kj zdmk`bjij ji`dm>15 765 nrns mkn`d kjddi j rdsd frbylr.

(;) j`db7.3; (h) kj frbk fdgd, 765 kjm slmrn, n` i mjfntdh in`sdiuikj jrkjm nznbnrn` 385 kj s h r kj jrdmd nbr. N` i nznbk mknm zdmk`bjijji`d n i m nznbins mn inmd lbngdbijsd ddm nìbn nym ymkj lbur. n` imjfntdh lbkuu ddm ji`kj mjfntdh lbur. nì m kjddi a z (kd/kt) 765 kj s h rlbkuumknm zdmk`bjij ji`d kj s h r lbur. n` i m kjddi a z 385 kjin`sdiui lbku u ddm zdmk`bjij ji`d kj in`sdiui kj jrdmd nbr. j`db7.3;(h) kj, 765 dbj 385 nrns mkn zdmk`bjij ji`dm kjddi j rdsdfrbylr.



66/241

88

j`db7.3; (c, k, j vj h) kj`d zdmk`bjij ji`dm kj ddidmd fstjrjm jrdbjrd

gdrbjtdrjrj` yjmdkjm dzjbdi. j`db7.3:kj dzdbid anbd frbij`tjkdr.

4 55 > 1 5 7 6 5 3 8 5

d9 D i . s dm w t

[ /;

j _

455 >1 5 76 5 38 5

d9Di.sdmwt

[/;

j _

(j) (h) j`db7.3;

j`db7.3: kj`d zdmk`bjij glgdmdmkjm fjjm n` i dbj zdmk`bjij ji`dmj rdbjrd dmcjbjmkddmkj, zdmk`bjij ji`dm n iknm 45 fjrdkj lbku ufrbr. Xjyn n` i, zdmk`bjij ji`dmkjm 45 dbjrdkjkdr.

j`db7.3; (n) kn frbk fdgd, zdmk`bjij glgdmdmj sdmzldknb gdr Z ji`duyfubnk` vj glgdmkjm sdmzldknb gdr n`i fjtd. Sdmzldknb n i m ijyknmnfjtdrkdd sdmzldknb inmyjtd` n`mm jt`dsd dbj glgdmkj gdr zdmk`bjij ji`ddmk`bjmkd. j`db7.3: kj frbk fdgd zdmk`bjij ji`d n`iknm 45 fjrdkjkdr. Glgdmkjm n i m fjijsdmj sjgjp lbnm Z jgj`j fjrdbdid dbjzdmk`bjij ji`d nrns mkn >15 hnz hnr vnrkr. Gn n gdr kjydbj,zdmk`bjij ji`d jgj`j fjrdbdidmj z ttr. Gumknm klbny zdmk`bjijji`dmj zt ji` kn kjmdr. zdmk`bjij ji`, glgdmj uyfubnmnm fjrdbdij j dttdr.

455 >15 765 38 5

d9Di.sdmwt

j _

j`db7.3: zdmk`bjij glgdmdmkjm fjjm n i m vj zt ji`dm kjddi j rdsd

j`db:.>8 kn`d zdmk`bjij ji`dm kjddi j rdsdmj >15 hnz hnrb lbnrn`dzdbjcj` sdmzldknb gdr jrd, glgdmj uyfubnmnm nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm kjddij rdsd lbncn`tr.



67/241

86

j`db7.38 kn, zdmk`bjij glgdmdmkjm fjjm n i m, glgdmj uyfubnmnm

fjrdbdikjm 45 fjrdkj lbku u frbr. u anbkj, gdr zdmk`bjij glgdmdmkjmfjjm n` , uyfubnmnm fjrdbdikjm 45 fjrd `nbr.

455 >15 765 385

j _

ZD

j Q

d Z

Z

J Q

D4545

(n) Sjbh glgdmdm u, d vj j jrdbjrd (g) vj`tr kdynfrni

j`db7.38

Nbtjrmntdh Nìkn zdmk`bjij JI@dm Ajsnpbnmins

Gdr zdmk`bjij glgdmdmkjm fjjm sdmzldknb nì m ijyknmn fjtdrkdd

sdmzldknb inmyjtd` n` glgdm dbjt`jmbjrdmd snrk ddm glgdmkj, `jmkdsdmkjm(n` knm vjyn n` iknm) 45 fjrdkj zdmk`bjij ji`dmd dmk`bjkddmd gdbdylruz.

j`db7.36 kj, sjbh glgdmkjm fjjm sdmzldknb nì m vj n` mm kjddij rdbjrd frbylr.

4 55 > 1 5 7 6 5 3 8 5

d9 D i . s dm w t

9 i . s d m w t

w t

j`db7.36

zdmk`bjij ji`dm lrtnbnin kj jrd,t

D B

t M

J lr

9

9 .

. hlribbjrd dbj

gubumur. j`db 7.36kj, 5 dbj 45 nrnsmkn n i m kjddid ii D D D 99 )5( kr.



68/241

81

5 dbj 45 nrnsmkn fjjm zninm t 9 [/; ynid pjrdylkum krttj gdr zninmk r. Dvj t kj jrbjrd yu`nr kn`d hlribkj yjrdmj `lmubursn0

[ D

B[ D

Bt

D B J iilr ;;

99

9

Nbtjrmntdh nì m hrj`nms h lbkuumn frj [9>/h kdr.

ii

lr hBD h D

B J ;>

.; 99

gubumur. Fjrdbdidm vj nì m jhj`tdh kjjr cdmsdmkjm hlribkj yjrbjrdmj`lmubkuumkn hlrib nnkn`d j`dbkj kzjmbjmid lbur.

BD D B h J jh jh ....7 99

rmj`7.>4

Jmk`tnms B9; ajmrd lbnm gdr glgdmkj :5 Az hrj`nmsb 7 nipjrbd` gdr NNfjtddmkj, glgdmkj dmk`bjmjm zdmk`bjij ji`dmd gubumuz.

zi7.>4 ?

X 7:>71557.;.:5.7..7 9999 D B h J

Jmk`tdh Wjn`tnms

zdmk`bjij glgdmdmj uyfubnmnm ji`, glgdmkjm fjjm nbtjrmntdh nì mdmk`bjkdd zdmk`bjij ji`dmj jdt vj tjrs ymkjkdr. u anbkj, zdmk`bjijji`dmd (zt ji`dmd) vjrjm D B J z ..9 hlrib gdzj glgdmdm ubnr mn uyfubnmnmnbtjrmntdh fjrdbdid (jgj`j fjrdbdidmd) vjrdr.

D BZ D B h Z .. ....7 99 Z? Glgdmj uyfubnmnm nbtjrmntdh fjrdbdidm jhj`tdh (jt`dm, ris) kjjrd, vlbt ? Nbtjrmntdh nì m nsnb az, Wnkynm/snmdyjB? Jmk`tnms, ajmrdD? Glgdmkjm fjjm nì m jhj`tdh kjjrd, nipjr

Tu`nr kn`d hlribkj fjrdbdid n` in gbmkmkj nnkn`d dhnkj lrtnyn`nr.



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84

B h D

Z .7 99

Glgdmj uyfubnmnm fjrdbdidm glgdmkjm fjjm n`in lrnm gdzj glgdmdm jbj`trd`n` i mn `nr fstjrkd d zlrbuu (kdrjmcd) vjrdr. zdmk`bjij glgdmdm ddmkjmfjjm n` in `nr fstjrkd d zlrbun jmk`tdh rjn`tnms kjmdr. Jmk`tdhrjn`tnms B Q anrhd dbj fstjrdbdr. Gdrdid laikur.

B h Q B Q B B ...7 yn vj . 99

hlribbjrd dbj gubumur. Gdr glgdmdm jmk`tdh rjn`tnms, hrj`nmsbn vj glgdmdmjmk`tnms dbj klru lrnmtbkr. Anvn vj inmyjtd` lbinynm inkkj mvjbd gdrglgdmdm jmk`tnms sngdt lbkuu ddm rjn`tnms ynbmz hrj`nmsbn kjddr.Wjn`tnms glgdmj uyfubnmnm Z fjrdbdid dbj kjdijz.

rmj`7.75

Jmk`tnms ; ajmrd lbnm gdr glgdmdm 7: Az, :5 Az vj >55 Az hrj`nmsbnrknnbtjrmntdh n`in `nr fstjrkd d zlrbuu (jmk`tdh rjn`tnms) ajsnpbny mz.

zi7.75

7: Az kj`d jmk`tdh rjn`tnms 0

999 871;.7:..7...7 B h Q c

999 >7:8;.:5..7...7 B h Q c

999 7:>7;.>55..7...7 B h Q c

GLGMBJWM GN BNM[D J@BBJW

Glgdmbjrdm Sjrd Gnbnmins

Glgdmbjrdm kjjrbjrdmd nrtrngdbij` ddm gdrgdrdmj sjrd gnbnmr. Glgdmbjr sjrdgnbnmk`bnr mkn zjrbjrdmkjm fjjm n i ti jbjinmbnrkn nym kr.



70/241

65

B> B7 B3 B; N

G

j`db7.31 Glgdmbjrdm sjrd gnbnmts

j`db7.31kj`d fdgd m tnmj glgdm sjrd gnbnmk`bnr mkn gu glgdmbjrdmj kj jr(tlpbni) jmk`tnms , kjvrjkj`d glgdm jmk`tnmsbnr mm tlpbni mnj dttdr.

m37>[ B................BBBB ++++9

rmj`7.7>

j`db7.34 zjrdmkj vjrdbjm glgdm kjjrbjrdmj frj glgdmbjrdm tlpbnijmk`tnmsm vj :5 Az kj`d jmk`tdh rjn`tnms m gubumuz.

B> B7 B3 B; N

G

>5 id`rl A 35 id`rl A : id`rl A ; id`rl A

j`db7.34

zi7.7> ?

9999

99+++9+++9

5>:35>5;4:577

>5;4;4;:35>5

8

8;37>

. )..( . hB B. Q

A . A A A A A B B B B B

[ [ B

[

Glgdmbjrdm Unrnbjb Gnbnmins

Unrnbjb gnb glgdmbjrkj n` ibnr `lbbnrn nyr bnrn` kjvrjbjrdmd tninibnrbnr.Zbnr mkn`d fjrdbdi, ti pnrnbjb gnb glgdmbjrkj nym kj jrd fstjrdr. j`db7.;5kn frbk fdgd m tnmj glgdm pnrnbjb gnbnmitr.



71/241

6>

B> B7 B3B[

N

G

Bm

j`db7.;5 Glgdmbjrdm Unrnbjb Gnbnmins

m tnmj glgdm pnrnbjb gnbnmkmkn gumbnr m tj` gdr glgdm anbdmj nbkr bins mntlpbni jmk`tnms kjmdr. [lpbni jmk`tnms hlrib n nkn`d fdgd lbur.

m37>[ B

>...............

B

>

B

>

B

>

B

>++++9

)B>

(...............)B>

()B>

()B>

(

>B

m37>

[

++++9

Fjmjb hlrib lrtnyn `nr.

elektrik devreleri 2 - mersin Üniversitesi - ac devre analizi

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