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FLORA YAP ZHI YING PPISMP PEM/MT/BI SEM3

Articles (a/an/the)

There are two typesof articles:

1. indefinite 'a' and 'an'.2. definite 'the'.

Indefinite articles - a and an (determiners)

Aand anare the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the

person you are communicating with.

Aand anare used before nouns that

introduce something or someone you have

not mentioned before:

For

example:

"I sawan

elephant thismorning."

"I ate abanana for lunch."

Aand anare also used when talking about

your profession:

For

example:

"I am anEnglish teacher."

"I am a builder."

You use awhen the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k,

l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "acity", "afactory", and "a hotel".

You use anwhen the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).

Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling.

If the next word begins with a consonantsoundwhen we say it, for example, "university"

then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example

"hour" then we use an.

We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt

"youniversity". So, "auniversity" IS correct.

We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our". So, "anhour" IS correct.

Definite Article - the (determiners)

1. You use thewhen you know that the For "Theapple you ate was


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listener knows or can work out what

particular person/thing you are talking

about.

example: rotten."

"Did you lock thecar?"

2. You should also use thewhen you have

already mentioned the thing you are

talking about. Forexample:

"She's got two children;

agirl and aboy. Thegirl's eight and theboy's

fourteen."

3. We use theto talk about geographical

points on the globeFor

example:

theNorth Pole, the

equator

4. We use theto talk about rivers, oceans

and seasFor

example:

theNile, thePacific, the

English channel

5. We also use thebefore certain nounswhen we know there is only one of a

particular thing.For

example:

therain, thesun, thewind, theworld, the

earth, theWhite House

etc..

6. However if you want to describe a

particular instance of these you should

use a/an.

For

example:

"I could hear thewind."

/ "There's acold wind

blowing."

"What are your plans for

thefuture?" / "She has apromising future ahead

of her."

7. Theis also used to say that a particular

person or thing being mentioned is the

best, most famous, etc. In this use, 'the' is

usually given strong pronunciation:

For

example:

"Harry's Bar is theplace

to go."

"You don't mean you met

theTony Blair, do you?"

* Thedoesn't mean all:-

For

example:

"Thebooks are expensive." = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm

talking about.)

"Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)


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No article

1. We usually use no article to talk about things in general:Inflationis rising.

Peopleare worried about rising crime. (Note! People generally, so no article)

2. You do not use an article when talking about sports.For

example:

My son plays football.

Tennisis expensive.

3. You do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about them generally.For

example:

Information is important to any organisation.

Coffee is bad for you.

4. You do not use an article before the names of countries exceptwhere they indicatemultiple areas or contain the words (state(s), kindom, republic, union). Kingdom, state,

republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.

For

example:

No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England

Use the - theUK (United Kingdom), theUSA (United States of America), the

Irish Republic

Multiple areas! theNetherlands, thePhilippines, theBritish Isles


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Determiners

There are several classes of determiners:

1. Definite and Indefinite articlesthe, a, an

2. Demonstrativesthis, that, these, those, which

3. Possessivesmy, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose, my friend's, our friends', etc.

4. Quantifiersa few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc.

5. Numbersone, ten, thirty, etc.

6. Distributivesall, both, half, either, neither, each, every

7. Difference wordsother, another

8. Question wordsWhich, what, whose

9. Defining wordswhich, whose

10.The following words arepre-determiners.They go before determiners, such asarticles: such and what, half, rather, quite

Determiners are words that are used with nouns to clarify the noun. They can clarify:

to define something or someone to state the amount of people, things or other nouns to state possessives to state something or someone is specific
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/definite_indefinite_article.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/demonstratives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/possessive_pronouns_adjectives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/quantifiers.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/numbers.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/distributives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/other_another.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/question_words.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/which_whose.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/pre_determiners.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/pre_determiners.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/which_whose.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/question_words.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/other_another.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/distributives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/numbers.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/quantifiers.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/possessive_pronouns_adjectives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/demonstratives.phphttp://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/definite_indefinite_article.php


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to state how things or people are distributed to state the difference between nouns to state someone or something is not specific

There are different types of determiners. There type of determiner depends on the type of

noun. Singular nouns always need a determiner. Plural nouns the determiner is optional.

Uncountable nouns the determiner is also optional.


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Connectors

A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences.

Examples : And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while,

until, as if, because, when, after, though, before.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions join together clauses of equal importance.

Some examples of coordinating conjunctions are - and, but, or.

Use of and

'And' is used as a conjunction when the words or phrases are of equal importance and

both conditions exist.

Other words that can be used in place of and are: moreover, in addition to, along with,

plus, as well as, further more.

Use of but

The conjunction 'but' is used to show a contradiction between two phrases. Let's say the

first phrase leads you to expect a certain event and the second phrase tells you quite acontradictory outcome. In such an event, but, is used.

Other words like: nevertheless, yet, however, can be used in place of 'but'

Use of or

When we need to express a choice between two words or phrases we use 'or'. Here only

one of the two conditions exists.

Correlative conjunctions : Conjunctions used in pairs

Either..... or Either Peter or John has taken the book.

Neither.....nor It is neither hot nor tasty.

Both.....and My sister is both smart and intelligent.

Whether..... or Tell me whether you know the route or not.

Not only..... but also Not only is she stupid but also stubborn.


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Compound conjunctions : groups of words that behave like conjunctions.

In order that, on condition that, provided that, as soon as

Conjunction Usage

In order that I bought all the books in order that you may study

On condition

that

The teacher excused him on condition that he would not repeat the

mistake.

Even if Sarah would not marry him even if he proposed to her.

So that I kept away my work so that I could spend time with my daughters

Provided that You can take leave provided that you work overtime later

As though Rex behaves as though he is the boss.

As well as Monica as well as veronica was present there

As soon as Mr. Ford plans to pay off his loan as soon as he gets his bonus.

As if It looks as if there is going to be a storm.

Subordinating conjunction

A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full

meaning. The chief subordinating conjunctions are after, because, if, that, though,

although, till, before, unless.

I will not go to the market if it rains. The situation 'I will not go to the market' is dependent on the condition 'if it rains'.

You could go and play after you have done the dishes. King Midas was unhappy because his daughter turned to gold. You must dig the earth till you find water.


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Preposition

A prepositionlinksnouns,pronouns andphrases to other words in asentence.The word

or phrase that the preposition introduces is called theobject of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object tothe rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is onthe table.

The book is beneaththe table.

The book is leaning againstthe table.

The book is besidethe table.

She held the book overthe table.

She read the book duringclass.

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or intime.

A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated

adjectives oradverbs.A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an

adverb.

The most common prepositions are:

about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below,

beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down, during, except, for, from, in,

inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since, through,throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.

Each of the highlightedwords in the following sentences is a preposition:

The children climbed the mountain

withoutfear.

In this sentence, the preposition "without"

introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional

phrase "without fear" functions as an adverb

describing how the children climbed.

There was rejoicing throughout

the land when the government wasdefeated.

Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the

noun phrase "the land." The prepositional phraseacts as an adverb describing the location of the

rejoicing.

The spider crawled slowly along

the banister.

The preposition "along" introduces the noun

phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase

"along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing

where the spider crawled.
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#nounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentencehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#objecthttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#prepositional%20phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adjectve.html#adjectivehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#adverbhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#noun%20phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#noun%20phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adverbs.html#adverbhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/adjectve.html#adjectivehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/phrfunc.html#prepositional%20phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/objcompl.html#objecthttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/subjpred.html#sentencehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html#phrasehttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/pronouns.html#pronounhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html#noun


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The dog is hiding underthe porch

because it knows it will bepunished forchewing up a new

pair ofshoes.

Here the preposition "under" introduces the

prepositional phrase "under the porch," which acts

as an adverb modifying thecompound verb "is

hiding."

The screenwriter searched forthe

manuscript he was certain wassomewhere inhis office.

Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in"

introduces a prepositional phrase "in his office,"which acts as an adverb describing the location ofthe missing papers.

Prepositions of time:

attwo o'clock

onWednesday

inan hour, inJanuary; in 1992

fora day

Prepositions of place:

atmy houseinNew York, in my hand

onthe table

nearthe library

acrossthe street

underthe bed

betweenthe books
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/vbcmpd.html#compound%20verbhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/vbcmpd.html#compound%20verb

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