em briolo gi
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Embryologi
dr. Candra Bumi, MSiFakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Jember2009
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Fertilisasihari 1
Tahap 2 sel hari 2
Tahap 4 sel Akhir hari 2
Morulahari 3
BlastocystHari 5
Implantasihari 6 - 7
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Apa yang dimaksud perkembangan• Termasuk semua tahap di dalam kehidupan individu
– Pembahasan difokuskan pada tahap awal – Zygote menjadi embryo
• Yang terjadi pada tahap ini1. Penggabungan ovum dan sperma membentuk zygote2. Zygote kemudian membelah; mitosis meningkatkan jumlah
sel3. Differentiation terjadi melalui penentuan sel:
1. Sel selalu berubah dalam ekspresi gen dan juga berubah baik tempat maupun waktu dalam embryo; hal ini yang dinamakan differentiation
2. Determination adalah komitment dari sel untuk berkembang melalui jalur tertentu.
3. Beberapa sel tidak berubah yaitu stem cells
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Diferensiasi and Morfogenesis
• Diferensiasi menghasilkan bentuk dan struktur (misal morfogenesis) dalam embryo
• Terjadi perubahan melalui: – Ekspresi protein sel– Sinyaling antar sel– Migrasi sel– Interaksi dengan matriks ekstraseluler – Apoptosis
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Tahap Perkembangan1. Zygote2. Tahap pemecahan awal
– Morula– Blastula
3. Gastrulasi– Gastrula
4. Neurulasi5. Organogenesis
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Tahapan selama perkembangan embryo:
1. Zygote2. Tahap pemecahan awal
• Morula (32 sel)• Blastula (blastocoel)
3. Gastrula
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• Bentuk dari pembelahan dipengaruhi oleh: – Jumlah dan distribusi dari yolk– Gen mengontrol simetrinya
pembelahan.– Luasnya pembelahan
1. Holoblastik (complete division)
2. Meroblastik (incomplete cleavage)
– Bentuk pembelahan1. Spiral2. Radial
Bentuk Pembelahan
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Spiral Cleavage
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• Radial cleavage
blastula
blastula gastrulas
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Minggu I• Blastocyst terdiri dari:
Inner Cell Mass(embryoblast)
Trophoblast
Blastocele
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Minggu IArteri Uterina
Kelenjar Uterus
Epitel dari Uterus
Inner Cell Mass
Trophoblast
Blastsocele
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Minggu IIhari 7.5
Blastocyst Cavity
Cytotrophoblast
Inner CellMass
Syncytiotrophoblast
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Minggu II: Awal PerkembanganCytotrophoblast
Inner Cell Mass:EpiblastHypoblast
Amniotic CavityAmnioblasts
Primary Yolk Sac
Exocoelomic Membrane
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Awal Perkembangan – Minggu II hari 10
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Amniotic Cavity
Epiblast
HypoblastPrimary yolk sac
Exocoelomic membrane
Extraembryonic mesoderm
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Minggu II: Awal Perkembangan
Amniotic Cavity
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Primary yolk sac
Exocoelomic membrane
CytotrophoblastExtraembryonic mesoderm
Lacunae
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Epiblast
Hypoblast AmnioticCavity
Primary Yolk Sac
Cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm
Extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm
Extraembryonic Coelom
Connecting stalk
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Minggu IIIcytotrophoblast
ExtraembryonicSomatopleuric Mesoderm
ExtraembryonicSplanchnopleuric Mesoderm
PrimitiveYolkSac
Epiblast
Hypoblast
ExtraembryonicCoelom
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Bilaminar DiscMinggu III
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Gastrulasi• Blastula membentuk satu lubang tidak
tembus dan sel mulai bermigrasi ke dalam lubang tersebut; bentuk ini dinamakan gastrula – Prosesnya disebut gastrulasi
• Gastrulasi menghasilkan tiga lapisan embryo
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Late Gastrula
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
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Gastrulasi• Ektoderm
menutup bagian terluar dan sistem syaraf
• Endoderm akan menjadi saluran cerna
• Mesoderm akan menjadi jaringan otot
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Gastrulasi pada Burung
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Gastrulasi
Epiblast
Amnion
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
Primary Yolk SacPrimary Yolk Sac
Hypoblast
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Gastrulasi Primitive Node
Primitive Streak
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GastrulasiNotochord
Neural Plate
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Gastrulasi
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Gastrulasi
EpiblastEpiblast
HypoblastHypoblast
Amniotic Amniotic CavityCavity
Primary Yolk SacPrimary Yolk Sac
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Gastrulasi
Primitive Node Primitive Pit
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Gastrulasi
Oral Plate
Connecting Stalk
Primitive StreakPrimitive Node
Notochord
Pre(noto)chordalplate
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Gastrulasi
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Gastrulasi
Primitive Node Primitive Pit
Notochordal Process
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Gastrulasi
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ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
notochordalcanal
Gastrulasi
notochordal process
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Gastrulasi
Notochordal plate
Neurenteric Canal
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Gastrulasi
Notochordal Plate
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Gastrulasi
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Gastrulasi
NotochordEndoderm
Ectoderm
Yolk Sac
Amniotic CavityParaxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
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Neurulasi
• Sistem syaraf adalah sistem organ pertama yang berkembang.
• Setelah sistem syaraf pada tempatnya, organ yang lain kemudian berkembang: organogenesis.
a) Notochord tumbuh dan memicu ektoderm untuk membentuk neural plate.
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b) Sel dari neural plate menekuk untuk membentuk neural groove dan mengelilingi neural folds
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c) Neural folds menyatu,membentuk saluran neural tube
• Bagian anterior akan membentuk otak; sedangkan sisanya membentuk medula spinalis
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The Neural Crestd) Neural crest adalah struktur penting yang memandu
pembentukan beberapa sistem organ
Neural crest kemudian akan bergabung dengan sisi yg lain– Sel neural crest bermigrasi ke daerah lain dari embryo– Tujuannya: mereka berdeferensiasi keberbagai macam sel
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Fig. 52.11
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Organogenesis adalah pembentukan organ.
Lapisannya disebut germ layers; mereka mempunyai tujuan spesifik dalam perkembangan embryo.
Organogenesis
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Organogenesis• Organogenesis adalah
pembentukan organ-organ– Endoderm
• Lapisan Paling dalam• Akan membentuk gut
– Mesoderm• Bagian tengah• Akan membentuk otot,
sistem sirkulasi, darah dan banyak organ lain
– Ektoderm • Lapisan terluar• Membentuk kulit dan
sistem syaraf
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Dari mesoderm terbentuk Somites
• Pembatas mesoderm disebut somites membentuk bagian luar dari neural tube, menjadi vertebrae dan berhubungan dengan segmentasi tubuh– vertebrae– Otot– Ginjal dan struktur
reproduksi– Jantung dan pembuluh
darah
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