EMBAEMBA 组织行为组织行为上海交通大学安泰经济与管理上海交通大学安泰经济与管理

学院学院

湯立平 博士  湯立平 博士  组织行为教授组织行为教授

美国中田纳西州立大学美国中田纳西州立大学

组织行为组织行为

教科书教科书 ::

Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. JudgeStephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge

2009. 2009. Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior (13th ed.)(13th ed.). . Pearson Prentice Hall. Pearson Prentice Hall.

第一第一部分部分个人个人

1.1.介绍介绍2. 2. 行为的基础行为的基础3. 3. 态度和工作满意度态度和工作满意度4. 4. 个人价值个人价值5. 5. 个人决策个人决策6. 6. 动机动机 ----概念概念7. 7. 动机动机 ----实际运用实际运用8. 8. 情绪情绪

第二第二部分部分团体团体

9. 9. 团体行为团体行为10. 10. 工作团队工作团队11. 11. 沟通沟通12. 12. 领导领导13. 13. 当代的领导问题当代的领导问题14. 14. 权权力和政治力和政治15. 15. 冲突冲突

第三第三部分 部分 组织系统组织系统

16.16. 组织结构组织结构17. 17. 组织文化组织文化18. 18. 人力资源管理政策人力资源管理政策20. 20. 组织变化和工作压力管理组织变化和工作压力管理

介绍前言介绍前言分析的方法分析的方法科学的目的：科学的目的： Understand, Predict, and Understand, Predict, and Control: Control: 懂懂 //理解，预测，控制理解，预测，控制如果你给他一条鱼，他今天有鱼吃。如果你给他一条鱼，他今天有鱼吃。如果你教会一个人钓鱼，他终身有鱼吃。 如果你教会一个人钓鱼，他终身有鱼吃。 What, How, Why, Who, Where, and WhenWhat, How, Why, Who, Where, and When

什么什么 ,, 怎样怎样 ,, 为什么为什么 , , 天时天时 ,, 地地利利 ,, 人和人和 , , 怎样怎样钓鱼     钓鱼     

战略性的考虑因素战略性的考虑因素面临全球性的竞争挑战、人才是第一重要的面临全球性的竞争挑战、人才是第一重要的战略资源。战略资源。       人才观人才观 : : 高度专业化的员工是公司最大的财高度专业化的员工是公司最大的财

富富 ; ; 人才是最重要的战略资源。 人才是最重要的战略资源。  人才供求模式人才供求模式 ,,和市场相结合、和市场相结合、 现在、未来现在、未来必须全面推进专业化企业人才、必须全面推进专业化企业人才、       行政手段、 经济手段、和法律手段。行政手段、 经济手段、和法律手段。

EMBAEMBA 组织行为管理组织行为管理

1.1.你的公司你的公司 ,,机构的机构的商业战略商业战略是什么？是什么？ 你的公司是什么你的公司是什么 ,,做什么做什么 ,,核心竞争能力核心竞争能力是什是什么？么？怎样怎样的做一个现实的评估？的做一个现实的评估？

你的公司的你的公司的核心顾客核心顾客是谁？是谁？你最近跟核心顾顾客谈话了吗客谈话了吗？你知道他们面对什么挑战吗什么挑战吗？

其次，你的公司次，你的公司竞争对手竞争对手是谁？他们什是谁？他们什么做的好的好 ? ? 什么做的不好？ 你怎样在全世界和竞什么做的不好？ 你怎样在全世界和竞争对手争对手竞争？争？

EMBAEMBA 组织行为管理组织行为管理2. 2. 从人力资源管理和发展远景来看从人力资源管理和发展远景来看 ,,组织行为管理的组织行为管理的商业战略商业战略是什么？人力资源管理的商业战略是什么？是什么？人力资源管理的商业战略是什么？

怎样让组织行为怎样让组织行为 //人力资源管理的商业战略适应公人力资源管理的商业战略适应公司司 //机构的机构的商业战略商业战略 ? ? 怎样增长公司怎样增长公司 ,,机构的价值？机构的价值？

3.3. 例子例子 : : 组织行为中工作动机理论的组织行为中工作动机理论的商业战略商业战略是什么？是什么？人力资源管理中 人力资源管理中  ((薪水和额外福利薪水和额外福利 ))的的商业战略商业战略是是什么？什么？  公司公司 ,,机构的机构的商业战略商业战略是什么是什么 ??

EMBAEMBA组织行为人力资源管理组织行为人力资源管理3.3.工作动机工作动机理论 理论  ((组织行为组织行为 ))薪水和福利 薪水和福利  ((人力人力资源资源 ))管理管理 ..

       怎样在全世界竞争？怎样吸引最好人才，保留人怎样在全世界竞争？怎样吸引最好人才，保留人才，激发雇员才，激发雇员 ??

4. 4. 您如何做好计算和测量您如何做好计算和测量 (Measure)(Measure)人力资源管人力资源管理和发展增值的贡献 理和发展增值的贡献  (Value-Added (Value-Added Contributions)Contributions)？？不只是你 不只是你 ““做了什么做了什么””？ 说得更确切些？ 说得更确切些 ----我们想我们想清楚的理解清楚的理解 : “: “结果是什么结果是什么””？如何测量？如何测量 ? ? 什么有什么有效效 ? ? 有有多少多少效果效果 ? ? 增加的增加的““价值和贡献价值和贡献””是什么是什么 ? ?

EMBAEMBA 组织行为人力资源管理组织行为人力资源管理

5. 5. 您们经理理解公司的战略吗？您们经理看到您们经理理解公司的战略吗？您们经理看到公司的战略和他们的工作之间的联系吗？公司的战略和他们的工作之间的联系吗？

6. 6. 你的工作是什么 ?

Theory Research Practice

理论 调查研究 实践

Toyota vs. GM Toyota vs. GM 丰田对通用丰田对通用

1.1. 生产能力 生产能力 200,000/200,000/ 年年 200,000/200,000/ 年年2.2. 人工成本 人工成本 $800/$800/ 汽车 汽车 $1,800/$1,800/ 汽车汽车3.3. 工人 工人 1,6001,600 人 人 28002800 人人4.4. 工资 工资 $15.50-$25.00 $26.50 – 30.50$15.50-$25.00 $26.50 – 30.50

5.5. 人工人工 + + 福利 福利 $35.00 $81.18$35.00 $81.18

6.6. 地点地点 San Antonio, TX Arlington, TXSan Antonio, TX Arlington, TX

7.7. 工会 不属于工会 工会 不属于工会 UAWUAW 属于工会属于工会

战略性的考虑因素战略性的考虑因素

超前性、跨越式的发展超前性、跨越式的发展完善人才评价标准、手段、和制度 完善人才评价标准、手段、和制度 企业文化、监管机制、以科学的数据及相关的企业文化、监管机制、以科学的数据及相关的分析报告为准。分析报告为准。不能够被不能够被 “ “复制复制””。。

Effectiveness vs. EfficiencyEffectiveness vs. Efficiency

Effectiveness:Effectiveness:

Doing the right things, Doing the right things, 做正確的事做正確的事Efficiency:Efficiency:

Doing things right, Doing things right, 做事效率高做事效率高 领袖领袖 经理经理 Planning, Organizing, Leading, ControllingPlanning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling

Exhibit: Strategic ChoicesExhibit: Strategic Choices

System--System-- 系统系统 输入输入 转变转变 产品产品 副产品 副产品 (( 浪费 浪费 、、污染污染 )) 开放系统开放系统 关闭系统关闭系统 输入输入的是垃圾的是垃圾 ; ; 产品产品也是垃圾 也是垃圾  (( 人才人才也相似也相似 ) ) 注意环境变化注意环境变化

The Organization as an Open The Organization as an Open SystemSystem

注意环境变化注意环境变化

公司公司供应商，顾客，竞争者供应商，顾客，竞争者 ** ，公共的压力集团，公共的压力集团全球全球 , , 政治政治 , , 法律法律 , , 社会社会 , , 文化文化 , , 技术技术 , , 人人

口口 , , 经济经济

青蛙青蛙 ,,河水河水注意环境注意环境 “ “大大” “” “小小””的变化的变化

M.E. Porter, M.E. Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors Analyzing Industries and Competitors

(New York: The Free Press, 1980).(New York: The Free Press, 1980).

SWOT AnalaysisSWOT Analaysis

战略性的考虑因素战略性的考虑因素 室内穿的舒适鞋室内穿的舒适鞋 滑雪靴滑雪靴 Edward E. Lawler, IIIEdward E. Lawler, III

目标管理目标管理

树立正确的组织目标、行动计划、准确数量化树立正确的组织目标、行动计划、准确数量化的度量及业绩考核、的度量及业绩考核、 360360度考核、贯彻目标度考核、贯彻目标考核、反馈、再度修正改进组织目标、考核、反馈、再度修正改进组织目标、反复任务反复任务 //业绩考核、不停的连续性的改进业绩考核、不停的连续性的改进业绩考核业绩考核       可靠，完完整整，没有污染可靠，完完整整，没有污染

一次一个步骤一次一个步骤 时间时间 目标目标

目标管理目标管理 --基准模型基准模型

观察访问最好的公司实践、公司观察访问最好的公司实践、公司公开商业秘密公开商业秘密用基准模型测试 用基准模型测试  Benchmarking Benchmarking

田纳西土星汽车公司田纳西土星汽车公司 : GM Saturn—Team 99: GM Saturn—Team 99 闭门造车闭门造车实施管理素质国际化、配置市场化、管理现代实施管理素质国际化、配置市场化、管理现代化、开发个性化、化、开发个性化、

决策决策 一个问题的鉴定一个问题的鉴定 决定决定决策决策标准标准 分配分配 ,,决定标准的比重决定标准的比重 鉴定其他的选择鉴定其他的选择 分析分析 选择选择 执行执行

Contrasting Spans of ControlContrasting Spans of Control1365 – 585 = 7801365 – 585 = 780

态度和工作满意度态度和工作满意度 AAffectiveffective BBehavioralehavioral CCognitiveognitive

金钱态度量表的发展金钱态度量表的发展

The Love of Money The Love of Money 金金钱崇拜钱崇拜 Affective: I want to be Rich "Affective: I want to be Rich " 富裕富裕 "" 因素因素 Behavior: Money is a Motivator "Behavior: Money is a Motivator " 动力动力 "" 因素因素 Cognitive: Money is important (Importance) Cognitive: Money is important (Importance)

““ 重要重要 "" 因素因素 Money is Power “Money is Power “ 权利权利””因素因素

态度和工作满意度态度和工作满意度 Job SatisfactionJob Satisfaction OCBOCB PerformancePerformance TurnoverTurnover Deviance, Unethical Behavior Intentions Deviance, Unethical Behavior Intentions Organizational CommitmentOrganizational Commitment

The Love of Money and Turnover Intentions The Love of Money and Turnover Intentions Human Relations Human Relations (2000)(2000)

The Love of Money and Actual Turnover 18 The Love of Money and Actual Turnover 18 Months Later Months Later Human Relations Human Relations (2000)(2000)

The Love of Money and OCB-Helping The Love of Money and OCB-Helping BehaviorBehavior

不道德的行为意图不道德的行为意图量表的发展量表的发展 Propensity to Engage in Unethical BehaviorPropensity to Engage in Unethical Behavior Unethical Behavior IntentionsUnethical Behavior Intentions Resources Abuse Resources Abuse 资源浪费资源浪费 // 滥用滥用 Not Whistle BlowingNot Whistle Blowing 不吹哨子不吹哨子 Theft Theft 盗窃盗窃 CorruptionCorruption 腐败腐败 DeceptionDeception 欺骗欺骗

The Love of Money and Evil The Love of Money and Evil

PersonalityPersonality

The Big FiveThe Big Five Self-Esteem Self-Esteem MachiavellianismMachiavellianism ValuesValues

Love of Money, Machiavellianism, Unethical Love of Money, Machiavellianism, Unethical Behavior: Behavior: Journal of Business Ethics (2008)Journal of Business Ethics (2008)

工作动机工作动机 ,,激励 激励 

工作动机理论工作动机理论 ::

动机因素理论动机因素理论 : Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, : Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, McClelland (n Ach, n Aff, n Power)McClelland (n Ach, n Aff, n Power)

内在动机内在动机 , , 外在动机理论外在动机理论精神精神 , , 物质激励 物质激励 动机过程理论动机过程理论 : Adam-Equity, Locke-Goal : Adam-Equity, Locke-Goal

SettingSetting

Maslow: Need Hierarchy TheoryMaslow: Need Hierarchy Theory

MaslowMaslow 理论的扩大理论的扩大 Importance and Satisfaction of NeedsImportance and Satisfaction of Needs Persian Gulf War vs. PeacetimePersian Gulf War vs. Peacetime US vs. Middle-EastUS vs. Middle-East 重要性和需要的满意重要性和需要的满意 波斯湾战争  对  和平时期波斯湾战争  对  和平时期 美国 对 中东美国 对 中东

MaslowMaslow 理论的扩大理论的扩大 Tang & West (1997) Tang & West (1997) International Journal of International Journal of

Stress Management, Stress Management, Tang & Ibrahim (1998) Tang & Ibrahim (1998) International Journal International Journal

of Stress Management, of Stress Management, Tang, Ibrahim, & West (2002) International Tang, Ibrahim, & West (2002) International

Journal of Management Theory and Journal of Management Theory and PracticesPractices

Herzberg: Motivator-Hygiene Herzberg: Motivator-Hygiene TheoryTheory 理论理论

200 Accountants and Engineers 200 Accountants and Engineers Critical incidents, Semi-Structured InterviewCritical incidents, Semi-Structured Interview MotivatorMotivator Hygiene Hygiene KITAKITA Salary is a Hygiene Factor, It leads to Salary is a Hygiene Factor, It leads to

Movements, but not to MotivationMovements, but not to Motivation Harvard Business Review 1968, 1987, 2003Harvard Business Review 1968, 1987, 2003

Herzberg: Motivator-Hygiene Herzberg: Motivator-Hygiene TheoryTheory 理论的扩大理论的扩大

Salary is a Hygiene FactorSalary is a Hygiene Factor Add a new dimension: Individual DifferencesAdd a new dimension: Individual Differences The Love of Money The Love of Money Pay Satisfaction Pay Satisfaction

The Love of Money The Love of Money Pay Satisfaction Pay SatisfactionManagement and Organization Review (2006)Management and Organization Review (2006)

商业道德规范商业道德规范

道德的发展道德的发展 培训培训 企业文化企业文化 监管机制监管机制 不道德的行为不道德的行为

组织变化和工作压力管理组织变化和工作压力管理 StressStress Hardiness: Hardiness: Commitment, Control, ChallengeCommitment, Control, Challenge

承诺，控制，挑战承诺，控制，挑战 Relaxation Relaxation 放松放松

Job Stress, Life Stress, Hardiness, Illness Job Stress, Life Stress, Hardiness, Illness Public Personnel Management (1992) Public Personnel Management (1992)

Job Stress, Life Stress, Hardiness, Absenteeism Job Stress, Life Stress, Hardiness, Absenteeism Public Personnel Management (1992) Public Personnel Management (1992)

Unethical Behavior Intentions, Job Stress, Unethical Behavior Intentions, Job Stress, and Life Satisfaction. Macedonia. and Life Satisfaction. Macedonia.

Journal of Business Ethics (2008)Journal of Business Ethics (2008)

Unethical Behavior Intentions, Job Stress, and Life Unethical Behavior Intentions, Job Stress, and Life Satisfaction. Macedonia. Satisfaction. Macedonia.

Journal of Business Ethics (2008)Journal of Business Ethics (2008)

The Etic ModelThe Etic Model

Is the Love of Money the Root of All Evil?Is the Love of Money the Root of All Evil?Method Method NN = 6,285 = 6,285

(1) (1) High GDP Group High GDP Group ((nn = 1,960, = 1,960, 8 entities8 entities): ): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong Kong;Singapore, Hong Kong;

(2) (2) Medium GDP Group Medium GDP Group ((nn = = 2,371, 2,371, 1212 entities entities): ): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Oman, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia; Africa, Malaysia;

(3) (3) Low GDP Group Low GDP Group ((nn = = 1,954, 1,954, 1010 entities entities): ): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, Egypt, the Philippines, and Thailand, China, Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria. Nigeria.

(1) High GDP Group (1) High GDP Group ((nn = 1,960/3, = 1,960/3, 8 entities8 entities): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong ): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong Kong;Kong;

(2)(2) Medium GDP Group Medium GDP Group ((nn = 2,371/3, = 2,371/3, 12 entities12 entities): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, ): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia; Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia;

(3)(3) Low GDP Group Low GDP Group ((nn = 1,954/3, = 1,954/3, 10 entities10 entities): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, ): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.

(1) High GDP Group (1) High GDP Group ((nn = 1,960/3, = 1,960/3, 8 entities8 entities): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong ): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong Kong;Kong;

(2)(2) Medium GDP Group Medium GDP Group ((nn = 2,371/3, = 2,371/3, 12 entities12 entities): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, ): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia; Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia;

(3)(3) Low GDP Group Low GDP Group ((nn = 1,954/3, = 1,954/3, 10 entities10 entities): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, ): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.

(1) High GDP Group (1) High GDP Group ((nn = 1,960/3, = 1,960/3, 8 entities8 entities): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong ): the USA, Belgium, Australia, France, Italy, Spain, Singapore, Hong Kong;Kong;

(2)(2) Medium GDP Group Medium GDP Group ((nn = 2,371/3, = 2,371/3, 12 entities12 entities): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, ): Portugal, Slovenia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malta, Oman, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia; Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Malaysia;

(3)(3) Low GDP Group Low GDP Group ((nn = 1,954/3, = 1,954/3, 10 entities10 entities): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, ): Romania, Brazil, Bulgaria, Peru, Macedonia, Thailand, China, Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.Egypt, the Philippines, and Nigeria.

Hypnosis: Hypnosis: 催眠催眠

Important Principles Related to Hypnosis:Important Principles Related to Hypnosis: 与催眠状态有关与催眠状态有关系系的重要原则的重要原则

Communication Communication 沟通沟通交流交流原则原则 Persuasion Persuasion 说服说服 Organizational Culture Organizational Culture 组织文化组织文化 Creativity Creativity 创造力创造力 Leadership Leadership 领导领导 Two Key Factors: Two Key Factors: – Relaxation/Concentration Relaxation/Concentration 放松放松 // 集中注意力集中注意力– Suggestion Suggestion 接受接受建议建议

催眠重要的原则催眠重要的原则

1.1. Affective Relationship Affective Relationship 信任信任 ,, 关系关系

2. Prestige 2. Prestige 威望威望 , Behavioral Integrity , Behavioral Integrity 语言行动语言行动3. Nonverbal Communication 3. Nonverbal Communication 非语言交流非语言交流4. Facilitation 4. Facilitation 促进促进– The acceptance of one suggestion always aids to The acceptance of one suggestion always aids to

the acceptance of another suggestion.the acceptance of another suggestion.

– 一个建议的接受总是帮助到另一个建议的接受。一个建议的接受总是帮助到另一个建议的接受。

催眠重要的原则催眠重要的原则5. Grading 5. Grading 容易容易 困难等级困难等级

– Suggestions are accepted more readily if they are Suggestions are accepted more readily if they are graded as to difficulty of acceptance.graded as to difficulty of acceptance.

– 容易建议欣然地接受 容易建议欣然地接受 困难建议欣然地接受困难建议欣然地接受6. Expectancy6. Expectancy 期待期待

– When the patient is in a state of expectancy he/she When the patient is in a state of expectancy he/she makes suggestions more easily.makes suggestions more easily.

– 当一个人在当一个人在 “ “期待期待” ” 一个新的事件时候一个新的事件时候 ,, 他他 // 她更容易她更容易地接受新的意见。一次一个步骤地接受新的意见。一次一个步骤 : :

– 步骤 步骤 1 1 步骤 步骤 2 2 步骤 步骤 33

催眠重要的原则催眠重要的原则 7. Use Simple Language 7. Use Simple Language 使用简单的语言使用简单的语言 8. Provide a Complete Picture, 8. Provide a Complete Picture, 提供一副完全提供一副完全

的的图画图画 9. Repeat Key Points 9. Repeat Key Points 重复重复 10. When the mind talks, your body listens10. When the mind talks, your body listens

The Mind + The BodyThe Mind + The Body

当头脑讲话的时候，你的身体倾听当头脑讲话的时候，你的身体倾听 头脑 头脑 + + 身体身体

商业道德规范商业道德规范 丑闻和腐败丑闻和腐败 商业课程中的 商业课程中的 ““商业道德规范商业道德规范” ” 早在二十世纪早在二十世纪七十年代开始 七十年代开始  (1974) AACSB(1974) AACSB

Enron Corporation Chief Financial Officer Enron Corporation Chief Financial Officer (( 财务总监财务总监 )) Andrew Fastow and former Andrew Fastow and former CEO (CEO ( 执行总裁执行总裁 ) ) Jeffrey Skilling Jeffrey Skilling 在最好学在最好学

校获得 校获得 MBAMBA 学位学位

商业道德规范商业道德规范 原因不是缺少 原因不是缺少 培训、 培训、 教育 教育 、、 “智力” “智力” 或不聪明或不聪明 是缺少智慧（是缺少智慧（ FeinerFeiner ， ， 20042004 ）或者美德 ）或者美德 、、

裁决裁决 Sarbanes-Oxley Act, signed into law on July Sarbanes-Oxley Act, signed into law on July

30, 2002 in the USA30, 2002 in the USA Code of Ethics Code of Ethics 采用道德规范的政策采用道德规范的政策 道德的价值或者文化道德的价值或者文化

商业道德规范商业道德规范 原因是增加股东价值原因是增加股东价值 ,, 为为赚钱 赚钱 (Kochan(Kochan ， ， 2002)2002)

分享利润的计划分享利润的计划 故意地操纵会计程序增强他们的奖金故意地操纵会计程序增强他们的奖金 压力（压力（增加增加利润利润 ,,推动）和机会（赚得奖金推动）和机会（赚得奖金 , , 拉）拉）

不能抗拒成功的不能抗拒成功的经验经验 : : 钱和权利不停如流水钱和权利不停如流水涌来涌来

钱和权利 钱和权利   腐败腐败

The Love of Money: The Love of Money: 崇拜崇拜 ,,热爱金钱热爱金钱

贫穷的贫穷的原因原因，不在其所有资产财物的减少，，不在其所有资产财物的减少，而是在其贪欲的增长（柏拉图，公元前 而是在其贪欲的增长（柏拉图，公元前  427-427-347 347 年）。年）。

想发大财的人把自己陷入诱惑和圈套想发大财的人把自己陷入诱惑和圈套 ,,或者或者是有毁灭是有毁灭 , , 破坏破坏 , , 很愚蠢很愚蠢 ,,及有害的愿望中。及有害的愿望中。因为崇拜金钱是万恶之源 因为崇拜金钱是万恶之源  (( 圣经 圣经 1 1 提莫西 提莫西 6: 9-106: 9-10）。）。

Groups/Teams/Quality CirclesGroups/Teams/Quality Circles

Tang, Tollison, & WhitesideTang, Tollison, & Whiteside 1987. 1987. Personnel PsychologyPersonnel Psychology.. 1989. 1989. Journal of ManagementJournal of Management 1991. Journal of Social Psychology1991. Journal of Social Psychology 1993. Public Personnel Management1993. Public Personnel Management 1996. Journal of Social Psychology1996. Journal of Social Psychology

Tang & ButlerTang & Butler 1997. Public Personnel Management1997. Public Personnel Management

怎样写一篇研究论文怎样写一篇研究论文 (EMBA)(EMBA)

1. 1. 你的研究问题是什么你的研究问题是什么 ? ? 第一第一 , , 最重要的部分是最重要的部分是 , , 提出一个有意义的问提出一个有意义的问题。题。

2. 2. 针对这个问题针对这个问题 ,, 阅读一些已经出版的中阅读一些已经出版的中 ,,英研究论文。这些论文必须有英研究论文。这些论文必须有调查数据和事实。是无偏见的调查数据和事实。是无偏见的 , , 客观的实证研究结果。不是个人见解客观的实证研究结果。不是个人见解 , , 不是口号。不是口号。

3. 3. 搜集研究结果搜集研究结果 , , 记载记载 , , 分析分析 , , 评估对组织之利与弊评估对组织之利与弊 , , 以及提出建议以及提出建议 , , 解解决方案决方案 , , 为未来的研究提供方向。为未来的研究提供方向。

4. 4. 一篇好的研究论文一篇好的研究论文 , , 必须包括一个极好的理论必须包括一个极好的理论 , , 以及以下的数个元素 以及以下的数个元素 : : 什么，怎样，为什么，谁，在那里什么，怎样，为什么，谁，在那里 // 地点地点 , , 在那个时间。在那个时间。5. 5. 对被引用的研究论文以及参考书对被引用的研究论文以及参考书 , , 要提供详尽的信息要提供详尽的信息 , , 及材料来源。及材料来源。

6. 6. 目的：目的：啊哈啊哈 ---- 有新的发现，那又怎么样有新的发现，那又怎么样 ---- 明白明白如何改进如何改进 , , 怎么样解决新问题。怎么样解决新问题。

Sara Rynes (2002). Sara Rynes (2002). Academy of Management Journal,Academy of Management Journal,

45 (2): 311-313.45 (2): 311-313. Low ContributionLow Contribution

– Results had been shown elsewhere before.Results had been shown elsewhere before.– The scope of the contribution is very limited. The scope of the contribution is very limited.

This is a very narrow slice of the problem.This is a very narrow slice of the problem.– Is this really surprising?Is this really surprising?– The research is not important. The case is not The research is not important. The case is not

well made. well made.

ContributionContribution

-Being in the right place at the right time. -Being in the right place at the right time. Frequent interactions with management and Frequent interactions with management and colleagues.colleagues.

-There is a sense that several activities or -There is a sense that several activities or interests converge at the same time. interests converge at the same time.

-The importance of the research and the -The importance of the research and the interest in it seem to be guided by intuition, interest in it seem to be guided by intuition, excitement, and intrinsic interest.excitement, and intrinsic interest.

--

ContributionContribution

-A concern with theory also seems to be -A concern with theory also seems to be important. The investigator is curious.important. The investigator is curious.

-It has an applied, real-world flavor to it. It has -It has an applied, real-world flavor to it. It has policy implications. The ideas often are policy implications. The ideas often are tangible, useful, and pertained to ongoing tangible, useful, and pertained to ongoing organizational activities. Often the idea organizational activities. Often the idea arose from contact with laymen in arose from contact with laymen in organizations. organizations.

Take Stock and Looking AheadTake Stock and Looking AheadRynes, S. L. AMJ, 2005, 48 (1): 9-15.Rynes, S. L. AMJ, 2005, 48 (1): 9-15.

Relative importance of theoretical, Relative importance of theoretical, practical, and empirical contributions (100 practical, and empirical contributions (100 points)points)

1. 42 points to Empirical contribution1. 42 points to Empirical contribution

2. 41 points to theoretical contribution2. 41 points to theoretical contribution

3. 17 points to practical contribution3. 17 points to practical contribution

实证研究实证研究 , , 理论，实际适用理论，实际适用 //实效的贡献实效的贡献

Goals and ActionsGoals and Actions

Interestingness, innovativeness, and novelty Interestingness, innovativeness, and novelty –a rating category –a rating category

Inductive Inductive 归纳 归纳 theory-buildingtheory-building research research and deductive and deductive 推论 推论 theory-testingtheory-testing work work

Qualitative, quantitative, field, laboratory, Qualitative, quantitative, field, laboratory, and combination methodsand combination methods

Must make strong Empirical and Theoretical Must make strong Empirical and Theoretical contributions and highlight the significance contributions and highlight the significance of those contributionsof those contributions

Looking AheadLooking Ahead

ImportantImportant Interesting (a higher degree of learning)Interesting (a higher degree of learning) InternationalInternational Integrative across theories, disciplines, and Integrative across theories, disciplines, and

levels of analysislevels of analysis

Bartunek, Jean M., Rynes, S. L. & Ireland, R. D. 2006. What Bartunek, Jean M., Rynes, S. L. & Ireland, R. D. 2006. What makes management research interesting, and why does it makes management research interesting, and why does it

matter? AMJ, 49 (1): 9-15matter? AMJ, 49 (1): 9-15

Interesting: a higher degree of learningInteresting: a higher degree of learning Readers perceive an article’s topic and title as Readers perceive an article’s topic and title as

interestinginteresting Interesting articles are more likely to induce Interesting articles are more likely to induce

positive affect and are also more likely to be read, positive affect and are also more likely to be read, understood, and remembered. understood, and remembered.

Attract, motivate, and retain studentsAttract, motivate, and retain students Hope, as a Model, Hope, as a Model, Gain truly relevant knowledgeGain truly relevant knowledge

Murray Davis (1971). That is interesting! Towards a Murray Davis (1971). That is interesting! Towards a phenomenology of sociology and a sociology of phenomenology of sociology and a sociology of

phenomenology. phenomenology. Philosophy of the Social SciencesPhilosophy of the Social Sciences, 1: , 1:

309-344.309-344. It disconfirms some (but not all) of the It disconfirms some (but not all) of the

assumptions held by its audience. assumptions held by its audience. It engages readers’ attention, something It engages readers’ attention, something

that stands out for readers “in contrast to the that stands out for readers “in contrast to the web of routinely taken-for-granted web of routinely taken-for-granted propositions which make up the structure of propositions which make up the structure of their everyday life (p. 311). their everyday life (p. 311).

Reasons for Rating an Article as Reasons for Rating an Article as “Most Interesting”“Most Interesting”

1. Counterintuitive 57%1. Counterintuitive 57%

Challenges established theory, is counterintuitive: Challenges established theory, is counterintuitive: Goes against folk wisdom or consultant wisdom, Goes against folk wisdom or consultant wisdom, etc.: creates an “aha” momentetc.: creates an “aha” moment

2. Quality 57%2. Quality 57%

Includes at least one of the following: well-crafted Includes at least one of the following: well-crafted theory, good technical or methods job; good fit of theory, good technical or methods job; good fit of data and theory; sophisticated methodology; great data and theory; sophisticated methodology; great sample; makes the complex look simple and sample; makes the complex look simple and elegant elegant

Reasons for Rating an Article as Reasons for Rating an Article as “Most Interesting”“Most Interesting”

3. Good writing 48%3. Good writing 48%

Is well framed; builds momentum; Is well framed; builds momentum; provides good examples; is clear and provides good examples; is clear and engaging; has rich descriptionsengaging; has rich descriptions

4. New theory/finding 48%4. New theory/finding 48%

Creates new theory; synthesizes previous Creates new theory; synthesizes previous theories; integrates multiple perspectives; theories; integrates multiple perspectives; comes up with an important finding.comes up with an important finding.

Reasons for Rating an Article as Reasons for Rating an Article as “Most Interesting”“Most Interesting”

5.5. Practical implications 31%Practical implications 31%

Generates usable knowledge in the “real Generates usable knowledge in the “real world”: addresses a subject that is very world”: addresses a subject that is very relevant to the real world.relevant to the real world.

6.6. Impact 28%Impact 28% Stimulates new empirical or theoretical work; Stimulates new empirical or theoretical work;

has been cite or quoted a lot; has opened has been cite or quoted a lot; has opened avenues for research in a new area. avenues for research in a new area.

Media PerspectiveMedia Perspective

1.1. Timeliness, public’s attentionTimeliness, public’s attention

2.2. Findings, in the form of numbersFindings, in the form of numbers

Findings equate with news. Findings equate with news.

3.3. Creativity, pitch generic findings in a Creativity, pitch generic findings in a specific contextspecific context

4.4. Some topics are always of interest: sex (a Some topics are always of interest: sex (a taboo topic) and stock options (big money)taboo topic) and stock options (big money)

Thank YouThank YouDanke Danke СпасибСпасиб

Dankeshen Dankeshen ありがとうありがとうGrazieGrazie 너를 감사하십시요너를 감사하십시요 Merci Merci 謝謝謝謝 谢谢谢谢 Muchas GraciasMuchas Gracias

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