Embedded SystemsIntroduction, application ,build techniques

and systems components

By

Salih mahmod

What is embedded system

• embedded system is some combination of computer

hardware and software, in addition to mechanical and

electronic parts either fixed in capability or programmable,

that is specifically designed for a particular function.

Industrial machines, automobiles,

medical equipment, cameras,

household appliances, airplanes,

vending machines and toys

embedded system components

• 6 billion micro processor/controller used for embedded systems application in every year just 2% used in personal computer

• Programmable components is the heart of embedded systems - MCU(microcontrollers)- MPU(microprocessors)- FPGA(field programmable gate array)

What is MCU

- More than 90% of embedded application used MCU

- Microcontroller is a single silicon chip with memory and i/o peripherals on it.normally a single microcomputer has the following features :

• Arithmetic and logic unit

• Memory for storing program

• EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage

• RAM for storing variables and special function registers

• Input/output ports

• Timers and counters

MCU Architecture

• Timers and counters

•Analog to digital converter

• Circuits for reset, power up,

serial programming,

debugging

• Instruction decoder and a

timing and control unit

• Serial communication port

Difference between MCU and MPU

• Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing powers such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make them functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips, Motorola etc.

Difference between MCU and MPU

What is FPGA/VHDL

• A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit (IC) that can be programmed in the field after manufacture.Used in Aerospace and Defense , Medical Electronics , ASIC Prototyping , Broadcast, Video & Image Processing , High Performance Computing …etc

• VHDL is a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digitaland mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integratedcircuits. VHDL can also be used as a generalpurpose parallel programming language.

Difference between processor and FPGA

• FPGA doesn’t have a fixed hardware structure, on the contrary it is programmable according to user applications. However processors have a fixed hardware structure.

• FPGA work in parallel and MCU/MPU work in series

• FPGA programming language is hardware description language but MCU/MPU programming language is software language

What is SOC (system on chip)

• A system-on-a-chip (SoC) is a microchip with all the necessary electronic circuits and parts for a given system, such as a Smartphone or wearable computer, on a single integrated circuit

Raspberry pi (soc development board)

• The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games.

RASPBERRY PI 2 MODEL B

- A 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU

- 1GB RAM

- 4 USB ports

- 40 GPIO pins

- Full HDMI port

- Ethernet port

- Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite

video

- Camera interface (CSI)

- Display interface (DSI)

- Micro SD card slot

- VideoCore IV 3D graphics core

RASPBERRY PI ZERO

- 1GHz ARM11 core

- 512MB of LPDDR2 SDRAM

- A micro-SD card slot

- A mini-HDMI socket for 1080p60

video output

- Micro-USB sockets for

data and power

- An unpopulated 40-pin

GPIO header

- An unpopulated composite

video header

Embedded systems applications

Classification of Embedded Systems

• functional classification :

1. Stand-alone Embedded Systems

2. Real-time Embedded Systems

3. Networked Information Appliances

4. Mobile Devices

• performance classification

1. small-scale

2. medium-scale

3. large-scale

4. sophisticated

Stand-alone Embedded Systems

• As the name implies, stand-alone systems work in stand-alone mode. They take inputs, process them and produce the desired output. The input can be electrical signals from transducers or commands from a human being such as the pressing of a button. The output can be electrical signals to drive another system, an LED display or LCD display for displaying of information to the users. Embedded systems used in process control, automobiles, consumer electronic items etc. fall into this category.

Real-time Systems

Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time period are called real-time systems. For example, consider a system that has to open a valve within 30 milliseconds when the humidity crosses a particular threshold. If the valve is not opened within 30 milliseconds, a catastrophe may occur. Such systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-time systems

Real-time Systems

- There is three type of

real-time systems

1- hard real time systems

2- firm real time systems

3- soft real time systems

Networked Information Appliances

• Embedded systems that are provided with network interfaces and accessed by networks such as Local Area Network or the Internet are called networked information appliances. Such embedded systems are connected to a network, typically a network running TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol suite, such as the Internet or a company’s Intranet.

Networked Information Appliances

• Example A networked process control system consists of a number of embedded systems connected as a local area network. Each embedded system can send real-time data to a central location from where the entire process control system can be monitored. The monitoring can be done using a web browser such as the Internet Explorer.

Mobile Devices

• Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc. are a special category of embedded systems. Though the PDAs do many general purpose tasks, they need to be designed just like the ‘conventional’ embedded systems.

Communication Interfaces

For embedded systems to interact with the external world, a number of communication interfaces are available. They are

• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI)

RS-232 ,RS-422 ,RS-485 etc

• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface :

I2C ,JTAG ,SPI ,SSC and ESSI

• Universal Serial Bus (UBS)

Design of an embedded system

To understand the design of a simple

embedded system let us first consider the

idea of a data acquisition system.

Internet of things

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics ,software , sensor, and network-connectivity enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

جدول االعمال

عبدالقادر سجادسيمنار عن تحديات سوق العمل للمهندس -1

عمر الخطيبللمهندس “مقدمة الى االتمة الصناعية”سيمنار بعنوان -2

صالح محمودللطالب " مقدمة الى االنظمة المدمجة"سيمنار بعنوان -3

صالح محمود للطالب " االردوينو مكونات وتطبيقات "سيمنار بعنوان -4

معرض لبعض المشاريع التطبيقية في مجال االنظمة المدمجة من قبل -5

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