embedded systemsnew
TRANSCRIPT
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Embedded Systems
By Sushant Kumar
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Structure of the seminar
Introduction
History of embedded systems
Characteristics
Embedded systems for meters
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Introduction
Part 1
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What is an Embedded System ?
Anembedded systemis a
special-purposecomputer systemdesigned to perform adedicatedfunction
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An Embedded system
A generic embedded system
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Why Embedded system ?Performance Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL)
Computer architecture improvements RISC, superscalar, RAID,
Price Simpler development
CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components Higher volumes
CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000units
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Embedded system vs General Computer
Performs one or a few pre-defined tasks
Very specific requirements
Task-specific hardware and mechanical parts
Often mass-produced
Design engineers can optimize it
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Embedded System
Microprocessor Micro controller
Micro controllershave built in peripherals and memory
which reduces the size of the system
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Application Areas
Signal processing systems Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment.
Distributed control Network routers, switches, firewalls,
Small systems Mobile phones, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players,
PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse
Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors Engine control unit ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems) Emissions control Diagnostics and Security systems Accessories (doors, windows etc)
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History of Embedded Systems
Part 2
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Apollo Guidance computer
The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizablemodern embedded system developed by Charles StarkDraperat the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
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Minuteman Missile 1966
First mass-producedembedded system
Autonetics D-17guidance computer
Built from transistor logicReduced prices on nand gate ICs from$1000/each to $3/each
Medicinal appliances
Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems,flight control systems
Cellular telephones and telephone switches
Home automation products
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Other developments
First Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Required externalmemory and supportchips
By mid 1980s microcontrollers came intoexistence
cost of amicrocontroller fellbelow $1
By the end of the 80s,embedded systemswere the norm ratherthan the exception
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Moores law
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Characteristics of EmbeddedSystems
Part 2
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
1. Interface
2. Complexity
3. Platform
4. Peripherals
5. Tools
6. Reliability
7. Volume
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1. Interface
Interface
No UserInterface
Full UserInterface
Performing user-defined
PDAs
Dedicated to oneTaskMissile guidancesystem
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2. Complexity
Complexity
Simple systems Complex systems
Use buttons,smallcharacter/ digit-only
displays
simple menu system
Connected to a network
Touch screen
Real time constraints
Part of a critical operation
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3. CPU Platform
Many different CPU architectures usedin embedded designs such as ARM,
MIPS, x86, PIC, 8051 etc
Desktop computer market is limited to
just a few architectures
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CPU Platform
PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-volume embedded system design.
Uses an embedded real-time operatingsystem such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or
VxWorks
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CPU Platform
Very-high-volume embedded systemsuse the system on a chip (SoC), an
application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)
CPU core was purchased and added aspart of the chip design.
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4. Peripherals
Serial Communication Interfaces
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network
Timers:PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
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5. Tools
Embedded system designers usecompilers, assemblers, and debuggers
Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to aprogram
Emulator replaces the microprocessor
with a simulated equivalent
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6. Reliability issues
System cannot be shut down for repair
Solutions involve subsystems withspares
system must be kept running for safetyand monetary reasons
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7. Volume
Volume
High Volume Low Volume
Minimizing cost is
usually the primary
design consideration
Used when cost isnot a major factor
Performance andreliabilityconstraints
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Embedded systems for Meters
Part 4
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Electric power consumption
Electric power consumption is notconstant whole day
Peak period is between 1 pm and 4 pmSystem must be engineered to meetpeak power
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Limitations of the meter
Mechanical device
Prone to wear,shock
Maintains no record of time
Only Counts the number of rotations ofthe wheel
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Demand Curve
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Real power limitation
Ideally current and voltage are in phase
Every volt-ampere delivered becomes a
watt of power usedInduction motors and lamp ballastscause current to flow out of phase
Fewer actual watts are used thandelivered
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Ideal power curve
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When current and voltage are not in-phase
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Power factor penalty
Industrial customers must by contractmaintain power factor
Power factor=Ratio of real power usedto volt amperes delivered
Pay penalty if above some agreed upon
values
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Multi function meter
Extend for smaller commercial customer
Even for residences
Contract can be varied
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Billing
Networked system can facilitateautomation
No need to send personnelBetter accuracy and lesser burden
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Design Fundamentals
1. Means of taking samples
2. Display
3. Communication subsystem4. Non-volatile memory
5. Power supply
6. Stored program micro-controller
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Hardware design
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Choosing a micro-controller
Feature set
Code space
Data Space
Data converter
Real-time clock
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Conclusion
A quiet revolution is in progress in theutility industry.
Static metering devices, have been inuse for the better part of a century
Gradually being replaced with multi-rate, multifunction meters
Capable of more accurately accountingfor utility usage.
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References
www.maxim-ic.com
www.electronicsforu.com
www.refdesign.techonline.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.powerelectronics.com
www.ucpros.com
www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com
http://www.maxim-ic.com/http://www.electronicsforu.com/http://www.refdesign.techonline.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.powerelectronics.com/http://www.ucpros.com/http://www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/http://www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/http://www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/http://www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/http://www.ucpros.com/http://www.powerelectronics.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.refdesign.techonline.com/http://www.electronicsforu.com/http://www.maxim-ic.com/http://www.maxim-ic.com/http://www.maxim-ic.com/ -
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For detailed report
www.sushantkumar.wordpress.com/tech
http://www.sushantkumar.wordpress.com/techhttp://www.sushantkumar.wordpress.com/tech -
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Thank You