emisija teŠkih metala iz proizvodnih sistema

7/23/2019 EMISIJA TEŠKIH METALA IZ PROIZVODNIH SISTEMA

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FAKULTET POLITEHNIČKIH NAUKA

SEMINARSKI RAD

EMISIJA TEŠKIH METALA IZ PROIZVODNIHSISTEMA

INŽINJERING U ZAŠTITI ŽIVOTNE SREDINE

Predavač: Pr!"dr #$%dar&a Ar'e(v%) S*+de(*: Or,a( Ja',%(a

A'%'*e(*: D-"dr Ned$ad Harač%) #r. %(de/a: PT0123453I

Trav(%&6 de-e,7ar 2148" 9d%(e

SADRŽAJ

1. UVOD.......................................................................................................................... 3



2. TEŠKI METALI ........................................................................................................ 42.1. Toksičos! !"#ki$ %"!&'&...................................................................................... (

2.1.1. Olovo, Pb............................................................................................ 52.1.2. Živa, Hg.............................................................................................. 5

2.1.2.1

.

Toksičnost metil žive........................................................... 6

2.1.2.2

.

Minimata sindrom............................................................... 7

2.1.3. Kadmij, Cd......................................................................................... )2.1.4 Arsen, As............................................................................................ *

2.2. M"!&+o'ički ,-o"si i +io-"%i/&i0&................................................................. *2.3. U!i&0 !"#ki$ %"!&'& & io!i0" i čo0"k&.....................................................

3. SADRŽAJ TEŠKIH METALA U TLU................................................................... 13.1. Z&5&6i&0" 7"%'0i#!& !"#ki% %"!&'i%&.......................................................... 1

3.1.1. Sadržaj olova, Pb !l....................................................................... 1"3.1.2. Sadržaj #admija, Cd !l................................................................... 113.1.3 Sadržaj žive, Hg !l........................................................................ 113.1.4. Sadržaj $in#a, %n !l....................................................................... 113.1.5. Sadržaj #obal!a, Co !l.................................................................... 123.1.&. Sadržaj ba#ra, C !l..................................................................... 123.1.'. Sadržaj ni#la, (i !l........................................................................ 12

3.1.). Sadržaj #roma, Cr !l...................................................................... 133.1.*. Sadržaj arsena, As !l...................................................................... 13

4. INDUSTRIJSKI SEKTORI KAO EMITERI TEŠKIH METALA...................... 144.1. S&5o-i0"&0" 8osi'i$ 5o-i& 9 ko%o-&%& i i/9s!-i0ski% ko!'oi%&......... 144.2. P-i%&-& i/9s!-i0& 5o6& i č"'ik&............................................................... 1(

4.3. S"k9/&-& i/9s!-i0& 5o6& i č"'ik&............................................................ 1:4.4. Lii" 5o6&................................................................................................... 1:4.(. P-i%&-& i s"k9/&-& i/9s!-i0& o+o0"i$ %"!&'& ..................................... 1:

4.5.1. +eni#e -a ei#asno sa#/ljanje žive................................................. 1' 4.:. ;"%"!& i/9s!-i0&......................................................................................... 1*4.). I/9s!-i0& s!&k'& ............................................................................................... 14.*. H'o-&'k&'& i/9s!-i0&....................................................................................... 14.. S,&'0i&0" ko%9&'o5< i/9s!-i0sko5 i o,&so5 o!,&/&............................ 2

(. =ENERALNE OP;IJE SMANJENJA EMISIJE TEŠKIH METALA INJIHOVIH JEDINJENJA........................................................................................

21

(.1. Ko!-o'" !"$ik"............................................................................................. 21

:. ZAKLJU>AK............................................................................................................ 24LITERATURA.......................................................................................................... 2(

1.UVOD

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<red'*av;.a.+ <*e(-%.a;(% r%%& + <r%vd(.% &va;%*e*(e =ra(e6 + 'v%.e*+ % &d (a'6 '+'<rvede(a 7r.(a %'*ra$%va(.a + -%;.+ dre?%va(.a (.=v9 'adr$a.a6 d%'*r%7+-%.e % ,7%;('*%+ 7rad%v%, e,;.%>*%,a" Te>&% ,e*a;% 'e d;%&+.+ ra;%č%*%, =e,%.'&%,6 !%%č&%, % !%%;>&%,de.'*v,"

2. TEŠKI METALI

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Te>&% ,e*a;% '+ ,e*a;% č%.a .e 9+'*)a ve)a d 893-, 5" Č%*av (% v%= ,e*a;a .e + 7;%&+e;e,e(a*a + *ra9+ (e<=da(6 e'e(-%.a;a( a ,(97r.(e !+(&-%.e + ;.+d'&, r9a(%,+"

N.%=v ,a(.a& dvd% d <.ave 7%;.(%= '%,<*,a (ed'*a*&a" Na.7;.% <r%,.er% '+ a(e,%.a&d ,a(.&a $e;.ea6 d%.a7e*e' &d ,a(.&a &r,a6 <r7;e,% + ra'*+ &d ,a(.&a (%&;a"

Na.če>)e .e <%*a(.e *&'%č('*%6 a<rav 'a, <%*a(.e &;%č%(e6 a va. ra'<( ve,a var%ra &d'va&9 <.ed%(9 e;e,e(*a" Ta& 'e d(ev(a (e<=d(a &;%č%(a &7a;*a6 'red%>(.e9 a*,av%*a,%(a #42 &.% .e (+$a( + '*vara(.+ er%*r-%*a &re)e & 1"4 ,%&r9ra," U &;%č%(a,a d28 0 51 ,%;%9ra,a3da( (a'*+<a.+ '%,<*,% *rva(.a &.% 7+=va*a.+ <*e>&)e d '*ra(e9a'*r%(*e'*%(a;(9 *ra&*a6 'rča(a % 7+7re$(a >*e)e(.a" O'*a;% e;e,e(*% &a <r%,.er%-e *a;%.6*rv(% '+ + 7%; &.. &;%č%(%"U *a7e;% 7r. 4 <r%&aa(e '+ %(d+'*r%.'&e 9ra(e &.e e,%*%ra.+ *e>&e ,e*a;e"

Tabela broj 1: Industrijske grane kao emiteri teških metala

Industrijska Grana Cd Cr Cu Hg Pb Ni Sn Zn

Papirna industrija - + + + + + - - Petrokemije + + - + + - + +Proizvodnja klora + + - + + - + +Industrija gnojiva + + + + + + - + Željezare i čeličane + + + + + + + +

Te>&% ,e*a;% ,9+ + 7;%&+ !%(%= če'*%-a <ra>%(e d'<.e*% + a*,'!er+6 da&;e 'e *a;$e +vda,a % *;+" U vda,a 'e 7r rar.e?+.+ % *a;$e &a *e>& *<;.%v% &ar7(a*%6 '+;!a*% %;%'+;!%d% (a d(+ vde(%= <vr>%(a" Na ';%-% 4 <r%&aa(% '+ <r-e'% ra'<reda a9a?e(.a +$%v*(. 'red%(%"

lika 1: !ro"esi ras#oreda $aga%enja u životnoj sredini &'.(rsenovi)* 2+1,.-

Kada 'e ad'r<-%.'&% &a<a-%*e* 'ed%,e(a*a %'-r<%6 ra'*e &(-e(*ra-%.a ,e*a;(%= %(a + vd%"Kr+$e(.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a + <r%rd% ve,a v%'% <r,.e(a,a &.%,a v% ,e*a;% <d;%.e$+"

2.1Toksičos! !"#ki$ %"!&'&

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R%7e &(-e(*r%ra.+ H9 % &;%>a6 >&;.&a>% (a&+<;.a.+ H9 + '&r 5111 <+*a ve). ra%(% d&(-e(*ra-%.e + (.%=v+ &;%>+"A(r9a('&a H96 +9;av(, >*e)+.e 7+7re9e" A&+*( *rva(.e r9a('&%, '<.ev%,a $%ve@,e*%;$%vaB %a%va *e>&e (e+r,+'&+;ar(e % (e+r;>&e de!e&*e @ve$e 'e a '+;!%=%dr%;(e6a,%d(e6 &ar7&'%;(e6 % dr+9e '&+<%(e %,ed.+ '*a;96 7;&%ra &a;-%.eve &a(a;eB6 &.% ,9+dve'*% d ',r*% ,e*%;$%va .e % rav.(% *&'%( @%(=%7%ra d%.e;.e(.e '*a(%-a !e*+'aB &.% +r&+.e(e+r;>&e <re,e)a.e"

Živine /are (a'*a.+ + a+*,7%;'&. %(d+'*r%.% @9ra(%če(.e d 2111" 9d%(eB6 'adr$e .e!;+r'-e(*(e ;a,<e @+;%č(a ra'v.e*aB6 <rd+&+.+ .e (a!*(a %(d+'*r%.a % '<a;.%va(.e !'%;(%=9r%va6 redv(% '+ <ra*%-% v+;&a('&%= er+<-%.a" H90<are 'e (a;ae % + *<;,.er%,a6 'a &.%,a'e ,ra ve,a <a$;.%v r+&va*% da (e7% d>; d ra7%.a(.a @%'-+r%;a 7%= H9 >* <red'*av;.ae&'*re,( v%'&+ &;%č%(a H9 + <r'*r+"

Živini amalgami &legure žive s metalima- <(a* .e <d (a%v, +7(% a,a;9a,@<;,7aB H9A9 a 'adr$% % +6 S( % Z(" Kr%'*% 'e + +7(. *e=(%-% a <<rav;.a(.e +7a6 *."

<<+(.ava(.e >+<;.%(a >*e)e(e <vr>%(e +7a" Š*e*('* $%v%(9 a,a;9a,a (%.e d&aa(a" I <red *9a + (e&%, e,;.a,a 'v%.e*a6 (<r" + N.e,ač&. a7ra(.e(a .e (.e9va +<*re7a + *e'vr=e" Pre*<'*av;.a 'e da &d (a'6 + .ed(. rd%(a-%.% <r'.eč(9 &a<a-%*e*a 'e *r>% & 4&9H939d"

lika broj 2: #otreba živinog amalgama u $ubnim ordina"ijama

2.1.2.1. Toksičnost metil žive

dime!il živa

6ime!il živa .e a<a;.%va 7e7.(a *e&+)%(a % .eda( d (a.(ača.(%.%= (erv(%= *rva"A<'r<-%.a 1"114 ,; d%,e*%; $%ve <red'*av;.a !a*a;(+ d+ >* .e č%(% e&'*re,( <a'(,*var%" Z79 v%'&9 (a<(a <are6 % .ed(a <r'+*a &a< v9 '<.a ,$e ';7d%*% *&'%č(+&(-e(*ra-%.+ <are" D%,e*%; $%va ;a& <r;a% &r ,$da(+ ,e,7ra(+6 (a.v.erva*(%.e 79!r,%ra(.a &,<;e&'a 'a -%'*e%(,"

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Minamatamemorial

2.1.2.2 Minamata sindrom

M%(a,a*a '%(dr, .e <rv% <+* a7%;.e$e(48"9d%(e + 9rad+ M%(a,a*a6 Pre!e&*+raK+,a,*6 Ja<a(6 ';%&a " S%(dr, .e %ava( %'<+>*a(.e, $%ve + %(d+'*r%.'&e *<ad(e vde d'*ra(e *vr(%-e v%(%;&;r%da =%''6 &.e .e *ra.a; d452"d 4" 9d%(e"S%,<*,% +&;.+č+.+ <)+ ,%>%)(+ ';a7'*6 '+$e(.e v%d(9 <;.a6 >*e)e(.e ';+=a % *e$a(9vr"U e&'*re,(%, ';+ča.ev%,a (a'*+<a.+ ;+d%;6 <ara;%a6 &,a <a ča& % ',r*" Ta&?er '+ ,9+)e

<.ave ,a;!r,a-%.a (a !e*+'+"

lika ,: Minamata sindrom

2.1.3. K&/%i0< ;/

V%'&a da &ad,%.a + 7+7re%,a %a%va >*e)e(.e *&%va 7+7re9a6 +*%če (a (a'*a(a& &a,e(-a+ 7+7re%,a % <ve)a(.e <r%*%'&a" Kad,%. +*%če (a '*r+&*+r+ &'*%.+ dvde)% d (.%=vede!r,a-%.e" Če'* .e +r& a(e,%.e6 >*e)e(.a 'r-a % 7+7re9a6 a % &a(-er9e( .e"G;av(% %vr% %;$e('*% ;.+d% &ad,%.+ '+ =ra(a @>&;.&a>% % 7+7re% ra;%č%*%= $%v*%(.aB6 vda% d+=a(" Vr; ,a; a(r9a('&9 d 'e a<'r7%ra + @& 8CB6 a (e .av;.a 'e + a;&%;%ra(,7;%&+" A<'r<-%.a 'e (ača.( <.ačava + (ed'*a*&+ a6 Z(6 %;% 7.e;a(čev%(a" Pr*e%( &.%ve$e ,e*a;e6 *v" ,e*a;*%(e%(6 .e d9vra( a d+9 <;+$%v* d + r9a(%,+ % (.e9v(a&+<;.a(.e + 7+7re%,a"d (a.v%>e >*e)+.e 7+7re9e6 re,e*% !+(&-%.+ .e*re6 9+>*erače6 *e ra;%č%*%= $;%.eda"Kd v%'&e %;$e('*% a,.e(.+.e a + &'*%,a @(<r" &(*a,%(%ra( *; + Ja<a(+ d+r&va *v" %*a%0%*a% 7;e'* *." 7;e'* 7;(%= &'*%.+B (a $%v*%(.a,a .e +*vr?e( % (.e9v=%<er*e(%v(6 *era*9e( % &ar-%(9e( d.e;va(.e"U*vr?e( .e % da Z(6 +6 Se6 Fe % a'&r7%('&a &%'e;%(a +,a(.+.+ %;% '<r%.ečava.+ (e&e d*&'%č(%= +č%(a&a d"

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2.1.4. A-s"< As

Ar'e( &.% .e vea( + r9a('&a .ed%(.e(.a @A'8B % e;e,e(*ar(% ar'e( (%'+ *&'%č(% a ra;%&+ d(er9a('&9 *rva;e(*(9 ar'e(a @A'5B"

U ,a;. &;%č%(% ar'e( .e <r%'+*a( + e,;.%"Iv.e'(+ &;%č%(+ ar'e(a 'adr$% ,r'&a vda"Ar'e( 'e a&+,+;%ra + *%.e;+6 <'e7( + &'%6 &$% % (e&%, +(+*ra>(.%, r9a(%,a"Trva(.e ar'e(, %a%va <ada(.e &'e6 der,a*%*%' % dr+9e <r7;e,e r9a(a a vare(.e6a*%, <re,re('*6 9;av7;.+6 7+(.e('*6 <'%=;>&e <r7;e,e % der?e(e <r,.e(e (a .e*r%% 7+7re%,a"

2.2. M"!&+o'ički ,-o"si i +io&k9%9'&i0&

Pr% d'<%.eva(.+ '+<'*a(-%.e + vd+ (a6 &a >* .e (a9;a>e(6 <d;%.e$e !*;%%6 &'%d0red+&-%.% %;% =%dr;%%" Me?+*%,6 (a.ra(vr'(%.% % (a.a&*%v(%.% <r-e'% dv%.a.+ 'e + 7%;>&%,'%'*e,%,a" Ov .e +';v;.e( č%(.e(%-, da 7%;>&% '%'*e,% ,9+ <r%ve'*% e(er9%.+

<'red'*v, 'v.%= (r,a;(%= ,e*a7;%č&%= <r-e'a &a % č%(.e(%-, da 'e rea&-%.e + (.%,a9*v +v%.e& &a*a;%+.+ !er,e(*%,a" U (e7%;>&%, '%'*e,%,a 've av%'% d S+(čev9rače(.a %;% *<;*(e e(er9%.e % + ve)%(% ';+ča.eva rea&-%.e 'e dv%.a.+ 7e &a*a;%a*ra"U <r%rd(%, 'red%(a,a6 + &.%,a 'e (a;ae 'v% r9a(%,%6 (a;ae 'e ,(9a .ed%(.e(.a*&'%č(a a ve)%(+ (.%=" Pre$%v;.ava(.e r9a(%a,a av%'% d (.%=ve '<'7('*% 'av;adava(.ad.e;va(.a *&'%č(%= '+<'*a(-%.a" Z79 *9a .e *&, vre,e(a d>; d rav.a *a&v%= '%'*e,a&.% '+ ,9+)%;% r9a(%,%,a ,d%!%&a-%.+ v%= .ed%(.e(.a + 7e<a'(e"

Re+;*a*% ,(9%= a(a;%a +&a+.+ da .e &(-e(*ra-%.a (e&%= '+<'*a(-% + vde(%, r9a(%,%,ača& % (e&;%& de'e*%(a =%;.ada <+*a ve)a d (e + vd%" Ova <.ava .e <(a*a &aa&+,+;a-%.a @7%a&+,+;a-%.aB % <red'*av;.a va$a( <r-e' e;%,%(a-%.e '+<'*a(-%.e % vde @a;%(e % % vde(e 'red%(eB % <rv% &ra& (.e(9 +&;.+č%va(.a + ;a(a- %'=ra(e" Pr+čava(.e, 7r%(ea&+,+;a-%.e % ra'<d.e;e '+<'*a(-%.a + r9a(%,+ 7av% 'e !ar,a&&%(e*%&a"Da 7% 'e '+<'*a(-%.a a&+,+;%ra;a (e<=d( .e da d.e;va(.e (a r9a(%a, 7+de dv;.(d+96 a * dr+9%, r%.eč%,a (ač% da .e <*re7( da 7+de '*a7%;(a + d('+ (a ,9+)e <r-e'ede9rada-%.e + vde(. 'red%(%6 ';%&a " S+<'*a(-%.e &.e '+ '*a7%;(%.e % &.e 'e + * (a;ae +ve)%, &(-e(*ra-%.a,a a&+,+;%ra)e 'e + ve)e, '*e<e(+" S+<'*a(-%.e '*a7%;(e + vde(.

'red%(% 7%č( 'e + vd% ra'*vara.+ ve,a ';a7 % <r% *,e '+ '<'7(e da '*vara.+ a'-%.a-%.e'a 'ed%,e(*%,a % '+'<e(dva(%, če'*%-a,a" T +.ed( (ač% da % 'red%(a 7rav&a r9a(%,a+*%če (a '*e<e( a&+,+;a-%.e da*e '+<'*a(-e" Or9a(%,% &.% 7rave <r% d(+ ,e?+ 'ed%,e(*%,a

<dvr9(+*% '+ d.e;va(.+ ve)%= &(-e(*ra-%.a d (%= &.% 'e (a;ae + <vr>%('&%, ';.ev%,a%'*e vde6 *e .e % '*e<e( a&+,+;a-%.e ve)%"

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lika /: 'iokon"entra"ija i bioakumula"ija teških metala

Na <r-e' a&+,+;a-%.e +*%č+ % ve;%č%(a če'*%-a % &(*a&*(a <vr>%(a r9a(%,a 'a vde(,'red%(," Pr% ve). &(*a&*(. <vr>%(% % ,a(.%, d%,e(%.a,a če'*%-a a&+,+;a-%.a 'e'*var+.e + ve)e, '*e<e(+" S*e<e( a&+,+;a-%.e dre?e( .e % *a&v%, !%%;>&%, <ara,e*r%,a

&a >* '+ 'adr$a. ,a'*% + r9a(%,+6 &;%č%(a +(e'e(e =ra(e % 7r%(a ,e*a7;%,a" Ve)%(ar9a(%a,a 'adr$% (ača.(e ,a'(e (a';a9e *e 'e + *a&v%, *&%v%,a '+<'*a(-%.e a&+,+;%ra.+ +ve)e, '*e<e(+"

2.3. U!i&0 !"#ki$ %"!&'& & io!i0" i čo0"k&

Ž%v*%(.e % ;.+d% d;ae + &(*a&* 'a *e>&%, ,e*a;%,a <re& =ra(e6 vde % vad+=a" Pr%(r,a;(%, +';v%,a <'*.e *r% (ač%(a +;a'&a *e>&%= ,e*a;a + r9a(%a,: <re& &$e6 <re&9a'*r0%(*e'*%(a;(9 *ra&*a % <re& re'<%ra*r(9 *ra&*a" De<(va(.e % %;+č%va(.e *e>&%=

,e*a;a av%'% d v%>e !a&*ra: !%%č&0=e,%.'&%= '7%(a ,e*a;a6 <+*a +;a'&a + r9a(%a,6'*ar'*% r9a(%,a6 !%%;>&9 '*a(.a6 %'=ra(e6 =r,('&9 '*a*+'a % dr+9" U9;av(, 'e*e>&% ,e*a;% de<(+.+ + -%;.(, r9a(+ &a >* '+6 &'*%6 7+7re%6 .e*ra %;% ,a&" I;+č%va(.e'e vr>% <re& re'<%ra*r(9 *ra&*a6 <;.+vač(%= $;%.eda @;v6 $%va % &ad,%.+,B6 <+*e, &$e6(.(%= % ;.(%= $;%.eda" Na.(ača.(%.e &;%č%(e *e>&%= ,e*a;a 'e %;+č+.+ <re& +r%(a %d%9e'*%v(9 *ra&*a"

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3. SADRŽAJ TEŠKIH METALA U TLU

3.1. Z&5&6i&0" 7"%'0i#!& !"#ki% %"!&'i%&

P'e7( >*e*(e a9a?+.+)e ,a*er%.e a e,;.%>*e6 <red'*av;.a.+ % *e>&% ,e*a;%6 naroi!o jedinjenjaolova, $in#a, #admijma, žive, roma, ni#la i drgi.M(9% *e>&% ,e*a;% 'e (a;ae + e,;.%>*+ + 7;%&+ ,%(era;a" N.%=v% &a*.(% vre,e(, d'<%.eva.+ +&;( e,;.%>*e6 <vr>%('&e % <de,(e vde6 &.e %= da;.e <re('e a ,9+ 7%*% *&'%č(% a 've $%ver9a(%,e" Dr+9% va$a( %vr *e>&%= ,e*a;a '+ dre?e(% %(d+'*r%.'&% <9(%6 <;.<r%vred(a d7ra6'a7ra)a.(%-e6 *e=(;>&a <'*r.e(.a a <rerad+ ,%(era;(%= '%rv%(a % dr" U *a7e;% 2 <r%&aa(e '+,a&'%,a;( dv;.e(e &;%č%(e =e,%.'&%= e;e,e(a*a < &9 e,;.e"

Tabrla 2: Maksimalno do$voljene količine hemijskih elemenata #o kg $emlje

H"%i0ski"'"%"&!

M&ksi%&'o /o7o'0"&ko'iči& 9 %5?k5 7"%'0"

K&/%i09%< ;/ d 2O'oo< P+ 411Ži&< H5 d 2A-s"< As d 2H-o%< ;- d 411Nik'< Ni d 81@'9o-< @ d 511

&k&-< ;9 d 411;ik< Z d 511

o-< d 81

P*re7( .e %'*a)% da '+ r+d(%-% % *<%(%-e ra(%= ,e*a;a %+e*( ve;%&% a9a?%vač% $%v*(e'red%(e a 'a,%, *%, % e,;.%>*a"

3.1.1 Sadržaj olova, Pb !l

O<)e(%* 'e ,$e re)% da .e <r%rd(% 'adr$a. ;va6 P7 + *;+ +9;av(, vea( a ,a*%č(%'+<'*ra*" Na;a% 'e + &%'e;%, 'er%.a,a ,a9,a*'&%= '*%.e(a % ar9%;%*%č(%, 'ed%,e(*%,a + &.%,a

.e +7%ča.e(a &(-e(*ra-%.a d 4101 ,93&96 a;% 'e .av;.a % + +;*ra7a%č(%, % &reč(.ač&%,

'*%.e(a,a + (e>* ,a(.. &(-e(*ra-%.%" U9;av(, 'e (a;a% &a P7

2

6 %a& 9a %,a % +&'%da-%(, '*a(.+ &a P7 " O;v 'e + *;+ +dr+$+.e 'a ,%(era;%,a 9;%(e @(arč%*%;%*,B6 a*%, M(0&'%d%,a6 Fe % A; =%dr&'%d%,a % (arč%* 'a r9a('&, ,a*er%., 79če9a .e <v%>e(a &(-e(*ra-%.a ;va +9;av(, 7;%+ <vr>%(e *;a" O;v + *;6 '%,

<r%rd(%, <+*e,6 ,$e d)% % a(*r<9e(%, +*%-a.e," O;v &a <;+*a(* +9;av(, d;a% %ra(%= %(d+'*r%.'&%= <'*r.e(.a6 + ,%(era;(%, 7;%-%,a @P7S6 P7O6 P7SO % dr"6 % + %d+v(%,9a'v%,a a+*,7%;a + 7;%&+ =a;%d(%= ';% @P7#r6 P7#r;6 P7@OHB#r6 @P7OB 2P7#rB" I(ače6a&+,+;a-%.a ;va + <vr>%('&, ';.+ *;a +*%če (a 7%;>&+ a&*%v('* *;a @<ve)a(a&(-e(*ra-%.a ;va + *;+ ',a(.+.e e(%,'&+ a&*%v('* ,%&rr9a(%a,aB6 a &a <';.ed%-a*9a ,$e 7%*% (e<*<+( ra;a9a(.e r9a('&e ,a*er%.e" O;v &d čv.e&a +r&+.e a(e,%.+6

ra(e d%9e'*%v(e <re,e)a.e6 +*%če (a -e(*ra;(% (erv(% '%'*e,6 %a%va &ard%va'&+;ar(a7;.e(.a % dr"

#$ | P a g e



3.1.2 Sadržaj #admija, Cd !l

Kad,%.6 d .e e;e,e(* 'a vr; *&'%č(%, d.e;va(.e, a 7%;.&e6 $%v*%(.e % čv.e&a" I,a 9a

(arč%* + ,a9,a*'&%, % 'ed%,e(*(%, ,a*%č(%, '+<'*ra*%,a 9d.e .e +9;av(, vea( a -%(& Z(6 a;% %,a .a& a!%(%*e* % <re,a '+,<r+6 S" U &%'e;. 'red%(% .e ,7%;a( @<+( <&re*;.%v%.% dZ( % ;a& <re;a% + e,;.%>(% ra'*vr 9d.e 'e .av;.a6 '%, &a .( d 2 % + v%d+ &,<;e&'(%=

.(a d;6 d; 20 % dr" Pr% .a&%, &'%da-%(%, +';v%,a &ad,%. !r,%ra ,%(era;e &a >*'+ dO6 dO5 % dr"6 a&+,+;%ra 'e + !'!a*(%, % 7%;%*'&%, de<%*%,a" Ra'*vr;.%v'* &ad,%.a+ *;+ .e + v%'&. av%'('*% d <H vr%.ed('*% *;a" Ta& d ad'r7va( + *;+ (a <H %(ad "8 %(%.e ;a& <&re*;.%v6 +9;av(, .e &a dO5 % d 5@POB2 " Ta&?er6 (ača.a( .e % &e!%-%.e(*e(er9%.e ve%va(.a &ad,%.a ad'r<-%., a r9a('&+ ,a*er%.+ % ,%(era;e 9;%(e + *;+" Kad,%. .e(a.<&re*;.%v%.% + &%'e;%, *;%,a 9d.e .e <H d "808"86 a;% 'e ,$e de'%*% % da + a;&a;(%, *;%,a,(va;e(*(% =%dr&'%d% dOH .(a (e ,9+ a+e*% ,.e'* + &,<;e&'%,a %,.e(e

&a*.(a6 >* (ač% da ,9+ 7%*% ,7%;(%" A(*r<9e(%, +*%-a.e, &ad,%.a (a *; d;a%+9;av(, % ra&a6 % r+d(%&a ;va % -%(&a6 *<%(%-a % dr+9%= <'*r.e(.a" Kad,%. 'e &dčv.e&a a&+,+;%ra + (e&%, *&%v%,a6 (arč%* + .e*r% % 7+7re%,a" V%>e9d%>(.% e!e&*% dvded =%<er*e(%.e6 ra&a <r'*a*e % <;+)a"

3.1.3 Sadržaj žive, Hg !l

U <r%rd% $%va 'e (a;a% + ra;%č%*%, =e,%.'&%, 7;%-%,a % (.e%(% ,e*%;(% H90'<.ev% č%(e(a.ve)+ <a'('* čv.eča('*v+" U*vr?e(% '+ ra;%č%*% (%v% H96 v%'( d ,ed%.a 9d.e '+ %vr%

e&'<%-%.e a čv.e&a6 &a % (.%=v 'adr$a. &.% dvd% d *&'%č(9 r%%&a" G;av(% <+*a<'r<-%.e $%ve + ;.+d'&% r9a(%a, .e <re& re'<%ra*r(9 *ra&*a % %'=ra(," Ne<r!e'%(a;(ae&'<%-%.a 'e d9a?a (a.če>)e &(*a,%(%ra(, =ra(, % <re& de(*a;(9 a,a;9a,a6 d&

<r!e'%(a;(a e&'<%-%.a +9;av(, +&;.+č+.e $%v%(e <are &a %vr" Ž%va .e *&'%č(a'+<'*a(-a &.a .e .ed(a& >*e*(a % a ;.+de % a $%v*%(.e" Š*e*( d.e;+.e (a ,a&6 $%vča(%'+'*av6 7+7re9e % .e*r+" U*.eče (a '.e*%;a <%<a6 &+'a6 v%da6 <a ča& % &re*a(.a" D.e-a ara$e(a$%v, ';a7%.e '+ %(*e;%9e(-%.e6 ;>%.e č+.+ % ';a7%.a %, .e &rd%(a-%.a <&re*a" Z79;%<!%;('*%6 r9a('&a $%va >*e)+.e 've r9a(e ' &.%,a d?e + &(*a&*"

3.1.4 Sadržaj $in#a, %n !l

%(&6 Z( + *; d;a% ra'<ada(.e, ,%(era;a 7%;%*a a,!%7;a6 <%r&'e(a % dr" %;% a(*r<9e(%, <+*e," U <r%rd(, *;+ 9a6 +9;av(, %,a d 41 d 511 ,93&9 *;a" U e,;.%>(, ra'*vr+@,7%;a(B 'e (a;a% + 7;%&+ ra'*vr;.%v%= ';% Z(;26 Z(SO6 Z(@NO5B2 % dr" N.e9va,7%;('* .e + d%re&*(. av%'('*% d rea&-%.e e,;.%>*a" U &%'e;. 'red%(% %'<d <H 8"8 .e,7%;a(6 a + a;&a;(. (<r" @&reč(%, e,;.%>*%,aB (.e9va ,7%;('* (a9; <ada +';.ed*a;$e(.a + 7;%&+ =%dr&'%da %;% a0a-e*a*a" Da&;e6 + a;&a;(. 'red%(% d;a% d ad'r<-%.e Z(0a (a &ar7(a*e a % M9" O<)e(%*6 ,$e 'e re)% da .e 'adr$a. Z(0a + *;+ <r,.e(.%v % da

<rve('*ve( av%'% d ,a*%č(9 '+<'*ra*a6 <H6 'adr$a.a r9a('&e ,a'e + *;+6 aO56*e&'*+r(9 'a'*ava % dr" A&+,+;%ra 'e + $%v*%(.a,a6 a;% (e % + 7%;.&a,a"

## | P a g e



3.1.5 Sadržaj #obal!a, Co !l

K7a;* 'e (a;a% 'e + e;e,e(*ar(, 7;%&+ %;% + 7;%&+ .ed%(.e(.a" S;+$% a %rad+ ;e9+ra %

<,a$e '+>e(.e 7.a % <r-+;a('&9 e,a.;a % dr" Na;a% 'e + <vr>%('&%, vda,a6 ra&+ % *;+6a <r;a% % + <de,(e vde" U *;+ 'e (a.če>de (a;a% &a <ra*%;a- $e;.ea6 (%&;a6 d.e;%,%č( 7a&ra % '*a;%= *e>&%= ,e*a;a" U '*%.e(a,a 'e 're)e &a ,%(era; &7a;*%(6 A'S % ',a;*%(A' 205" M$e 'e (a)% % &a O5" T;a (a'*a;a (a 9ra(%*+ '+ '%r,a>(a &7a;*, @4,93&9B6 a 'adr$a. ra'*e (a d%r+ @4"8B6 7aa;*+ @B6 9a7r+ @21B % 'er<e(*%(%,a @411 ,93&9B"Pr%'*+<ač('* 7%;.&a,a av%'% d <H vr%.ed('*%6 'adr$a.a &reča6 $e;.ea % a;+,%(%.a6 r9a('&e,a'e6 vr'*e ,%(era;a 9;%(e % ,e=a(%č&9 'a'*ava" K7a;* + v%'&%, &(-e(*ra-%.a,a .e ve,a*&'%ča( a 7%;.&e6 a <r+r&+.e % (ed'*a*a& $e;.ea" Ve;%&e +da=(+*e &;%č%(e %a%va.+>*e)e(.e <;+)a" Na $%v*%(.a,a .e %a%va (a'*a(a& ra&a6 a& .e (a(e>e( <d &$+ %;% (a,%>%)"

3.1.& Sadržaj ba#ra, C !l

#a&ar 'e + *;+ (a;a% % <r%,ar(%= @&a .ed(va;e(*a(B % 'e&+(dar(%= @&a dvva;e(*a(B,%(era;a" Pr%rd(a *;a %,a.+ d 41 d 211 ,93&9 *;a 7a&ra" Narč%* 9a %,a + *;%,a 79a*%,=+,+', % -rve(%-a,a @Terra r''aB6 &a % *;%,a (a'*a;%, (a >&r%;.-%,a" Za7are(a6a,čvare(a % <d;.e(a *;a6 *e *;a 79a*a &reč, '+ +9;av(, '%r,a>(a v%, e;e,e(*,"Ka % (a<r%.ed (avede(% *e>&% ,e*a;%6 % 7a&ar .e ,7%;a( + &%'e;. 'red%(%6 d& 'e re*e(-%.a

7a&ra <ve)ava 'a <ve)a(.e, <H vr%.ed('*% % &;%č%(, r9a('&e ,a'e + *;+" Da&;e6 7a&ar

'e ad'r7+.e (a r9a('&%, % ,%(era;(%, &;%d%,a" M%(era; 9;%(e ,(*,r%;(%* <&a+.e(a.ve)+ '<'7('* ad'r<-%.e 7a&ra" Sa r9a('&%, .ed%(.e(.%,a (a'*a;%, + *;+ ra;a9a(.e,

7%;.(%= '*a*a&a6 7a&ar !r,%ra &,<;e&'(a .ed%(.e(.a *%<a =e;a*a" Pv%>e(a &(-e(*ra-%.a 7a&ra + *;+ d.e;+.e de<re'%v( (a <ra'* 7%;.a&a6 ',a(.+.e &;%.a(.e '.e,e(a % a(*9e(%'*%č&%d.e;+.e (a dr+9e ,%&r;e,e(*e" O<)e(%*6 ,$e 'e re)% da ra'*vr;.%v'* @% <&re*;.%v'*B 7a&ra+ *;+ ra'*e 'a a&%'e;.ava(.e, *;a6 a ',a(.+.e <ve)a(.e, <H vr%.ed('*% @(<r" &a;-%a-%.,B"Sa !'!r,6 ča& % + (e+*ra;(%, *;%,a 7a&ar !r,%ra *e>& ra'*vr;.%ve *er-%.er(e !'!a*e@+5@POB2 / 5H2OB" Da&;e6 ',a(.e(.e ,7%;('*% 7a&ra 'e ,$e <'*%d%6 '%, <veda(.e,r9a('&e ,a*er%.e % aO5 + *;+ @=+,%a-%., % &a;-%a-%.,B % +(>e(.e, !'!r(%= ?+7r%va

+ *;"

3.1.' Sadržaj ni#la, (i !l

N%&; .e d'*a ra'<r'*ra(.e( + ,%(era;(. % r9a('&. !r,% + *;+" U *;%,a (a'*a;%, (aer+<*%v(%, 'ed%,e(*%,a %,a 9a d 81 ,93&9 *;a6 a + *;%,a (a'*a;%, (a 'er<e(*%(+ ča& % d 11,93&9 *;a" Ka % &d '*a;%= e;e,e(a*a6 % (a (.e9v 'adr$a. % ,7%;('* + *;+ +*%če rea&-%.a *;a6r9a('&a ,a*er%.a % 9;%(a" K;%č%(e ,7%;(9 (%&;a (%'+ d%re&*( *&'%č(e a 7%;.&e a& + *;+%,a d'*a &a;-%.a &.e +,a(.+.e *&'%č( d.e;va(.e ve)%= &;%č%(a (%&;a"

3.1.) Sadržaj roma, Cr !l

#2 | P a g e



U v, <9;av;.+ )e 7%*% <r%&aa(% re;eva(*(% 'e&*r% 'a 9;av(%, %vr%,a e,%'%.a6 &(*r;(%,,.era,a a'(va(%, (a (a.7;.%, d'*+<(%, *e=(%&a,a6 (.%=v+ '<e-%!%č(+ e!%&a'('*',a(.e(.a % *r>&ve &.% 'e ve+.+ a *a&v ',a(.e(.e6 &ada .e * (a ra'<;a9a(.+"

U&;%& (%.e dr+9ač%.e (a9;a>e(6 e!%&a'('* ',a(.e(.a + *a7e;a,a 'e d('% (a e,%'%.e &.ed%re&*( <*%č+ % e,%*era"

4.1. S&5o-i0"&0" 8osi'i$ 5o-i& 9 ko%9&'i% i i/9s!-i0ski% ko!'oi%&

Sa9r%.eva(.e +9;.a + &,+(a;(%, % %(d+'*r%.'&%, &*;v%,a <red'*av;.a (a.ve)% %vr

a(*r<9e(%= e,%'%.a $%ve" Sadr$a. *e>&%= ,e*a;a .e 7%č( (e&;%& <+*a ve)% + +9;.+ (e9 +(a!*% %;% <r%rd(, 9a'+"

P7;.>a(a e!%&a'('* <r% <re*vara(.+ e(er9%.e % ,.ere č+va(.a e(er9%.e re+;*%ra.+ <ada(.e,e,%'%.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a 79 ',a(.e(e <*re7e a 9r%v," Sa9r%.eva(.e <r%rd(9 9a'a %;%(e&9 dr+99 9r%va6 'a (%'&%, 'adr$a.e, *e>&%= ,e*a;a6 +,.e'* +9;.a a re+;*a* 7% *a&?e%,a; (a*( ',a(.e(.e e,%'%.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a &a >* .e $%va"

E;e&*ra(a 'a %(*e9r%'a(%, &,7%(va(%, -%&;+', 'a 9a'%!%&a-%., @IGB .e (va vr'*a <'*r.e(.a 'a (%'&e,%'%(%, <*e(-%.a;,"

Sa %+e*&, $%ve6 *e>&% ,e*a;% 'e e,%*+.+ + čvr'*, 7;%&+ a.ed( 'a če'*%-a,a ;e*e)e9 <e<e;a" Ra;%č%*e *e=(;9%.e 'a9r%.eva(.a +9;.a <&a+.+ ra;%č%*e 7%,e <r%vd(.e ;e*e)e9 <e<e;a: &*;v% (a čvr'* 9r%v 2101C &*;v% 'a !;+%d%va(%, ';.e, 48C &*;v% 'a'+v%, d(, @'a9r%.eva(.e 'a,;.eve(9 +9;.aB 10411C +&+<(9 <e<e;a" Sadr$a. *e>&%=,e*a;a + (%$%, !ra&-%.a,a čvr'*%= če'*%-a + ;e*e)e, <e<e;+ .e ve)%"

Preč%>)ava(.e6 (<r" %'<%ra(.e %;% 7%*re*,a(6 +9;.a ',a(.+.e 'adr$a. *e>&%= ,e*a;a &.% .e +ve% 'a (er9a('&, ,a*er%., + +9;.+" Me?+*%,6 '*e<e( +&;a(.a(.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a v,*e=(;9%., (ača.( var%ra"

U&+<( +&;a(.a(.e <ra>%(e6 &.e <re;a% "8C 'e ,$e <'*%)% e;e&*r'*a*%č&%, !%;*er%,a@ESPB %;% vre)a'*%, !%;*er%,a @FFB6 + ,(9%, ';+ča.ev%,a d'*%$+)% & 21 ,93,5" U%+e*a& $%ve6 e,%'%.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a 'e ,9+ ',a(.%*% a (a.,a(.e 10C6 <r% če,+ d(.a-%!ra va$% a ;a&>e %'<ar;.%ve e;e,e(*e" N%'&a *e,<era*+ra !%;*era <,a$e + ',a(.e(.+ 'adr$a.a9a'v%*e $%ve + *<ad(, 9a'+"

Pr%,.e(a *e=(%&a a ',a(.e(.e e,%'%.a a*(%= &'%da6 '+,<r d%&'%da % <ra>&a'*%= ,a*er%.a% *<ad(9 9a'a6 *a&?e +*%če (a +&;a(.a(.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a" M9+)% +*%-a. (a ra;%č%*e

,ed%.+,e $%v*(e 'red%(e *re7a 7%*% %7.e9(+* d9vara.+)%, *re*,a(, *<ad(%= vda"

#4 | P a g e



Pr%,.e(, 9re (avede(%= *e=(%&a6 e!%&a'('* +&;a(.a(.a $%ve + ve;%&. ,.er% var%ra d <'*r.e(.a d <'*r.e(.a6 &a& 'e % v%d% % *a7e;e 5"

Tre(+*( '+ + *&+ %'*ra$%va(.a +',.ere(a (a rav. *e=(%&a a +&;a(.a(.e $%ve6 a;% 've d& *e,.ere (e <'*a(+ d'*+<(e (a %(d+'*r%.'&, (%v+6 (e,a %de(*%!%&va(e (a.7;.e d'*+<(e*e=(%&e <'e7( (a,%.e(.e(e a +&;a(.a(.e $%ve"

Tabela ,: 0ontrolne mjere* eikasnost smanjenja i

troškovi emisija od sagorijevanja osilnih goriva

I7o-

"%isi0&

Ko!-o'" %0"-" E8ik&sos!s%&0"0& BC

T-o#koi s%&0"0&B9k9,i !-o#koi 9 US

S&5o-i0"&0"

&8!"

Pre;aa& 'a (a!*e (a 9a'd6 Pd: 411

H9: 101

U,(9,e av%'% d ';+ča.a

S&5o-i0"&0"95'0&

Pre;aa& 'a +9;.a (a 9r%va'a (%$%, e,%'%.a,a *e>&%=

,e*a;aPra>%(a 10411 U,(9,e av%'% d ';+ča.a

E;e&*r'*a*%č&% !%;*er%

@=;ad(%B

d6 P7: 1

H9: 4101

S<e-%!%č( +;a9a(.e US 80413,5 a *<ad(% 9a' (a 'a*

@211"111 ,53=B

V;a$( d'+,<rava(.e9a'a @FGD(B &?

d6 P7: 1H9: 4101 +? 480513M9 *<ada

Vre)a'*% !%;*er% @FFBd: 8 P7:

H9: 4101

S<e-%!%č( +;a9a(.e US 0483,5 a *<ad(% 9a' (a 'a*

@211"111 ,5

3=B

#5 | P a g e



&? ikasnost uklanjanja 3g raste udjelom jonske žive. !ostrojenja $a katalitičko smanjenje

visokih emisija #rašine &45- olakšavaju ormiranje 3g&II-.+?vo se #rimarno odnosi na smanjenje 2. manjenje emisija teških metala je s#oredna

dobit. &s#e"iično ulaganje 6+829+k; e;.-.

4.2. P-i%&-& i/9s!-i0& 5o6& i č"'ik&

Kd <r%,ar(e %(d+'*r%.e 9v$?a % če;%&a 'e 9vr% e,%'%.a,a % <'*r.e(.a a '%(*erva(.e6 <e;e*%ra(.e6 v%'&%= <e)%6 &a % če;%ča(a 'a 7a(%, &%'e(%č(%, <e)%,a"

E,%'%.e d6 P7 % H9 'e .av;.a.+ a.ed( 'a <ra>&a'*%, ,a*er%.a,a" Sadr$a. *e>&%= ,e*a;a +

e,%*va(. <ra>%(% av%'% d 'a'*ava '%rv%(e % vr'*a ;e9%ra.+)%= ,e*a;a &.% 'e &r%'*e + <r%vd(.% če;%&a" Na.re;eva(*(%.e ,.ere a ',a(.e(.e e,%'%.a da*e '+ + *a7e;% " Kad 9d .e,9+)e6 *re7a &r%'*%*% <;a*(e(e !%;*ere +&;%& &;('*% dv;.ava.+6 ,9+ 'e &r%'*%*% %e;e&*r'*a*%č&% !%;*er% %3%;% v%'&e!%&a'(% '&r+7er%" Kada 'e <r%,.e(.+.e #AT + <r%,ar(.%(d+'*r%.% 9v$?a % če;%&a6 +&+<(a '<e-%!%č(a e,%'%.a <ra>%(e6 &.a .e + (e<'red(. ve% 'a

<r-e',6 ,$e 'e ',a(.%va*% d ';ede)%= (%va:

P'*r.e(.e a'%(*erva(.e"""

10421 93M9

P'*r.e(.e a <e;e*%ra(.e" 1 93M9

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4.3. S"k9/&-& i/9s!-i0& 5o6& i č"'ik&

#6 | P a g e



Ve,a .e va$( e!%&a'( 'a&+<%*% 've e,%'%.e" T 'e ,$e <'*%)% %('*a;%ra(.e, &+)%-a %;% <&re*(%==a+7a6 %;% <*<+(, eva&+a-%., % 7.e&*a" Sa&+<;.e(e e,%'%.e 'e ,ra.+ <reč%'*%*%" Za 've <r-e'e&.% e,%*+.+ <ra>%(+ + 'e&+(dar(. %(d+'*r%.% 9v$?a % če;%&a6 d'*ra(.%va(.e <ra>%(e <,)+ vre)a'*%=!%;*era ',a(.+.e 'adr$a. <ra>%(e (a ,a(.e d 21 ,93, 56 ',a*ra 'e (a.7;., d'*+<(, *e=(%&,6

NRT" Kada 'e (a.7;.a d'*+<(a *e=(%&a &r%'*% % a ',a(.e(.e !+9%*%v(%= e,%'%.a6 '<e-%!%č(a e,%'%.a

<ra>%(e @+&;.+č+.+)% % !+9%*%v(e e,%'%.e &.e '+ + (e<'red(. ve% 'a <r-e',B (e)e <re)% ra'<( d1"4 d 1"58 &93M9 če;%&a"

P'*.e 7r.(% <r%,.er% + &.%,a 'adr$a. <ra>%(e + č%'*, 9a'+ %('% ,a(.e d 41 ,93, 5 + <r%,.e(+vre)a'*%= !%;*era" S<e-%!%č(e e,%'%.e <ra>%(e + *%, ';+ča.ev%,a 7%č( '+ ,a(.e d 1"4 &93M9"

Kada .e r%.eč *<;.e(.+ *<ad(9 ,e*a;a6 + +<*re7% '+ dv%.e vr'*e <e)%: <e)% 'a *vre(%, ;$%>*%,a %e;e&*r;+č(e <e)%6 <r% če,+ *re7a %,a*% + v%d+ da 'e <e)% 'a *vre(%, ;$%>*%,a %7a-+.+ % +<*re7e"

Sadržaj !e#i me!ala emi!ovanoj /raini av%'% d 'a'*ava 9v$?a % *<ad(9 če;%&a % vr'*a

;e9%ra.+)%= ,e*a;a dda*%= + <r-e' <r%vd(.e če;%&a" M.ere(.a '+ <&aa;a da 'e 8C e,%'%.a $%ve %28C e,%'%.a &ad,%.+,a .av;.a.+ + v%d+ <are"

4.4. Lii" 5o6&

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(e/osredne emisije /ra#as!i ma!erija i gasovi!i !e#i me!ala '+ (arč%* + ve% 'a *<;.e(.e,6 a +,a(.. ,.er% % 'a '%<a(.e," F+9%*%v(e e,%'%.e (a.če>)e (a'*a.+ + <r-e'+ r+&va(.a '%rv%(a,a6*<;.e(.a6 '%<a(.a % va?e(.a % &a;+<a" Pr%,.e(, (a.re;eva(*(%.%= ,.era6 ,9+)e .e ',a(.%*%&(-e(*ra-%.e <ra>%(e d 21 ,93,56 <a ča& % (%$e"

I(d+'*r%.a ;%v(%-a 9v$?a 7+=va*a ve;%&% 7r. <r-e'(%= <%-%.a" Za ,a(.a <'*.e)a <'*r.e(.a6(avede(e ,.ere (e ,ra.+ 7%*% % #AT +&;%& (e (%'+ e&(,'&% dr$%ve"

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.ed%(.e(.a" Sa a'<e&*a e,%'%.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a6 <'e7( .e va$(a <r%vd(.a 7a&ra6 ;va % -%(&a"

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<rerad+ r+de (%$e9 &va;%*e*a" Zdr7;.e(a r+da 'e a*%, a9r%.eva + re*r*a,a &d ,a(.%= <era-%.a6 a&d ve)%= + <e)%,a6 d *e,<era*+ra (a &.%,a d;a% d '+7;%,a-%.e $%v%(9 '+;!%da" Re+;*%ra.+)a

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%a /rimarn /roi-vodnj olova6 <rva %'&+'*va +&a+.+ (a <'*.a(.e (v%= *e=(;9%.a a (e<'red(*<;.e(.e 7e '%(*erva(.a &(-e(*ra*a" Ov% <r-e'% '+ <r%,.er% (ve 9e(era-%.e *e=(;9%.a(e<'red(9 a+*9e(9 *<;.e(.a &.e ,a(.e a9a?+.+ &;%(+ % *r>e ,a(.e e(er9%.e"

Se#ndarno olovo 'e +9;av(, <r%vd% % '*ar%= a&+,+;a*ra % a+*,7%;a % &a,%(a6 &.% 'era'&;a<a.+ <r%.e +7a-%va(.a + <e) a *<;.e(.e" Ova #AT *re7a da +&;.+č% .ed(+ <era-%.+ *<;.e(.a +,a;. r*a-%(. <e)% %;% >a=*(. <e)%" Gr%(%-% 'a &%'e(%&, ,9+ ',a(.%*% a<re,%(+ *<ad(99a'a % <r%vd(.+ <ra>%(e % *<ad(9 9a'a a 1C" Preč%>)ava(.e *<ad(9 9a'a <,)+ vre)a'*%=!%;*era ,9+)ava <'*%a(.e (%va &(-e(*ra-%.e <ra>%(e d 8 ,93,5"

Primarna /roi-vodnja $in#a 'e vr>% <r%,.e(, *e=(;9%.e e;e&*r;%*%č&9 <r$e(.a % %;+$%va(.a ++>*ed+ e(er9%.e" %.e?e(.e <d <r%*%'&, ,$e 7%*% a;*er(a*%va a <eče(.e % ,$e 'e ',a*ra*% #AT +(v%, <'*r.e(.%,a + av%'('*% d &ara&*er%'*%&a &(-e(*ra*a" E,%'%.e % <%r,e*a;+r>&e <r%vd(.e-%(&a + IS <'*+<&+ &<Im#erial smelting<- 'e ,9+ ',a(.%*% &r%>)e(.e, d+<;9 v(a'*9 <&;<-a(a vr=+ <e)% % <reč%>)ava(.e, + v%'&e!%&a'(%, '&r+7er%,a6 e!%&a'(, eva&+a-%., % č%>)e(.e,9a'va d '*a*a&a >;.a&e % '*a*a&a d ;v(%= d;%va&a6 &a % de*a;.(%, <reč%>)ava(.e, @Q 41 ,93, 5B*<ad(%= 9a'va % <e)% 79a*%= +9;.e( ,(&'%d,"

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@;ael$ 0<e)%B6 + &.%,a 'e d7%.a v%'&a'%)e(% -%(&v &'%d" Me*a;(% ,a*er%.a;% 'e re-%&;%ra.+*<;.e(.e, + %(d+&-%(%, %;% + <e)%,a 'a (e<'red(%, % <'red(%, a9r%.eva(.e, (a <r%rd(% 9a' %;%*eč( 9r%v6 %;% + ver*%&a;(%, N.+d$er'% re*r*a,a6 + &.%,a 'e ,9+ re-%&;%ra*% 7r.(% &'%dva(% %,e*a;(% 'e&+(dar(% ,a*er%.a;%" %(& 'e ,$e 'a&+<;.a*% % % >;.a&e % <e)% a ;v <r%,.e(, 7rade>;.a&e d%,,"

4.5.1. +eni#e -a ei#asno sa#/ljanje žive

#! | P a g e



− ,.ere ',a(.e(.a <r%vd(.e <ra>%(e *&, r+dar'&%= a&*%v('*% % '&;ad%>*e(.a6 +&;.+č+.+)% %

',a(.e(.e 7%,a a;%=a

− <'red( a9r%.eva(.e <e)%

− dr$ava(.e r+de >* .e ,9+)e '+v;.,

− '<+>*a(.e *e,<era*+re 9a'a &.% +;a% + &(de(a*r (a 've9a 41 d 21 %(ad *ač&e r'e

dr$ava(.e %;a(e *e,<era*+re >* .e ,9+)e (%$,

<re(' rea&-%(%= 9a'va <';%.e &(de(a-%.e &r '&r+7er %3%;% !%;*er 'a 'e;e(,"

S*ra*e9%.e ';%č(e '*ra*e9%.a,a a $%v+ 'e ,9+ <r%,%.e(%*% + <r%vd(.% ;a*a <r-e', a,a;9a,a-%.e"

Z;a* 'e ,$e <r%vd%*% % dr+9%, *e=(%&a,a '%, a,a;9a,a-%., % *e *e=(%&e 'e ',a*ra.+ <v;.(%,<-%.a,a a ra,a*ra(.e + (v%, <'*r.e(.%,a"

4.:. ;"%"!& i/9s!-i0&

e,e(*(e <e)% ,9+ &r%'*%*% 'e&+(dar(a 9r%va6 &a >* '+ *<ad( +;.e %;% *<ad(e 9+,e"Kada 'e &r%'*% *<ad(% ,a*er%.a;6 ,9+ 'e a=*%.eva*% e,%'%.e &.e va$e a <r-e'e '<a;.%va(.a*<ada6 a &ada 'e &r%'*% <a'(% *<ad6 + av%'('*% d &r%>)e(e &;%č%(e6 ,9+ 'e a=*%.eva*%e,%'%.e &.e va$e a '<a;.%va(.e <a'(9 *<ada"

Kd <r%vd(.e -e,e(*a + -e,e(*(%, <e)%,a (a !'%;(a 9r%va6 <ra>&a'*e ,a*er%.e 'ee,%*+.+ + 'v%, !aa,a <r-e'a <r%vd(.e -e,e(*a6 <čev d r+&va(.a ,a*er%.a;,6

<r%<re,e '%rv%(a @dr7%;%-e6 '+>%;%-eB6 <r%vd(.e &;%(&era % <r%<re,e -e,e(*a" Te>&% ,e*a;%

'e +('e + -e,e(*(+ <e) 'a '%rv%(,6 !'%;(%, 9r%v, %;% + *<ad+ &.% 'e &r%'*% &a9r%v" Za <r%vd(.+ &;%(&era d'*+<(% '+ ';ede)% *%<v% -e,e(*(%= <e)%: d+9a ,&rar*a-%(a <e)6 d+9a '+va r*a-%(a <e)6 r*a-%(a <e) 'a -%&;('&%, <red9r%.ače,6 r*a-%(a

<e) 'a re>e*&a'*%, <red9r%.ače,6 >a=*(a <e)" U ',%';+ e(er9e*'&%= <*re7a % ,9+)('*%&(*r;e e,%'%.a6 (a.<$e;.(%.e .e &r%'*%*% r*a-%(e <e)% 'a -%&;('&%, <red9r%.ač%,a"

Za <*re7e 'a&+<;.a(.a *<;*e6 *<ad(% 9a'v% % r*a-%(e <e)% 'e <rvde &r '%'*e, <red9r%.eva(.a % '+>%;%-e @&ada '+ %('*a;%ra(eB <r%.e d'*ra(.%va(.a <ra>%(e" Sa&+<;.e(a <ra>%(a'e vra)a + '%rv%(+" Ma(.e d 1"8C ;va % &ad,%.+,a &.% 'e +(e'+ + <e) 'e %'<+>*a.+ &r*<ad(e 9a've" V%'& 'adr$a. a;&a;%.a % <r*%v'*r+.( &re*a(.e ,a*er%.a;a % 9a'a + 'a,. <e)%6!avr%+.e adr$ava(.e ,e*a;a + &;%(&er+ %;% <ra>%(% % <e)%"

#" | P a g e



7misije !e#i me!ala va-d 'e ,9+ (<r" ',a(.%*% % dv?e(.e, '*r+.e 9a'a ';7?e(9&r *vre a ve(*%;a-%.+ % <r%&+<;.a(.e, a=va)e(e <ra>%(e +,.e'* vra)a(.a *e <ra>%(e +'%rv%(+" Me?+*%,6 + 7a ';+ča.a *re7a d,.er%*% va&va ra,a*ra(.a + d('+ (a <';.ed%-e%'<+>*a(.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a + *<ad(+ ,a'+" Dr+9a ,9+)('* .e +(' *<;9 ,a*er%.a;a6 <r%če,+ 'e &a;-%(%ra(% ,a*er%.a; d.e;%,%č( %'<+>*a *ač( %'<red +;aa + <e) % +7a-+.e 'e + <9(a <r%<re,+ -e,e(*a" A;*er(a*%v(6 <ra>%(a 'e ,$e dda*% + &;%(&er" Dr+9a va$(a ,.era .eve,a d7r &(*r;%'a( '*a;a( rad <e)% &a& 7% 'e %7.e9;a '%9+r('(a %'&;.+če(.ae;e&*r'*a*%č&%= !%;*era" T ,$e 7%*% +r&va( <reve;%&%, &(-e(*ra-%.a,a +9;.e(,(&'%da" Va$( .e %7.e9ava*% v%'&e e,%'%.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a + ';+ča.+ '%9+r('(%=%'&;.+če(.a" Na.re;eva(*(%.e ,.ere ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e da*e '+ + *a7e;% " Ka& 7% 'e ',a(.%;e(e<'red(e e,%'%.e <ra>%(e % dr7%;%-a6 ,;%(va % '+>%;%-a6 (a.če>)e 'e &r%'*e vre)a'*% !%;*er%6d& 'e *<ad(% 9a'v% % <e)% % =;ad(.a&a a &;%(&er re9+;%>+ e;e&*r'*a*%č&%, !%;*er%,a"Pr%,.e(, ESP6 <ra>%(a 'e ,$e ',a(.%*% d &(-e(*ra-%.a %'<d 81 ,93, 5" Kada 'e &r%'*evre)a'*% !%;*er%6 'adr$a. <ra>%(e + č%'*, 9a'+ 'e ,$e ',a(.%*% d 41 ,93,5"

Tabela /: I$vori emisija* kontrolne mjere i eikasnost smanjenja emisije u "ementnoj

industriji

4.). I/9s!-i0& s!&k'&

U %(d+'*r%.% '*a&;a6 e,%'%.e ;va '+ <'e7( re;eva(*(e6 %,a.+)% + v%d+ ra(e vr'*e '*a&;a a&.e 'e ;v +('% &a '%rv%(a @(<r" &r%'*a;6 &a*d(e -%.ev%B" U ';+ča.+ '*a&;e(%= <r%vdad &a;-%.+,a % &a;-%.+, =%dr&'%da6 e,%'%.e ;va av%'e d &va;%*e*a re-%&;%ra(9 '*a&;a &.%

2$ | P a g e

I7o- "%isi0" Ko!-o'" %0"-" E8ik&sos! s%&0"0& BC

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d" P7: 8

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d" P7: 8

N",os-"/" "%isi0" i7 -o!&ioi$,"Fi

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H9: 8



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Tabela 9: I$vori emisija* kontrolne mjere i eikasnost smanjenja emisije #rašine u industriji

stakla

Tre(+*( .e + *&+ rav. &r%'*a;(9'*a&;a 7e .ed%(.e(.a ;va"

4.*. H'o- &'k&'& i/9s!-i0&

2# | P a g e

I7o- "%isi0" Ko!-o'"%0"-"

E8ik&sos! s%&0"0&

,-&#i" BC

N",os-"/""%isi0"

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ESP 1



U =;r a;&a;(. %(d+'*r%.% 'e e;e&*r;%, ra'*vra ';% <r%vde ; 26 a;&a;(% =%dr&'%d% % vd(%&"Če'* 'e + <'*.e)%, <'*r.e(.%,a <r%,.e(.+.e <r-e' 'a $%v, %;% 'a d%.a!ra9,,6 >* + 7a ';+ča.a(ač% da .e <*re7( +v?e(.e d7r%= <ra&'% &a& 7% 'e %7e9;% <r7;e,% + $%v*(. 'red%(%"Me,7ra('&% <r-e' &a re+;*a* (e,a (e<'red(%= e,%'%.a $%ve" Š*av%>e6 ( <&a+.e ,a(.+ <*re7+a e;e&*r;%*%č&, e(er9%., % ve)+ <*re7+ a *<;*(, e(er9%., <r% &(-e(*r%'a(.+ a;&a;(%=

=%dr&'%da @9;7a;(% 7%;a(' e(er9%.e re+;*%ra 7;a9, <red(>)+ a ,e,7ra('&0)e;%.'&+ *e=(;9%.+ +<'e9+ d 41 d 48CB % &,<a&*(%.e )e;%.'&e <era-%.e" S*9a 'e ( ',a*ra <$e;.(%., <-%., a(va <'*r.e(.a"

4. S,&'0i&0" ko%9&'o5< %"/iisko5 i o,&so5 o!,&/&

E,%'%.e &ad,%.+,a6 ;va % $%ve (a'*a.+ +';.ed '<a;.%va(.a &,+(a;(96 ,ed%-%('&9 %<a'(9 *<ada" Ž%va6 (ača.a( d% &ad,%.+,a % ,a(.% d% ;va %'<arava.+ + <r-e'+"P*re7( .e <red+e*% dre?e(e rad(.e <r%.e % <';%.e '<a;.%va(.a &a& 7% 'e ',a(.%;e vee,%'%.e"

Na.7;., d'*+<(, *e=(;9%., a +&;a(.a(.e <ra>%(e 'e ',a*ra <r%,.e(a vre)a'*%= !%;*era+ &,7%(a-%.% 'a '+v%, %;% v;a$(%, ,e*da,a a &(*r;+ v;a*%;(%= '+<'*a(-%" E;e&*r'*a*%č&%!%;*er% + &,7%(a-%.% 'a v;a$(%, '%'*e,%,a *a&?e 'e ,9+ %'<r.e&*va*% &a& 7% 'e <'*%9;e(%$e e,%'%.e <ra>%(e6 a;% (% (+de ,a(.e ,9+)('*% d vre)a'*%= !%;*era6 <'e7( a& '+

<rev+če(% ';.e, a ad'<r-%.+ %'<ar;.%v%= a9a?+.+)%= ,a*er%.a"

Kada 'e <r%,.e(.+.e #AT a <reč%>)ava(.e *<ad(%= 9a'va6 &(-e(*ra-%.a <ra>%(e 'e ',a(.+.e(a <'e9 d 41 d 21 ,93,5 + <ra&'% 'e <'*%$+ % (%$e &(-e(*ra-%.e6 a + (e&%, ';+ča.ev%,a'+ <r%.av;.e(e &(-e(*ra-%.e (%$e % d 4 ,93,5" K(-e(*ra-%.a $%ve 'e ,$e ',a(.%*% % dra'<(a d 1"18 d 1"41 ,93,5 @(r,a;%va( (a 44C O2B"

Na.re;eva(*(%.e 'e&+(dar(e ,.ere ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e da*e '+ + *a7e;% " Te>& .e 7e7%.ed%*%9e(era;( va;%d(e <da*&e .er re;a*%v(% *r>&v% + US < *(% av%'e d <'e7( >%r&9<'e9a &ara&*er%'*%&a dre?e(9 <'*r.e(.a6 &a >* .e 'a'*av *<ada"

Te>&% ,e*a;% 'e (a;ae + 'v%, !ra&-%.a,a *&va &,+(a;(9 *<ada @(<r" <r%vd%6 <a<%r6r9a('&% ,a*er%.a;%B" S*9a 'e ',a(.e(.e, &;%č%(e &,+(a;(9 *<ada &.% 'e '<a;.+.e ,9+',a(.%*% % e,%'%.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a" T 'e ,$e <'*%)% ra;%č%*%, '*ra*e9%.a,a a +<rav;.a(.e*<ad,6 +&;.+č+.+)% % <r9ra,e re-%&;a$e % &,<'*%ra(.e r9a('&%= ,a*er%.a;a" Pred *9a6(e&e dr$ave % re9%(a UNEE dv;.ava.+ d;a9a(.e &,+(a;(9 *<ada % (a de<(%.e" Nade<(%.% &., 'e <rav%;( +<rav;.a6 e,%'%.e &ad,%.+,a % ;va 'e e;%,%(%>+6 a e,%'%.e $%ve,9+ 7%*% % ,a(.e (e9 &ada 'e vr>% '<a;.%va(.e" U (e&;%& UNEE e,a;.a '+ + *&+%'*ra$%va(.a e,%'%.a $%ve 'a de<(%.a"

22 | P a g e



Tabela 6: I$vori emisija* kontrolne mjere i eikasnost smanjenja emisije kod s#aljivanja

komunalnog* medi"inskog i o#asnog ot#ada

I7o-

"%isi0"

Ko!-o'"

%0"-"

E8ik&sos! s%&0"0&,-&#i" BC

=&soi i7 /i%0&k&

V%'&e!%&a'(%'&r+7er%

Pd6 d: H9: -a"81

ESP @5 <;.aB P76 d 101

V;a$(% ESP @4 <;.eB P76 d: 80

Vre)a'*% !%;*er% P76 d: 80

I(.e&*%ra(.e+9;.e(%&a

H98

F%;*ra-%.a &r ';.+9;.e(%&a

H9

(. =ENERALNE OP;IJE SMANJENJA EMISIJA TEŠKIH METALAI NJIHOVIH JEDINJENJA

P'*.% (e&;%& ,9+)('*% a &(*r;+ %;% '<r.ečava(.e e,%'%.a *e>&%= ,e*a;a" M.ere ',a(.e(.ae,%'%.e +',.ere(e '+ (a dda*(e %,.e(e *e=(;9%.a % <r-e'a @+&;.+č+.+)% % dr$ava(.e % &(*r;+radaB" Na ra'<;a9a(.+ '+ % ';.ede)e ,.ere6 &.e 'e ,9+ <r%,.e(.%va*% + av%'('*% d >%r%= *e=(%č&%=6d('( e&(,'&%= +';va:

4B <r%,.e(a <r-e'(%= *e=(;9%.a 'a (%'&%, e,%'%.a,a6 <'e7( + (v%, <'*r.e(.%,a

23 | P a g e



2B <reč%>)ava(.e *<ad(9 9a'a @'e&+(dar(e ,.ere ',a(.e(.aB <,)+ !%;*era6 '&r+7era6 ad'r7era6%*d

5B %,.e(a %;% <r%<re,a '%rv%(a6 9r%va6 d('( dr+9%= ,a*er%.a;a a <r%vd(.+ @(<r" &r%>)e(.e'%rv%(a 'a (%'&%, 'adr$a.e, *e>&%= ,e*a;aB

B (a.7;.e <ra&'e +<rav;.a(.a6 &a >* .e d7r dr$ava(.e <r'*ra6 <r9ra,% <reve(*%v(9dr$ava(.a <'*r.e(.a6 %;% <r%,ar(e ,.ere6 &a >* .e a*vara(.e .ed%(%-a &.e <r%vde <ra>%(+

8B d9vara.+)e ,.ere +<rav;.a(.a a>*%*, $%v*(e 'red%(e a &r%>)e(.e % d;a9a(.e dre?e(%= <r%vda &.% 'adr$e d6 P76 %3%;% H9"

P*re7( .e <ra*%*% <r-ed+re ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.a &a& 7% 'e 9ara(*va; va;.a( <r%,.e(.%va(.ed9vara.+)%= &(*r;(%= ,.era % <ra&'% % <'*%a(.e e!e&*%v(9 ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e" M(%*r%(9

<r-ed+ra ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.a +&;.+č+.e:

aB %rad+ %(ve(*ara ,.era ',a(.e(.a %de(*%!%&va(%= + <re*=d(, *e&'*+ &.e '+ ve)%,<;e,e(*%ra(e

7B <re?e(.e rea;(%= ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.a d6 P7 % H9 'a -%;.ev%,a Pr*&;a

-B &ara&*er%a-%.+ &va(*%!%&va(%= e,%'%.a d6 P7 % H9 % re;eva(*(%= %vra <,)+d9vara.+)%= *e=(%&a

dB <er%d%č(+ &(*r;+ ,.era ',a(.e(.a &.+ vr>e re9+;a*r(% r9a(%6 &a& 7% 'e '%9+ra (e<re'*a(% e!%&a'a( rad"

M.ere ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e 7% *re7a; da 7+d+ e&(,%č(e" S*ra*e9%.a e&(,%č('*% 7% *re7a; da 7+de 7a%ra(a (a +&+<(%, *r>&v%,a (a 9d%>(.e, (%v+ < .ed%(%-% ',a(.e(.a @+&;.+č+.+)% % &a<%*a;(e %<era*%v(e *r>&veB" Tr>&ve ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e *a&?e *re7a <',a*ra*% % + ',%';+ -.e;&+<(9

<r-e'a"

(.1. Ko!-o'" !"$ik"

Na.va$(%.e &a*e9r%.e d'*+<(%= &(*r;(%= *e=(%&a a ',a(.e(.e e,%'%.a d6 P7 % H9 '+ <r%,ar(e ,.ere6 &a >* '+ a,.e(a '%rv%(e6 %3%;% 9r%va6 % <r-e'(e *e=(;9%.e 'a (%'&%,e,%'%.a,a6 &a % 'e&+(dar(e ,.ere &a >* .e &(*r;a !+9%*%v(%= e,%'%.a % <reč%>)ava(.e*<ad(9 9a'a" Te=(%&e '<e-%!%č(e a 'e&*r da*e '+ + <9;av;.+ "

Pda-% e!%&a'('*% '+ %vede(% % <era*%v(9 %'&+'*va6 a ',a*ra 'e da d';%&ava.+ &a<a-%*e*e'ada>(.%= %('*a;a-%.a" .e;&+<(a e!%&a'('* ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.a *<ad(%= 9a'va % !+9%*%v(%=e,%'%.a + ve;%&. ,.er% av%'% d +č%(&a &;e&*ra a eva&+a-%.+ 9a'a % <ra>%(e @(<r" +'%'(e

=a+7eB" Za7%;.e;e$e(a .e e!%&a'('* 'a&+<;.a(.a d <re& C" I'&+'*v .e <&aa; da + <'e7(%, ';+ča.ev%,a &(*r;(e ,.ere ,9+ ',a(.%*% +&+<(e e,%'%.e a 1C %;% v%>e" U

24 | P a g e



';+ča.+ e,%'%.a Sd6 P7 % H9 vea(%= a <ra>&a'*e ,a*er%.e6 ,e*a;% 'e ,9+ 'a&+<;.a*% ++re?a.%,a a *<ra>%va(.e" T%<%č(e &(-e(*ra-%.e <ra>%(e (a&( <reč%>)ava(.a 9a'a <,)+da7ra(%= *e=(%&a da*e '+ + *a7e;% " Ve)%(a v%= ,.era 'e +<>*e( <r%,.e(.+.+ + 'v%,'e&*r%,a" M%(%,a;(% če&%va(% +č%(a& da7ra(%= *e=(%&a a 'a&+<;.a(.e 9a'v%*e $%ve da* .e +*a7e;% " Pr%,.e(a v%= ,.era av%'% d '<e-%!%č(%= <r-e'a % (a.re;eva(*(%.a .e &ada '+&(-e(*ra-%.e $%ve + *<ad(, 9a'+ v%'&e"

Tabela 7: činak ure%aja $a ot#rašivanje i$ražen kao #rosječne kon"entra"ije #rašine na sat

Ko"!-&i0" ,-&#i" ,os'i0"či#F"0&

B%5?%3

V-"F&s!i 8i'!"-iV-"F&s!i 8i'!"-i< %"%+-&sko5 !i,&S9i "'"k!-os!&!ički 8i'!"-iV'&i "'"k!-os!&!ički 8i'!"-iVisoko "8ik&si sk-9+"-i

Q 41Q 4

Q 81Q 81Q 81

=a#omena: kruberi srednjeg i niskog #ritiska i "ikloni generalno #oka$uju manju eikasnost

uklanjanja #rašine.

Tabela >: Minimalni očekivani učinak se#aratora žive i$ražen

kao #rosječna kon"entra"ija žive na sat

S&/-&0 i" ,os'i0" či#F"0& B%5?%3

@i'!"- s& s"'"o%Sk-9+"- s& s"'"o%U5'0"i 8i'!"-I0"k!o- 95'0"ik& G s",&-&!o- ,-&#i"H'o-i/i ,-o"s Odda (or-in# O'oos9'8i/i ,-o"s

o'k"% ,-o"s B!ios9'8&!i ,-o"s

Q 1"14Q 1"2

Q 1"14Q 1"18Q 1"4

Q 1"18

Q 1"4

25 | P a g e



P*re7( .e <'ve*%*% <a$(.+ &a& 7% 'e 7e7%.ed%; da ve &(*r;(e *e=(%&e (e '*vara.+dr+9e <r7;e,e + $%v*(. 'red%(%" Tre7a %7.e9ava*% %7r '<e-%!%č(9 <r-e'a 79 (%'&%=e,%'%.a + vad+= +&;%& ( <9r>ava +&+<(% +*%-a. (a $%v*(+ 'red%(+ 79 %'<+>*a(.a*e>&%= ,e*a;a6 (<r" 79 ve)e9 a9a?e(.a vde *eč(%, e!;+e(*%,a" Tre7a *a&?e +e*% +ra,a*ra(.e % '+d7%(+ 'a&+<;.e(e <ra>%(e % <7;.>a(9 <r-e'a <reč%>)ava(.a 9a'a"

Ne9a*%v(% +*%-a. (a $%v*(+ 'red%(+ d r+&va(.a *a&v%, *<ad, ',a(.+.e &r%'* d <r-e'a'a ',a(.e(, e,%'%., <ra>%(e + vad+=+"

M.ere ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e 'e ,9+ +',.er%*% (a <r-e'(e *e=(%&e6 &a % (a <reč%>)ava(.e*<ad(9 9a'a" Ova dva e;e,e(*a (%'+ ,e?+'7( (eav%'(a %7r '<e-%!%č(9 <r-e'a ,$e%'&;.+č%*% (e&e ,e*de <reč%>)ava(.a 9a'a"

I7r &(*r;(e *e=(%&e )e av%'%*% d <ara,e*ara &a >* '+ &(-e(*ra-%.a a9a?+.+)e,a*er%.e6 %3%;% d '<e-%.a-%.e + '%rv, 9a'+6 d <r*&a 9a'a6 *e,<era*+re 9a'a % dr+9%=

<ara,e*ara" S*9a 'e 7;a'*% <r%,.e(e ,9+ <re&;a<a*% + *, ';+ča.+6 (a.<9d(%.e *e=(%&e 'e,ra.+ 7%ra*% + '&;ad+ 'a +';v%,a &ara&*er%'*%č(%, a ';+ča."

U <9;av;.+ '+ <%'a(e d9vara.+)e ,.ere a ',a(.e(.e e,%'%.a 9a'a % d%,(.a&a +ra;%č%*%, 'e&*r%,a" Tre7a +e*% + 7%r !+9%*%v(e e,%'%.e" K(*r;a e,%'%.a <ra>%(e &.a .evea(a 'a %'<+>*a(.e,6 r+&va(.e, % '&;ad%>*e(.e, '%rv%(a %;% (+'<r%vda6 ,ada (%.ere;eva(*(a a <re(' (a ve;%&e +da;.e('*%6 ,$e 7%*% va$(a a ;&a;(+ $%v*(+ 'red%(+"E,%'%.e 'e ,9+ ',a(.%*% <re(', v%= a&*%v('*% + <*<+( a*vre(e 7.e&*e6 &.% ,9+

%,a*% +9ra?e(e ve(*%;a-%(e % +re?a.e a +&;a(.a(.e <ra>%(e6 '%'*e,e 'a ra'<ra>%vač%,a %;%dr+9e d9vara.+)e &(*r;(e +re?a.e" U ';+ča.+ '&;ad%>*e(.a + *&r%ve(%, '&;ad%>*%,a6

<vr>%(a ,a*er%.a;a 'e ,ra a>*%*%*% d +*%-a.a v.e*ra" S&;ad%>(% <r'*r% % <+*ev% ,ra.+ 7%*%č%'*%"

#r.ča(% <&aa*e;.% +;a9a(.a % *r>&va (avede(% + ad(.%, &;(a,a <r%&aa(%= *a7e;a @<9;av;.e B <*%č+ % ra;%č%*%= %vra % + ve;%&. ,.er% av%'e d ';+ča.a" O(% '+ %ra$e(% + US % 41" 9d%(e@US 4 @41B EU 1" @41B" O(% av%'e d ra(%= !a&*ra6 &a >* '+ &a<a-%*e* <'*r.e(.a6e!%&a'('* +&;a(.a(.a % &(-e(*ra-%.e '%rv9 9a'a6 *%<a *e=(;9%.e6 &a % d %7ra (v%= <'*r.e(.a +d('+ (a re&('*r+&-%.+"

26 | P a g e



:.ZAKLJU>AK

U '&;ad+ 'a Pve;., U.ed%(.e(%= (a-%.a % <r%(-%<%,a ,e?+(ard(9 <rava6 dr$ave %,a.+'+vere( <rav da &r%'*e '<'*ve(e re'+r'e + '&;ad+ 'a 'v.%, <r9ra,'&%, <;%*%&a,a +7;a'*% $%v*(e 'red%(e % rav.a6 &a % d9vr('* da 7e7%.ede da a&*%v('*% + &v%r+(.%=ve (ad;e$('*% %;% &(*r;e (e <r+r&+.+ >*e*+ $%v*(. 'red%(% dr+9e dr$ave %;% +

<dr+č.%,a %va( 9ra(%-a (a-%(a;(e (ad;e$('*%"

P';.ed(.a de-e(%.a v9 v%.e&a .e &ara&*er%'a(a %(*e(%v(%, rav.e, .av(e 'v%.e'*% <*re7% a>*%*e $%v*(e 'red%(e d +*%-a.a >*e*(%= ,a*er%.a +<>*e6 a <'e7( d >*e*(9 +*%-a.a*e>&%= ,e*a;a6 .er .e (.%=va &(-e(*ra-%.a6 &a& + vad+=+ % vd%6 *a& % e,;.%>*+6 'va&9da(a 've ve)a"

Ve)%(a *e>&%= ,e*a;a @d6 P76 r6 N%6H96 A' % drB e,%*va(%= % %(d+'*r%.'&%= 'e&*ra@'a9r%.eva(.e !'%;(%= 9r%va <r%,ar(a % 'e&+(dar(a %(d+'*r%.a 9v$?a % če;%&a -e,e(*(a%(d+'*r%.a '*a&;a % =;ra;&a;(a %(d+'*r%.aB '<ada.+ + >*e*(e % <a'(e ,a*er%.e &.e6 e,%*va(e%(ad dv;.e(%= &(-e(*ra-%.a6 %,a.+ e&'*re,( (e9a*%va( +*%-a. (a drav;.e '*a(v(%>*va %e&'%'*e,e"

M.ere ',a(.e(.a e,%'%.e *e>&%= ,e*a;a % %(d+'*r%.'&%= 'e&*ra +',.ere(e '+ (a dda*(e %,.e(e*e=(;9%.a % <r-e'a @+&;.+č+.+)% dr$ava(.e6 &(*r;+ rada % e&(,%č('*B" Tr>&ve ',a(.e(.ae,%'%.e *re7a <',a*ra*% % + ',%';+ -.e;&+<(9 <r-e'a"

2 | P a g e



LITERATURA

4 #" Ar'e(v%): He,%.a % 7%=e,%.a $%v*(e 'red%(e Š&;'&a &(.%9a6 E&;>&% !a&+;*e*#a(.a L+&a6 2145" 9d%(a2 K" M%.a(v%): O&;%('&% <r%'*+< <r%vd(%, '%'*e,%,a Š&;'&a &(.%9a6 E&;>&%!a&+;*e*6 Trav(%&6 211" 9d%(a 5 #" Ar'e(v%): Ne&a <%*a(.a *re*,a(a *<ad(e vde % a9a?e(9 vad+=a <'*+<a&a9a;va('&0=e,%.'&e a>*%*e6 III ,e?+(ard(% &(9re': I($e(.er'*v6 e&;9%.a % ,a*er%.a;% +

<r-e'(. %(d+'*r%.%6 Z7r(%& radva6 Ja=r%(a6 2145" 9d%(a

Pr*&; *e>&%, ,e*a;%,a + &(ve(-%.+ <re&9ra(%č(, a9a?%va(.+ vad+=a (ave;%&%, +da;.e('*%,a6 Me?+(ard(% +9vr6 4342 #e9rad6 2142" 9d%(aWWW"W%&%<Wd%a"-,=**<:33WWW"-e-ra"d="<,!"+('"a-"r'3<d!WW21443GVEXde.a("<d! =**<:33WWW"<;%&;%(%&a0=ar(%"=r3Te'&%0,e*a;%"a'</

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