Emotion, Feelings and Motivation

• 情緒是什麼？• 那些因素會影響情緒？• 影響情緒的機制 /過程為何 ?

Emotions

• An emotional state has two components, one evident in a characteristic physical sensation and the other as a conscious feeling

Stimulus Brain Pleasure

Stress Brain Depression

Periphery

Periphery

The particular emotion experienced is a function of cross-talk between neocortical and subcortical structures, as well as feedback from peripheral receptors.

Stimulus

Susan Iversen; Irving Kupfermann; Eric R. Kandel

Neocorticalprocessing

Subneocorticalprocessing

Skeletomotorand autonomiccontrol systems

Periphery

Stimulus

Emotion?

James-Lange Theory (1880s)

• James wrote: “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.”

Patients in whom the spinal cord has been accidentally severed appear to experience a reduction in the intensity of their emotions.

Bard’s Experiments (1920s)

Sham rage: animals with the whole cerebral cortex removed retain fully integrated emotional responses

By progressive transections the coordinated response disappeared when the hypothalamus was included in the ablation

Schachter-Singer

Epinephrine’s effects

Informed

Epinephrine’s effects

Not Informed

How nervous are you? How nervous are you?

Epinephrine EpinephrineSaline Saline

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Schachter’s Cognitive Experiment (1960s)

When the sound alone is given, it evokes physiological changes in blood pressure and freezing similar to those evoked by the sound and shock together (right)

Consciousfeelings

James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schachter-Singer

Skeletomotorand ANS

Consciousfeelings

Skeletomotorand ANS

Bodily signs are caused by conscious

feelings

Conscious feelings are cognitive translations of

bodily signs

Conscious feelings are the results of

bodily signs

Consciousfeelings

Skeletomotorand ANS

Neocorticalprocessing

The particular emotion experienced is a function of cross-talk between neocortical and subcortical structures, as well as feedback from peripheral receptors.

Stimulus

Susan Iversen; Irving Kupfermann; Eric R. Kandel

Magda Arnold

• Emotions may have their own logic, one that is not derived from either conscious cognitive processes or somatic events.

Hypothalamus & ANS Responses

• In anesthetized animals, Ranson (1932) evoked almost every conceivable autonomic reaction, including alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal motility, as well as erection of hairs and bladder contraction

• In 1940s, Walter Hess extended Ranson's approach to awake, unanesthetized cats and found that different parts of the hypothalamus produce characteristic constellations of reactions

The Amygdala Mediates the Autonomic Expression

The Amygdala also mediates the cognitive experience of emotion, particularly in fear.

Egas Moniz performed the first prefrontal lobotomy in humans in 1935.(1949 Nobel Prize)

Mood & Monoamines

1. Long-term use of reserpine may cause depression (1959)

2. Some people got euphoric when treated with iproniazid (1952)

3. Imipramine is an effective antidepressant (1958)

A. Reserpine almost irreversibly blocks the uptake (and storage) of norepinephrine and dopamine into synaptic vesicles by inhibiting the Vesicular Monoamine Transporters

B. Iproniazid inhibits synaptic monoamine oxidase

C. Imipramine inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

The major serotonergic pathways arise in the raphe nuclei. (Adapted from Heimer 1995.)

Lesch KP: Science. 1996

Neuroticism is an enduring tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, guilt, and depression.

The effect of life events on depression was stronger among s carriers (b = 0.39, SE = 0.07, t = 5.23, P < 0.001 among s/s homozygotes, and b = 0.17, SE = 0.04, t = 4.51, P < 0.001 among s/l heterozygotes) than among l/l homozygotes (b = 0.14, SE = 0.05, t = 2.69, P < 0.01). Science 2003 July

Pleasure

Love

Motivations

Physiological Needs

• Temperature regulation involves integration of autonomic, endocrine, and skeletomotor responses

• Feeding behavior Is regulated by a variety of mechanisms

• Drinking is regulated by tissue osmolality and vascular volume

Homeostatic processes can be analyzed in terms of control systems

Experimental Self-Stimulation of the Brain Reward Pathway

Motivational States Can Be Regulated by Factors Other Than Tissue Needs

Reports by cocaine abusers of craving are correlated with increases in cerebral blood flow

Cocaine and nicotine affect the rate of electrical self-stimulation of the brain

D2-agonist

Nature Neuroscience 2006

Nature Neuroscience2006

Emotions, Moods, Feelings• An emotion is a mental and physiological state

associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Emotions are subjective experiences, or experienced from an individual point of view. Emotion is often associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition.

• A mood is a relatively long lasting, affective or emotional state. Moods differ from simple emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Unlike acute, emotional feelings like fear and surprise, moods often last for hours or days.

• Feeling is used to describe physical sensation or conscious subjective experience of emotion.

Nature Neuroscience 2006