enatmecniere- musaobis gegma bis institutis sxdomata ... inst samecniero/66-2007.pdf · ra axalwlis...

samecniero sesia gaimarTeba arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecniere-

bis institutis sxdomaTa darbazSi (p. ingoroKvas quCa #8,

pirveli sarTuli).

r e g l a m e n t i

momxsenebels _ 15 wuTi

msJelobaSi monawiles _ 5 wuTi

redaqtori _ a. arabuli

©arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti

ISBN

3

m u S a o b i s g e g m a

24 dekemberi, 11 saaTi

TavmJdomare _ prof. T . u T u r g a i Z e

1. a l . y i n y a r a u l i, saqarTvelos istoriis erTi para-

doqsi

2. g . g o g o l a S v i l i, akaki SaniZe da qarTuli saenaT-

mecniero terminologia

3. m . r o b a q i Z e, akaki SaniZe _ armenisti

4. l . n o z a Z e, akaki SaniZis mier zepirad gamoTqmuli

ramdenime Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb

5. m . q u r d i a n i, TiT-i sitKvis istoriisaTvis

6. S . g a b e s k i r i a, akad. a. SaniZis ori mosazrebis Sesaxeb


TavmJdomare _ prof. m . s u x i S v i l i

1. i . a s a T i a n i, megrulisa da yanuris urTierTobisa-

Tvis

2. a . a r a b u l i, `mTis kiloTa leqsikoni~ _ pirveli

krebsiTi leqsikoni dialeqturi leqsikisa

3. m e u f e a n d r i a ( g v a z a v a ), n . m a x a r a Z e,

m . k v e s e l a v a, l . q a r o s a n i Z e, saeklesio ter-

minTa leqsikonisaTvis

4. r . f a r e u l i Z e, feris aGmniSvneli leqsika m. mama-

qaevis romanSi `zelimxani~

5. n . J o r b e n a Z e, Tanxmovanze daboloebuli ori sakuTa-

ri saxelis (uSangi, eTeri) brunebis Sesaxeb qarTulSi


TavmJdomare _ prof. v . S e n g e l i a

1. m . s u x i S v i l i, gramatikul da semantikur brunvaTa

substituciisaTvis qarTulSi

2. T . v a S a k i Z e, -el-ze daboloebul saxelTa marTlweri-

saTvis

3. n . o T i n a S v i l i, toponimikur-onomastikuri Ziebani

zemoqarTlidan

4. n . y o x o n e l i Z e, ferTa saxelebi r. inaniSvilis enaSi

5. T . z v i a d a Z e, arqauli leqsikis kvali imerulSi


TavmJdomare _ prof. S . a f r i d o n i Z e

1. m . C u x u a, amosaval sisina sibilantTa refleqsaciisa-

Tvis qarTvelur da afxazur-adiGur enebSi

2. n . m a y a v a r i a n i, `indi-mindis~ warmomavlobisaTvis

5

3. T . b u r y u l a Z e, erTi tipis hipotaqsuri wKobisaTvis

saSual qarTulSi

4. l . g i g l e m i a n i, megruli brang- fuZis warmomavlobi-

saTvis

5. n . S a v r e S i a n i, -…’� º -…‰�, -…‰l, -i (ca) nawilaki-

ani mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi da mimarTebiTi zmnizede-

bi ColurulSi


TavmJdomare _ prof. g . b e d o S v i l i

1. n . a r d o t e l i, albanur leqcionarSi dadasturebuli

leqsikis genezisisaTvis

2. m . C a C a n i Z e, diferenciuli niSani leqsikografiaSi _

III. p. denisovis leqsikonTa klasifikacia

3. f . a f x a i Z e, sinhaluri naTesaobis sistemisa da naTesa-

obis terminologiis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb

4. n . x a x i a S v i l i, sitKva mzesTan dakavSirebul saxelTa

semantikuri analizi

5. r . l o l u a, ramdenime SeniSvna axladaGmoCenili alba-

nuri palimfsestis fonetikur sistemasTan dakavSirebiT

4

26 dekemberi, 14 saaTi a v T a n d i l a r a b u l i

TavmJdomare _ prof. i . C a n t l a Z e

1. i . C a n t l a Z e, as wels gadacilebul kodorel svanTa

metKvelebis lingvokulturologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebi da

maTi mimarTeba enguris xeobis mosaxleobis metKvelebasTan

2. e . g a z d e l i a n i, kodoris xeobis zogi toponimis

semantikur-struqturuli analizi

3. r . y k a d u a, delabializacia kodoris xeobis mosaxleo-

bis metKvelebaSi da misi mimarTeba laxamuluri kiloka-

vis Sesabamis monacemebTan

4. m . s a G l i a n i, balsqvemo svaneTidan kodoris (resp. da-lis) xeobaSi CasaxlebulTa metKvelebis Taviseburebani

5. q . m a r g i a n i, fuZedrekad zmnaTa masdaris warmoeba ko-

dorisa da enguris xeobebis mcxovrebTa metKvelebaSi

6. r . i o s e l i a n i, kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobis eTnolin-

gvisturi xasiaTis komentarebi

7. q . m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i, inkluziv-eqskluzivis katego-

ria kodoris xeobis svanurSi da misi mimarTeba zemosva-

nur dialeqtebTan Tu Zveli qarTulis monacemebTan

`mTis kiloTa leqsikoni~ _ pirveli krebsiTi

leqsikoni dialeqturi leqsikisa

akaki SaniZis `mTis kiloTa leqsikoni~, romelic didi me-

cnieris TxzulebaTa I tomSi gamoqveKnda 1984 wels, im leqsi-

kur masalas moicavs, rac mecnieris mier peterburgis univer-

sitetis aGmosavlur enaTa fakultetis 1911-13 wlebis specia-

luri dialeqtologiuri mivlinebis dros iqna Sekrebili.

am krebsiTi leqsikonis Sedgenis meTodi da principebi a.

SaniZes mivlinebis periodSive SeumuSavebia da ganuxorciele-

bia, rac kargad Cans missave mokle cnobaSi am masalaze muSao-

bis Sesaxeb: `meored rom vapirebdi mTaSi gamgzavrebas, Jer

gadavikiTxe vaja-fSavelas da a. Kazbegis nawerebi, amovkrife

iqidan gansamartavi sitKvebi da adgilobriv Sevamowme 1913

wels. leqsikoni TandaTan izrdeboda erTi kuTxidan meoreSi

gadasvlisas da sabolood sakmaod mozrdili gamovida. erTi

da igive sitKva zogJer Kvela kiloSia Semowmebuli, zogJer ama

Tu im kiloSi imis mixedviT, Tu sad, rodis da ra pirobebSi

mixdeboda Semowmeba~.

ramdenad guldasmiT aris aGnusxuli mTis kiloTa, ki-

lokavTa da TqmaTa monacemebi, es kargad Cans im SemoklebaTa

nusxidanac, romelic leqsikonis gamocemas dasyirda. kerZod,

aq cal-calke aris warmoCenili monacemebi gudamaKrulisa,

mTiulurisa da qvemo mTiulurisa; TuSuri; fSauri _ wina

fSavis, zemo fSavis da ukvena fSavis TaviseburebebiT; xevsu-

ruli _ `arxotelT ƒevsurulis~, `bakurƒevelT ƒevsurulis~,

`miGmaƒevelT ƒevsurulis~ da `SatilelT ƒevsurulis~ monace-

mebiT; erwosa da TianeTis masalebi; sof. xorxis monacemebi.

garda amisa, gaTvaliswinebulia im droisaTvis arsebuli teq-

stobrivi da leqsikografiuli wKaroebi.

saleqsikono statiebi ZiriTadad agebulia sabaseuli bu-

dobrivi principiT, romlis drosac budes qmnis sinonimuri

6 7

Tu erTi semantikuri velis sitKvebi; Tumca am semantikur mi-

marTebebSi aisaxeba kilouri fonetikuri variantebic; rogorc

TviT avtori aGniSnavs, `zogJer mxolod xmovniT aris gansxva-

vebuli sxvadasxva kilos sitKva, mag. lapo, lepo da lopo...~.

amgvar budeebSi, wminda leqsikur ganmartebaTa garda, warmo-

dgenilia mniSvnelovani, unikaluri monacemebi sameurneo, wes-

CveulebaTa Tu eTnografiuli sferodan. mag.: welwadi ƒ., T.,

fS. axali weli. welwadSi ƒ. àxal wels~ (bes.). welwad wux-

ra axalwlis wina dGe. `SatilSi axalwlis dGeoba xuT dGes

grZeldeboda: welwadi kviras, kumeti orSabaTs, SuadGe sa-

mSabaTs, ukena SuadGe oTxSabaTs, gamcxadeba xuTSabaTs (CaC.

141). aq naxsenebi `gamcxadeba~ warmoSobiT uTuod gancxadebaa,

e. i. 6 ianvris dGesaswauli morwmune qristianebisa~.

n o d a r a r d o t e l i

albanur leqcionarSi dadasturebuli

leqsikis genezisisaTvis

1. albanur enasa da mis damwerlobas sxvadasxva dros da

sxvadasxva kuTxiT exeboda araerTi mkvlevari: ak. SaniZe, il.

abulaZe, a. abramiani, g. klimovi, s. muraviovi, v. Gukasiani, v.

Sulce, i. giperti, a. qurdiani, m. qurdiani...

albanologiis specialistebi varaudoben, rom albanuri

ena unda iKos Tanamedrove udiuris winamavali ena, rasac

mxars uyers sinas mTaze axlaxan aGmoCenil albanur leqcio-

narSi dadasturebuli leqsikac (z. aleqsiZe).

2. zemoxsenebuli leqsikis (Tu amokiTxuli saxelebi si-

namdviles Seefereba) Sedareba udiuris monaTesave daGestnur

enebTan cxadKofs maT saerTo warmomavlobas, vinaidan esa Tu

is sitKva am enaTa Soris dadgenil bgeraTSesatKvisobis for-

mulebSi Jdeba, mag.:

zmna sawKiszea gamotanili da xSiria omonimuri formebi.

mag.:

weva (1) ƒ. T. moƒ. (iSv.) wveva. ar miwevavis _ ar miwvevia,

ar damipatijnia. awiidi dahpatijodi. `Sen gawevs, rad ar wa-

xol~. Cemma mosaubre moxevem GimiliT miTxra: es rom qals

uTxra, SeiZleba sxvagvarad gaigoso. mowevari moƒ. kaci, ro-

melsac gzavnian stumris mosawvevad.

1. s.-daG. va-c´-ic : alb.: ud. vi-C-i : xin. c´-a : wax. C-oj :

ruT. S-u : aG. C-u : Tab. C-…i : arC. u-S-tú : lak. u-s´-u :

darg. u-c´-i : xunZ. va-c´ : s.-and. *va-c´-i : s.-did. *ve-s-i `Zma~; weva (2): ewevi exmarebi (ƒ. mas.).

2. s.-daG. K-…a : alb. : ud. G-i : xin. K-� : wax. �ˆ-G :

ruT. �ˆ-G : aG. �a-G : Tab. �i-G : lezg. �o-G : arC. i-ƒ : xunZ.

K-o (< *K-…a) : s.-did. *ƒ-…a `dGe~;

weva (3): uwevs droSaT sisxls ƒ. asxurebs droSebs

sisxls. sisxli uwiva qal-vajTa ƒ. sisxli asxura qal-vajT (ƒ. mas.).

pirveli statiis moƒ. mowevari da, agreTve, ƒ. mawevari

calke erTeulebad aris gatanili. 3. s.-daG. c-a : alb. : ud. : xin. s-a : wax. : ruT. a-G :

Tab. : lezg. s-a : arC. o-s : darg. c-a : xunZ. c-o : s.-and. *c-a :

s.-did *s-a èrTi~...

`mTis kiloTa leqsikons~ fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs

qarTuli dialeqtologiisaTvis, am kiloTa istoriis Seswav-

lisaTvis, vinaidan bevri leqsikuri erTeuli dGes aGarc ki

moiZeveba. metic, TviT avtori aGniSnavs: `zogierTi imdroin-

deli Cemi Cawerili sitKva SeiZleba dGes aGar ixmarebodes.

Jer kidev maSin uarKofda zogierTi zemKnels, rogorc garkve-

uli saxis cekvas~.

3. dadasturebul bgeraTSesatKvisobaTa Cveneba orgvari

daskvnis saSualebas iZleva: a) albanur leqcionarSi gamovle-

nili leqsika nasesxebia daGestnur enaTagan, rac naklebsar-

wmunoa; b) saanalizo saxelebi saerToa, rac niSnavs: albanuri

udiuris winamavali enaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, daGestnur

enaTa erT-erTi wevrTagania.

8 9

sinhaluri naTesauri sistema iKofa Semdeg kategoriebad: i r i n e a s a T i a n i

1. sisxliT naTesavi lǣ næyō

megrulisa da yanuris urTierTobisaTvis 2. axlo naTesavi lañga næyō

3. qorwinebiTi urTierTobiT naTesavi ævæssa næyō. 1. megrulisa da yanuris gramatikuli wKoba identuria,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zog wminda fonetikur faqtors. 4. Soreuli naTesavi durə næyō naTesaobis zogad cnebas ki aGniSnavs termini nædæyo `naTe-saoba~ (J. b. disanaiaka). qvemoT sailustraciod warmovadgenT

sinhaluri naTesaobis sistemis amsaxvel Cven mier Sedgenil

sqemebs. terminologiuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb ki moxseneba-

Si vimsJelebT.

2. axalma masalam, damatebiTma Ziebam araerTi `gansxvave-

bulis~ igiveoba-msgavsebac SeiZleba daadasturos. aseTia: a)

yanuri gardauvali zmnis awmKos fuZis magvari warmoeba me-

grulSi; b) agreTve, yanuris kilokavis, xofuris, -er sufiqsia-

ni TurmeobiTis analogiuri warmoeba megrulSi; g) megruli

potencialisisa da vnebiTis formaTa gansxvavebuli sufiqsacia

yanurSic.

gverdiTi naTesavebi

3. am or erTeuls Soris struqturuli gamyvirvaloba

imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom miuxedavad megrulisagan mkveTrad

gansxvavebiT yanurSi moZalebuli ucxo leqsikisa, urTierTga-

gebinebis sakiTxi ar ismis.

mamis Zma|| biZa (ufrosi) loku tātta umcrosi biZa: mahappā; bāppa; punči

tātta; kudappačči mamis Zmis coli || bicola: nendə

dedis Zma||biZa: mātula (ufrosi) (salit.) loku māma ; dedis

umcrosi Zma: punči māma dedis Zmis coli|| bicola: nendə

paraleluri biZaSvilebi

f i q r i a a f x a i Z e

sinhaluri naTesaobis sistemisa da naTesaobis

terminologiis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb

sinhala enaSi naTesaobis aGmniSvneli saxelebi leqsikur-

semantikuri TvalsazrisiT sxvaobas gviCveneben salaparako, sa-

literaturo enis saxeebsa da regionaluri metKvelebis mixed-

viT. leqsikur-semantikuri gansxvaveba markirebulia socialuri

klasebis, agreTve sinhalur sazogadoebaSi kasturi

gansxvavebis, asakis, sqesisa Tu urTierTmimarTvis kulturul-

socialuri etiketis dacvis faqtorebiT. amitom terminolo-

giuri TvalsazrisiT sinhaluri naTesaobis sistema sakmaod

mravalferovania.

Jvaredini biZaSvilebi

mamis

ZmiSvili

biyi massinā mamis dis

Svili

(gogo )nǣnā

mamis dis

Svili

(gogo) nǣnā dedis Zmis

Svili biyi massinā

dedis dis

Svili gogo

nǣnā mamis ZmiSvili

biyi massinā

dedis Zmis

Svili massinā dedis dis

Svili gogo

nǣnā

biZaSvili

gogo

gnati sohoyuri

biZaSvili

biyi

gnati sohoyura

biZaSvili

gogo

gnati sohoyuri

biZaSvili

biyi

gnati sohoyura

10 11

pirdapiri naTesavebi

bebiebi da babuebi

∅

babuis mamis mama mīmutta bebiis dedis deda mīmutti

babuis mama mutta bebiis deda mutti

babua siyā; atta; kiri atta;lo-ku taatta

bebia ačči; atamma, kiri amma, hīnatta; muttǝniya (salit.)

mSoblebi: demǝvpiyō

ded-mama: ammǝla tāttǝla

mama tātta; appačči; piya (salit.)

deda amma; amman ̃di (regional); mav (salit.)

mamis da||mida (ufrosi) loku nendə; umcrosi mamida: punči nendə mamis dis qmari|| biZa

māma

dedis da |deida (ufrosi): loku amma; umcrosi deida punči amma; kudamma dedis dis qmari, biZa

māma

mamidaSvili

gogo

nǣnā

mamidaSvili

biyi

massinā

deidaSvili

biyi

massinā

deidaSvili

gogo

nǣnā

13

Svilebi laməyi zedmiw.: `bavSvebi~

SviliSvilebi darumunupuran

vaji (Svili) putā; putrəya vaji (SviliSvili): minipura

qaliSvili(Svili):duvə;doniyo/do-

ni; putri; duhitru; d (salit.) qaliSvili(SviliSvili):minipiri-ya //minipiri; minibirya (salit.)

dedmamiSvilebi

sahodarəyō

Zma sahōdarəyā; sahodərəō ufrosi Zma ayiā SuaTana Zma punči ayiā umcrosi Zma malli; maləyā (salit. sinhala)

da sahodarəya; sahōdərī ufrosi da: akka; akkandi (regional.) SuaTana da punči akka umcrosi da naŋi; nægəniya (salit.)

dedmamiSvilTa Svilebi sa-hodarəyange lamayi

Zmis Svili (gogo) gnati diyaniya; an: ayiāge /malli-ge duvə Zmis Svili (biyi) gnati putrəya; (salit.) ayiāge/ mallige putā;

dis Svili (gogo) gnati diyani-ya; an akkage/ naŋige duvə dis Svili (biyi) gnati putrəya; akkage/ naŋige putā;

da-Zma debinnə (salit.)

12

T e a b u r y u l a Z e qorwinebiT naTesavebi

ævæssa næyō erTi tipis hipotaqsuri wKobisaTvis

saSual qarTulSi col-qmari

mahattəya nōnayi zedmiw.: `batoni da qalbatoni~

æ busemiya (salit.) deməhallō (salit.)

coli nōna (salap.)

biriňda//birya; a buvə; gruhəniya (salit.)

qmari mahattəya (salap.)

svāmipuru iya; svamiputrəya sæmiya (salit.)

dedamTili nændamma mamamTili māmandi

sidedri nændamma simamri māmandi

muli næna rZali næna mazli massina

colisda næna

colisZma massina

siZe bǣna (Svilis qmari) rZali lēli (Svilis coli)

sinhalur sazogadoebaSi qorwinebiTi urTierTobiT Seqmni-

li naTesaobis Taviseburebas warmoadgens Jvaredin biZaSvilTa

qorwinebis privilegirebuli institutis arseboba. tradiciu-

lad sinhalur sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva sqesis (da-Zmis) dedma-

miSvilTa Svilebs Soris qorwineba privilegirebulia,xolo pa-

ralelur (debis: an Zmebis Svilebs Soris) biZaSvilTa Soris

qorwineba incestad iTvleba. Jvaredin biZaSvilTa amsaxveli

terminologia ix. gverdiTi axlo naTesavebis terminTa Sesaba-

mis sqemaze.

15

1) saSuali qarTulis werilobiT Zeglebze dakvirveba sa-

intereso suraTs iZleva. hipotaqsur konstruqciebSi xSirad

gvxvdeba xolme or-ori sitKva, romlebic qvewKobili winadade-

bis nawilebs akavSireben. erTi maTgani mTavar winadadebaSia,

meore ki _ damokidebulSi. am periodis literaturaSi Se-

gvxvda Semdegi wKvil-wKvili sitKvebi: iseTi-romeli, ise-rom,

iq-sadac, ise-viTa, iseTi-rom, Tu-maSin.

rTul qvewKobil winadadebaTa agebisas winadadebaSi

xSir SemTxvevaSi aris xolme orive wKvili sitKva. magram

gvxvdeba iseTi wKobac, roca mTavar winadadebaSi misaTiTebu-

li (sakorelacio) sitKva Tu sapirispiro kavSiri ar aris. asea

dGevandel samwerlobo ZeglebSi. rogorc Cans, am saxis wina-

dadebebi saSual qarTulSic xSiria:

`SevibeniT da Seiqmna omi, romeli ara iTqmis kacisa eni-

sagan sidide imisa da sificxe egeTi~ (amiran. gv. 53); `ra aqiT

aiKarnen da cota xani vles, daxvda gzani turfad mokazmulni,

rome mis uamesi ara iqneboda ra~ (rusud. gv. 102); `sadaca

gwadian, wamiKvane, ar gaKenebo~ (visr. gv. 30); Seiqmna grgvinva

da zriali, romel amas gvanda, casa miwazedan dascemeno~ (ru-

sud. gv. 102); `Tu orasi kaci saxlisa maSenebeli iKos, erTi

amaoxrebeli cud iqms maTsa naSenebsa~ (visr. gv. 134); `me, viTa

Cemi sicocxle, miKvars Cemi viro, da viTa Tvali, ar gameSvebis

Cemi Sahro~ (visr. gv. 19).

Sdr. misi sruli varianti:

SevibeniT da Seiqmna iseTi omi, romeli ara iTqmis kacisa

enisagan sidide imisa da sificxe egeTi. ra aqiT aiKarnen da

cota xani vles, daxvda gzani ise turfad mokazmulni, rome

mis uamesi ara iqneboda ra; sadaca gwadian, iq wamiKvane, ar

gaKenebo; Seiqmna iseTi grgvinva da zriali, romel amas gvanda,

TiTqos casa miwazedan dascemeno; Tu orasi kaci saxlisa maSe-

14

nebeli iKos, maSin erTi amoaxrebeli cud iqms maTsa naSenebsa;

me, viTa Cemi sicocxle, ise miKvars Cemi viro, da viTa Tvali,

ise ar gameSvebis Cemi Sahro;

3) am tipis winadadebebSi imis gamo, rom sakorelacio

sitKva Tu sapirispiro kavSiri ar aris, azri ar irGveva da

gagebineba Sinaarsisa srulia. aq sxvaoba detalebSia. rodesac

mTavar winadadebaSi aris romelime misaTiTebeli sitKva, is

Tavidanve gvavaraudebinebs, rom mas mohKveba damokidebuli wi-

nadadeba. xolo Tu hipotaqsur wKobaSi ar aris aseTi sitKva,

maSin es ufro damoukidebels xdis winadadebas.

S a l v a g a b e s k i r i a

akad. a. SaniZis ori mosazrebis Sesaxeb

1. KaKaCo

1. a. SaniZis varaudiT, qarTuli KaKaCos arqetipi redup-

licirebuli *KaCKaC aris. am mosazrebas mxars unda uyerdes

arabuli xaSxaS (`KaKaCo~), romelic specialur literaturaSi

ucnobi warmomavlobis sitKvad iTvleba. qarTuli *KaCKaC

sitKva-forma arabul enaSi kanonzomierad mogvcemda xaSxaS-s.

2. bisoni

bisoni, romelic SoTa rusTavelis poemaSi erTxel

gvxvdeba (`cremli sdis, viTa bisoni~ _ 719, 4), rusTvelolo-

giur literaturaSi sxvadasxvanairadaa ganmartebuli.

`vefxistKaosnis~ 1957 wlis gamocemisTvis a. SaniZis mier

Sedgenil leqsikonSi bisoni samoTxis mdinaredaa axsnili:

`TiTqo bisoni (e. i. erTi totTagani mdinarisa, romelic, bib-

liuri miTologiiT, viTomc edemidan gamodioda: dabad. 2, II)~.

bisoni, SesaZlebelia, qarTul hidronim fazisis (`yoro-

xi~) gadmocema iKos, qarTuli fas-i ZvelebraulSi SeiZleba

fisonis saxiT gadasuliKo. nari semitur enebSi gadasul qar-

Tul sitKvebs, rogorc sazogado, aseve sakuTar saxelebs, ema-

teba, Sdr. Tiva > arab. Tibn `Cala~, telefia > Telefinu.

l e l a g i g l e m i a n i

megruli brang- fuZis warmomavlobisaTvis

megrulSi sitKva brangua `magrad (zomaze metad) daTro-

bas~, xolo gobrangili `Zlier, zomaze metad mTvrals~ niS-

navs (o. qaJaia): gobrangili maKarefi Saras mibirdes _ `mTvra-

li maKrebi gzaze miimGerodnen~.

vfiqrobT, es sitKva megrulSi qarTulidan unda iKos

Sesuli, _ Sdr. qarTuli bangi _ `Zilis momgvreli wamali~.

am sitKvis megrulSi sesxebas gvavaraudebinebs is garemo-

eba, rom xmovnebSi kanonzomieri SesatKvisoba ara gvaqvs da br

kompleqsic megrulisTvis TiTqos problemuria.

aGniSnuli qarTuli fuZis Tavdapirveli saxe unda iKos

brang-, romelic megrulma srulad Semogvinaxa (Tumca asaxsne-

lia, ratom daikarga qarTulSi r).

SesaZlebelia, qarTul amosaval brang- fuZes aseve ukav-

Sirdebodes dialeqtebSi warmodgenili brinJ- alomorfi,

Sdr. qiziKuri brinJva, gabrinJuli _ `savse TavTavi; Zalian

gamZGari adamiani, Zalian mTvralzedac itKvian~ (al. Glonti).

16 17

g i o r g i g o g o l a S v i l i T a m a r v a S a k i Z e

akaki SaniZe da qarTuli saenaTmecniero terminologia -el-ze daboloebul saxelTa marTlwerisaTvis

Tanamedrove qarTulSi araerTgzis dasturdeba (erTma-

neTis paralelurad) -el-ze daboloebul saxelTa SekumSuli

da SeukumSavi variantebi (aqve aGvniSnavT, rom saanalizo

formaTa erT nawilTan -el ar aris warmomqmneli afiqsi, sxva

SemTxvevaSi ki igi sufiqsia da ZiriTadad awarmoebs: a) sasubi-

eqto mimGeobebs m-, ma-, me- prefiqsebTan erTad; b) saobieqto

mimGeobebs sa- prefiqsTan erTad; g) uarKofis gamomxatvel sa-

obieqto mimGeobebs u- prefiqsTan erTad; d) visime an risame

mimdevrobisa Tu xelobis saxelebs; e) warmomavlobis saxelebsa

da sxva): autanlis da autanelis (autanliT da autaneliT,

autanlad da autanelad); gasamxneveblis da gasamxnevebelis

(gasamxnevebliT da ganamxnevebeliT, gasamxneveblad da gasam-

xnevebelad); gautexlis da gautexelis (gautexliT da gau-

texeliT, gautexlad da gautexelad); dasamSvidoblis da

dasamSvidobelis (dasamSvidobliT da dasamSvidobeliT, da-

samSvidoblad da dasamSvidobelad); dauZlevlis da dauZ-

levelis (dauZlevliT da dauZleveliT, dauZlevlad da

dauZlevelad); vegetarianlis da vegetarianelis (vegetari-

anliT da vegetarianeliT, vegetarianlad da vegetariane-

lad); iudevlis da iudevelis (iudevliT da iudeveliT,

iudevlad da iudevelad); maxaroblis da maxarobelis (maxa-

robliT da maxarobeliT, maxaroblad da maxarobelad);

msmenlis da msmenelis (msmenliT da msmeneliT, msmenlad da

msmenelad); mqsovlis da mqsovelis (mqsovliT da mqsoveliT,

mqsovlad da mqsovelad); rkinigzlis da rkinigzelis (rki-

nigzliT da rkinigzeliT, rkinigzlad da rkinigzelad), sa-

mocianlis da samocianelis (samocianliT da samocianeliT,

samocianlad da samocianelad); fizkulturlis da fizkul-

turelis (fizkulturliT da fizkultureliT, fizkul-

turlad da fizkulturelad) da mravali sxva. bunebrivia,

XX saukunis qarTuli saenaTmecniero terminologiis Seq-

mnaSi ganuzomelia akaki SaniZis Gvawli.

a. SaniZes principuli damokidebuleba aqvs samecniero

terminologiisadmi. igi, cxadia, zedmiwevniT icnobs tradici-

ul qarTul Tu ucxour terminebs; amis safuZvelze xSir Se-

mTxvevaSi mecnieri qmnis da amkvidrebs axals, misi azriT, qar-

Tuli enis bunebisaTvis, Sesabamisi gramatikuli cnebisaTvis

ufro metad misadagebuli...

a. SaniZis moGvaweobis adreuli periodis rusulenovani

naSromis Sedareba imave naSromis qarTulenovan variantTan sa-

intereso masalas iZleva msJelobisaTvis.

Tu ra mniSvneloba unda mieniyos terminis sizustes, moxer-

xebulobas, simarJves, amis Taobaze a. SaniZe sakmaod vrclad msJe-

lobs `qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebSi~. es msJelobani, faqtob-

riv, aris instruqcia imisaTvis, Tu rogor unda SemuSavdes samec-

niero terminebi, ras unda mieqces KuradGeba terminis Seqmnisas.

amgvari Teoriuli poziciis mqone mecnieri gamudmebiT

xvews, azustebs, sayiroebis SemTxvevaSi cvlis termins. magali-

Tad, sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva naSromSi (an erTi da imave na-

Sromis sxvadasxva gamocemaSi) erTi da imave cnebis aGsaniSna-

vad gamoiKenebs terminebs _ dro, kilo, dro-kilo, rigi,

wevri... sabolood amkvidrebs termins mwkrivi da gvTavazobs

imasac, Tu romel ucxo enaze es termini rogor unda iqnes

gadatanili. msgavsi magaliTi araerTia.

gasuli saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan moKolebuli sko-

lebsa da umaGles saswavleblebSi ZiriTadad akaki SaniZis sa-

xelmZGvaneloebi (an maTze damKarebuli) aris damkvidrebuli.

aman xeli SeuwKo imas, rom a. SaniZis mier gamoKenebuli termi-

nebi, faqtobriv, saKovelTaod damkvidrda qarTul saenaTmecni-

ero literaturaSi.

18 19

sadavo formebi gvaqvs mravlobiT ricxvSic (vegetarianlebi

da vegetarianelebi, iudevlebi da iudevelebi, maxaroblebi

da maxarobelebi, msmenlebi da msmenelebi, rkinigzlebi da

rkinigzelebi, samocianlebi da samocianelebi, fizkultur-

lebi da fizkulturelebi...).

sadavo sitKvaTa erTi nawili `ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~

mixedviT miCneulia kumSvad saxelebad (mag., dauZleveli_da-

uZlevlisa, Semarcxveneli_Semarcxvenlisa...), xolo meore _

ukumSvelad (msmeneli_msmenelisa, vermiSeli (ital.)_ver-

miSelisa, vegetarianeli_vegetarianelisa, gamKidveli_ga-

mKidvelisa...). òrTografiul leqsikonSi~ aGniSnuli forme-

bi warmogvidgebian saxelobiTi brunviT (naTesaobiTi brunvis

formis gareSe). sxva SemTxvevaSi `ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ mi-

xedviT kvlav SekumSulad (mouTmeneli_mouTmenlisa...) an Se-

ukumSvelad (ficxeli_ficxelisa...) dasturdeba -el-ze dabo-

loebuli saxelebi, xolo òrTografiul leqsikonSi~ sitKvas

miwerili aqvs mxolod viTarebiTi brunvis forma (mouTmene-

li_mouTmenlad, ficxeli_ficxlad...). ikumSebian Tu ara

isini naTesaobiTi (an moqmedebiTi) brunvisa da mravlobiTi

ricxvis formebSi? mouTmenlis Tu mouTmenelis? mouTmenle-

bi Tu mouTmenelebi? ficxlis Tu ficxelis? ficxlebi Tu

ficxelebi?

aGsaniSnavia, rom Tvisebis gamomxatvel -el-ze daboloe-

bul saxelTa erTi nawili mxolod viTarebiT brunvaSi (zmni-

sarTad moqcevisas) ikumSeba (grZeli_grZelis_grZlad; vrce-

li_vrcelis_vrclad; Txeli_Txelis_Txlad; sqeli_sqe-

lis_sqlad; cxeli_cxelis_cxlad...). zogJer ki, piriqiT, esa

Tu is sitKva ukumSvelad swored viTarebiTi brunvis formiT

warmogvidgeba (saymeli_saymlis_saymelad; sasmeli_sa-

smlis_sasmelad...). gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca ama Tu im

erTeulis kumSva Tu ukumSveloba dakavSirebulia mis semanti-

kasTan, mag., naTeli _ 1. sinaTliT moculi (gadmobrwKinda na-

Tlis sveti...), 2. gaTelili (qveKana iqca velad, naTelad...).

sagulisxmoa, rom mxolobiTsa da mravlobiT ricxvSi kumSvis

TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli formebic swored -el-ze dabolo-

ebul saxelebTan gvaqvs (sasmeli_sasmlis_sasmelebi; fexsac-

meli_fexsacmlis_fexsacmelebi...).

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca esa Tu is (aGniSnuli

tipis) forma warmodgenilia òrTografiul leqsikonSi~ sxva

saxis (romelic ar ukavSirdeba kumSvis problemebs) uzusto-

bis gamo, mag., mqsoveli [da ara mqsovi], magram: mqsovlis Tu

mqsovelis? mqsovlebi Tu mqsovelebi? an kidev: KaraCoxeli

[da ara KaraCoGeli], magram: KaraCoxlis Tu KaraCoxelis? Ka-

raCoxlebi Tu KaraCoxelebi?

sadavo variantebi gvxvdeba -del sufiqsian saxelebSic

(kvlav kumSvis TvalsazrisiT). erTmaneTis paralelurad das-

turdeba adrindlis da adrindelis (adrindliT da adrin-

deliT, adrindlad da adrindelad); amjamindlis da amjamin-

delis (amjamindliT da amjamindeliT; amjamindlad da amja-

mindelad); gviandlis da gviandelis (gviandliT da gviande-

liT, gviandlad da gviandelad); wlevandlis da wlevande-

lis (wlevandliT da wlevandeliT, wlevandlad da wlevan-

delad); xvalindlis da xvalindelis (xvalindliT da xva-

lindeliT, xvalindlad da xvalindelad) da sxva.

ra Tqma unda, -el-ze daboloebul saxelTa erTi nawi-

lisaTvis norma dadgenilia (kumSvis problemasTan dakavSire-

buli), mag., mTxrobeli_mTxroblisa, Gvezeli_Gvezlisa,

Gumeli_Gumlisa, Semsrulebeli_Semsruleblisa da sxva.

moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba rekomendaciebi mxolod sada-

vo formebTan dakavSirebiT. vfiqrobT, aGniSnuli tipis sa-

xelTa analizisas (marTlwerisaTvis) gadamwKveti mniSvneloba

unda mieniyos marcvalTa raodenobas da, ra Tqma unda, isto-

riul princips.

paraleluri formebi gvaqvs mravlobiT ricxvSic (ad-

rindlebi da adrindelebi, amjamindlebi da amjamindelebi,

gviandlebi da gviandelebi, wlevandlebi da wlevandelebi,

xvalindlebi da xvalindelebi...).

20 21

T a m i l a z v i a d a Z e

arqauli leqsikis kvali imerulSi

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi met-naklebi rao-

denobiT aris Semonaxuli Zveli qarTulis leqsikuri erTeu-

lebi, romelTa Seswavla mravalmxriv sainteresoa. imeruls

klasikuri samwignobro enisagan SemorCa sitKvebi, romelTa

umetesi nawili dialeqtizmebadaa gaazrebuli; isini aseve das-

turdeba am regionidan gamosul mweralTa nawerebSic. amjamad

KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime maTganze:

xvinyka _ wvrili kenyi.

ganmartebulia sulxan-sabasTan: x‚nya _ wKalT kenyi.

G‚nya _ wurilovani qva, kenyi (i. abulaZe): `STaagdis budesa

mas Sina G‚nya� erTi mcire~ (b. kes.-equs. dG. 99, 28);

es sitKva dGesac gamoiKeneba qvemoimerulSi. vimowmebT

o. ioselians: `Tavmomwone babuaSens fskergavardnil qalamneb-

Si xvinyka da xreSi fexisgulebSi uxicinebda~ (o. ioseliani,

1991, 264);

zemoimerulSi dasturdeba xvinykaro _ xvinykiani: `xvin-

ykaro miwaze kargaT ivarga bostanma~ (q. ZoweniZe, 1974, 511).

wirTxli _ karis gardasabiJebeli (saba, 1991, 394):

zGurbli (i. abulaZe): `wirTxlTa Tana karisa SenisaTa dasdev

saƒsenebeli Seni~, I, es. 57. 8.

saliteraturo qarTulSi es sitKva aGar gamoiKeneba.

qeglSi sxva mniSvnelobaa mocemuli, aGniSnavs karis an fanJris

CarCos erT gverds (VIII, 1138);

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba sitKva leCxumur di-

aleqtSi; es aris alaKafis karis _ ezos didi yiSkris sveti

(al. Gl.); qvemoimerulSi `wirTxli~ Zveli mniSvnelobiT

gamoiKeneba: ìqve, karis wirTxlTan midgmul skamze muxlebmo-

save . iosel.);

obiT i reba imerulSi kidev erTi arqau-

li pani, ro lsac o. ioseliani nawarmoebSive

ganmartavs: `karisaken wavedi. maGal karapanze (zGurblze)

gadavalaJe da aivnis soxaneze davdeqi~.

`karapanze Semofrenili kruxi mouxmobda awivlebul wi-

wilebs~.

sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, karapans uwodeben kalos piras

nageb saxls. karapani somxuria, qarTulad ardgmuli hqvia (sa-

ba, 1991, 61);

karapani º karapi _ zGurbli (il. abulaZe).

`gardamovida mefY... navisagan karapad~ (192).

karabani º karapani _ winkari (p. gaC.);

kbode _ sabas ganmartebiT, esaa zGvisa da wKlis piri,

kldovani _ flat(o)iani Cauvali (1991, 363);

aseve ganmartavs i. abulaZec.

`Sekrbes Zualni igi wmidaTani maT kbodesa erTsa queSY

mis wKlisasa (sbst 142, 21);

kbdovani _ kldovani (z. sarJv.).

`viTarca igi eZiebdes kbdovansa mas, poes lomi saSineli~

[ler _ 3 91 v1 - 2-33];

imerulSi kbode cicabo, damrec, miudgomel adgils

aGniSnavs:

`gaGmidan maGalia, kbodea, didi xnis damklavul fesvebs

amovKvebiT da amovdivarT~.

`beberi akaciis ZirSi, kbodeze rom alage gvaqvs, iqiT

midis~.

ìqiT cxovrobs, Gobis gadaGma, Tvalebgadmocvenili amo-

Zvra yiSkris pirdapir, kbodeze (o. iosel.).

goxi _ `gZlad kldovani serzeda, klde, qva~ (saba, 1991, 168);

goxi º goxiko _ ubalaxo, motitvlebuli adgili, mcena-

re rom ar xarobs (q. Zow. 1974, 105);

gadagoxili _ urwKavi, mwiri: ìqa gadagoxili adgilebi

iKo da mosavali ar vargoda~ (q. Zow. 69);

sitKva dasturdeba gamoTqmaSi `goxis kurdGeliviTaa~,

anu sustia, gamxdari, uGono.

aqvs sxva mniSvnelobac: goxi _ mkvaxe xili (p. gaC.).

22 23

buli eSvebi~ (o

amave mniSvnel

sitKva _ kara

xma

me

triza _ cxenis ferƒma rom kacs talaxi Seasxas (saba,

1993, 141);

gatrizaveba _ kargi sitKva rom wauxdinos mterobiT

(saba, 1996, 150).

imerulSi gatrizaveba Sercxvenas, masxrad agdebas, da-

cinvas niSnavs:

`barem aigdon, gaatrizaon, vin dauSliT?~

`Se qalo, gaZiZaveba qe gvaqvs gagonili... gautrizavebia

rZali~

`mis bodiSebs atrizavebs, viTom, ra dros esaa, ra

syirs... is ikiTxeo~ (o. iosel.).

r o m a n l o l u a

ramdenime SeniSvna axladaGmoCenili

albanuri palimfsestis fonetikur

sistemasTan dakavSirebiT

1994 wels, palestinaSi, sinas mTaze mdebare wminda eka-

terines monasterSi z. aleqsiZis mier aGmoCenil iqna uZvelesi

(albaT, V saukunis) albanuri palimfsesti (leqcionari). mo-

gvianebiT, 2003 wels gamovida misi wigni saxelwodebiT _ `kav-

kasiis albaneTis damwerloba, ena da mwerloba~. es gaxlavT

pirveli met-naklebad warmatebuli cda Zveli albanuri xelna-

weris gaSifvrisa.

matenadaranis (#7117) xelnaweris 52 grafemidan palim-

fsestis teqstSi dadasturbulia 46 grafema, maTgan, z. aleq-

siZis azriT, zustadaa cnobili 35 grafemis fonetikuri mniS-

vneloba (aqedan erTi grafema ar moipoveba matenadaranis xel-

nawerSi, esaa x fonema). u aso-bgera ‰‚ difTongi gadmocemuli

iKo ligaturiT. eyvs iwvevs ramdenime grafemis identifikacia.

somxuri xelnaweris #14 (Sa) grafemas z. aleqsiZe S fonemad

miiCnevs da amis dasamtkiceblad mohKavs magaliTebi: xaS (`naTe-

li~, ud. `mTvare~), beSi (`Cveni~). #33 (Saq) grafemas ki miiC-

nevs S fonemis nairsaxeobad da magaliTad mohKavs Semdegi

sitKvebi: Su (`Game~), xaS (`naTeli~), beSi (`Cveni~) anu ori

gansxvavebuli grafemis fonetikur Girebulebas avtori asabu-

Tebs erTi da imave magaliTebis meSveobiT, rac gaugebrobas

iwvevs. #17 (xYn) grafemas z. aleqsiZe miiCnevs ƒ- fonemad. ma-

galiTebia: ƒib `sami~, ƒibarun `mesame~, ƒaS `naTeli~, Sdr. Ta-

namedrove udiuri xib _ sami, xaS _ mTvare, Tve. saerTd `ƒ~

da x aso-bgerebi SeiZleba erTi grafema iKos, radgan maTi mo-

xazuloba TiTqmis erTnairia. #8 (jil) identificirebulia

rogorc j fonema, Tumca amis dasamtkiceblad aranairi maga-

liTi moKvanili ar aris. rogorc Cans, areulia #37 (xam) G

da #41 (fes) grafemebi. #52 (qiv) q, moxazulobiT ufro waa-

gavs #23-s (ha�). aseve saeyvoa #7 (en), #27 (yi), #32 (Ja�),

#39 (Cat) da #49 (ca�n) identifikacia Sesabamisad Š, y, y, C,

c fonemebad. zogierTi faqtoridan gamomdinare sarwmuno ar

Cans #18 (dan) d fonemad miCneva da avtoris mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, rom mas unda ekavos anbanSi me-4 adgili.

m e uf e a n dr i a ( g v a z a v a), n el i m a x a r a Z e,

m a r i k a k v e s el a v a, l i a q a ro s a n i Z e

saeklesio terminTa leqsikonisaTvis

saeklesio terminTa istoriis Sesaxeb sagangebo gamokvle-

va qarTul enaze ara gvaqvs. marTalia, bevri qarTveli mecnie-

ri ganixilavs ama Tu im saeklesio termins, magram es termine-

bi TavmoKrili ar aris. saeklesio terminTa istoriis gauTva-

liswineblobis gamo zogJer saeklesio literaturaSic ki

araswor interpretacias vxvdebiT.

magaliTisaTvis: saeklesio kalendris erT-erT nomerSi

24 25

vkiTxulobT: `diakonis qvemdgoms kerZo diakoni hqvia. Zvelad

mas kananarxi erqva (`karnaxidan~), vinaidan igi eklesiaSi mki-

Txveli iKo da am sagaloblebis pirveli muxlis dawKebiT mga-

loblebs am sagaloblebis xmas mianiSnebda, anu `hkarnaxobda~.

gulSi vardaT Camifrindi~ (qarTuli xalxuri poezia, VI,

Tb., 1978, 310-311).

moxsenebaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom

ìndi-mindi~ SeiZleba iKos erTi da imave zmnis pirian forma-

Tagan Semdgari orkomponentiani, Tanamedrove qarTulis Tval-

sazrisiT, `SekumSuli~ leqsema, romlis pirveli nawilis anla-

utSi unda vivaraudoT I obieqturi piris m-, an II obieqturi

pirsi g- prefiqsi, xolo meore komponentis Tavkiduri m- I

obieqturi piris niSani unda iKos: *m-indi-(xar) _ m-indi(xar)

an *g-indi-(var) _ m-indi(xar).

cnobilia, rom kananarxi berZnuli sitKvaa;

kanonis (galobis) damwKebs niSnavs.

Secdomas wavawKdiT termin enqerTan dakavSirebiTac:

ènqeri (berZ. samuxle). igi aucilebeli nawilia

samGvdelmTavro Sesamoslisa. sitKva enqeri aGniSnavs `Joxs~,

`kverTxs~. mas aqvs rombis forma da erTi kuTxiT ikideba~.

droTa viTarebaSi leqsemis pirvel nawils (zmnas) piris

niSani `moecviTa~, meore nawils ki SerCa da axlac saxezea.

amasTan, orive komponentma pirvandeli mniSvneloba dakarga.

sxvagan ki igive enqeri asea ganmartebuli: `mGvdelmTav-

rebsa da damsaxurebul mGvdlebs aqvT sagverdulis anu enqe-

ris Semosvis ufleba. enqeri es aris oTxkuTxa qsovili, rome-

lic marJvena mxares magrdeba~.

es magaliTebi mxolod mciredi ilustraciaa imis dastu-

rad, rom droulia da aucilebeli saeklesio terminTa leqsi-

konis Seqmna. swored am saxis leqsikonze vmuSaobT ukve erTi

welia samTavisisa da goris mTavarepiskoposis, meufe andria

gvazavas, wamowKebiTa da uSualo monawileobiT.

l a m a r a n o z a Z e

akaki SaniZis mier zepirad gamoTqmuli ramdenime

Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT saleqsikono masalas da masTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

moxsenebaSi winaswari cnobis saxiT warmodgenilia akaki

SaniZis garkveuli mosazreba moTxrobiTi brunvis -n formant-

Tan dakavSirebiT, aseve varaudi SoTa rusTvelis warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb. n a n a m a y a v a r i a n i

ìndi-mindis~ warmomavlobisaTvis

qarTuli xalxur poeziaSi gvxvdeba amjamad semantikisagan

daclili leqsikuri erTeuli ìndi-mindi~, romelsac refre-

nis funqcia ekisreba:

ìndi-mindi, ferad Sindi,

gadmofrindi, gadmobrwKindi,

ici, Cemo sicocxleo,

26 27

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis xanaSi zemoxsenebuli geogra-

fiuli punqtebis mflobelni warCinebuli tbelebi arian, rom-

lebic grandiozul mSeneblobas ewevian mxareSi. -el sufiqsia-

ni feodaluri gvarebi warCinebulTa mier im punqtebis mflo-

belobas ukavSirdeba. Cans socialurma movlenebma am droisa

gamoiwvia -el sufiqsiani gvarsaxelebis warmoqmna.

n i k o o T i n a S v i l i

toponimikur-onomastikuri Ziebani

zemoqarTlidan

enis leqsikur sistemaSi gamoiKofa fena, romelsac qmnis

adamianTa da adgilTa saxeldebis farTo nomenklatura. maTi

erTobliobis aGsaniSnavad miGebulia termini onomastika, ro-

melic aseT masalebs aGwers da Seiswavlis.

eredvis 914 wlis warwera gvauwKebs, rom `qarTlsa Sina

uflobasa tbelisa~ aigo taZari. daaxloebiT amave periodisaa

dodoTis cxrakaras eklesiis warwera: `saxeliTa GmrTisaiTa

ivane erisTavman tbelman aGaSena ese wmidai eklesiai~. pirvel

warweraSi ara, magram meore warweraSi tbeli ukve qarTlis

erisTavia.

zemo qarTlis toponimebi, lapidaruli warwerebi Ziri-

Tadad Zvelia, romlebic ori aspeqtiT _ istoriis CvenebiT

da dGevandeli viTarebiT _ unda SeviswavloT. qalaq cxinva-

lis dasavleTiT xuTi-aTi kilometris daSorebiT da aGmosav-

leTiT aseve xuTi kilometris dacilebiT mdebareoben dasax-

lebuli punqtebi tbeTi, dodoTi, borcvisJvari, gomarTis ek-

lesia, saqarTlis cixe da sofeli eredvi. rogorc dakvirvebam

da lapidarulma warwerebma dagvidastura, am punqtebs bevri

saerTo moepovebaT onomastikis TvalsazrisiT da maTi gaTva-

liswineba da dGevandeli viTarebis Seswavla aucilebelia.

1980 wels tbeTis dasavleTiT sofel worbisSi aGmoCe-

nili warwera gvauwKebs, rom `saxeliTa GmrTisaiTa ese koSki

Seqmna ivane erisTavman~. Cans, rom ivane eredvis warweraSi Jer

ar aris erisTavi, dodoTis warweraSi ki is ukve erisTavia.

mxaris epigrafikuli Zeglebis mixedviT SesaZlebeli xde-

ba IX-X saukuneebis tbelTa genealogiis miaxloebiTi aGgena.

ase iKo qarTuli gvarsaxelebis warmoqmna gadaJayvuli feoda-

luri socialuri urTierTobis movlenebTan. aSkaraa, rom zo-

gierTi gvari am gvarebis safuZvlis CamKrelTa qarTlSi migra-

ciis dros warmoiSva. magaliTad, tbelebis Semdgom zemoxsene-

bul teritoriebs flobdnen Tavadi favnelebi, Semdgom fav-

leniSvilebi, romlebic bolos sofel eredvSi damkvidrdnen.

profesori akaki SaniZe gamokvlevaSi `etimologiuri Se-

niSvnebi: qarli, qarTveli~ aGniSnavs, rom sitKva qarTli

miGebulia parTisagan _ karTni, k nawilobriv daemsgavsa mo-

mdevno T-s da miviGeT qarTni, aqedan qarTli...~.

zemo qarTlSi, sofel worbisis CrdiloeTiT aris mtkiced

nagebi da dGesac kargad Semonaxuli simagre, romelsac saqar-

Tlis cixe ewodeba. aGsaniSnavia, rom `qarTli~ daculia Kofili

Javis, axla ki saCxeris raionis sofel qarzmanis mosaxleobaSi,

romelic teritoriulad axlosaa saqarTlis cixis CrdiloeTiT

mdebare qedebTan. erT mdinares isini uwodeben `qarTlis Geles~.

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis III tomSi moTavsebulia wig-

ni anton pirvelisa favleniSvilebisadmi niqozis eklesiis sa-

saflaos Taobaze. igi wers: `Cven diaG kargad viciT, rom

Tqven didis gvarisagan xarT gamosulni, mxargrZelni sanainidam

favniss mosulni da favnisidam mand eredvs gasulni da dasax-

lebulni da sasaflaod rogor moqcemiaT niqozis eklesia an

niqozis eklesiis KmaT Tqveni ra hsdebiaT~...

qarTl-imereTis sasazGvro zonaSi agebuli zemoxsenebu-

li cixe gankuTvnili iKo qarTlisaTvis, qarTvelTaTvis. weri-

lobiTi wKaroebis mixedviT, aGniSnuli cixis mflobelebi gvi-

anfeodalur xanaSi falavandiSvilebi da maTi ganaKari amire-

Jibebi iKvnen.

mxareSi gvaqvs sxva SemTxvevebi -el sufiqsiT gvarsaxelebis

warmoSobisa. migranti Tavis axal gvars im soflis saxelze

-el formatis darTviT awarmoebda, saidanac is iKo gadmosax-

28 29

m u r m a n s u x i S v i l i lebuli. aseTi gvarebiT ki SeiZleba migraciis gzisa da mi-

grantTa vinaobis gansazGvra. 1715 wlis `ruisis saepiskoposos

davTris~ mixedviT, magaliTad, sofel avnevSi koxaJeli Camosu-

lia imereTis sofel koxaJidan, Cxereli sofel Cxeredan, so-

fel nulSi `imereli giorgi~ imereTidan Camovida, sofel

worbisSi `rayveli Tamaza~ rayidan, Gebeli giorgi sofel

Gebidan, sofel aramgamaSi _ dvaleli giorgi dvaleTidan

aris mosuli, sofel oqonSi aseve rayveli maTia rayidan movi-

da. aseTive gvarsaxelebi gvxvdeba soflebSi qaleTSi, mwKvde-

lisSi, metexSi, cxinvalSi da sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi. aGsa-

niSnavia, rom aseTi warmoSobis Zveli gvarebis nawili dGesac

cocxalia.

gramatikul da semantikur brunvaTa

substituciisaTvis qarTulSi

samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia, rom Zveli da mo-

mdevno periodis saliteraturo qarTuli enis ZeglebSic zo-

gierTi zmnis SesitKvebaSi pirdapiri obieqti ar gvaqvs, zmnis

forma ki am obieqtis mravlobiTobas aCvenebs: S e x e d -n-a, g a -

n i G i m -n-a, g a n i c i n -n-a, d a i z a x -n-a da misT. (a. SaniZe, arn.

Ciqobava, i. imnaiSvili, a. kiziria...). am faqtis gaTvaliswine-

biT xsenebul da am rigis zmnaTa SesitKvebebSi pirdapiri da-

matebis arseboba TiTqos udaoa. `S e x e d n a zmna pirdapir

obieqtad Tu al n i sitKvas gulisxmobs, g a n i G i m n a zmnisa-

Tvis albaT b a g e n i ivaraudeba (z. sarJvelaZe).

es sagulvebeli pirdapiri damateba ukvalod ar qreba (a.

SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava...); rig SemTxvevaSi is moqmedebiTi brun-

vis formaSi dasmul ubralo damatebad transformirdeba:

`m o x e d n a da icna GmerTman~ pb. ricx. 16, 5 (abul) _ m o -

m x e d a T u al i T a borotTa (lim. 115, 9)...

m e r a b r o b a q i Z e

akaki SaniZe _ armenisti

1. akaki SaniZe, rogorc farTo erudiciis armenisti,

aGizarda da CamoKalibda peterburgis universitetis aGmosav-

luri enebis fakultetis somxur-qarTuli filologiis

ganKofilebaze n. marisa da iv. JavaxiSvilis xelmZGvanelobiT.

pirdapiri damatebis ubralo damatebad gardaqmnis Se-

mTxvevebi dasturdeba sxva zmnebTanac. analogiuri faqtebis

SeJereba aseT suraTs gviCvenebs.

a. Zvel qarTulSi erTsa da imave zmnasTan SesitKvebaSi

SeiZleba warmogvidges rogorc pirdapiri damateba, aseve amave

fuZis moqmedebiTbrunviani substituti:

2. iv. JavaxiSvilTan erTad qarTuli armenistikis dafuZ-

neba da ganviTareba ukavSirdeba ak. SaniZis saxels. igi Tbili-

sis universitetis daarsebisTanave kiTxulobda Zveli somxuri

enis kurss. misi uSualo xelmZGvanelobiT aGizardnen cnobi-

li qarTveli armenistebi, maT Soris ilia abulaZe.

`d a h K ‚ n n e T magaT Tma da wueri~ (ist. qrest. I, 162, 36)

`d a h K ‚ n n e s igini TmiTa da wueriTa~ (ist. qrest. 113,

19) (iv. imnaiSvili) 3. a. SaniZis naSromebi da recenziebi Seexeba somxuri

enis istoriisa da struqturis, fonetikis, morfologiis, dia-

leqtologiis sakiTxebs, kvlevas awarmoebs qarTvelur-somxuri

enobrivi urTierTobebis yrilSi. miniyebuli aqvs somxeTis me-

cnierebaTa damsaxurebuli moGvawis sapatio wodeba.

b. SeiZleba SesitKvebaSi aGar gvqondes pirdapiri dama-

teba, magram sagulvebeli damateba moqmedebiTi brunvis for-

miT mogvevlinos: m o x e d n a [Tualni] > m o x e d n a TualiTa.

g. zax- fuZidan nawarmoeb zmnaTa (z a x e b a , d a z a x e -

b a ...) SesitKvebebSi pirdapiri damateba Zvel qarTulSi ar

30 31

Cans: `viTarca lomi izaxebdes~. 0. ovse, 11, 10. Tumca is igu-

lisxmeba, Sdr., `ƒma� z a x e b i s a � lomTa�~. 0, zaq. 11,3

(abul.). savaraudo pirdapiri damateba mogviano periodis qar-

TulSi dasturdeba Tavisi moqmedebiTbrunviani substitutiT:

uecraT eseTi saSineli xma S e s Z a x a (Karam. 164)

sazareliTa xmiTa S e s Z a x a (Karam. 164).

d. Zvel qarTulSi zmnur SesitKvebaSi pirdapiri damate-

ba gvaqvs. momdevno periodis qarTulSi dasturdeba pirdapiri

damatebisa da moqmedebiTbrunviani ubralo damatebis monac-

vleoba: Zv. qarT. S e i m o s e samoseli T‚si~ 0, ruT. 3,3

(abul.). Sdr. `maSinve saomari tanisamosi gaixada da saxelmwi-

fo tanisamosi S e i m o s a (Karam. 257). _ mswrafl saGamuris

tanisamosiT S e i m o s a (Karam. 258)...

damatebis gramatikul da semantikur brunvaTa amgvari

monacvleoba marto qarTulisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

aseTi faqtebi (mag. rusulSi) kvalificirebulia rogorc

braldebiTi brunvis gardaqmna moqmedebiT brunvad (a. peSkov-

ski). pirdapiri damatebis gardaqmnas moqmedebiTbrunvian ubra-

lo damatebad, Cveni azriT, ufro meti argumentebi eZebneba.

r o s t o m f a r e u l i Z e

feris aGmniSvneli leqsika m. mamaqaevis

romanSi `zelimxani~

mohmad mamaqaevi (1910-1973) cnobili CeCeni mweralia. mis

kalams ekuTvnis leqsebis mravali krebuli da ramdenime roma-

ni, maT Soris _ `zelimxani~ (1968). zelimxan guSmazuKaevi (xa-

raCoeli, misi mSobliuri soflis saxelwodebis _ x Œ r a C _

mixedviT) carizmis winaaGmdeg mebrZoli CeCeni abragi iKo, sa-

xalxo gmiri (daiGupa 1913 wels).

naxuri enaTmecniereba metad Garibia ama Tu im mwerlis

enisadmi miZGvnili gamokvlevebiT.

m. mamaqaevis dasaxelebul romanSi feris aGmniSvneli

sitKvebis Seswavla mwerlis leqsikis erT-erTi semantikuri ve-

lis gamoKofasa da analizs gulisxmobs.

`zelimxanSi~ qromatul da aqromatul ferTa saxelebad

dasturdeba:

1. martivi, uafiqso saxelebi:

m…Œja `KviTeli~ ka�¹ `TeTri~

h´�rsa `qera, wiTuri~ À�rja `Savi~

m…oƒa `muqi, ruxi~ K…orza `yreli~

wé¹ `wiTeli~ sirla `naTeli~

b�maSa `Kavisferi~ sira `nacrisferi~

s‹na `lurJi, mwvane~

2. gamoiKofa orfuZiani kompozitebi, rogoricaa:

w�e¹-À�rja `wiTeli-Savi~

w�e¹-m…Œja `wiTeli-KviTeli~

ka�¹-m…Œja `TeTri-KviTeli~

kompozitis pirveli nawili SeiZleba iKos warmodgenili

odnaobiTi xarisxis formiTac: magaliTad:

m…Œj…Œ-ovKara¹ `moKviTalo-nacris (feri)~

m…Œj…Œ-deSi¹ `moKviTalo-oqros (feri)~

b�ccar…Œ-sTigala¹ `momwvano-cis (feri)~

m…Œƒ…Œ-sira `moruxo-muqi~...

3. aris magaliTebi, roca SedarebisaTvis gamoKenebulia

arsebiTi saxeli sanna `-viT~ TandebuliT, romelsac mosdevs

feris aGmniSvneli sitKva:

hárGa sanna À�rja `KoraniviT Savi~

q…ŒqaS sanna À�rja `kvrinCxiviT Savi~...

4. TviT b … o s `feri~ SeiZleba iKos:

ovKara¹ b…os `nacris feri~ (Sdr. �uK `nacari~)

xi¹ b…os `wKlsi feri~ (Sdr. xi `wKali~)

sTigala¹ b…os `cis feri~ (Sdr. sTigal `ca~)

deSi¹ b…os òqros feri~ (Sdr. deSi òqro~)...

5. xSiria feris aGmniSvneli sitKvebi mimGeobur formeb-

32 33

Si, ase, magaliTad: `Zireulia -T-; meordeba qarTulSi; yanurSi, megrulSi mas win

uZGvis sxva Ziri, safiqrebelia igive, rac aka-Si gvaqvs: aka _

erTi (afxaz. ak¥ _ erTi : Услар, Абх. яз., gv. 141, 77); kiTi-erTi `Ti-Ti(?)~ (Ciqobava 1938 : 61).

maƒ�ella (�‘h´) `ganacrisferebuli (saxe)~

maj�ella (h´un) `gaKviTlebuli (tKe)~

K�ejbella (q…orTa) `gayaGaravebuli (Tavi)~...

nawarmoebSi Kvelaze xSirad gamoKenebulia Semdegi fere-

bi: À�rja `Savi~ (56-Jer), s‹na `lurJi, mwvane~ (16-Jer), sirla

`naTeli~ (14-Jer), ka�¹ `TeTri~ (14-Jer), K…orza `yreli, fe-

rad-feradi~ (8-Jer) da a. S.

karl horst SmidtisTvis amosavali formaa kiT-i da qarTuli

TiT-i kiTi-sgan asimilaciiT miGebulad miaCnia (Smidti 1962 :

114). me es azri angariSgasawevad meCveneba.

kiT-i rom arc laTinuri nasesxobaa qarTvelur enaSi da arc

afxazur-qarTveluri kompoziti, amaze metKvelebs misi rekon-

struqciis SesaZlebloba saerTo-iberiul-kavkasiuri fuZe-enis

qronologiur doneze: m i x e i l q u r d i a n i

s./qarTv. * kiT-i

afxaz. a-k½ˆs¶ `TiTi~ TiT-i sitKvis istoriisaTvis

kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatKvisobis fonze:

akad. akaki SaniZe Tvlida, rom qarT. TiT-i da megr.-yan. kiT-i

laTinuri enidan iKo nasesxebi Semdegi transformaciiT: s./qarTv. *T *sT : afxz. s¶ s¶ο *sIT

laT. digitus / dicitus

dikiTi

diiTi dikiTi

diTi dkiTi

TiTi kiTi

(SaniZe 1976 : 23)

arsebobs am sitKvis sxva etimologiac, romelic akad. arn.

Ciqobavas ekuTvnis:

35

sruli saxiT:

s./qarTv. : afxz.

*k : k½

*i : ˆ

*T : s¶

Cveulebriv gvxvdeba k½ˆs formiT, mag.: sitKvaSi anacοk½ˆs /

macοk½s `neki~ (Sdr. anac

οƒa s / mac

οƒa s `ceri~), sadac k½ˆs =

TiTs.

qarTveluri enebidan da, kerZod, zanuridan unda iKos

nasesxebi kiT-i aqadurSi. Sdr. sitKva kaT-u "xeli", romelsac

semitur enebSi ar eZebneba sando etimologia. rac Seexeba

sxvaobas qarTvelursa da aqadurs Soris Ziris gaxmovanebaSi,

is SeiZleba lursmuli damwerlobis Sesabamisi niSnis amjamad

34

miiGebuli met-naklebad saalbaTo ikiTxvisiT aixsnas. xed…’�d º xed…’�d-‹ C…emkl‹nye, eJnŠm emGor…e C�i

(Col.) `romelmac gamiGima, iman momatKua kidec~. n a t o S a v r e S i a n i

xoGlis x…a� xan, im…’�s º im…’�s-‹ axGelis (Col.) `elo-

de didxans, rasac elodi~.

-…’� º -…‰�, -…‰l, -i (ca) nawilakiani mimarTebiTi

nacvalsaxelebi da mimarTebiTi -i daerTvis mimarTebiT zmnizedebsac Tandebulebze:

zmnizedebi ColurulSi im…’�xen º im…’�xen-‹ Jekves, eCxen emiƒ (Col.) `saidanac

gindodes, iqidan momitane~.

svanurSi iseve, rogorc qarTulSi kiTxviT sitKvebs mi-

marTebiTad -…��, -� (ca) nawilaki aqcevs.

im…’ji º im…’�j-‹ isg…i baba JaSg…r‰na, eJji Com (Col.)

`rogorc babuaSeni garigebda, ise moiqeci~.

qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT svanurSi TiToeuli mimarTe-

biTi sitKva ramdenime fonetikuri variantiT dasturdeba:

`…’� nawilaki Semdeg dialeqtur nairsaxeobebs iZleva: -…’�, -

…��, -…�i, -…a�, -…‰�, -…�, -…a~ (n. abesaZe).

cnobilia, rom …‰/ale kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebsa da zmni-

sarTebs ganusazGvrelobas aniyebs: im…‰le `sadGac~, �er…‰le

`viGaca~ (v. Tofuria), xolo …’� nawilakiani sakavSirebeli

sitKvebi gansazGvrulia.

saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs -…’� º …‰� -…‰l, -i nawi-

laki ColurulSi. iqmneba STabeydileba, rom am ukanasknelSi

TavmoKrilia TiTqmis oTxive dialeqtis variantebi da amas-

Tanave gvxvdeba Taviseburi warmoebac.

ColurulSi …‰le nawilaki bolokiduri (e) xmovnis ga-

reSe sakmao sixSiriT gamoiKeneba gansazGvrul mimarTebiTeb-

Tan, maTi paraleluri xmareba aGrevis Sedegi Cans da gvian-

del movlenas unda warmoadgendes.

laSxuris msgavsad ColurulSic gacilebiT didi upira-

tesoba eniyeba -i nawilakian formebs: -…al nawilaks aGniSnul dialeqtSi -i nawilakic daer-

Tvis: �er…’� º �er…‰l º �er…‰li C…asdenid, eJnem ex-

joG…ned (Col.) `vinc darCebiT, iman moitaneT~. q‰nƒ�d eJi m‰re, xed-‹ º xed…’� º …‰� sgobin xojoG…dax

(Col.) `gamovida is kaci, romelic win mouZGodaT~. ma�…’� º ma�…‰l º ma�…ali mix‰lda, eJ‹ C…am‰Stne

(Col.) `rac vicodi, isic damaviwKa~. dag…anTe anGrix JŒdiaxen, �ar-‹ º er…‰� xaKax (Col.)

`gasvenebaSi modian Soridan, vinc hKavT~.

sxva dialeqtebisgan gansxvavebiT ColurulSi KuradGebas

iqcevs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac -…’� nawilakiani mimarTebi-

Ti nacvalsaxelebi sxvadasxva brunvis formiTaa warmodgenili

da brunvis niSans daerTvis -i, romelic xSirad grZelia. m a n a n a C a C a n i Z e

safiqrebelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi es -i (ca) nawilakia da

ormag nawilakdarTul formebs vGebulobT, Tumca misi funq-

cia -…’�-sTan SedarebiT Sesustebuli Cans, radgan paralelu-

rad -i-s gareSec dasturdeba da mimarTebiTobas swored -…’�

nawilaki aniyebs sakavSirebel sitKvebs:

diferenciuli niSani leqsikografiaSi _ III.

p. denisovis leqsikonTa klasifikacia

leqsikografiuli praqtikis nairgvarobam, leqsikografi-

is arabalansirebuli Teoriuli safuZvlebis kvalificiurma

Seswavla-damuSavebam, saerTo da saskolo leqsikonebis Sedge-

nis principuli sakiTxebis saTanado mecnierulma analizma

er…’�d º er…’�d-‹ jenmeƒre GoSt litex, ma� aT…if

eJnŠm (Col.). `vinc gaigo ukan dabruneba, ra dakarga iman~.

36 37

logikuri asaxva pova cnobili mkvlevris p. denisovis mier age-

bul leqsikonTa tipologiaSi. aGniSnul problemebs exeba me-

cnieris sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertaciebi, statiebi,

moxsenebebi, programa-prospeqtebi.

p. denisovis ganmartebiT, leqsikonis tipad gaigeba inva-

rianti, modeli anu idealizebuli leqsikoni, romelic asaxavs

enis leqsikuri sistemis gansazGvrul aspeqts. mkvlevari miiC-

nevs, rom leqsikonTa klasifikaciis agebisas mkacrad unda gai-

miJnos leqsikonis tipi da janri. konkretuli saleqsikono

gamocemebi, rogorc wesi, aerTianebs sxvadasxva tipis niSnebs

(sufTa tipis leqsikonebi praqtikulad ar arsebobs). uwinares

Kovlisa, gamoiKofa leqsikonTa ori hipostasi:

a) preskrifciuli (manormalizebeli, momwesrigebeli) da

b) deskrifciuli (mafiqsirebeli, aGweriTi).

pirvel SemTxvevaSi leqsikonebi gvevlinebian rogorc ko-

difikaciis instrumentebi (metKvelebis kulturis, salitera-

turo enis normebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania ise-

Ti leqsikonebi, rogoricaa: orTografiuli (marTlweris), or-

Toepiuli (marTlwarmoTqmis), aqcentologiuri (maxvilis sis-

woris) da sxv.), meore SemTxvevaSi ki isini warmoadgenen enis

leqsikuri sistemis faqtografiul bazas (am TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovania: ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi, leqsikur kategoria-

Ta (antonimebis, omonimebis, sinonimebis...), leqsikur-gramati-

kul kategoriaTa (zmnuri, saxeluri, saxelzmnuri, SesitKvebe-

bis...), leqsikuri fenebis (ucxo sitKvebis, neologizmebis, dia-

leqtizmebis, frazeologizmebis...) da sxva leqsikonebi). es

ori hipostasi aris leqsikonis sistemis garegnuli maxasiaTe-

beli anu eqsternalisturi niSani. garda amisa, leqsikons aqvs

Sida struqturuli maxasiaTebeli anu internalisturi niSani.

leqsikonis ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeuli aris sitKva-sta-

tia (saleqsikono statia), romlis struqtura idealur Se-

mTxvevaSi unda iKos anarekli sitKvis azrobrivi struqturisa.

sitKva-statia igeba kanonzomierebaTa erTiani sistemis safuZ-

velze da misi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia teqstebs (statiis

calkeul monakveTebs) Soris logikur-semantikuri kavSiri, in-

deqsaciisa da dokumentaciis erTiani sistema.

sagangebod aGsaniSnavia, rom p. denisovis Sromebma Teo-

riuli leqsikografiisa da leqsikologiis sferoSi, aseve im

ganzogadebebma, razec aigo misi leqsikonTa klasifikacia, mniS-

vnelovanwilad gansazGvra saskolo (saswavlo) leqsikografiis

damoukidebel samecniero mimarTulebad CamoKalibebis obieq-

turi safuZvlebi da saskolo leqsikonTa tipologiis logi-

kuri ganpirobebuloba.

m e r a b C u x u a

amosaval sisina sibilantTa refleqsaciisaTvis

qarTvelur da afxazur-adiGur enebSi

Tanamedrove qarTvelur da afxazur-adiGur (sindur)

enaTa fonologiuri sistemebi erTmaneTisagan sibilant-Tanxmo-

vanTa Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiTac sxvaoben. rogorc cnobi-

lia, qarTvelur enebSi gvaklia Suanunismieri sisin-SiSina si-

bilantebi, romlebic sindur enebs dGemde Semounaxavs. miTi-

Tebul fonologiur inventarSi fiqsirebuli gansxvaveba aisa-

xeba bgeriT mimarTebebSic, romelic qarTvelur-sindur

Zireul leqsikaSi vlindeba. kerZod, aq Tavs iCens regularul

da kanonzomier bgeraTSesatKvisobaTa ori tipi: pirvel saxeo-

baSi gaerTiandeba s.-qarTv. sisina (Z c w z s) ~ s.-sind. sisin-

SiSina (Z͵ c͵ w͵ z͵ s͵), xolo meore tipSi _ s.-qarTv. sisina (Z c

w z s) ~ s.-sind. sisina (Z c w z s) mimarTebebi (ix. qvemoT I da II).

siGrmiseuli rekonstruqciis TvalsazrisiT qarTvelur-

sinduri bgeraTSesatKvisobebis es ori tipi protoiberiul-

kavkasiur fuZe-enaSi gansxvavebul arqifonemaTa postulacias

ar varaudobs. orive saxeoba miiCneva amosavali sisina sibilan-

38 39

tebis Semdgom transformaciad saerToqarTvelursa da saer-

TosindurSi; ufro sworad, saerTosindurSi, qarTvelur sisi-

na sibilantTa SesatKvisad, sisin-SiSina TanxmovanTa gamoCena

avtomaturad ar svams sakiTxs maTi (Z͵ c͵ w͵ z͵ s͵) postulaci-

is Sesaxeb saerTokavkasiur fuZe-enaSi. vinaidan protoiber-

iul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTobis droindeli sisin-SiSina si-

bilantebi saerToqarTvelurSi mxolod SiSina refleqsebis

saxiTaa warmodgenili _ s.-ib.-k. *Z͵ *c͵ *w͵ *z͵ *s͵ → s.-qarTv.

*J *C *y *j *S (amis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba msJeloba).

bgeraTSesatKvisobaTa formulebi:

I. s.-qarTv. sisina : s.-sind. sisin-SiSina

s.-qarTv. Z ~ s.-sind. Z͵ (1) s.-qarTv. *µ…iZ-el- `GviZli~ (qarT. GviZl-i, zan. Gvin-

Ja `GviZlisferi, mwife xili~, svan. Kvije `GviZli~) ~ s.-sind.

*„…aZ͵- `KviTeli~ (afx. a-„…aj, abaz. „…aj, ad. G…ajˆ, Kab. G…az͵

`KviTeli~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *laZ- `lanZva, moxalva~ (qarT. lanZ-v-a, zan.

ruJ-u-a º lunJ-u-a `garuJva~) ~ s.-sind. *…Z͵- `wva, Sewva~ (afx.

a-J-ra, abaz. J-ra `Sewva~, ad. �a-bj-an, Kab. �ˆ-bz͵-an `wva~);

(3) s.-qarTv. *Z…-el- `Zveli, daZveleba~ (qarT. Zvel-i, da-

Zvel-eb-a, zan. JveS-i `Zveli~, o-mJven-u `daZveleba~, svan. J…in-

el ←*J…el-in `Zveli~) ~ s.-sind. *Z͵…ˆ- `Zveli~ (afx. ö-j…,

abaz. a-j…ˆ, ad. z͵ˆ, Kab. z͵ˆ, ubix. j…ˆ `Zveli~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *…arZ- `verZi, mamali cxvari~ (qarT. verZ-i,

zan. erJ-i ←*orJ-i `mamali cxvari~) ~ s.-sind. *…Z͵-an `Txa~

(afx. a-Jma, abaz. Jma, ad. fCanˆ, Kab. bjan `Txa~);

(5) s.-qarTv. *Ze…al- `mZevali, saTesle, Zir-fesvi~ (qarT.

m-Zeval-i º Zeval-i, zan. Jaal-i → º Jal-i `mZevali, saTesle~,

svan. J�… → º Ja… `Zir-fesvi~) ~ s.-sind. *Z͵…ˆl-a `Tesli, gva-

ri, xalxi~ (afx. ö-j…la, abaz. j…la `Tesli, gvari~, ad. Cˆl½a,

ubix. Jˆ�ˆ `Tesli~, Sdr. urart. zilib `Tesli; STamomava-

li~).

s.-qarTv. c ~ s.-sind. c͵ (1) s.-qarTv. *c…il- `cvili~ (qarT. cvil-i, zan. Cir-i

←*Cvir-i "id", svan. J…id ←*C…il `cvili~) ~ s.-sind. *c…a…- `Tafli; Taflis sanTeli~ (afx. a-c…a `Taflis sanTeli~, abaz.

c…a `cvili~, ad. s͵…a…, Kab. †o… ←*s͵…a…, ubix. S…an `Tafli~).

(2) s.-qarTv. *cux- `cuxi~ (qarT. m-cux-i º cux-i, zan.

cux-i `fiyis dawurvis Semdeg darCenili siTxe/wveni~) ~ s.-sind.

*c͵ax…- `cvili, Tafliani fiya~ (afx. a-cˆx, ad. Sa†ˆ ←*Sax…,

Kab. Sax…, ubix. c…amGa ←*c…axa);

(3) s.-qarTv. *cxam- `cximi~ (qarT. cxim-i, zan. Cxom-yabu

`cxim-webo~, svan. mˆ-Cxim `cximi~) ~ s.-sind. *c͵xˆ…- `naGebi~ (ad. S½xˆ…ˆ, Kab. Sx…ˆ `naGebi~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *cx- `civi, sicive~ (qarT. cx-r-o ←*cx-or-o,

zan. Cx-ur-u `sicive~, svan. mˆ-cx-i `civi~) ~ s.-sind. *c͵ˆ„-a `si-cive~ (ad. Cˆ„a, Kab. Cˆ„, ubix. Cˆ ←*Cˆ„ `sicive~);

(5) s.-qarTv. *cur- `curi~ (qarT. cur-i, zan. Cur-i "vul-

va", svan. CunCur (redupl.) "id") ~ s.-sind. *c͵ˆ(r)- `curi; rZe~ (afx. a-Cr-ˆg…, abaz. Cˆ `curi~, ubix. C½a `rZe~).

s.-qarTv. w ~ s.-sind. w͵ (1) s.-qarTv. *wenw- `nawlavi, weli~ (qarT. wenw-ul-i, zan.

yiny-a º yimy-a `asfurcela~, svan. yiny-il `nawlavi~) ~ s.-sind.

*w͵aw͵-a `Tirkmeli~ (afx. a-yaya, abaz. yaya, ad. z͵az͵ˆ�, Kab.

z͵az͵a�, ubix. y‰ya `Tirkmeli~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *wax- `tkbil-mjave~ (qarT. wmax-i º wmax-e

←*m-wax-e, zan. m-yox-a º yvax-e `cxare, mjave~, svan. mˆ-yax…-i

`tkbili~) ~ s.-sind. *w͵…aƒ- `mjave~ (abaz. y…ƒö, ubix. Z…aKˆ

←*w…aKˆ `mjave~, Sdr. ad. ¬͵…a‡…-ˆn ←*w͵…aK…-ˆn, Kab. a‡…-ˆn

←*¬͵a‡…-ˆn `damjaveba~);

(3) s.-qarTv. *wiko- `patara, mcire~ (qarT. wiko-mako

`wvrilmani~, wiku-� `namceca~, zan. yi(r)ku `patara~, yiko `biyu-

40 41

(3) s.-qarTv. *fas- `fasi~ (qarT. fas-i, fas-un-i, svan. f�s,

na-f�s `safasuri~) ~ s.-sind. *s͵…a `fasi, gadaxda~ (afx. a-S…a-ra, abz. S…a-ra `gadaxda~, ubix. S…a `fasi~);

na~) ~ s.-sind. *w͵ˆk…- `patara; biyi~ (afx. a-yk…-ˆn, abaz. yk…-ˆn `patara; biyi~, ad. wˆk…, Kab. wˆk… `patara~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *wlok- `wiwili~ (qar.(kax.) wlok-i, zan. yuk-i

`Tagvi~) ~ s.-sind. *k…ˆw͵- `wiwila~ (afx. a-k…y-ˆs _ mr. a-k…y-

öra-q…a, abaz. q…y-ˆs _ mr. q…y-ara `wiwila~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *les- `lesva; kaSkaSi~ (qarT. les-v-a, Zv.

qarT. les-ul-i èlvare, kaSkaSa~, zan. las-, o-las-ir-u `gales-

va, gaprialeba~, svan. las-i�r `salesi~) ~ s.-sind. *las͵- `naTe-

ba; elvare~ (afx. ö-laSa, abaz. laSˆ, ubix. …as͵ˆ, Sdr. Kab. Te-

fs-ˆn `mzis naTeba~);

(5) s.-qarTv. *wKil- `yKleta~ (qarT. wKl-et-a, zan. o-yKim-u

`yKleta~, svan. li-myKˆn-e `yKleta~) ~ s.-sind. *K…w͵- `sresa,

yKleta~ (afx. a-K…y-ra, abaz. K…y-ra, ubix. K…ay-ö- `yKleta, sresa~);

(6) s.-qarTv. *wkal- `kurka~ (qarT. wka ←*wkal-, zan. ykem-i

←*ykom-i `kurka, Tesli~) ~ s.-sind. *w͵ak-a `xilis kurka~ (ad.

¬‰ya ←*w͵ak½a, Kab. ¬‰ya ←*w͵‰k½a `bze~, ubix. wˆk `kurka~).

(5) s.-qarTv. *…es- `daGla, kvdoma~ (qarT. os- ←*ves-, da-

os-eb-a, zan. go-fars-al-af-a `kvdoma, sulis gafrTxoba~, svan.

f�S-/feS-, ma-f�S `daGla~) ~ s.-sind. *fs͵(a) `kvdoma, daGla~

(afx. a-fs-ra, abaz. fs-ra `kvdoma~, ad. fs͵-ˆn, Kab. fs͵-ˆn

`daGla~, Sdr. ubix. fs͵a- sitKvaSi fs͵a-x…ˆ- `sunTqva~).

s.-qarTv. z ~ s.-sind. z͵ (1) s.-qarTv. *zam- `Tqma, qmna~ (qarT. zam-/zm-, zm-a `qmna,

Tqma~, svan. j…m- `xvna~) ~ s.-sind. *z͵…- `sitKva, metKveleba~

(afx. aj…a, abaz. aj…a `sitKva, metKveleba~, ubix. mas͵a `sitKva~,

Sdr. Kab. jˆ-„a `raimes Tqma~);

II. s.-qarTv. sisina: s.-sind. sisina

s.-qarTv. Z ~ s.-sind. Z (1) s.-qarTv. *Zax- `Zaxili~ (qarT. Zax-eb-a, Zax-il-i, zan.

Jox-o `saxeli~, Jox-o-n èZaxian~, svan. jax-e `saxeli~, x-a-jx-a

èZaxian, hqvia~) ~ s.-sind. *ZGa- `kiTxva~ (afx. a-w‰-ra ←*a-Z„a-

ra, abaz. w„a-ra ←*Z„a-ra, ubix. ZGa- `kiTxva~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *bez- `krazana~ (qarT. bz-ik-i, zan. baz-i

`didi bziki~) ~ s.-sind. *bˆz͵-a `xoyo; futkari, krazana~ (afx.

a-bjˆ, abaz. bˆj, ad. bjˆ-Za, Kab. bz͵ˆ-Za `xoyo~, Sdr. ad.-Kab. bj–

`futkari~, ubix. bz͵‰-mma `didi bziki~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *Zaƒ- `Zaxva; tiki~ (qarT. Zax-v-a, Zex-v-i, zan.

Jˆx-u-a `Catena~, svan. jaƒ `tiki~) ~ s.-sind. *Zax- `kerva~ (afx. a-Zax-ra, abaz. Zax-ra `kerva~); (3) s.-qarTv. *bzek- àbzeka; wveri~ (qarT. bzek-a, a-bzek-

il-i, zan. bjak-e `wveri~) ~ s.-sind. *(b)z͵ak½-a `wveri~ (afx.

a-jak½a, abaz. jak½a, ad. j‰ya, Kab. z͵‰ya, ubix. j‰ka `wveri~).

(3) s.-qarTv. *ZaZ-a `tomara, ZaZa~ (qarT. ZaZ-a, ZaZ-eb-i,

zan. ZonZ-i, svan. ZaZ-ra) ~ s.-sind. *ZaZ- `kerva; nemsi~ (afx.

ö-ZaZ, abaz. ZaZˆ, ad. dˆdˆ ←*ZˆZˆ, Kab. dˆd ←*ZˆZ, ubix. d…a

←*Z…a). s.-qarTv. s ~ s.-sind. s͵

(1) s.-qarTv. *as-ir àsi~ (qarT. as-i, zan. oS-i, svan.

aSir) ~ s.-sind. *s͵…a àsi~ (afx. S…-kˆ, abaz. S…-kˆ, ad. s͵a, Kab.

s͵a, ubix. S…a àsi~);

s.-qarTv. c ~ s.-sind. c (1) s.-qarTv. *col- `coli~ (qarT. col-i, zan. Cˆl-i `co-

li~, svan. da-Cur `da ZmisTvis~) ~ s.-sind. *a-cal-a `rZali~

(afx. aca ←*acal, abaz. a�cala ←*acala `rZali~); (2) s.-qarTv. *sam- `dakvra~ (qarT. sam-aia, svan. S…m-

←*Sam-, li-S…m-e `dakvra mus. instrumentze~) ~ s.-sind. *a-s͵…-a

`simGera~ (afx. öS…a º ös͵…a, abaz. aS…a `simGera~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *cic- `mweri; CrCili~ (qarT. cic-i-naTela,

zan. CiC-i `CrCili~, svan. CiC "id") ~ s.-sind. *cˆc- `koGo~ (afx.

42 43

ö-cc ←*a-cˆc, abaz. cˆc);

(3) s.-qarTv. *cic-a `kata~ (qarT. cica, zan. cico, cˆc(x)

`katis SeZaxili~, svan. cic… ←*cica kata~) ~ s.-sind. *cac-a `kverna, Taxvi~ (abaz. ZˆZˆc `TriTina~, ad. cˆza `kverna~, Kab.

ZˆZa, ubix. caca `Taxvi~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *k…ec- `kvesva, sakvesi~ (qarT. kves-v-a, tal-

kves-i, zan. kvec-u-a, kvec-i, svan. k…eS-/k…iS-) ~ s.-sind. *k…ec- `naperwkali, brwKinva~ (afx. ö-k…ic, abaz. y…ec ←*k½…ec `naper-

wkali~, Sdr. afx. zmnuri fuZe ö-k…e�c-e�-ra `brwKinva~); (5) s.-qarTv. *furc- `furceli, naqurCeli~ (qarT. furc-

el-i, furc-v-l-a, zan. furC-a, furC-on-u-a, o-furC-e `simindis

foTlebis Sesanaxi adgili~) ~ s.-sind. *…ˆc- `balaxi~ (ad.

…ˆcˆ, Kab. …ˆZ ←*…ˆc `balaxi~, Sdr. s.-nax. *buc- `balaxi~).

s.-qarTv. w ~ s.-sind. w (1) s.-qarTv. *mw-er- `mweri; buzi~ (qarT. mwer-i, zan.

yand-i º yanJ-i º ← myaJ-i `buzi, mweri~, svan. mŠr ←*mher

←*myer `buzi~) ~ s.-sind. *maw-a `kalia~ (afx. a-möwa, abaz. ma-

wa, ad. m‰w ←*mawa, Kab. mawa, ubix. m‰wa `kalia~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *w…el- `wveli~ (qarT. wvel-i º wvel-a-�,

zan. wval-, o-wval-e `sabZeli~, svan. wu… `bze~) ~ s.-sind. *wla-

`xe; Zeli~ (afx. ö-wla, abaz. wla `xe~, Sdr.: hurit. warr `Se-

Sa~, urart. warˆ `xexili~);

(3) s.-qarTv. *wif- `wvrili~ (qarT.(imer.) wrif-i `gamxda-

ri~, zan. yif-e `wvrili~, yif-ar- `dawvrileba~) ~ s.-sind. *wap-a

`Txeli~ (afx. a-pa ←*a-wpa, abaz. wa ←*wpa, ad. p…‰ya, Kab. p‰¬͵a

←*p‰w͵a, ubix. pwa `Txeli~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *wb-er- `presa; gmanva~ (qarT. wber-v-a `pre-

siT gamowurva~, wber-i `yayis nawuri~, svan. a-yˆber-i `gmanavs~,

lˆ-yˆber-e `dagmanuli~) ~ s.-sind. *bw- `dapresa, moyera, yKle-

ta~ (afx. a-r-bˆw-ra, abaz. r-bw-ra `sresa, yKleta~, ubix. bˆwˆ-

`moyera, dapresa~);

(5) s.-qarTv. *wox- `winaT, wuxel~ (qarT. wux-el, m-wux-r-i,

zan. wox-ol-e º wox-l-e `win, winaT~) ~ s.-sind. *waxˆ- `Game~ (afx.

ö-wx, abaz. wxˆ, ad. y½aS½ˆ ←*yax½ˆ, Kab. yas͵, ubix. s͵ˆs ←*¬͵ˆs͵).

s.-qarTv. z ~ s.-sind. z (1) s.-qarTv. *m(a)ze `mze~ (qarT. mze, zan. mja º bja `mze~,

(b)ja-Sxa `kviradGe~, svan. mˆj º mij `mze~, mij-ladeG `kvi-

radGe~) ~ s.-sind. *m(ˆ)za `Suqi, sxivi; naTeli~ (afx. (bzif.)

a-mza `CiraGdani, maSxala~, a-Cº¥-mza `sanTeli~, abaz. mza `naTu-

ra~, ad. bzˆ� `sxivi, Suqi~, Kab. bzˆ� "id", ubix. mˆZö ←*mˆzö `naTura; Suqi; sanTeli~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *bzal- `bza; bjola~ (qarT. bza ←*bzal,

zan. bjol-i º bjol-a `TuTa~) ~ s.-sind. *mˆza `fiyvi; tKe~

(afx. a-mza `fiyvi~, abaz. mza-„… "id", ad. mazˆ `tKe~, Kab. maz

"id", ubix. mˆZ͵ˆ ←*mˆz͵ˆ èkali~);

(3) s.-qarTv. *maz…- `nezvi, mdedri~ (qarT. mezv-i → º

nezv-i, zan. bozo ←*boz…-i, bozo-moTa `gogona~) ~ s.-sind.

*bza `nezvi, mdedri~ (afx. ö-fs ←*a-bz `mdedri~, abaz. la-fs

←*la-bz `nezvi~, ad. bzˆ, Kab. bzˆ, ubix. bza `mdedri~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *buz- `buzi~ (qarT. buz-i, zan. buz-al-a

`bzuili~, svan. buz-ul `buzi~) ~ s.-sind. *bazˆ `mweri~ (ad. b‰Z–, Kab. b‰Za, ubix. baZˆ º banZˆ ←*bazˆ `mweri~).

s.-qarTv. s ~ s.-sind. s (1) s.-qarTv. *las-(a) `rbili, Txeli matKli~ (qarT. las-a

àbreSumis Txeli qseli~, svan. �ˆnS-i ←*�ˆS-i ←*laS-i `nazi,

rbili matKli~) ~ s.-sind. *las(…)-a `matKli~ (afx. ö-lasa,

abaz. lasa, ubix. daS…¥ `matKli~);

(2) s.-qarTv. *sem- `svia~ (qarT. sv-ia ←*sm-ia, zan. Sam-aia

`Tevzis saxeoba~) ~ s.-sind. *bˆs-a `Tevzi~ (afx. a-fsˆ-Z, abaz. fs-laC…a, Kab. bZa ← bza ←*bsa, ubix. fsa `Tevzi~, Sdr. daG.:

bej. bisa, hunz. bˆsˆ `Tevzi~);

(3) s.-qarTv. *nisl- `nisli; Tovli~ (qarT. nisl-i, zan.

nirs-i `nisli~, svan. mus… ←*mis… ←*misl- `Tovli~) ~ s.-sind. *…as(ˆ) `Tovli~ (afx. a-s¥, abaz. sˆ, ad. …asˆ, Kab. …asˆ `Tov-

li~, Sdr. ad.-Kab. ƒé-sˆ-n, abaz. „a-s-r `Tova~);

(4) s.-qarTv. *fis-e `fisi~ (qarT. fis-i `wiwvovani mcena-

44 45

reebis webovani wveni~, zan. firsa ←*fisa `fisi~, svan. fise

"id") ~ s.-sind. *msa àbedi~ (afx. a-Cºˆ-msa, abaz. Cºˆ-msa, ubix. fa-msa àbedi~);

(5) s.-qarTv. *gers-al- `yari; balani~ (qarT. gersl-i

`gingli, Tma~, zan. {qarS-}, Sdr. qarT. (← zan.) qarS-ik-i, svan.

gar…aSa ←*g�raS…-a `yari~) ~ s.-sind. *qas…- `fafari~ (afx. a-q…¥Sº `Tmis gvirgvini Tavze~, ad. saq…, Kab. soq… `fafari~).

a l e q s i y i n y a r a u l i

saqarTvelos istoriis erTi

paradoqsi

saqarTvelos istoriis fuZemdebeli leonti mroveli

wers: roca qarTlosis coli Svilebs samflobeloebs urigeb-

da `xolo kaxoss (xazgasmebi aqac da qvemoTac Cemia, a.y.) misca

bostan-qalaqi, romelsa aw hq‚an rusTavi. misca egriTgan

vidre Tavadmde mTisa kaxeTisasa da mtkuars Sua, xolo kaxoss

kavkasiasa da kaxeTis mTas Soris aragviTgan vidre tKe-tbad-

mde~. es aris mariam dedofliseuli nusxis teqsti, ufro

vrclad damowmebuli da gaanalizebuli akad. iv. JavaxiSvilis

mier (1, 36-37). cxadia, nusxaSi meqanikuri Secdomaa, rom or-Jerve ikiTxeba kaxoss misca, magram enobrivi tradiciis mixed-

viT, saxelTa Tu toponimTa nebismier CamonaTvalSi maTi Tan-

mimdevroba aseTia: kaxosi, kuxosi, herosi; kaxeTi, kuxeTi, here-

Ti an _ kaxeT-kuxeT-hereTi. amitom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi

Secdoma iman dauSva, vinc mrovelis teqsti viTom gaaswora da

pirveli `k a x o s s misca~-s magier dawera `k u x o s s misca~,

magram amaze cota qvemoT.

akademikosi akaki SaniZe kompozitebis ganxilvisas wers:

àris rigi saxelebisa, sadac fuZe martivad ki ar meordeba,

aramed amasTanave erTad xmovanic icvleba erT-erT nawilSi

(Cveulebriv meoreSi). amas garda cvlileba SeiZleba ramdenad-

me sitKvis mniSvnelobasac Seexos: gaorkecebuli fuZe ixmareba

simravlis aGsaniSnavad (g o r - g u r i _ gorebi) an damcro-

bis gamosaxatavad (mag. `biy-buyebi~ agdebiT laparakisas iT-

qmis) da sxv.~ (2, $183.). iqve mecnieri imowmebs saTanado maga-liTebs: axal-uxali, balax-bulaxi, Zaxil-Zuxili, naxrav-nuxra-

vi, naKar-nuKari, rame-rume, Jag-Jugi, Gav-Guvi, tKlap-tKlupi,

panta-puntiT, baqi;buqi. saintereso sitKvebia: maT udavod aqvT

garkveuli Sinaarsi, rac pirveli, ZiriTadi sitKvis Sinaarsis

damamcrobelma meore nawilma SesZina am kopozits. arada cal-

ke aGebuli es meore nawili (_ Zuxili, _ nuxravi, _ nuKari,

_ Jugi... Kovelgvari Sinaarsisagan daclilia.

magondeba am Kaidis sxva kompozitebi da maT Soris ka-

xeT-kuxeTi. `qarTlis cxovrebisaTvis~ darTul leqsikonSi wa-

ikiTxavT: `kuxosi _ eTnarqi~, ùflisi _ eTnarqi~, òZrƒosi

_ eTnarqi~... eTnarqs eTnosi unda hKavdes. ar arsebobs eTnosi

kuxni~ an `kuxebi~, ar arsebobs kuxuri kilo, kuxuri Gvino,

saerTod ar arseboben `kuxebi~ da arc araferi kuxuri arse-

bobs, maS visi eTnarqia kuxosi? damtkicebulia, rom oZrƒe

←*or Ziƒe (òri cixe~) (3). gana SeiZleba aq eTnarqze sauba-

ri? irkveva, rom kaxeT-kuxeTi zemoT ganxilulTa msgavsi, xmov-

nis SecvliT gaormagebuli kompozit-toponimia da ewodeba ka-

xeTs ukidures aGmosavleT sasazGvro zolSi arsebuli regio-

nebiTurT, romelTa farTobi xan imatebda da xan iklebda.

ese iKo Tu ise, fuKe termini `kuxeTi~ Zvel naratiul

ZeglebSi (leonti mrovelisa, JuanSerisa, `cxoreba� mefeT-me-

fisa daviTisi~-s ucnobi avtorisa) KovelTvis gulisxmobda ka-

xeTis aGmosavleTis sasazGvro zols. ai aseTi zogi cnoba:

`[mirianma] misca Zesa missa revs saufliswulod k a x e T i da

k u x e T i (daKofa Cemia, a. y.) da dasua igi uJarmas~ (4, 70,20-71,1); `[baqarma] maSinGa miiKvanna Zmiswulni misni da misca ku-

xeTi da dasxna rusTavs erisTavad~ (iqve, 131); `[farnavazma]

gagzavna meore kaxeTsa erisTavad da misca arag‚Tgan vidre he-

46 47

reTamde, romel ars kaxeTi da kuxeTi~ (iqve, 24). NB: am amo-narididan kargad Cans, rom erisTavi kaxeTisaa, magram saeris-

Tavoa `kaxeTi da kuxeTi~ anu `kaxeT-kuxeTi~. `[vaxtang gorga-

salma daCis] daadga g‚rg‚ni da dauteva mefed, da dautevna mi-

sTana S‚dni warCinebulni misni: ...da demetre erisTavi kaxeTi-

sa da kuxeTisa~ (iqve. 185); `xolo mirian da grigol iKvnes

naTesavisagan revisa, mirianis Zisa da aqunda amaT kuxeTi da

cxovndebodes rusTavs cixe-qalaqsa~ (iqve, 159).

mrovelisgan dawerili `kaxoss misca~ rom `kuxoss misca~-

d gadakeTda, kaxosis samflobeloc `kuxeT~-ad gamocxadda Ta-

vis bostan-qalaq-rusTavianad, erTi sitKviT, kaxosis samflobe-

lo kuxoss gadaeca, kuxosisa _ kaxoss. aseTi daKofa aisaxa va-

xuSti batoniSvilis fundamentur TxzulebaSi `aGwera same-

fosa saqarTvelosa~-Si da mas Semdeg moGvawe qarTvel istori-

kosTa gamokvlevebSi.

1945 wels gamoCnda moKvaruli istorikosi, mefis ruse-

Tis armiis Kofili polkovniki, lagodexSi mcxovrebi maCxaane-

li niko nadiraSvili, romelmac TbilisSi mcxovreb mis nacnob

swavlulebs _ Tavis Zmiswuls, rusTvelolog giorgi nadira-

Zes (nadiraSvils), mwerlebs da mecnierebs: sandro SanSiaS-

vils, siko faSaliSvils, ioseb imedaSvils da sxvebs warudgina

Tavisi istoriul-filologiuri xelnaweri narkvevi saTauriT:

`zogierTi Secdomebi Cvens istoriul da saistorio geografiul

mwerlobaSi da rusTvelis vinaoba-sadauroba~.

sxva friad saintereso SeniSvnebs rom Tavi davaneboT,

gamokvlevis avtori, rogorc TviTmxilveli da saistorio

wKaroebis rigianad mcodne, mkiTxvels sTavazobda unikalur

cnobebs: hereTSi, axlandeli saingilos sof. faSaanis maxlob-

lad, alaznis marcxena sanapiroze arsebobda Karaiazis rusTav-

ze ufro Zveli da saxelganTqmuli c i x e - q a l a q i b o s -

t a n - q a l a q - r u s T a v i - n a g e b i, i g i v e T a m a r -

m e f i s s a z a m T r o r e z i d e n c i a duri, romelsac

meaTe saukunisa da ufro adrindeli arabi mwerlebi dur-du-

ria-s (resp. dur-dunia-s) uwodebdnen. n. nadiraSvili argumen-

tirebulad amtkicebda, rom l e o n t i m r o v e l i k u -

x e T s da b o s t a n - q a l a q - r u s T a v s a l a z n i s

m a r c x e n a s a n a p i r o z e m o a i z r e b d a, r o m

m r o v e l i s t e q s t i J e r g a d a m w e r e b m a, d a a -

m a x i n J e s, r o m m d i n a r e egri s w o r e d h e r e T -

S i (resp. s a i n g i l o S i) e r T v i s a l a z a n s d a

m i s i a m o G e b a m r o v e l i s t e q s t i d a n S e -

c d o m a i K o.

n. nadiraSvili kuxeTis sxva toponimebisa da hidronime-

bis CamoTvliT amtkicebda, r o m v a x u S t i k a r g a d a r

i c n o b d a a m r e g i o n s, r o m i v. J a v a x i S v i l -

s a c a m i s g a m o r a G a c e b i e S l e b o d a d a s x v.

iv. JavaxiSvili, samwuxarod, n. nadiraSvilis gamokvlevas

ar icnobda (gardaicvala 1940 w.), xolo sxva cnobili isto-

rikosebi, visac redaqciebi sarecenziod ugzavnidnen am na-

Sroms, arcTu saTanadod argumentirebul uarKofiT daskvnebs

uwerdnen.

rogorc gviandeli presidan gaxda cnobili, es naSromi

akad. simon JanaSias waukiTxvinebia n. nadiraSvilisTvis saqar-

Tvelos mecn. akademiaSi, Tvrametkaciani samecniero eqspedici-

ac gaugzavnia gamokvlevis avtoris megzurobiT, magram swored

im xanebSi batoni simoni avadmKofobda da sul male (1947 w.)

gardaicvala kidec, arsad Cans am eqspediciis muSaobis angariSi.

n. nadiraSvili Tavisi marTali sitKvis gaxmovanebas si-

cocxleSi ver eGirsa (gardaicvala 1953 w.).

jurn. `ciskris~ 1976 wlis meTormete nomerSi prof. T.

kvnyilaSvilma gamoaqveKna werili _ `SoTa rusTavelis vinao-

bisa da sadaurobis erTi ucnobi mosazreba (niko nadiraSvi-

lis rusTvelologiuri Zieba)~ (5), sadac aGniSnuli gamokvle-

vis Sinaarsia gadmocemuli naSromis Girsebebis aGmniSvneli

komentarebiTurT. amave mecnieris redaqtorobiT `sabyoTa sa-

qarTvelom~ da bolositKvaobiT 1978 w. gamosca wigni _ `n.

n a d i r a S v i l i, rusTvelis vinaoba-sadaurobis sakiTxi~ (6). mkiTxvelis KuradGebas mivapKrob xelnaweri naSromis avtori-

48 49

n i n e l i y o x o n e l i Z e seul zemoT damowmebul saTaursa da am nabeydi teqstebis sa-

Taurebze. am ukanasknelT aSkarad etKobaT istorikosTa wnexis

kvali. arada piradad CemTvis faseulia is, rasac avtori mro-

velis teqstis nebsiT Tu uneblie Secdomebze wers; rac Seexe-

ba vefxistKaosnis avtors, n. nadiraSvilTan erTad mec mwams,

rom is brZandeboda hereTis mkvidri. rac Seexeba fsevdonims

rusTveli, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi poets ekuTvnodes

miT umetes, rom vefxistKaosnis `dasawKisis~ uniyo interpola-

toric am fsevdonimiT gvacnobs Tavs (`me, rusTveli xelobi-

Ta...~). am sakiTxebze sxvagan gvaqvs da kidevac gveqneba saubari.

ferTa saxelebi r. inaniSvilis

enaSi

r. inaniSvilis mxatvruli enis ferTa palitra mravalfe-

rovania. igi mxatvruli saxis Sesaqmnelad ferTa gamoxatvis

sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavs. enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli feris Zi-

riTadi saxelebis (TeTri, Savi, wiTeli, mwvane, lurJi...)

garda mwerali iKenebs: 1. feris aGmniSvnel sitKvebisagan na-

warmoeb odnaobisa da abstraqtul saxelebs, aseve zmnur for-

mebs, mimGeobebs, zmnisarTebs. mag. monacrisfro, moruxo,

moKavisfro, moKomralo, mowiTalo, momwiTuro; simwvane, si-

lurJe, siruxe, siwiTle; gadaaSavebs, gadaaTeTrebs, ganac-

risferdeba, CaºSeKviTldeba, a/gawiTldeba; CaTeTrebuli, Ca-

Savebuli, CalurJebuli; vardisfrad, sadafisfrad, fola-

disfrad, sanTlisfrad.

P. S. Tu vinme fiqrobda an fiqrobs, rom n. nadiraSvilis

mier SemCneuli aSkara Secdomebis gamomzeurebiT Crdils mi-

vaKenebT didi ivane JavaxiSvilis saxels, Zalian cdeba da ima-

sac Sevaxseneb, rom Cveni istoriis patriarq leonti mrovels

misi Txzulebis TviTneburi sworebebiT ukve mivaKeneT Crdili,

xolo n. nadiraSvilis samarTliani SeniSvnebis ignorirebiT

saerTod vkargavT am patiosani moqalaqisa da mecnieris sa-

xels; xsenebuli eqspediciis Sedegebis miCumaTebiT ki am eqspe-

diciis iniciatoris didi mecnieris simon JanaSias saxels

vaKenebT Crdils, Kvelaze samwuxaro ki is aris, rom gaSuqebis

nacvlad vabundovanebT Cveni istoriis isedac mwir naratiul

Zeglebs.

2. mimarTavs rTulfuZian feris aGmniSvnel sitKvebs,

romlebic Sedgeba raime feris (ZiriTadad mcenareebis, minera-

lebis, liTonebis, bunebis movlenebis, kvebis produqtebis da

sxv.). aGmniSvneli sagnisa da fer-saxelebisagan. mag., balaxis-

feri, vardisferi, iasamnisferi, iisferi, narinJisferi, sala-

Tisferi, tKis satacurisferi, dariCinisferi, Svindisferi;

vercxlisferi, kalisferi, lalisferi, oqrosferi, qarvisfe-

ri, tKviisferi, foladisferi, Sabiamnisferi, jangisferi,

mtutisferi; Sokoladisferi, wKlisferi, Gvinisferi; miwis-

feri, Tixisferi, riKisqvisferi, nestisferi, JanGisferi...

gamoKenebuli literatura

1. i v. J a v a x i S v i l i, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni

meore, 1948 w.

2. a k. S a n i Z e, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953 w.

3. a l. y i n y a r a u l i, toponim oZrƒes etimologiisa-

Tvis, jurn. `saqarTvelo~, t. I, 1998 w.

3. ferTa gadmosacemad mwerals gamoKenebuli aqvs fuZe-

gaorkecebuli, toladSerwKmuli, aseve gansazGvrebiTi kompo-

zitebi. mag. Sav-Savi, lurJ-lurJi, brola-brola; Sav-KviTeli,

momwvano-moKviTalo, momwvano-molurJo; KviTelniskarta, wi-

Telsaxuraviani, Savadmimxmari da sxv.

4. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, 1955 w.

5. jurn. `ciskari~, #12, 1976 w.

6. n i k o n a d i r a S v i l i, rusTvelis vinaoba-sadau-

robis sakiTxi, 1978 w. 4. feris dasazusteblad iKenebs (rTulfuZian zedsarTa-

vebs. mag. cota Gvinisferi, mTlad sanTlisferi, sul wminda

50 51

sanTlisferi, mqrqali cisferi. n i n o x a x i a S v i l i

5. mwerali feris gaZlierebis mizniT mimarTavs mis Sesa-

bamis saganTan Sedarebasac. komSebiviT iKvnen daKviTlebulni

da dabususebulni ciebisagan Cveneburebi (t. I, 15,4); ris ga-

kawruli, kaco lilaSi gavlebuliviT iKo dalurJebuli

(alers. 263, qv. 4); TeTri, spetaki wveri hqonda, TiTqos bam-

bis fTila amoukravT Sokoladisfer Kbebze da nikapzeo (Sori

180,5); kalaaKrili siniviT ayrelebuli mTvare qedis zurgs

efineba (megob. 116, qv. 1).

sitKva mzesTan dakavSirebul saxelTa

semantikuri analizi

mze Tavisi ZiriTadi Tvisebebis (naTeba _ brwKinvaleba _

sxivosnobis, moZraobis...) da garegani gamosaxulebis (formis)

mixedviT universaliebis saxiT asaxvas hpovebs sxvadasxva xalx-

Ta enaSi, miTossa da simbolur ornamentebSi (mbrunavi Jvari,

borJGali... mzis cxovelebi: cxeni, iremi, lomi...). es sakiTxi

araerTxel gamxdara mkvlevarTa Ziebis sagani.

6. dasturdeba r. inaniSvilis mier Seqmnili feris

aGmniSvneli axali leqsikuri erTeulebic, mag. damyknari ba-

laxisferi, iasamnis mtvrisferi, tKis satacurisferi, ka-

lisferi, JanGisferi; nestisferi, Crdilisferi, mtutisfe-

ri, mkvdris mzedafenili lodebisferi, riKisqvisferi, mag-

rad moxarSuli kvercxisgulisferi, beGurasferi.

qarTuli enis monacemebis mixedviT saintereso suraTi

iSleba mzisa da misgan nawarmoeb leqsikur erTeulTa Tu idi-

omTa semantikis (rogorc originaluri warmodgena-Sexedulebe-

bis, ise sxva enebTan tipologiuri msgavsebis) TvalsazrisiT:

mze _ mnaTobi: sinaTlis, moZraobisa da sicocxlis wKaro (sa-

pirispirod: mzis dabneleba, mzis dadgoma da a. S. _ sikvdi-

lis macnea); mze _ Tvali: xedvis, Semecnebis, codnis wKaro;

mze _ droisa, sivrcis amsaxvel leqsikaSi (mzebudoba, mzebZa-

nebani (TuS.), mzegadena (xevs.), ziswverna (ayar.)... samzeo,

mzisqveSeTi, mzvare...); mze _ amindis amsaxvel leqsikaSi (mze-

avdara (ray.), mzekara (qarTl.), mze pirs ibans...); mze _ sila-

mazis wKaro (mzisadari, mzeyabuki, mzeTunaxavi, mzekabani...);

mze _ grZnobis, sixarulisa Tu mwuxarebis amsaxvel gamo-

naTqvamebSi (mze (da mTvare) amosdis vinmeze; pirs mze dae-

fineba (xevs.); mze wiTlad udgebis, mzis ukuGm Caƒdoma

(xevs.)...); mzisken swrafva (mze _ dendroinimebsa da zoonimeb-

Si: mzemaqcia (imer.), mzesumzira, mzewvia, mzevala (xevs.)...);

mze _ GvTaeba: ficilisa da wKevlis formulebi; mze _ qris-

tianul religiaSi da a. S.

7. r. inaniSvilis enaSi mxatvruli sinamdvilis situaciis

aGweris mixedviT SeiZleba erTi da igive sagani sxvadasxva fe-

riT iKos warmodgenili, mag. Tvalebi SeiZleba iKos balaxis-

feri, damyknari balaxisferi, cisferi, wKlisferi... sxvadas-

xva sagani ki erTi da imave ferisa iKos. mag. jangisferi

gvxvdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi. vcdilob, gavarCio, ras eCurCule-

ba jangisfer qvas Tavdaxrili KviTeli Selga (keT. 28, qv. 2);

jangisferi indaurebis fara, ukan miKolili jangisferive qa-

lic (asuli 159,11).

moxsenebaSi ganxilulia sitKva mze da misgan nawarmoebi

leqsikuri erTeulebi da idiomuri Tqmebi, maTi semantikuri

cvlilebebiTa da gadasvlebiT.

52 53

n i n o J o r b e n a Z e

Tanxmovanze daboloebuli ori sakuTari saxelis

(uSangi, eTeri) brunebis Sesaxeb qarTulSi

qarTuli enis normebis damdgeni saxelmwifo komisiis mi-

er umarTebulod aris miCneuli Tanxmovanze daboloebuli sa-

kuTari saxelebis amgvarad nawarmoebi formebi: levanim, vax-

tangim, nodarim; levanis, vaxtangis, nodaris (micemiTi brunva);

levani! vaxtangi! nodari! da a. S.

aseTi warmoeba dialeqtebsa Tu sasaubro metKvelebaSi

ufroa gavrcelebuli, Tumca aqa-iq presis enaSic iCens Tavs.

rasakvirvelia, aGniSnuli formebis simcdareSi eyvi ara-

vis epareba, magram am faqtis gaTanabreba miuGebel, xSirad

ucxo enebis mier Tavsmoxveul movlenebTan (rogorebicaa, maga-

liTad: zmniswinTa aGrevis SemTxvevebi: bodiSi moixada; an in-

glisuri enis gavleniT bolo dros gavrcelebuli konstruq-

ciebi, rodesac amovardnilia ar nawilaki; amis gamo xSirad

winadadebis Sinaarsis gabundovanebac ki xdeba: arafers, SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, vakeTebdi) swori ar unda iKos. aGniSnuli tipis

formaTa Sefasebisas araenobrivi faqtori iCens Tavs: aseTi

SemTxvevebs dialeqtur, umetesad naklebad wignier pirTa

metKvelebaSi vxvdebiT da is mkveTrad upirispirdeba salite-

raturo darbaislur qarTuls. arada, dialeqtebSi bevri ise-

Ti enis ganviTarebis Sinagani tendenciiT gamowveuli faqti

iCens Tavs, romelTa ugulebelKofa ar SeiZleba da romlebic

Zalian saintereso suraTs iZlevian Semdgomi kvlevis Tvalsaz-

risiT.

Cven, rasakvirvelia, ar moviTxovT Kvela am tipis saxelis

xmovanfuZiani variantis dakanonebas, magram midgoma maT mimarT

ki unda Seicvalos. aGniSnuli movlena metad sainteresoa da

mniSvnelovani; is gviCvenebs, rom ena mimarTavs unifikaciis

gzas: erTi mxriv, sazogado saxelebSi uarKofil iqnas -i-ze

daboloebuli formebi (xdeba maTi TanxmovanfuZianebSi gada-

svla); xolo meore mxriv, sakuTari (umetesad adamianis) saxe-

lebi mxolod xmovanze damTavrdes. swored am ukanaskneli ten-

denciis gamovlinebaa levanim, levani! da misTana warmoeba, rac

calkeul pirTa mier gramatikis ucodinrobis an sxva formeb-

Tan ubralo analogiis ki ara, enis sistematizaciisaken midre-

kilebis (Sesabamisad, ganviTarebis) Sedegi ufroa.

ori SemTxveva ki (romelic, iv. gigineiSvils aqvs Jer ki-

dev miTiTebuli Tavis werilSi, zemoT aGniSnuli enobrivi

normis miGebas rom daedo safuZvlad) SeiZleba daSvebul iq-

nas saliteraturo qarTulSic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs uSangi,

eTeri formebis xmovanfuZianad (-i-ze daboloebulad) qcevis

SemTxveva. pirvelis -i-s gareSe brunebis faqtebi (uSangma,

uSang!) TiTqmis aGar dasturdeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi; rac

Seexeba meore formas, aq amas garda (rom umetesad ixmareba

eTerim. eTeri! variantebi), -i xmovnis gareSe brunebisas misi

sazogado eTer (satelevizio eTerzea saubari) formasTan

damTxveva xdeba. ena ki amgvar omonimias gaurbis da cdilobs

gamosavlis povnas. swored amis Sedegia eTeri-m, eTeri-s, eTe-

ri! (rodesac adamianis sakuTar saxelzea saubari) tipis

warmoebis gaCenis faqti.

Kovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, angariSi

unda gaewios am ori formis (eTer, uSang) -i-fuZianad qcevis

tendencias.

55 54

`kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobis mosaxleobis metKveleba da misi

mimarTeba zemosvanur dialeqtebTan~ (saqarTvelos samecniero

fondis # 104 granti)

i z a C a n t l a Z e

as wels gadacilebul kodorel svanTa metKvelebis

lingvokulturologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebi da maTi

mimarTeba enguris xeobis mosaxleobis metKvelebasTan

I

kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobis mosaxleobis metKvelebis

lingvokulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavlisas Cveni sa-

gangebo KuradGeba miiqcies saukunovanma uxucesebma: mina qoC-

qianma-Jayvlianisam (104 wlisa) da areTa (dianoz) farJvelianma

(103 wlisa), romlebic dabadebulni arian zemo svaneTSi _

pirveli maTgani bals zemoT, sofel mulaxSi, xolo meore _

warmoSobiT latalelia, magram dabadebul-gazrdilia bals

qvemoT, sofel ecersa (hebudi) da beCoSi. maT metKvelebasTan

Sepirispirebulad vukvirdebodiT 101 wlis nakreli (bq.) qal-

batonis natalia gvarmiani-subelianis enas. garda amisa, moviS-

velieT: akaki SaniZis, varlam Tofurias, maqsime qaldianisa da

meri guJeJianis mier TiTqmis saukunis win Cawerili uxucesi

(x-o-S-m-{iS} x-o-S-a < `x-u-c-es-is x-u-c-es-i~) mTqmelebis publi-

cirebuli teqstebi. eseni iKvnen:

balszemoelebi

marino faliani (120 wlisa, lenJeri), Zuba xvinTelani

(110 wlisa, latali), guCa filfani (110 wlisa, lenJeri), gri-

gol qurdiani (98 wlisa, mulaxi);

balsqvemoelebi

nikoloz pakeliani (109 wlisa, eceri), nikoloz xorgua-

ni (104 wlisa, beCo), qeqev qobalia (99 wlisa, laxamula), ma-

harbe cindeliani (98 wlisa, Cubexevi), Semxuz gadrani (96

wlisa, fari).

upirveles Kovlisa, ganvixilavT kodoris (resp. dalis)

xeobis sofel omariSalSi mcxovrebi mina qoCqiani-Jayvlianis

metKvelebas, romlisTvisac, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia svanu-

ri enis balszeomuri dialeqtis specifikuri morfonologi-

ur-sintaqsuri Taviseburebani da leqsika. winaswarve unda gan-

vacxadoT, rom misi metKveleba gamoirCeva stabiluri gramati-

kuli formebisa da gamonaTqvamebis arqaulobiT da ara inter-

ferenciuli movlenebiT, rac ase axasiaTebs zemosvanur metKve-

lebas kodoris xeobaSi, gansxvavebiT enguris xeobisagan.

kotŒl / kowŒl / koyŒl (`patara, mcire~) variantTagan

104 wlis qalbatoni mxolod pirvel maTgans, Cveni azriT, Se-

darebiT arqauls, iKenebs; swored is unda iKos amosavali da-

narCen formaTaTvis (Sdr. imer. kot-o, xevs. kot-or-a, TuS.

kot-or-a-‡-i, ingil. kot-a, qarTl. kot-ak-i, Zv. q. kot-ak-i,

kot-or-i) da ara piriqiT, rogorc specialur literaturaSia

(h. fenrixi, z. sarJvelaZe) miTiTebuli.

kodoris xeobis mosaxleobas axasiaTebs ara mxolod mTe-

li svanurisaTvis specifikuri Giamarcvlovani struqturebis

daxurulmarcvlovanebad gardaqmnis tendencia auslautSi,

aramed fonemaTa gauCinareba inlautebSic: x…-i-d’s-d-a -s <

x…-i-d’sg-d-a -s `vicvamdi < videbdi~, dos-d < dosg-d (Sdr.

bz. dosg) àdre~, x-o-sd-a < x-o-sgd-a `vuKureb, vxedav~. es

ukanasnkeli SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc zogadi awmKo, stati-

kuri mniSvnelobis zmna (`danaxuli, warmodgenili mKavs /

maqvs~), sadac -a swored statikurobis maCvenebeli (da ara

mwkrivis niSani _ al. oniani) unda iKos ise, rogorc sxva

zmnebSi (x-a-K-a `hKavs~, x-a-S-a `Surs~, x-o-cx-a ùrCevnia~, x-o-

hr-a ùKria~, ...) da unda momdinareobdes svanur enaSi Zalze

gavrcelebuli -al Tematuri sufiqsisagan (Sdr. x-o-x-al º x-

o-x-a ìcis, hgonia~). iqac, sadac amgvar gardauval zmnebTan

dGes ara gvaqvs -a, unda vivaraudoT, rom iKo (Sdr. zs., lSx.

x-a-g…n-eb, erTi mxriv, da lnt. x-a-gon-a…-a, meore mxriv, _

56 57

`dardobs~). mina qoCqianTan dailogSi Cans, rom x-o-sd-i (<x-o-

sgd-i) gardamavali zmnis konkretuli moqmedebis aGmniSvneli

awmKoa (vuKureb me mas~), xolo x-o-sd-a statikurobas gaxazavs.

umlauti, rogorc morfonologiuri movlena, svanuri

enis mTel sistemas gahKveba da araerT Zireul gardaqmnas iw-

vevs. is dinamikuri procesia da oden palatalizaciiT ar

Semoifargleba. delabializacia misi Tanamdevi faqtoria, ro-

ca saqme exeba o da u xmovnebis Sedegad miGebul …e da …i

bgeraTkompleqsebs. bunebrivia, ena cdilobs kompleqsis moxsnas

labialuri elementis gauCinarebis gziT. es procesi Sedare-

biT axalia da gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs balsqvemouri dialeq-

tis samxrul kilokavebs (laxamulurs, Cubexeursa Tu fa-

ruls). amitomac sruliad bunebrivia, rom 104 wlis balsze-

moeli qalbatonis metKvelebaSi Sesabamisi nimuSebi sul ram-

denJerme Segvxvda da isic, ZiriTadad, labialuri fonemis me-

zoblobaSi: firold (<f…ir-old < f‘r-old < *fur-i-old

_ `Zroxa~ _ knin. f., …obeld (<ob…el-d < *ob�ld <

*obol-i-d) _ òboli~, xojeG-da (<x-o-j…eG-d-a < x-o-j�G-

d-a < *x-o-joG-i-d-a) _ ùZGveboda~, lˆTeil (<lˆ-Te…-il <

lˆ-T…e-il) _ `Tviani~. samagierod, amgvari formebi gacile-

biT xSirad ixmareba warmoSobiT lataleli, magram ecersa da

beCoSi dabadebul-gazrdili, xolo Semdeg kodoris xeobaSi Ca-

saxlebuli 103 wlis areTa farJvelianis metKvelebaSi, Tumca

arc ise xSirad, rogrc Tanamderove laxamuleli axalgazrdo-

bisa da saSualo Taobisagan Caweril teqstebSi.

rac Seexeba mestiis regions, iq, rogorc Cans, SedarebiT

adre daiwKo umlautian labialur xmovanTa bgeraTkompleqsebad

daSlis procesi. rogorc cnobilia, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumis TanamSromeli sebi guledani, vinc 1923 wlidan akaki

SaniZesTan da vardam TofurasTan erTad iwerda svanur teq-

stebs, o-sa da u-s umlauts ori wertiliT ki ar gamoxatavda,

aramed Sesabamisi bgeraTkompleqsebiT, zogJer metaTezirebu-

liT (hŠr…�a < h…Šria da ara h“ria `kudiani, yinka, eSmaki~).

mina qoCqians mama xaldeli hKavda, xolo deda _ kaleli,

Tavad ki, vidre kodoris xeobaSi gadasaxldebodnen, izrdebo-

da sofel mulaxSi. specialuri literaturis mixedviT, uS-

gulSi, kalasa da xaldes teritoriaze gvarcelebul svanurSi

balszemouri dialeqtis a /a xmovnis nacvlad gvxvdeba e. zogi

mecnieri (a. SaniZe, v. Tofuria, T. SaraZeniZe, g. mayavariani, T.

gamKreliZe) am movlenas ablauts uwodebs, zogi ki _ ukana mi-

marTulebis umlauts (m. qaldani). Cven vfiqrobT, rom mina

qoCqianis metKvelebaze erTgvari gavlena moaxdina mSoblebis

svanurma, romelic teritoriulad laSxur dialeqts emezob-

leboda: xeK’nx (Sdr. mest.-lenJ.-mulax. xaK’nx) _ `hKavdaT~,

emsa dx (Sdr. a msa d) _ `damrCnen~, ezer (Sdr. eza r) _

`kargi~ da maTTana formebi cxeniswKlis xeobidan enguris ga-

vliT Tan gahKvnen mina qoCqians kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobaSi.

SeiZleboda igive gveTqva emCu (ìq~) zmnisarTis Sesaxebac, ro-

melic dGes mxolod laSxur dialeqtSi gvxvdeba eCCu formis

paralelurad. aseve iKenebs maT 104 wlis qalbatonic.

reduqciis wesebi sakmaod mkacradaa gansazGvruli svanur

enaSi (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, o. oniani, m. nikolaiSvili), ami-

tomac, didi xnis win kodors Casaxlebuli balszemoeli mina

qoCqianis metKvelebaSi dadasturebuli ureduqcio formebi

(de…-der-ian-a r, Sdr. bz. de…driana l `devdarianebi~,

Sd‰ra le < *Sda-ar-al-eS, Sdr. bz. Sdarle{S}, `taroebis~,

sed-en-i-, Sdr. bz. sedni `rCeba~), vfiqrobT, arqaizmis gamo-

vlena unda iKos da ara interferencia sxva dialeqtebTan _

SedarebiT susti reduqciis matarebel lentexurTan, romel-

Tanac Sexeba arasdros hqonia 104 wlis mTqmels arc engurisa

da arc kodoris xeobaSi cxovrebis dros (am. ukanasknel

teritoriaze qvemo svanebs arc ucxovriaT).

pirveli, rac SeiZleba xazgasmiT iTqvas mx.r. naTesaobiTi

brunvis morfemis TanxmovniTi elementis Sesaxeb uxuces kodo-

relTa metKvelebaSi, esaa is, rom prepoziciul msazGvrelTan

-S KovelTvis gauCinarebulia balszemour dialeqtSi (procesi

daiwKo saukunis win _ ix. Sesabamisi publikaciebi svanuri

teqstebisa), magram TiTqmis KovelTvis daculia balsqvemour-

58 59

Si. rac Seexeba imave brunvis mravlobiTi ricxvis formants -

eS, misi cveTis damadasturebel udavo dokumentadac ki SeiZ-

leba gamogvadges mina qoCqianisa da areTa farJvelianis metKve-

leba, sadac -S KovelTvisaa gauCinarebuli.

metad sainteresod xmarobs 103 wlis mxcovani mTqmeli

naTandebulari brunebis sxvadasxva formas. specialur lite-

raturSi (g. mayavaraini, al. oniani) garkveuli eyvebic gamo-

Tqmula e. w. `sakuTriv svanuri brunebis~ (n. mari) gamomxatve-

li -n morfemis mimarT, magram areTa farJvelianis metKveleba

adasturebs imas, rom -ˆn iseTive mawarmoebelia micemiTi brun-

vis formisa, rogoric -s : bal-ˆn-Cubo…-iS-s º bal-s-Cubo…-

iS-s... mˆdas... leC…abas xatulix _ balsqvemoTa teritorias

(`balsqvemois{a}s~)... imas... qveda mxares (`saqvenaos~) uwodeben.

sagangebod gvinda SevexoT -e auslautian, anu m‰re (`ka-

ci~) tipis saxelebs, romelTa amosavalxmovniani formebi Cven

adre davadstureT svanuri enis sxvadasxva dialeqtSi (maSŠna

_ sofel CixareSis ugumbaTo eklesiis saxelwodeba, Sdr. sxva-

gan maSŠne / maSene `udidesi~, lnt. meneskˆra º meneskˆre,

lSx. manŠsgra, Sdr. bz. manŠsg{i}re `SuaTana~, bq. na Tx…ra,

Sdr. lSx. naTx…iare `nanadirevi~, bz. k‰da, bq. ka{h}da, Sdr.

lSx. k‰de), romelTac mxars umagrebs kodorel uxucesTa

metKvelebis arqauli formebi: aTxa (axla~) _ sax.br., mˆda

(... `isa~...) _ sax.br., romlebic dGes mxolod micemiTis seman-

tikas gadmoscemen.

mˆde nacvalsaxeluri Ziri Zalze gavrcelebulia svanur-

Si, imdenad gavrcelebuli, rom qvemo svaneTSi erTi saxelgan-

Tqmuli monadiris saxeli xalxma sruliad miiviwKa da mas

`mˆde~ Searqva, radganac Tavisi fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebis

araerT epizodTa gasaxseneblad is xSirad mimarTavda am leq-

semas; maSasadame, mˆde sitKvis masalaa dGes, Tumca araerTxel

gamoiKeneba nair-nair paradigmatul erTeulTa (brunvaTa,

mwkrivTa, ...) sawarmoeblad. iseve, rogorc Kvela -e auslauti-

an saxelTa brunebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac orfuZiani bruneba

gvaqvs (sax. da naT. brunvaTa formebi eKrdnobian palatalur-

xmovnian, xolo danarCenebi _ amosaval -a xmovnian fuZes). ko-

doris xeobel uxucesTa metKvelebaSi dadasturda mesame (Tan-

xmovniani) fuZec, esaa mˆd, romelic ufro xSirad gvxvdeba

balsqvemo svaneTSi gazrdili areTa farJvelianis metKveleba-

Si, radganac -e auslautian saxelTa cveTisa da maTi Tanxmo-

vanfuZianTa klasSi gadanacvlebis procesi dGes xelSesaxebi

swored balsqvemour kiloSia.

maSasadame, am TvalsazrisiT 104 wlis mina qoCqianis

metKveleba ufro arqaulia, radganac samive fuZes (mˆda, mˆde,

mˆd) warmogvidgens sxvadasxva brunvis formaSi, xolo 103

wlis areTa farJvelianTan dialogSi mxolod meoreuli

(mˆda , mˆde, mˆd) monacemebi dadasturda, amasTanave mˆda da

mˆde formaTa gardamavali mˆda safexuri sxvagan Jer ar Se-

gvxvedria. garda amisa, aqve unda daisvas mˆda / mˆde, erTi

mxriv, da mˆd, meore mxriv, variantTa mimarTebis sakiTxi adami-

anTa da araadamianTa klasTan, anu vin da ra Jgufis saxeleb-

Tan, razedac specialistebs Jer-JerobiT KuradGeba ar gaumax-

vilebiaT.

raSia saqme? orive uxucesi TiTqmis erTi da imave asaki-

saa, magram, rogrc Cans, aq saqmes wKvets eqstralingvisturi

(genderuli) problema: qalbatoni ufro inarCunebs arqaul

metKvelebas, radganac mas maincdamainc didi kontaqtebi ara

aqvs gare samKarosTan, sxva enebTan Tu dialeqtebTan, im dros,

rodesac mamakacebi, Zalze mxcovannic ki, swored maTTan arian

integrirebul-interferencirebulni. saqveKnod aGiarebuli

universalia SesaniSnavad daadastura kodoris (resp. dalis)

xeobis mosaxleobamac.

danarCen lingvistursa Tu eqstralingvistur faqtorebs

SevexebiT sxva dros, roca kodorelTa metKveleba mTlianad

gveqneba dafiqsirebuli video-audio aparaturiTa Tu eqsperi-

mentuli fonetikis teqnikiT. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT

gvyirdeba balsqvemo svaneTidan saukunenaxevris win kodoris xe-

obaSi CasaxlebulTa memkvidreebis metKvelebis gamowvlilviT

Seswavlisas, radganac isini ukve karga xania warmoTqvamen grZel

60 61

xmovnebs balszemoel mezoblebTan uSualo Tanacxovrebis gamo.

aqve unda gavixsenoT 1938 wlis zafxulSi, svanuri fonetikis

Seswavlisas, gakeTebuli friad saKuradGebo daskvna prof. ser-

gi jGentisa: zogJer qarTulis sustad mcodne svani qarTul

xmovnebs ise agrZelebs, rogorc es svanurisaTvis aris damaxasia-

Tebeli: àra, k‰co! Cven gv‹nda; rac g‹ndoda; Cven fuls ver

mivcŠmT; mŠre ilocavdnen ladbarSi; Cven gv‰qvs; m‰rto is ‰ra;

q‰li; ‰qvs; fŠxs...~ Tu ra Taviseburi saxe miiGo qarTulma

metKvelebam svanuris enobriv sinamdivleSi, metad saintereso

sakiTxs warmoadgens da specialur kvlevas moiTxovs.

e l i s a b e d g a z d e l i a n i

kodoris xeobis zogi toponimis semantikur-

struqturuli analizi

Zveli misimianeTi, romelic istorikosebis varaudiT, mo-

icavs dGevandel dalis xeobas, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis

mqone samxedro-strategiul obieqts warmoadgenda. uGeltexi-

lebze gadadioda gzebi zemo svaneTsa da KaraCai-balKareTSi.

ivaraudeba, rom IV-VII saukuneebSi kodoris xeoba iKo erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi gza bizantiasa da Sua azias Soris.

dalis xeobis mosaxleoba drodadro icvleboda sxvadas-

xva mizezebis gamo; adreuli saukuneebidan XV-XVII saukunemde

dGevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTveluri

tomebi, xolo mogvianebiT damkvidrdnen afxazebi (n. mari, iv.

JavaxiSvili, n. berZeniSvili, s. JanaSia, T. mibCuani, T. gvance-

laZe...). muhaJirobis Semdeg iq dasaxldnen: berZnebi, somxebi,

rusebi. kodoris xeobis zemo nawilSi Tavis istoriul sacxov-

riss kvlav daubrundnen svanebi.

gamokvlevebi cxadKofen, rom svanuri toponimebi qrono-

logiurad sxvadasxva drois kuTvnilebaa, zogi maTgani Zvelia,

zogi ki _ SedarebiT axali (bombi na Kir nak _ `bombis dana-

cemi vake~; T…eTne butka - `TeTri Jixuri~; laSxre nada…S…

_ `laSxelebis danaGupavi~).

kodoris xeobaSi Cveni KuradGeba miiqcia Semdegma to-

ponimebma:

1. a-yafar-a _ sazafxulo saZovari, mTa qluxoris maxlob-

lad. Sdr. svan. yaf‘r bz., yaf�r uSg., yafor qs. _ `famfa-

ra~ (samKura balaxi). erTma genwviSelma mTqmelma Cagvawerina

ya fer forma (yafor _ semi lˆStim balax li, lax…s gar

xoxal i kumaSs maSŠnam alg…ari _ yafori samKura balaxia,

mxolod mTaSi icis da saqonels Kvelaze metad asuqebs (ars.

oniani), romelSic, rogorc Cans, meoreuli e iwvevs winamavali

xmovnis umlauts (Sdr. laSxuri da lentexuri monacemebi): ya-

for + i > yaf�r > yaf…er > yafer > ya fer. saanalizo topo-

nimSi balaxis svanuri saxeli gaformda afxazurad (a-yafar-a);

2. bˆZˆgˆr º bˆZˆgur _ sofeli CxalTis maxloblad.

bˆZg-n-ier saxnav-saTibis saxelwodebaa lenJerSi (T. mibCuani). baZg-

ar -(leCx., ayar., gur. ...) _ Sqeris msgavsi... ekliani xe (a. Glon-

ti). buZg-…ir / buZg-ur svanurSi wablis naKofis gareTa ekalia.

3. uTur / uT…ir _ qedi, uGeltexili, saidanac gadadioda

gza Cubexevidan afxazeTis mTebSi. gamoiKofa uqonlobis u- pre-

fiqsi da fuZe T…ir zs., lnt., T�r lSx. _ òrTqli, oxSivari...~

uTur / uT…ir ùorTqlo, unislo uGeltexils~ unda niSnavdes.

4. la Gxia Ga r _ `sazafxulo saZovari ayafara-

Si~. Gex _ `mTis mcenarea, iymeva umad~. bz. Geh, bq.

Gehi, lSx. Gei/�, lnt. Ge _ `duci~, Sdr. kodoris xeobis

Gexi > Gxi forma, sadac e SekumSulia svanurSi. xSiria h>x

sxva masalaSic. sintagmaSi la Gxia Gar la- daniSnulebis

aGmniSvneli prefiqsia, xolo -a < a-iS _ naT. br. niSani.

Ga r _ 1. Gari, 2. xevi, xeoba; e. i. la -Gx-i-a Ga r _ `sa-

duce (saducis) xevi~.

5. x…ara {S} ƒarƒ zemo svaneTidan kodoris xeobaSi

gadasasvlel erT-erT uGeltexils ewodeba. laTas leja…

62 63

Cia g muS…ni izge x…ara S ƒarƒTeisga (svan. qrest., gv. 88)

_ `laTas zemoT Kvelgan svani cxovrobs x…araSis uGeltexi-

lamde~.

dalis xeobisa da zogadad afxazeTis uZvelesi mosaxleo-

bis sakiTxi didi xania mecnier-mkvlevarTa interesis sagans

warmoadgens. damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, aq odiTganve mo-

saxleobdnen qarTveluri tomebi, maT Soris svanebi. saintere-

soa, rom am movlenis xsovna kargad aris Semonaxuli dGevande-

li mosaxleobis istoriul mexsierebaSi, rasac Sesabamisi to-

ponimebic adastureben. mTxrobelTa TqmiT, `dali odiTganve

svanebis samosaxlo Kofila, amitomac mas svanuri saxeli

da lia t…ib _ dalis xeoba hqvia~. mosaxleoba samJer

Kofila amowKvetili, Tumca iq isev saxldebodnen zemo svane-

Tidan gadasuli svanebi swored imitom, rom Tavis mkvidr sa-

mosaxlod miaCndaT:

vfiqrobT, x…ar fuZe ukavSirdeba svanur leqsemas

{mu}ƒ…’ri bz., {m}uƒ…‰ri lSx., ƒ‘a ri bq. _ `askili~; e. i.

x…ara ƒarƒ `askilian uGeltexils~ unda niSnavdes.

6. saken _ sofeli omariSalis maxloblad. sakni t…ib

_ `sakenis xevi, xeoba~. saken li xoCa mindor, lare; eCeCu

anGri yala saknara / saknˆra _ `sakeni aris kargi mindori,

saTibi; iq modis mdinare saknara~. -ra -sufiqsi xSirad gvxvde-

ba svanurSi rogorc hidronimebSi, ise adgilis saxelwodebeb-

Si.

erTi SexedviT es umniSvnelo faqti sinamdvileSi metad

mniSvnelovania _ Cans, rom mosaxleobis eTnofsiqologiaSi

mkvidrad aris gamJdari afxazeTis, rogorc mSobliuri, odiT-

ganve sakuTari kuTxis aGqma da gaazreba, rasac saukuneebi

syirdeba, mokle droSi aseTi cnobierebis CamoKalibeba SeuZ-

lebelia:

saanalizo toponimSi gamoiKofa sa- -TavsarTi (Sdr. sa-

ge-ul _ adgilis saxelwodeba laSxeTSi; sa-gerg-il _ xidi

yuberis gadasaxvevTan), xolo -ken- unda iKos fuZe, Sdr. bz.,

qs. k…en-, lxm. ken, lSx. rk…en _ `kverna~, maSasadame, saken

`sakverne adgils~ unda niSnavdes.

S…ðnxðn lðlzigêld eJGa esGˆrda mðg dðlTe, ere dðl

er li S…anreS, li naS…an i Jaxe� i…anGo xejxðn alas dðlið

t…ib _ S…anre najax… _ `svaneTidan sacxovreblad imitom

midioda Kvela dalis xeobaSi (`dal-s-ken~), rom dalis xeoba

(`dali rom~) aris svanebis, aris nasvanari da saxelic uZvele-

si droidan erqva amas dalis xeoba _ svanebis darqmeuli (`na-

rqmevi~)~.

r u s u d a n i o s e l i a n i

kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobis eTnolingvisturi

xasiaTis komentarebi

aranakleb sainteresoa xeobis saxelwodeba `dðl~. dali

svanuri miTologiis erT-erTi umTavresi figuraa, nadirobis

qalGmerTi, nadirTa da monadireTa mfarveli. xalxis warmo-

dgeniT dali ulamazesi oqrosTmiani qalia (da l, aqedan

da lŒd _ ToJina), romelic kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi, cxov-

robs. igi monadireebisagan irCevs Kvelaze Zliersa Tu gamo-

rCeuls da saKvarlad gaixdis, Galatis SemTxvevaSi ki Gupavs

mas.

dalis xeobidan qvemo qarTlSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul

mosaxleobaSi Cawerili teqstebi (metKvelebis nimuSebi) friad

mniSvnelovania ara marto calsaxad lingvisturi, aramed eTno-

lingvisturi TvalsazrisiTac. am masalebSi daculia saintere-

so monacemebi dalis svaneTis mosaxleobis Kofisa da kultu-

ris, wes-Cveulebebisa da maTi urTierTobis Sesaxeb mezobel

kuTxeebTan. uaGresad mdidari masalidan KuradGebas SevaCe-

rebT zogierT aspeqtze.

64 65

dalis aseTi gaazreba gvxvdeba zemo da qvemo svaneTSi; am

monacemebiT sruli analogia dasturdeba kodoris xeobaSic,

Tumca aGsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, winamdebare masalis mixed-

viT, dalis xeobaSi TiTqmis bolomde Cans SemorCenili

qalGmerTTan dakavSirebuli rwmena misi urTierTobisa mona-

direebTan.

iseve, rogorc zemo svaneTSi, dalis xeobaSic scodniaT

dakrZalvis dGes qabðbÀis gamocxoba. es aris puri, romelic im-

deni cali cxveboda, ramdeni mimsvlelic iKo qelexSi.

laSdG…al ladeG qabðb xek…es aTx…ión Cìs m‰remi qun-

ji _ `gasvenebis dGes qababi unda Sexvedroda Kvelas (`kacis

sulze~).

qababi iKo didi zomis mrgvali puri, romelsac gverdeb-

ze ukeTdeboda ornamenti, magram ranairi iKo es ornamenti da

ras gamosaxavda, mTxroblebs ar axsovT, zogierTi maTganis

TqmiT es SeiZleboda KofiliKo Jvari...1 sulxan-sabas ganmarte-

biT, qababi saukeTeso fqvilis `erTgvari namcxvaria~. saqarTve-

los sxva kuTxeebSi aseTi saxelwodebis puri ar gvxvdeba (Ta-

namedrove eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT).

teqstebSi saintereso masalaa warmodgenili dalis xeo-

bis toponimikasTan dakavSirebiT. cnobilia, rom geografiul

saxelTa cvlilebas didi dro syirdeba da misi ZiriTadi nawi-

li TiTqmis ucvlelad inaxeba xolme. miuxedavad mcxovreb eT-

nosTa cvalebadobisa, axalmosuli xalxi, ZiriTadad, inaxavs

misi winamorbedisgan ama Tu im adgilisTvis Serqmeul saxe-

lebs.

rac Seexeba `dalis svaneTis~ zemoaGniSnul teqstebSi

dafiqsirebul sabrZolo-saomar tradiciebs, ikveTeba msgavseba

ara marto danarCen svaneTTan, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos

mTianeTTan.

dalis xeobis toponimebidan masalaSi dafiqsirebulia

omariSali, na mSix…, oburG…an, ayafara, g…andra... am topo-

nimebis ZiriTadi nawili, TvalnaTliv Cans, rom svanuria.

sainteresoa omariSalis saxelwodeba, romliTac mas mo-

ixsenieben adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi: es pirvel rigSi gamoixateba brZolaSi aucilebel, ur-

TierTdamokidebulebis raindul normebSi, rac saerTo iKo

mTeli kavkasiisaTvis. kodoruli metKvelebis amsaxvel teqsteb-

Si amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia dafiqsirebuli, rogor

eficebian mtrebi erTmaneTs Zmebad, maspinZeli mosaklavad game-

tebuli Zmobilis sisxls saxlSi ar daGvris, mas gareT

gaiKvans da isev moZmeebs Caabarebs. aseTi urTierTobis naTeli

magaliTia, agreTve, kodorel mTqmelTa teqstebSi damowmebu-

li informacia _ rogor weren Crdilo kavkasielebi leqss da

rogor gadascemen Taobebs erT-erT svani meomris Sesaxeb.

�alcunŠsga eJGa xa�Sxa, ere saknˆra i g…andrˆla

itK…bðlx i eCi nesga li al sofel _ `ialcunesga~ imitom

hqvia, rom saknara da gvandrala uerTdebian erTmaneTs (`tKup-

debian~) da imaT Sorisaa (`Sua aris~) es sofeli~.

dalis xeobidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul mosaxleobaSi

Cawerili teqstebidan kargad Cans maTi wes-Cveulebebis erTia-

noba danarCen svaneTTan. Tu davakvirdebiT maT metKvelebas,

specifikuri saxis (sameurneo, religiuri, xalxuri samarTlis

da a. S.) terminologias, aGmoCndeba, rom isini, ZiriTadad,

ganuKofelni arian zemo da qvemo svaneTis mosaxleobisagan,

Tumca meti siaxlove zemo svaneTTan SeiniSneba.

aGniSnuli teqstebis safuZvelze kargad ikveTeba erTi

uZvelesi plasti mTis mosaxleobis Kofisa, rasac `mekobreoba~,

anu svanurad `laGŠSg‰lTe lìzi~ (`wasarTmevad svla~) ewo-

deba. es adaTi gulisxmobda Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadasvlas da

erTiani tradiciisa da wes-Cveulebebis arseboba dalis

xeobasa da danarCen svaneTSi kargad Cans: samgloviaro, samona-

direo, sadGesaswaulo, xalxuri samarTlisa da sxv. Cveulebeb-

Si. KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT mxolod ZiriTad aspeqtebze:

67

1 xaTuna ioseliani, stumarmaspinZlobis tradicia svaneTSi, Tb., 2005, gv. 149.

66

iqidan saqonlis Jogis wamosxmas. dalis xeobeli mTxrobelis

mier sruliad samarTlianad aris movlena Sefasebuli:

fuZedrekad zmnaTa masdaris warmoeba

kodorisa da enguris xeobebis J…inðld S…anisga i dðlisga xðmTq…enax sa…Te lizi qi-

limgenol laGeSgiTe. alis liq…Ter deme xðSxena, megye

limarg… lˆmðr sðyiro. ali leSg…ird eCqas demeg xðbjenax

_ `Zvelad svaneTSi da dalis xeobaSi (`dalSi~) sCveodaT

Crdilo kavkasiaSi (`saveT-s-ken~) wasvla saqonlis (`suldgmu-

lis~) wasarTmevad. amas qurdoba ar erqva (`rqmevia~), didi

(`gamZle~) moxerxeba Kofila sayiro. es sircxvilad maSin ar

iTvleboda~.

mcxovrebTa metKvelebaSi

qarTvelur enaTa zmnas, rogorc mravalpirians da mdi-

dars formebiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs gvaris kate-

goriis dadgenisaTvis sazogadod da kerZod aqtiv-pasivis ur-

TierTobis garkvevisaTvis (a. SaniZe).

amJerad KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT svanuri zmnis masdarSi

gamovlenil aqtiv-pasivis formebze, romlebic specialur li-

teraturaSi saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili.

es ar iKo KaCaGoba, iq wasvla da saqonlis gadmoKvana

vajkacobas niSnavda: `laGeSgiTe mxolod rCeuli vajkacebi da-

diodnen~, rac tradiciulad saqarTvelos mTisTvis iKo damaxa-

siaTebeli. Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvaris mixedviT, rogorc cnobi-

lia, gansxvavebulia mxolod ramdenime zmnis masdari. TiTqmis

igive viTarebaa Zvel qarTulSi: Cveni TvalsazrisiT, sitKvebi me-gob-ar-i > me-kob-ar-i >

me-kob-r-e erTi da imave fuZidanaa wamomdgari, rac kavSirs,

erTad Kofnas niSnavda (Sdr. xevs. me-kop-ar-i); amas kargad

adasturebs svanuri masalac `kopa r~ _ Gilebi, anu erTma-

neTTan Sekvra.

ganrineba (ganvarine) _ ganroma (ganveri)

dadgrineba (davadgrine ) _ dadgroma (davadger)

arqauli enobrivi formebiT uaGresad mdidar svanur

enaSi aGniSnuli sakiTxis saTanadod Seuswavlelobaze sagange-

bod msJelobs i. CantlaZe qarTvelologTa samagido wignis _

v. Tofuriasa da m. qaldanis `svanuri leqsikonis~ winasitKvao-

baSi: `praqtikulma saqmianobam iseTi sakiTxebisTvisac migvaqce-

vina KuradGeba, rac Teoriuli muSaobis dros SesaZloa ar

wamoweuliKo wina planze _ zogi maTganis Sesaxeb arc specia-

lur literaturaSia msJeloba. sailustraciod moviKvanT mxo-

lod erT magaliTs. cnobilia, rom fuZedrekad zmnebs svanur-

Si axasiaTebT Ziriseuli xmovnis ablauti, riTac garCeulia

moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris formebi. saleqsikono masalaze

(gansakuTrebiT masdariseul monacemebze) dakvirvebam cxadKo,

rom TandaTanobiT ispoba es dapirispireba Tanamedrove co-

cxal metKvelebeSi, metwilad qvemosvanurSi _ albaT qarTul

enasTan myidro kontaqtis gamo~.

amdenad, is uZvelesi plasti, roca CrdilokavkasiaSi sa-

qonlis wasarTmevad wasvla vajkacobas niSnavda, mTel saqarTve-

los mTianeTsa da dalis xeobaSic dasturdeba.

kodorel mcxovrebTa KofaSi, saanalizo teqstebis mixed-

viT, aseve dadasturda garkveuli gansxvaveba danarCen svaneT-

Tan mimarTebaSi, rac cxadia, megrelebTan da afxazebTan axlo

mezoblobiT aris gamowveuli. es gansxvaveba ZiriTadad, same-

urneo KofasTan dakavSirebiT SeimCneva.

amrigad, kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobidan iZulebiT gada-

adgilebul pirebTan Cawerili masala fasdaudebelia eTno-

lingvisturi da eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiTac.

masalas sagangebod vkrebdiT svanur morfemul leqsikon-

ze muSaobisa da kodoris xeobis interferenciuli metKvele-q e T e v a n m a r g i a n i

68 69

bis Cawera-Seswavlis dros; gamovlinda aTeulobiT forma, sa-

dac mkafiodaa gamiJnuli aqtivisa da pasivis semantika:

moqmedebiTi vnebiTi

S O3 S li-byk…-e (biyk…e eJa eCas) _ li-beyk… (beyk…ni eJa) `gaskdoma~

li-xp-e (xipe ` _ `) li-xep (xepni eJa) `danarcxeba~

li-cl-e (cile ` _ `) li-cel (celni eJa) `gaxeva~

li-gl-e (gile ` _ `) li-gel (gelni eJa) `gapoba~

li-bTq-e (biTqe ` _ `) li-beTq (beTqni eJa) `gaskdoma~

li-K…C-e (K…iCe ` _ `) li-K…eC (K…eCni eJa) `texa, tKdoma~.

KuradGeba miiqcia -’l sufiqsianma masdarebma, romelTac

aqvT aSkarad gmoxatuli pasiuri Sinaarsi Sesabamis usufiqso

formebTan mimarTebiT, romelnic aqtiuri semantikis matarebelia:

moqmedebiTi vnebiTi

li-mban-i (amba ni eJa eCas) _ li-mban-’l (imban’l eJa) `daficeba~

li-K…n-e (a K…ne ` _ `) _ li-K…n-’l (iK…n’l eJa) `dawvena, `dawo-

la~

li-C‹j-e (a C‹je ` _ `) _ li-C‹j-’l (iC‹j’l eJa) `gasiZeba~

li-ly-e (ilye ` _ `) _ li-ly-’l (ily’l eJa) `datireba~.

-a l sufiqsi svanur sawKisebsa da zmnebSi polisemantu-

ri funqciis mqonea, Kvelaze xSirad is Zveli qarTulis -n / -

en formantTa ekvivalenturia da pirdapiri obieqtis simrav-

les gamoxatavs masdarebSi:

li-nK-e _ `gamocxoba (erTisa)~ _ li-nK-a l-i _ gamo-

cxoba (bevrisa)~.

saKuradGeboa svanurSi mravalfunqciuri -’l formantia-

ni masdarebis pasiuri semantika (Sdr. li-w…il-’l `gaTxove-

ba~).

kodoris xeobis interferenciuli svanuri metKvelebis

masalis srulad mopovebisa da gaanalizebis, zemosvanur dia-

leqtebTan Sedareba-SepirispirebiTi Seswavlis Semdgom SesaZ-

lebeli gaxdeba srulKofili da saTanado daskvnebis gakeTeba,

amJerad ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom svanuri enis masdarSi gvaris

kategoria garCeulia gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad da mkafiod,

vidre es Tanamedrove qarTulSi, zanurSi an Zvel qarTulSia.

moqmedebiTi gvaris sawKisi li-e konfiqsiT, vnebiTi ki _

oden li prefiqsiT (li-cl-e _ li-cel) iwarmoeba, Tumca

istoriulad orive SemTxvevaSi unda gvqonoda -e sufiqsi

(Sdr. lentexuri dialeqtis ureduqcio monacemebi).

sakiTxis siGrmiseulad da srulKofilad Sesaswavlad,

vfiqrobT, aucilebelia aqcentis gakeTeba semantikur aspetze

da kvlevaSi misi saTanadod gaTvaliswineba.

q e T e v a n m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i

inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoria kodoris xeobis

svanurSi da misi mimarTeba zemosvanur

dialeqtebTan Tu Zveli qarTulis monacemebTan

`qarTveluri zmnis meqanizmi saerTod rTulia, magram

svanurisa _ gansakuTrebiT~ _ aGniSnavda v. Tofuria. am sir-

Tulis erT-erTi safuZveli enaSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis kate-

goriis arsebobaa, rac gulisxmobs mravlobiTi ricxvis pirve-

li piris formaSi meore piris gaTvaliswinebasac (inkluzivi)

an mis gamoricxvas (eqskluzivi).

svanurSi inkluziv-eqskluzivi morfologiuri kategori-

aa, romelic aisaxeba ara marto zmnaSi, aramed kuTvnilebiT na-

cvalsaxelebSic. zemosvanurSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis mixedviT

dapirispirebas adgili aqvs rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqtu-

ri piris formebSi, xolo qvemosvanurSi martooden subieqtu-

ri wKobis zmnebSi.

subieqtis inkluzivis (Si) gamosaxatavad svanur zmnaSi

gamoiKeneba l- (lˆ-, lu-) _ -d afiqsebi (l-a Sxi-d `vwvavT

meºCven + SenºTqven~, lˆ-dge-d `vaqrobT~ Si: lu-x…re-d `van-

70 71

grevT~ Si). subieqtis eqskluzivi (Se) mxolobiTi ricxvis formisagan

mxolod mravlobiTis -d sufiqsiT gansxvavdeba, radganac pir-

veli piris morfema (x…- prefiqsi _ xmovniT dawKebul fuZe-

ebTan, -…- infiqsi TanxmovniT dawKebul fuZeebTan) saerToa

orive ricxvisaTvis (x…-a Sxi-d `vwvavT~ Se, d-…-ige-d `vaq-

robT~ Se). obieqturi piris inkluzivs (Oi) Tanamedrove zemosvanur-

Si g…-(gu-) prefiqsi gamoxatavs (g…-a Sxi `gvwvavs~, gu-txe

`gvabrunebs~ Oi), xolo eqskluzivs _ n-/nˆ- (n-a Sxi `gvwvavs~,

nˆ-txe `gvabrunebs~ Oe). enaTmecnierTa umravlesobis TvalsazrisiT (a. SaniZe, g.

deetersi, v. Tofuria, k. dondua, T. gamKreliZe, z. sarJvelaZe,

T. metreveli, a. oniani...), obieqturi piris formebSi inklu-

ziv-eqskluzivis mixedviT opozicias istoriulad, zemosvanu-

ris msgavsad, qvemosvanur dialeqtebSic unda hqonoda adgili,

rac garkveul safexuramde Kvela qarTveluri enisaTvis unda

KofiliKo damaxasiaTebeli. es aris arqaizmi, romlis naSTebma

Zvel saliteraturo qarTulamde moaGwia.

gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs arn. Ciqobavs. is ar eTanxme-

ba imaT, vinc `swored svanurze daKrdnobiT iZleoda Zv. qar-

Tuli formis ganmartebas: gu-ºm- prefiqsTa gamoKeneba inklu-

ziv-eqskluzivis gamovlenaao~. misi azriT, `svanurSi g…--s am

funqciiT aGyurva unda dawKebuliKo dialeqtTa Tu enaTa Se-

revis Sedegad, roca erTmaneTis gverdiT aGmoCnda gu-ºn- pre-

fiqsebi; maTi simbiozis procesSi g…-ºn- funqciaTa gamiJvna mi-

viGeT, sadac g…- kilos xvedri wona gacilebiT meti unda

KofiliKo, vidre n--si (n- fenis matarebelni ki zemo svaneTis

TemebSi arian warmodgenili); Zvel qarTulSi gu- prefiqsi

arc mravlobiTis niSani iKo (gan-gu-axl-n-a) da arc misi in-

kluziurobis maCvenebeli~. Tavad zemosvanurSi, kerZod, uSgu-

lur kilokavSi, g…-ºn- prefiqsTa xmarebaSi dadasturebul

rKevas (ma � Jek…es, eJa g…a Kr _ `rac gsurdes, is da-

gvmarTe...~), v. Tofuria laSxuris gavlenas miawers, arn. Ciqo-

bavas ki es magaliTebi Zveli qarTulis gadmog‚Targmne Cuen

rigisad miaCnia, rac g…- prefiqsis zogadi mniSvnelobiT

gamoKenebas mowmobs da ara aGrevas. sadac g…-ºn- prefiqsian

formaTa gamiJvna ar xerxdeba, `iq swored Zveli viTarebaa da-

culi~.

d. meliqiSvilis azriT, zmnaSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis Ca-

saxvis periodi unda emTxveodes saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis

ganviTarebis im safexurs, rodesac xdeba svanuris gamoKofa.

diferenciaciis Semdeg svanurSi es kategoria TandaTan gaZli-

erda, megrulSi kvalic ar Cans misi arsebobisa, qarTulSi ki

Sesustda da TandaTan gaqra.

rogoria am mxriv Tanamedrove suraTi kodoris (resp. da-lis) xeobaSi mcxovreb svanTa dGemde TiTqmis Seuswavlel

metKvelebaSi? xom ar Sesustda es fenomeni svaneTidan Sedare-

biT izolirebulad mcxovrebTa metKvelebaSi, gansakuTrebiT

iseT pirobebSi, roca mimdinareobs `rTuli dialeqtologiu-

ri suraTis gamartiveba (m. qaldani)~?

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis kvlevis Sedegad aGmoCnda:

1. inkluziv-eqskluzivi kodoris xebaSi mcxovreb svanTa

metKvelebaSi sakmaod kargad aris daculi rogorc kuTvnile-

biT nacvalsaxelebSi, ise obieqturi wKobis zmnebSi, Tumca

dGeisTvis Seswavlili teqstebis safuZvelze mainc SevniSnavT,

rom sisuste garkveulwilad marTlac `Sehparvia~ aGniSnul ka-

tegorias:

miSgu mu g…inƒrinada sgima rTe _ `mamaCems mivKavdiT

(me da isini) mjave wKlebze~ (Tamar gvarmiani, 23 wlisa);

ltol…ila r tiSs, niSg…e� sofels, aSir g…aKa _

`ltolvilebi tiSSi, Cvens sofelSi, asi gvKavs~ (madona kvanyi-

ani, 34 wlisa);

xox…ra ls C‹s xoCa larda g…adda _ `bavSvebi Kvelani

vmxiarulobdiT (patarebs Kvelas kargi samKofi gvqonda)~ (dia-

na dadvani, 73 wlisa);

eJi ladeG luarsab anƒad niSgeSTe i na g…aq…e _ im

dGes luarsabi movida CvenTan da (Cven) gviTxra (eka kvanyiani,

72 73

32 wlisa);

eJzum mam g…ixalda eCqa marx…a l _ `imdeni ar vico-

diT maSin marxvebi~ (roina devdariani, 29 wlisa);

Kvela saanalizo zmnaSi, konteqstis semantikidan gamo-

mdinare, mTqmels Cadebuli aqvs eqskluziuri Sinaarsi, magram

iKenebs inkluziur formebs.

2. amrigad, enguris xeobaSi mcxovrebi svanebis metKvele-

bisagan gansxvavebiT (garda uSgulurisa), sadac inkluziuri

da eqskluziuri formebi dGemde mkacrad gamiJnulia rogorc

zmnaSi, aseve nacvalsaxelSi, kodorel svanTa metKvelebaSi saa-

nalizo kategoria Sesustebuli Cans; sailustracio masalis

mixedviT, Jer-JerobiT es exeba mxolod zmnas; nacvalsaxelebSi

msgavsi ram ar dagvidasturebia.

3. es exeba mxolod subieqturi wKobis inkluzivs; anoma-

liis SemTxvevaSi swored Oi (g…-) ikavebs Si-s (n-) adgils, pi-

riqiT ki _ arasodes (msgavsi viTarebaa Zvel qarTulSic). Se-

saZloa, am procesis xelSemwKobi faqtori qarTulTan analo-

gia iKos (gv- O1 qarTul da g…- Oi svanur prefiqsTa materia-luri msgavseba).

4. Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT arc erTxel ar

dadasturda l- (Si) / x…- (Se) prefiqsTa Canacvlebis SemTxve-

va; vfiqrobT, arc iKo mosalodneli, radganac subieqturi

wKobis inkluziv-eqskluziur formebs SesatKvisi nacvalsaxele-

bi ar moepoveba (Sdr. obieqturi wKobis g…iSg…e�, romelic

g…- prefiqss miemarTeba, xolo niSg…e� _ n- prefiqss).

x…iSg…e� an liSg…e� svanurSi arc dGes arsebobs da verc am

enis ganviTarebis romelime etapze aGvadgenT. sagulisxmoa,

rom Zvel qarTulSic mxolod obieqturi wKobis zmnebSi gvaqvs

Semonaxuli es kategoria.

5. vinaidan laSxur-lentexurSi n- (Oe) arsad Cans, g…- ki zemo svaneTSi ara mxolod uSgulur kilokavSi gvevlineba

n--s adgilas, aramed sxvaganac (simGeraTa teqstebSi, locveb-

Si), amasTanave, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT enis ganviTarebis zogad

tendencias rTulidan martivisken swrafvisa, xom ar aris safiq-

rebeli, rom kodorel svanTa metKvelebaSi kantikuntad dadas-

turebuli anomaliebi raGac procesis dasabamze migvaniSnebs!

v. Tofurias mier ifarsa da ecerSi dadasturebuli ram-

denime SemTxveva: bz. S…idebdu log…ƒeda! _ `mSvidobiTamc

mogvixvel~ (Sen + Cven Oe); bq. sioG g…iri S…idebd _ `Senamc

gvKavxar (me da mas º maT) mSvidobiT!~... dGesac cocxalia da

Cvenc araerTxel gvsmenia Cubexevel ufrosi Taobis warmomad-

genelTagan.

74 75

teqstebze muSaobis Sedegad irkveva, rom kodorul bal-

sqvemours zemosvanuri dialeqtebisagan mTeli rigi Tavisebu-

rebebi ganasxvavebs. es Taviseburebani pirobiTad davKaviT sam

Jgufad: balszemourTan saerTo Taviseburebani; enguris xe-

obis balsqvemourisagan gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani; in-

terferenciis Sedegad CamoKalibebuli Taviseburebani.

m e d e a s a G l i a n i

balsqvemo svaneTidan kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobaSi

CasaxlebulTa metKvelebis Taviseburebani

Jer kidev 1970 wels profesori maqsime qaldani statia-

Si `dialeqtTa Sereva kodoris xeobis svanurSi" sagangebod

msJelobda im rTuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kodo-

ris (resp. dalis) xeobis svanurenovani mosaxleobis metKvele-

bisTvis iKo damaxasiaTebeli. rogorc cnobilia, aGniSnul xeo-

baSi dGemde mimdinareobs sametKvelo kodebis Sereva, rac

gamoixateba balszemour da balsqvemour dialeqtTa urTierT-

Serevis (interferenciis) procesSi. es procesi ki gansakuTr-

ebiT damaxasiaTebelia im Taobis metKvelebisaTvis, romelic

dabadebuli da aGzrdilia kodoris xeobaSi. rac Seexeba uf-

ros Taobas, m. qaldanis azriT, mis metKvelebaSi aseTi mkveTri

gardatexa ar momxdara, Tumca, rogorc mravalferovani faq-

tobrivi masalis analizma gviCvena, mcireodeni Taviseburebani

ufrosi Taobis metKvelebaSic SeiniSneba.

1. kodorel balsqvemoelTa metKvelebaSi grZeli xmov-

nebi pirvelad SeamCnia prof. m. qaldanma, xolo prof. i. Ca-

ntlaZem dasva maTi eqsperimentuli fonetikis aparaturiT

Seswavlis sakiTxi; ramdenime grZelxmovniani forma (es'Šgi èse

igi", itobŒlda `daitboreboda xolme", q'a dzˆgr’n `damT-

avrda", sgŒ'nƒ…idd `SemoviKvaneT", glexob’Si `glexobisac",

xoC‰mS… `kargiT", sg'’mJ…irex `Semagdes", C‹s `Kvelas" da a. S.)

dadasturda sakenSi, gvandraSi, tiSsa da aJaraSi mcxovreb

balsqvemoelTa memkvidreebis metKvelebaSi, rac, rasakvirvelia,

balszemouri dialeqtis gavlenis Sedegia.

2. kodoris xeobaSi Casaxlebuli beCoeli da ecereli

mTqmelebis metKvelebaSi SevniSneT o da u xmovnebis umlauti

(mind…ers `mindors", warmoS…ebiT `warmoSobiT", aTxanG…e�

àwic, amis merec"; ma nk…i `Tavdapirvelad", eSx…i èrTi",

ma nk…iSxen `Tavidan", qarT…ild `qarTulad" da sxva) iq, sa-

dac enguris xeobaSi mcxovrebi beCoeli da ecereli warmomad-

genlebisTvis is sruliad zedmetia, Tumca kanonzomieria bal-

szemourisTvis. es viTarebac interferenciis movlenad SeiZ-

leba CaiTvalos.

kodoruli dialeqtebi da am dialeqtebSi Semavali ki-

lokavebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian sxvadasxva fonetikuri

procesis (áÌÏÅÀÍÈÀ ÓÉÂÒÞe, ÖÌËÀÖÔÉ, ÒÄÃÖØÝÉa, delabializa-

cia, metaTezisi, bgeris CarTva-dakargva...), morfologiur-sin-

taqsur ÈÖ ËÄØÓÉÊÖÒ ÈÀÅÉÓÄÁÖÒÄÁÀÈÀ ÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÀ-ÀÒÀÒÓÄÁÏÁÉÈ, rac, faqtia, ganapiroba zemosvanuri dialeqtebis warmomadge-

nelTa wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanacxovrebam.

amJerad Cveni naSromis mizania balsqvemo svaneTidan ko-

doris xeobaSi CasaxlebulTa metKvelebis Taviseburebebis Se-

swavla Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze2.

77

3. erTi da imave mTqmelis metKvelebaSi, erTsa da imave

teqstSi, xSirad aqvs adgili paraleluri formebis xmarebas.

am formaTagan erTi enguris xeobis balsqvemo svaneTidan gata-

nili sitKvaa (tob `tba"), meore _ enguris xeobisave balszemo-

uris kuTvnilebaa (tŒmb), xolo mesame am dialeqtebis Serevis

Sedegad miGebuli, zemosvanurisTvis uCveulo forma (tomb3).

2 balsqvemour dialeqtze molaparakeTa areali moicavs Semdeg soflebs:

g…andra, barˆmba, saken, nahar…, buCukur, bˆZˆgˆr, aZgara, tiS, CxalTa,

aJara, zˆma, q…abCara. balsqvemoelebi cxovrobdnen agreTve sofel laTa-Sic

megrelebis, afxazebis, somxebisa da rusebis garemocvaSi.

3 sofel sakenis mkvidri, warmoSobiT ecereli, bavCi gurCiani samive

formas iKenebs.

76

r o e n a y k a d u a 4. dadginda isic, rom bgeraTa gauCinarebas sistematuri

xasiaTi aqvs kodorel balsqvemoelTa metKvelebaSi rogorc an-

lautSi (oda < hoda `hoda", ax < lax `Tu", …eSgme < G…eSgme

ùkana"...), aseve inlautsa (taqtor < traqtor `traqtori", dee

< demeºdemeg àrºara"...) da auslautSic (eCqa < eCqas `maSin", ma-

mag…e < mamag…eS àraferi", eJg…a < eJg…a r ìmisTana, ise-

Ti"...).

delabializacia kodoris xeobis mosaxleobis

metKvelebaSi da misi mimarTeba laxamuluri

kilokavis Sesabamis monacemebTan

samecniero literaturaSi (v. Tofuria, g. mayavariani, T.

gamKreliZe, m. qaldani, i. CantlaZe) aGniSnulia, rom svanur

enas axasiaTebs rogorc labializaciisken midrekileba, aseve de-

labializacia. labializacia mTeli svanurisaTvis aris damaxa-

siaTbeli, xolo delabializaciis procesi svanuri enis dialeq-

tebSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodgenili: naklebad SeimCneva bal-

szemour dialeqtSi; metnaklebad bunebrivia balsqvemourisaTvis

(eceruli, cxumaruli, gansakuTrebiT laxamuluri) da lentexu-

risaTvis. amJerad Cven gvainteresebs, Tu ra suraTi gvaqvs kodo-

ris xeobis mcxovrebTa metKvelebaSi, romelic svanuri enis ori

dialeqtis _ balszemourisa da balsqvemouris _ fonetikur-

gramatikuli movlenebis interferenciis nimuSs warmoadgens.

5. kodorel balsqvemoelTa metKvelebaSi SeiniSneba asi-

milaciis procesic. mag. warmoSobiT ecereli nina guJeJiani,

romelic amjamad sofel gvandraSi cxovrobs TiTqmis balsqve-

moelTa garemocvaSi, rogorc Cans, balszemouris gavlenas ma-

inc ganicdis, rac mis metKvelebaSi naTlad aisaxeba. am gavle-

nis Sedegia albaT balsqvemourisTvis miuGebeli formebi nin-

Zle… da linZle… `sanaZleo, naZlevi" (Sdr. misive q'a xnir-

zal `daeniZlave", nirzGa `niZlavis gamo").

garda amisa, TvalSisacemia e+… poziciaSi e's uumlaut-

oba, maSin, rodesac zemosvanur dialeqtebSi, am poziciaSi, um-

lauti TiTqmis KovelTvis xorcieldeba, Sdr. bq. nirzla …,

bz. linZla …, niZla … `sanaZleo, naZlevi", bq. wa …r, bz.

w’…r `wero", zs. uba d… ùbedo", bz. deka …il `dekeuli"

da a. S.

saqarTvelos samecniero fondis sagranto proeqtis mona-

wileebis mier Cawerili masalebidan Cans, rom balszemour dia-

leqtze mosaubreTa metKvelebaSi yarbobs labializebuli kom-

pleqsebis Semcveli leqsemebi. …e da …i difTongebi, ZiriTadad,

miGebulia o da u xmovanTa umlautis Sedegad (Tumca gvaqvs

fuZiseuli …e da …i mag.: k…en `kverna~, s…et `sveti~, y…er

`Kvavi~...).

6. sakensa da gvandraSi Casaxlebul balsqvemoelTa

metKvelebaSi dafiqsirda nominativis gaqvavebuli brunvis ni-

Sani -� araerT saxelSi (za � `weli", yala � `mdinare",

st…a f�a � `motvlepilTaviani"...). es movlenac, raGa Tqma

unda, balszemour dialeqtTan interferenciis movlenad mi-

viCnieT, radganac analogiur SemTxvevebSi enguris xeobis bal-

sqvemourSi -� arsad gvaqvs.

wina warmoebis labializebuli naumlautari xmovnebis

delabializacia (e, i xmovnebSi gadasvla) svanuri enis fone-

tikuri sistemis ganviTarebis axal xanad aris miCneuli. raki

aGniSnuli kompleqsebis gamartiveba balsqvemour dialeqts

ufro axasiaTebs, vidre balszemours, es imas niSnavs, rom um-

lautma balsqvemourSi metxans SeinarCuna moqmedebis unari.

7. rogorc masalis analizma cxadKo, cvlilebebi arcTu

ise mcirea, Tumca saboloo daskvnebisagan amJerad Tavs Sevika-

vebT, radganac gansaxilveli da Sesaswavli kodoris xeobis

balsqvemour metKvelebaSi Jer kidev bevria. kodorul metKvelebaSi, Cveni azriT, naklebad unda hqon-

des gasaqani delabializaciis movlenas, radganac aq ar gvaqvs

laxamuluris da lentexuris gavlena.

78 79

balszemour k…ewŒlid < kowŒlid (`cota~), J…eg < Jog-i,

lax…em < la-xom-e (`misca~), d‹k…en < diakvan-i, liw…ene < li-

wŒn-e (`Cveneba~) formaTa gverdiT kodoris xeobaSi SedarebiT

iSviaTia: laxem, TeTne (`TeTri~), sgebin (`win~), GeSgim

(ùkan~), TuTin (`TuTuni~) da a. S. leqsemebi.

balqvemo svaneTidan kodoris xeobaSi CasaxlebulTa me-

mkvidreebis metKveleba Tanabrad warmogvidgens orive variants:

T…ef º Tef (ùcxo~), TuT…in º TuTin: dr…e º dre… (`dro~) da

sxv.

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom kodoris xeobaSi gvxvdeba ise-

Ti formebic, sadac mosalodneli umlautiani xmovnebis adgi-

las gvaqvs uumlauto u an o: tele…izorqa awonax devnilars

_ `televizorSi aCvenebdnen devnilebs~ (jana calani, sof. ti-

Si _ beCo); balszemour dialeqtsa da balqvemouris zog ki-

lokavSi Cveulebriv gvaqvs a-w…en-ax, xolo laxamulurSi _

a-wen-a-x. aseve monwir (`mJobi~), nacvlad mˆnwir formis, Jodi

(`grZeli~) nacvlad J…edi º Jedi formebisa. es movlena SeniS-

nulia beCoursa da cxumarul metKvelebaSi (v. Tofuria, T. Sa-

raZeniZe, m. qaldani).

warmoSobiT lataleli revaz kvanyianis (sof. lafa)

metKvelebisaTvis bunebrivia …-s dakargva zmnaTa anlautSi

eliziur formebTan: Ca mƒedeli (< Cu-a-me-ƒed-e-li) jibe

S…a nxen _ `Camosula zemo svaneTidan~; miSgu mu Ca mtex (<

Cu a-me-tex) _ `mamaCemi (`Cemi mama~) Camobrunebula~.

eJ�a rGal Ca dƒacdax (< Cu a d-i-ƒac-d-a-x) _ ìsini

daiGupnen~ da sxv.

ganxiluli masala gvaZlevs safuZvels davaskvnaT, rom

kodoris xeobis mcxovrebTa metKvelebaSi, balszemourad mosa-

ubreTagan Caweril teqstebSi yarbobs ue da …i kompleqsiani

leqsebmebi, xolo balsqvemourSi dasturdeba TiTqmis parale-

luri xmareba labializebuli Tu delabializebuli formebi-

sa, magram laxamuluri kilokavis magvari gardaqmnebi (…e → e,

…i → i) aq ar gvaqvs, rac imiT aixsneba, rom am regionidan ko-

doris xeobaSi adgili ar hqonia Casaxlebas.

80

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