energetika, okoliš i održivi · pdf file19.11.2010 2 nuklearne elektrane, pregled...

19.11.2010

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Energetika, okoliš i održivi razvojEnergetika, okoliš i održivi razvoj

- nuklearni dio (1 od 3)- nuklearni dio (1 od 3)

Prof. dr. sc. Nikola Čavlina

1. D. Feretić, Ž. Tomšić, D. Škanata, N. Čavlina, D. Subašić: Elektrane i okoliš, Element, Zagreb, 2000.

Literatura:

‐ poglavlje 9poglavlje 9Sigurnost nuklearnih elektrana i njihov utjecaj na okoliš‐ poglavlje 12Kruti i tekući otpad iz elektrana (12.2. Radioaktivni otpad)

‐ dodatno:

2EOOR – nuklearni dio 1 od 3

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Nuklearne elektrane, pregled stanjaNuklearne elektrane, pregled stanja

Gorivni ciklusGorivni ciklus


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440 nuklearnih energetskih reaktora, u 30 zemalja ukupna instalirana snaga 376,000 MWe preko14,000 reaktor godina pogonskog iskustva proizvode ~ 14% svjetskih potreba za električnom energijom

(updated September 2010)

EOOR – nuklearni dio 1 od 3

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Gorivo korišteno za proizvodnju električne energije u 2006.


Energija iz fosilnih goriva

CO2

• Gustoća energije: 2.9 x 107 J/kg

• Potrošnja goriva u postrojenju 1000-MWe : 7,300,000 kg/dan

Kisik( O2)

Ugljen(2 CH)

izgaranje

160 eV

vodena para52


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Nuklearna fisija

Fisijski proizvodi

t fisija l č

• Gustoća energije: 8 2 x 1013 J/kg

neutron235

U

neutron

neutron

fisija

235U,

239Pu, etc.

200 MeV

fisija

fisija

lančana reakcija

• Gustoća energije: 8.2 x 10 J/kg

• Potrošnja goriva u postrojenju 1000-MWe : 3.2 kg/dan

7EOOR nuklearni dio 1 od 3

Nuclear Power Reactors: World Map


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Nuclear Power Plants in Operation in Europe

Source: ENS


EU‐27 Ovisnost o uvozu energenata i diverzifikacija


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Emisije stakleničkih plinova tijekom cijelog životnog ciklusa elektrane

Fosilne tehnologije Ne‐fosilne tehnologije


Study by NEA and the IEA, The Projected Costs of Generating Electricity: 2010 Update

Source: R.Cameron:Projected costs of electricity generation, ENC 2010, Barcelona

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90

100

Costs of Generating ElectricitySensitivity on fuel costs ‐ example

30

40

50

60

70

80

Pro

izv

od

na

cij

en

el.

e.

eu

ro/M

Wh

150 300

440

Uranium price $/kg

220 Natural gas price $/1000m3

30

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Coal price $/t


Evolution of Nuclear Power


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First Man Made Nuclear Reactor

Chicago Pile‐1 (CP‐1) was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor.

The first artificial, self‐sustaining, nuclear chain reaction was initiated within CP 1 onreaction was initiated within CP‐1, on December 2, 1942. The pile went critical at 3:20 p.m. Fermi shut it down 33 minutes later.

The reactor was a pile of uranium and graphite blocks, assembled under the supervision of Enrico Fermi.

It contained critical mass of the fissile material, together with control rods, and was built as a part of Manhattan Project research done by h f h ll lthe University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory.

The pile consisted of:– Uranium pellets as a neutron–producing

"core" separated from one another by

– Graphite blocks to slow the neutrons.

– Cd coated rods for control of the reaction.


Development of Commercial Nuclear Power

"Atoms for Peace" :– Title of a speech by Dwight D. Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in 1953.

Th U i d S h l h d "A f P "– The United States then launched an "Atoms for Peace" program that supplied equipment and information to schools, hospitals, and research institutions within the U.S. and throughout the world.

The Atomic Energy Act signed on August 1, 1946, transfers the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands.

United Nations' "First Geneva Conference“ in 1955.

EURATOM In 1957 was launched alongside the European Economic Community (ECC).

In 1957 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is established. IAEA Headquarters in Vienna, Austria


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Trgovački brodovi na nuklearni pogon

Russian Ice-breaker Krasin Heading For Antarctic To Rescue U.S. Polar Station McMurdo

Erazmo Tićac

Development of Commercial Nuclear Power

–The Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Shippingport, Pennsylvania was the first commercial reactor in the USA, opened in 1957.

–Westinghouse in USA designed and built the first fully commercial PWR (250MWe) Yankee Rowe 1960‐1992.

–The Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) was developed by Argonne National Lab (ANL). The first one was built and designed by GE: Dresden‐1 (250MWe)

Yankee Rowe, First commercial PWR.

designed by GE: Dresden 1 (250MWe).Comercial operation in 1960.

–Canada using natural uranium fuel and heavy water as moderator developed the CANDU design in 1962.

Dresden‐1, First commercial BWR.


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Nuclear Accidents: Three Mile Island (1979)

http://www.ohiocitizen.org/campaigns/electric/2004/ph_three_mile_island500.jpg

http://www.inl.gov/threemileisland/inl.shtml

Fuel TypeAverage Capacity

Factors (%)

Nuclear Power Plants Capacity Factor

Fuel Type Factors (%)

Nuclear 91.8

Coal (Steam Turbine)

71.8

Gas (Combined Cycle)

43.3

Gas (Steam Turbine) 16.0

Oil (Steam Turbine) 19 6Oil (Steam Turbine) 19.6

Hydro 27.8

Wind 30.4

Solar 19.8

* Source: Global Energy Decisions / Energy Information Administration


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Temički reaktori , gen III i III+


Generation IV Systems


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Hydrogen Production


Nuklearne elektrane u Francuskoj

!


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Finland as example: why new NPPs?

OL3 construction site in May 2010

Why OL3 ?

OL3 meets growing demand for electricity

reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Finland reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Finland

support the competitiveness of Finnish industry by offering a reliable electricity supply at a reasonable price

reduce dependence on electricity imports

Source: TVO

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Finland: Electric Power Capacity

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Olkiluoto 3Primjer: Finska


Odlaganje radiaktivnog otpada i istrošenog goriva

Olkiluoto NPP Loviisa NPP

Primjer: Finska

spent nuclear fuel

The final disposal repository for operating waste in Olkiluoto, in operation from 1992

In Loviisa, final disposal of operating waststarted in 1998.


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Pridobivanje dozvola i izgradnja nove nuklearne elektrane

Construction

Primjer: Finska

?

Construction license applied Jan 2004

Competitive bidding Plant sitePlant supplier

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EIA report 1999EIA process

DiP Application Nov 2000Government Jan 2002Parliament May 2002

applied Jan 2004 granted Feb 2005

source: www.tvo.fi


Nuklearne elektrane u izgradnji (61)


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Countries Considering Nuclear Power

Operating (30) Considering (43) Expressing interest (25)

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Source: IAEA, B.Tyobeka: Global Status of Nuclear Power, Int. Conf. HND, 2010


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“scaling” 1 : 1000

Hrvatska svijet

Stanovništvo 5 milijuna 7 milijardi

Potrošnja energije 17 TWh 17.000 TWh

Proizvodnja iz nukl.el. 2.5 TWh 2.500 TWh

Broj nuklearnih el. 0.5* 440

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oj u ea e 0 5 0


EES Hrvatske

Total Power Product. Nuclear Power(including Nuclear)

Hungary 35.377 GWh(e) 12.787 GWh(e)Slovakia 32.805 GWh(e) 17.953 GWh(e)Czech Republic 76.348 GWh(e) 18.738 GWh(e)

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Regionalna elektroenergetska bilanca

-7,5 TWh

-0,5 TWh

+4,0 TWh (Ukraine)+10,0 TWh (Slovakia)

+2,0 TWh+2,5 TWh+37,5 TWh

(France, Switzerland)+3,0 TWh

+1,0 TWh

-3,0 TWh-3,0 TWh

-1,5 TWh

0,0 TWh

-40,0 TWh 0,0 TWh

-2,0 TWh

(France, Switzerland)

-1,5 TWh

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Neto izvoznik

Neto uvoznik

Najveći uvoznik

-4,0 TWh


Slovakia , in 2007, 28.1 billion kWh gross was produced, 55% of this from nuclear power

66%

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Czech Republic, in 2007, electricity generation was 88.2 billion kWh, of which 62% (54.9 billion kWh) was from coal, 30% (26.2 billion kWh) from nuclear, with net exports of 16.2 billion kWh

Hungary , in 2008, electricity generation was 40.0 billion kWh, of which nuclear 14.8 billion kWhthe price of a kilowatt‐hour of electricity from Paks was 3.58 Euro cents/kWh

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Strategy of Energy Development in Croatia Power plants: Installed capacities and new capacities

coal‐fired power plants and gas‐fired power plants, with installed capacity of 1200 MW each, are expected to be built before the year 2020

decision to build nuclear power plant will be made by the end of the year 2012

….41EOOR – nuklearni dio 1 od 3

. . .

Republika Hrvatska pokreće hrvatski nuklearni energetski program

U Programu provedbe Strategije Vlada Republike Hrvatske razradit će program pripremnih aktivnosti kako bi se do kraja 2012. godine moglo

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p g p p j g gpristupiti donošenju odluke o izgradnji nuklearne elektrane

Donošenje odluke o izgradnji nuklearne elektrana očekuje se najkasnije 2012.godine


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Nuklearna opcija je sadržana u energetskom

planu

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2012. g. ?Ref.: IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG‐G‐3.1Milestones in the Development of a NationalInfrastructure For Nuclear Power


1974. • investitori Savske elektrane Ljubljana i

Elektroprivreda Zagreb u sklopili ugovor oElektroprivreda Zagreb u sklopili ugovor o nabavi opreme i gradnji s Westinghouseom

• položen je kamen temeljac za nuklearnu elektranu Krško

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040


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Procjena potrebnog broja kadrova za nuklearni program

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Ref.: Sara Scott, Los Alamos National Laboratory: Modeling Human Resource Development for New Nuclear Power Programs, International Conference on Human Resource Development for Introducing and Expanding Nuclear Power Programs, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, March 14 to 18, 2010


Razmatranja i podloge za odluku o realizaciji nuklearnog programa:

1. Nacionalno stajalište2. Nuklearna sigurnost 3. Upravljanje nuklearnim programom4. Financiranje programa 5 Zakonski okvir5. Zakonski okvir6. Pitanje proliferacije7. Regulatorni okvir 8. Zaštita od zračenja 9. Elektroenergetska mreža 10. Kadrovi za nuklearni program11. Zaštita okoliša 12. Komunikacija s javnošću 13. Lokacija i infrastruktura14. Krizno planiranje

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14. Krizno planiranje15. Sigurnost i fizička zaštita 16. Nuklearni gorivni ciklus17. Zbrinjavanje radioaktivnog otpada18. Uključivanje lokalne industrije 19. Politika nabave opreme i usluga

do 2012.g. !!!


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“Nuclear power is not a solution for climate change”Greens tabled an amendment calling for a phase-out plan for nuclear

European Parliament vote tracker

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U 2008. godini:hidroelektrane 5890 GWhtermoelektrane 4978 GWhTE Plomin 2 1514 GWh Nukl.el. Krško (1/2) 2985 GWh


u e š o ( / ) 985 G

HE38%

TE32%

Plomin 210%

NEK20%

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TE Plomin II• snaga 210MW • gorivo: ugljen

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Faktori emisija postojećih proizvodnih jedinica HEP-a

CO2 SOx NOx Česticeg/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh

Plomin 2 1091 08 7 99 1 61 0 19Plomin 2 1091,08 7,99 1,61 0,19PTE Osijek 593,38 0,05 2,68 0,02TE Rijeka 763,20 4,28 1,86 0,81novi blok TETO Zagreb 280,87 0,02 0,90 0,02NE Krško 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Primjer ‐ Plomin 2 godišnja proizvodnja el.en. 1500 GWh

CO2 1091 g/kWh x 1500 106 kWh = 1.636.500 tona


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Nukl. el. Krško godišnja proizvodnja el. en.


Usporedba elektrana Krško i Angra‐1(31.12.2009.)

= 67.038.000 MWh

~ 3 milijarde €


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I d

Iskorištenjegoriva u

Skl dišt j

Nuklearni gorivni ciklus

Konverzija

Obogaćenje

Izradagorivnih

elemenata

reaktoru Skladištenjeistrošenog

goriva

Prerada

Pridobivanjei prerada

rudačeOdlaganje


Nuklearni gorivni ciklus


energetika, okoliš i održivi · pdf file19.11.2010 2 nuklearne elektrane, pregled...

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