energy policy in light of climate change and the nuclear ... iran france finland argentina ukraine...

52
The Regulatory Assistance Project Home Office (US) 50 State Street, Suite 3 Montpelier, VT 05602 Phone: 802-223-8199 web: www.raponline.org 鉴于气候变化和日本核事故的 电力部门政策 -环境与可持续发展市长高级研修班项目 Frederick Weston 17 June 2011

Upload: phungtuyen

Post on 21-Mar-2018

223 views

Category:

Documents


10 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

The Regulatory Assistance Project Home Office (US) 50 State Street, Suite 3 Montpelier, VT 05602

Phone: 802-223-8199 web: www.raponline.org

鉴于气候变化和日本核事故的 电力部门政策

耶鲁-清华 环境与可持续发展市长高级研修班项目

Frederick Weston

17 June 2011

Page 2: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

全球性的能源挑战

• 对现代经济十分重要

–争夺供给

• 环境影响

–水资源利用,土地利用,空气污染

–气候变化

2

Page 3: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

电力

• 占世界上大概 :

– 30%的CO2 排放

– 50%的SO2排放

– 25% 的NOX 排放

3

Page 4: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

福岛核电站

• 一部分曾经被视作 ―极不可能需要防备的‖ 问题似乎在3月11日后的5天内发生了

– 里氏9.0级地震

– 随后发生的巨大海啸

– 由于柴油发电机故障时间过长,核电站长时间断电 (又称电力损失)

– 多起氢爆炸

– 4(?) 座乏燃料棒存储池中缺少制冷剂和燃料破坏

– 压力容器破坏(多处)?

4

Page 5: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

福岛核电站

• 一部分曾经被视作 ―极不可能需要防备的‖ 问题似乎在3月11日后的5天内发生了

– 安全壳破坏(多处)

– 大约占全球核电装机容量1%的核电站被永久性的破坏,而且这一过程在全球范围的电视节目中现场直播。

– 撤离疏散范围大于10英里半径

– 在一次主要自然灾害中撤离

– 一个曾经备受尊敬的管理体制的失败

5

Page 6: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

其他影响

• 对东京电力公司造成的破坏 – 世界第四大电力公司

• 对健康的影响尚不明确,被风缓和

• 疏散了10万人 • 土地污染,有些会持续多年 • 海洋污染 • 食物污染 • 多于1000亿美元的责任问题尚未解决 • 日本政府的生存问题未知

6

Page 7: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

一些拒绝新建核设施的国家

• 德国

• 瑞士

• 日本

• 意大利

• 一些国家推迟首个核反应堆的建设

7

Page 8: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

仍计划新建核反应堆的国家

• 法国 • 英国 • 中国 • 俄罗斯 • 韩国

• 美国 • 波兰 • 阿拉伯联合酋长国 • 捷克 • 印度 (?) • 伊朗

8

Page 9: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

USA

Pakistan

Iran

France

Finland

Argentina

Ukraine

Japan

Bulgaria

S. Korea

India

Russia

China

建设中的核反应堆

9

中国

俄罗斯

印度

韩国

保加利亚

日本

乌克兰

阿根廷

芬兰

法国

伊朗

巴基斯坦

美国

Page 10: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

美国的核电成本问题

• 成本估计(包括建造核反应堆)表明,新的核能发电成本将在每千瓦时12-20美分之间 (79-132 分/kWh)

• 是2006-2008年间新英格兰地区平均市场价的两倍多

– 是2009-2011年电力价格的3倍多

• 能源部现在的天然气预测表明,未来至少20年内,天然气发电价格不会超过每千瓦时8 美分 (53分 /kWh)

• 政府补贴不是降低费用——只会把投资者的风险转移给纳税人

• 大量可用的终端效率,少于每千瓦时4美分 (27 分/kWh)

10 7/1/2011

Page 11: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

全球CO2的累积排放量

11

从1950年起,

以十亿吨记

Page 12: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

政策的缺失. . .

• 美国没有关于气候的立法

• 没有全球性的气候条约

– 京都议定书将要过期

• 个别国家和地区的行动

12

Page 13: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

. . . 驱动其他活动

• 欧洲 – 排放交易计划 (ETS)

– 可再生能源法令

– 终端使用效率“白色证书”项目

– 英国与能源部门改革

• 美国 – 东部区域温室气体协议 (RGGI)

– 加州及西部气候协议

• 中国 – 可再生能源

– 终端使用效率

– 区域空气质量管理

• 印度 – “执行,实现,交易” 能源效率 (“白色证书”) 贸易机制

13

Page 14: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

中国和印度为何重要?

14

在参考情景下与能源相关的CO2排放

预计从现在到2030年的排放增量中有97%来自非OECD国家—3/4来自中国,印度以及中东地区。

Page 15: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

中国的能源使用快速增长

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html NBS, China Statistical Yearbook, various

years. The 2009 China Energy Statistical Yearbook , and China Energy Databook, v7.

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

百万

吨油

当量

Commercial Buildings

Residential Buildings

Transportation

Industry

2009 total

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2009

美国

商业建筑

民用建筑

交通

工业

Page 16: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

在CO2排放上增长速率更快

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gas Report, 2009.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/carbon.html NBS, China Statistical Yearbook, various years. The 2009 China Energy Statistical Yearbook ;

Carbon dioxide emissions of China are calculated based on reported fuel shares of total primary energy consumption and IPCC carbon emission factors.

China Energy Databook, v7.

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Mill

ion

To

nn

es

CO

2

中国

commercial

transportation

residential

industry

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2008

美国

商业建筑

民用建筑

交通

工业

Page 17: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

中国的经济、气候和能源目标

• 到2020年保持经济增速每年7%

• 到2020年碳浓度(单位GDP CO2排放量)降低

40-45%(相对2005年)

• 到2020年提高非化石燃料在初级能源中的比例

到15%

17

Page 18: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

中国“十二五”规划中的 空气质量、能源及气候目标

• “十二五”规划确定了以下命令目标 (除另外表

明外均为截至2015年相对2010年的减少百分比):

– SO2排放减少8%;

– NOx排放减少10%;

– 重金属(汞、铅、铬、镉、砷)污染对重点地区相对

2007年减少15%;

– 能源强度降低16%;

– 碳强度降低17%。

Page 19: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

中国的努力: 对于世界的经验教训

• 可再生能源

– 中国在风电装机量上位于世界领先地位

• “环境调度”

– 基于排放的电网运行

• 终端使用能量效率

– 排名前1000位企业

– 高能效发电厂 (EPPs)

– 电网公司效率要求

• 0.3% 的电力需求由终端使用效率投资完成

• 地区空气质量管理 (RAQM) 条例

• 能源上限

– 贸易项目

– 总煤炭消耗限制的目标

• 低碳发展与规划

– 13个省级和市级示范

19

Page 20: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

全球风电装机总量

20

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

2003-2010年每年不同地区装机总量

Page 21: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

全球页岩气评估: 一种可维持百年的资源

21

US EIA, “International Shale Gas Resource Assessment”, April 2011

洲 地质储量

(万亿立方英尺) 技术可采储量 (万亿立方英尺)

Page 22: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

但页岩气会造成环境问题

• 水资源消耗

• 地表水污染(含裂解液体)

• 污水排放/地表水

• 钻井运行过程的空气污染

• 生命周期甲烷/温室气体排放

22

Page 23: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

总结

• 核能的未来并不确定:成本过高,危险过大

• 天然气将在未来的10-20年间保持相对便宜的价格

• 终端使用能源效率是最便宜的资源

• 可再生能源的成本迅速降低

• 缺乏全球领导者,尤以美国为主,阻碍了全球气候合约的实现

• 各个国家由于经济利益驱使而自主进行行动:清洁能源策略是

长期成本最低的

– 需要认识到:能源与环境法规必须相互结合

• 创新无处不在

– 共享最优方法

23

Page 24: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

About RAP

The Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) is a global, non-profit team of experts that focuses on the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of the power and natural gas sectors. RAP has deep expertise in regulatory and market policies that:

Promote economic efficiency Protect the environment Ensure system reliability Allocate system benefits fairly among all consumers

Learn more about RAP at www.raponline.org

Rick Weston, [email protected]

关于RAP

监管援助项目(RAP)是一个全球性的非盈利专家组织,专注于能源与天然气部门的长期经济与环境可持续发展。RAP在监管与市场政策上具有很高的权威性: • 提升经济效率 • 保护环境 • 确保系统稳定性 • 在消费者中公平分配系统收益 了解更多有关RAP的知识:www.raponline.org

Page 25: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Appendix 1: Additional Information

25

Page 26: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Status of Existing US Reactors

• 104 in operation • One under construction • 61 license extensions (from

40 to 60 years) • 135 increases in units’

capacity, called ―uprates,‖ totaling some 5800 megawatts (MW), have been approved – Equivalent of 6 new nuclear

plants – another 1500 MW pending – 1800 MW more expected

before 2015

26

Page 27: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Productivity Improvements in the Face of Competition

27

Page 28: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

There is not a ―Nuclear Renaissance‖ in the United States

• No new orders since 1978

• All reactors ordered after 1974 cancelled

• No new reactors ever bid in US power markets – Power markets

explain the demise of new nuclear in the US

28

Page 29: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Mycle Schneider Consulting

Page 30: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

30

Page 31: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

31

Page 32: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

RGGI: Key Points

区域性温室气体倡议 :要点 • First mandatory, market-

based CO2 emissions reduction program in U.S.

• Power sector CO2 capped; 10% reduction by 2018

• Cap-and-Invest: a two-pronged reduction strategy

CO2 allowances are auctioned.

As of 12/31/10 , regional auctions generated USD $789 million.

Auction revenue is invested in state programs for renewable energy and energy efficiency.

• 美国首个以基于市场的强制性 CO2 减排计划

• 设定电力行业 CO2 排放量上限;到 2018 年实现减排 10%

• “限额和投资”是个双管齐下的减排战略

二氧化碳津贴被拍卖

至12/31/10,区域拍卖产生了7.89亿美元

拍卖收入投资于州上政府的可再生能源和能效方案

32

Page 33: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)

区域性温室气体倡议 (RGGI)

33

Page 34: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

A New Resource: Shale Gas North American Resources

34

Page 35: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

European Shale Gas

35

Page 36: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Indian Shale Gas

• Cambay Basin (western coast), Assam-Arakan (eastern coast), Damodar Basin (eastern coast), Krishana Godavari (eastern coast) and Gondwana (central India) are expected to hold shale resources.

• Studies by state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corp. of India and Oil India Ltd.

• First well in eastern play was drilled in October 2010 by Oil and Natural Gas Corp and recently completed. It targeted a 2,000 foot thick Permian shale at 6,000 feet.

• Oil India has initiated a project in Assam-Arakan basin.

36

Page 37: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Chinese Shale Gas

• High potential shales in several basins including Sichuan in south.

• Lower Paleozoic (Cambrian) in Sichuan and Mesozoic shales to north.

• Cambrian shales – good organics, thick, brittle, with gas shows. Much older than U.S. shales.

37

Page 38: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

China’s Low-Carbon Development Pilots

• July 2010, NDRC initiated 13 high profile low-carbon pilot projects in cities and provinces

• Testing grounds for models of low-carbon growth, high spillover potential

• Pilots required to: • develop and implement

low-carbon action plans, • spur clean-tech

innovation, • launch low-carbon R&D

programs • develop GHG emissions

inventories.

Page 39: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Appendix 2: Climate-Friendly Air Quality Management 气候友好型 空气质量管理

39

Page 40: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Definition 定义

• 空气污染与温室气体(二氧化碳为主)同根

同源,大都是来自化石能源的燃烧,因此一些空气污染防控措施如节

能和利用可再生能源也能减少温室气体排放。

• 一些空气污染物如地面臭氧(光化学污染)和黑炭颗粒物,也有全球暖化的效果。

• Both air pollutants and GHGs mainly come from burning of fossil fuels, some key measures such as energy efficiency and renewable energy could reduce both emissions.

• Some air pollutants are also global warming agents, such as ozone and black carbon.

40

Page 41: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Why Is Climate-Friendly AQM Important? 气候友好型 空气质量管理为什麽重要?

• 同时减少大气污染物排

放以及温室气体排放将非常具有成本效益和时效性。

• 采用联合且优化的控制手段,可以仅需要50%的污染控制成本就实现大气污染控制,并同时实现8%的碳减排。

• 帮助实现国家总体的碳排放强度目标和能源强度目标。

• Reducing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions jointly is cost-effective and timely.

• Combined or optimized control approach = 50% of the cost of using pollution control measures only; with additional 8% reduction in CO2 emissions.

• Achieves air quality, carbon intensity, and energy intensity goals simultaneously.

41

Page 42: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

GAINS-Asia Modeling for China 2030

中国2030年的GAINS-Asia模型结果

42

温室气体减排措施

住宅的能效措施

工业企业的能效措施

热电联产

电力节约以及可再生能源使用

大气污染控制措施

生活颗粒物PM的控制措施

大型企业颗粒物PM的控制措施

大型企业NOX 的控制措施

大型企业SO2的控制措施

将由大气污染所造成的卫生影响降低5

0%

的成本

(单位:1

0

亿欧元2

030

年)

仅依靠

大气污染控制措施 同时应用大气污染控制措施

以及温室气体减排措施

Page 43: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Sample Co-Control Measures 气候友好的大气质量控制措施清单样本

– End-use energy efficiency (in power, industry, building & transport sectors)

• E.g., waste heat recovery (reducing power demand by 25-35% in a cement plant)

– Renewable Energy (Danish CHP facilities use hot water thermal storage to integrate wind)

– Poly-generation and advanced industrial ecology policies

– Fuel switching – Urban methane/bio-gas utilization – Coal washing (less pollution and 10-

20% less coal burned by coal-fired plants)

– Cleaner, more efficient coal technologies

– Reasonable control of growth in fossil-fuel consumption

– Cleaner vehicles and fuels – Urban planning public transport, BRT

– 能效(在电力,工业,建筑,运输) – 例如:废热回收 (减少水泥厂为

25-35%的电力需求) – 可再生能源 (丹麦的热电联产设施用热水蓄热整合风能)

– 多联产和高级的工业化生态政策 – 燃料替换 – 城市的甲烷/生物气体的利用 – 煤炭清洗 (少污染, 火电厂少燃烧10-20% 煤燃料)

– 更加清洁高效的煤技术 – 合理的燃煤和其他化石燃料的消费总量控制

– 清洁车辆和燃料 – 城市规划以及公共交通系统,快速公交

43

Page 44: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

2010 State Council Regional Air Quality Rule

大气污染联防联控 [国办发(2010)33号]

Page 45: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

China’s RAQM Rule embodies the principles of Climate-Friendly Air Quality Management

• Key elements of RAQ M Rule – Limited construction of new coal plants

and other heavy industrial facilities; – Air pollution emissions standards for

energy-intensive industries, including coal-fired power generation, iron & steel, petrochemicals, and cement , that are more stringent than national standards;

– Aggressive urban deployment of clean energy resources, including natural gas, renewable electricity, and end-use energy efficiency;

– Phase-out of small coal-fired boilers; – Regional caps on coal-consumption; – Regional NOX emissions caps;

denitrification of coal plants ahead of the 12th Five Year Plan

Page 46: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Appendix 3: New & Innovative Instruments for Climate-Friendly AQM

新型&创新的管理工具

46

Page 47: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Require Advanced Planning by Enterprises

要求企业提前制定计划

• 针对多种污染物开发建立长期的控制战略

– 应该修改目前的标准,在未来增加新的标准。。

• 针对长期的发展,当地污染排放标准能够明确提出逐渐严格的标准,这样企业可以更好地进行投资决策。

• Develop long-term multi-pollutant control strategies

– existing standards will be revised, and new standards will be added in the future。

• Local emission standards can specify increasingly stringent standards for long-run development, so enterprises can make better judgment in their investment decisions。

47

Page 48: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Emissions Offsets & Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

排放抵销和环境影响评价 (EIA)

• 针对新建项目环境绩效的改进,环境影响评价(EIA)可以成为一个非常有力的工具 。

• 污染物排放总量控制制度引发了新的政策,这要求企业通过购买污染信用额度来抵消其SO2与COD的排放。可以考虑将 NOX 也纳入这个体系进行管理。 – 在十二五规划中设立的NOX 总量控制要求

• EIA is a powerful tool for improving the performance of new construction.

• Total emission control approach has triggered policy by which a new facility must offset its SO2 and COD emissions by purchasing pollution offset credits. NOX could be treated similarly.

– Total emissions control of NOX in the 12th FYP

48

Page 49: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Offset Future Industrial Energy Use

抵销未来的工业用能

环境影响评价的方法可以应用于能源消耗。 • 可以要求新建工厂的项目建议书中包含通过采用先进的技术或者节能措施,如热电联产,废热回收,或者通过第三方购买节能额度等方式,抵消一部分未来的能源消耗。

• 或者,节能额度可以被设计成为能够抵减多种污染物的一种额度。

The EIA approach could be applied to energy consumption. • New plant proposals can be required to

offset a portion of electricity consumption through the application of advanced techniques of industrial efficiency, like cogeneration or waste heat recovery, or through the purchase of energy efficiency savings from a third party energy service company.

• Alternatively, energy efficiency savings could be designed to qualify as a multi-pollutant offset credit.

49

Page 50: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Financial Incentives and Penalties

财务激励和处罚措施

• 价格措施可以有效的将环境成本内部化并且鼓励表现好的行动: – 燃煤锅炉的经验(重庆):污染持续监控系统(CEMS), 加上每日处罚。排污的费用会引导企业家决定将燃料更换为天然气;

– 基于此经验,可以提出的措施包括(下一张PPT)

• Pricing practices can help internalize environmental externalities and reward good behavior:

– Chinese experience with coal-fired boilers (Chongqing): CEMS, plus daily penalties, pollution fees led to enterprises’ decisions to switch fuels to natural gas;

– Ideas to build upon this experience are (next slide):

50

Page 51: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Suggested Financial Incentives to Consider

建议的财务激励措施 (1)

1. Differential electricity pricing: enhance implementation, and apply increased differential rates for inefficient and polluting industrial operations.

2. Environmental / efficiency dispatch: can reward more efficient generation units, and those which better implement pollution control measures (beyond standard requirements), and potentially IGCC (IGCC needs subsidy as well).

1. 实施差别电价:加强实施,并且加大电价的差异,尤其针对污染行业低效的生产活动.

2.节能调度: 可以鼓励更节能的,以及更清洁的,对于污染控制做的好的企业(超过标准的要求),以及IGCC (IGCC同样需要补贴)。

51

Page 52: Energy Policy in Light of Climate Change and the Nuclear ... Iran France Finland Argentina Ukraine ... Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, ... high profile low-carbon pilot

Suggested Financial Incentives to Consider

建议的财务激励措施 (2)

3.金融机构在进行贷款决定时需要考虑绿色信用:建立一个评估企业环境绩

效的体系,并且将这些信息提供给商业银行作为贷款决

策的参照信息。

3. Green credit for loan decisions at financial institutions: create an evaluation system to grade enterprises, to provide commercial banks for reference when making loan decisions.

52