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ENG 2003 - 언어학개론Historical Linguistics

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Historical Linguistics

the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialects

Old English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.

Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)

Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers

Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)

Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .

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the study of how language changes of time and of the historicalrelationships between languages and dialectsOld English: 450CE – 1100CE (Beowulf)

And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende togodes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage. [royal proclamation]And I make known to you, that I will be a civilized lord faithful toGod’s rights and to the worldly laws.





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Middle English: 1100 – 1500 (Chaucer)Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote. . .When April with its sweet showers



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Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .

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ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 28





Early Modern English: 1500 – 1700 (Shakespeare)Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name. . .

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Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little known

woraka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’

Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)

Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)

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Old Korean (before 1000 AD) – very little knownworaka (used by ruling class)/kici (used by commoners) – ‘king’kuti – ‘falcon’tohel – ‘field’

Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)

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Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)

Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)

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Middle Korean (approx 1000 – 1700)Middle Korean Modern Korean Englishnamo namu 나무 treekamakoj kkamaky/4i 까마귀 crowtalO talW 다르 differentskum-Wl kkum-Wl 꿈을 dream-ACCmuzwu mu: 무 turnip (length distinction lost)

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History of Historical Linguistics

Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).

Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct

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Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of Europe

The languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28


Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europe

careful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28


Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.

Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28


Sir William Jones in the late 18th century (and withGaston-Laurent Cœurdoux).Both scholars proposed that the languages of India (includingHindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, etc.) were related to thelanguages of EuropeThe languages of southern India are NOT related to the languagesof Europecareful study of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek → Indo-Europeanlanguages.Sir Williams Jones later hypothesized that Persian was also relatedto the Indo-European languages → correct

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 4 / 28

Regularity of Sound Change

cot/caught merger affects all words with [O] and [A]

not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects

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not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’

Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28



not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]

gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28



not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasive

all words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28



not just ‘cot’ and ‘caught’Northern Cities Vowel Shift (in US) - [A] → [æ] “socks” [sæks]gives rise to sound correspondences – Consistent and pervasiveall words with [æ] in Northern Cities dialects have [A] in otherdialects

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 28

Historical Changes in English

Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400-1600

i → [aI“]

æ a:

E:E

e: eI“

I

i: u:

U

o:oU“

O:

aI“aU“

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Historical Changes in English

Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400-1600i → [aI

“]

æ a:

E:E

e: eI“

I

i: u:

U

o:oU“

O:

aI“aU“

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Trisyllabic Laxing

tense vowels become lax in words of three syllables or more.(sometimes two syllables)

often with addition of suffixBefore GVS After GVS

‘divine’ [divin@] [d@vaI“n]

‘divinity’ [d@vIn@ti] [d@vIn@ti]

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Trisyllabic Laxing

tense vowels become lax in words of three syllables or more.(sometimes two syllables)often with addition of suffix

Before GVS After GVS‘divine’ [divin@] [d@vaI

“n]

‘divinity’ [d@vIn@ti] [d@vIn@ti]

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Some Historical Changes in English

Loss of verb-second (V2)

Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]

a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten

‘Peter ate the bread.’b Das

theBrotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten

‘Peter ate the bread.’c Heute

todayhathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten

‘Peter ate the bread today.’

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Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-second

the tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]

a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


theBrotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten


todayhathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28


Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.

(1) [preamble=German]

a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


theBrotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten


todayhathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 28


Loss of verb-second (V2)Germanic languages exhibit a phenomenon called verb-secondthe tensed verb (or auxiliary if there is one) must appear after thefirst major constituent in the sentence.(1) [preamble=German]

a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten

‘Peter ate the bread.’

b Dasthe

Brotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten


todayhathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


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a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


theBrotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten

‘Peter ate the bread.’

c Heutetoday

hathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


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a PeterPeter

hathas

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


theBrotbread

hathat

PeterPeter

gegesseneaten


todayhathas

PeterPeter

dasthe

Brotbread

gegesseneaten


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V2 in Shakespeare:

Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .

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V2 in Shakespeare:Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]

Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .

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V2 in Shakespeare:Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer. . . [RichardIII]Now the winter of our discontent is made glorious summer. . .

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Some Historical Changes in Korean

Loss of [z]

Middle Korean /muzu/ → mu: (무)musu 전라, 충청, 강원도, 함경남도musi: 전라, 경상남도mu: 충청남도, 강원도, 경기도, 황해, 평안북도, 함경남도mui: 강원도, 황해mu.yu: 경기도, 황해

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 28

Some Historical Changes in Korean

Loss of [z]Middle Korean /muzu/ → mu: (무)

musu 전라, 충청, 강원도, 함경남도musi: 전라, 경상남도mu: 충청남도, 강원도, 경기도, 황해, 평안북도, 함경남도mui: 강원도, 황해mu.yu: 경기도, 황해

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Words over Time

Formation of new words

synchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로

back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /

>tS/)

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Words over Time

Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)

from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로


>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time

Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)

mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로


>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time

Formation of new wordssynchronic (active in the mind of the speaker)from morphology (at the beginning of the semester)mechanize → mechanization; 일반 → 일반적으로


>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time


back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffix

babysitter → babysitcherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /

>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time


back-formation - The re-analysis of a sequence of phones as anaffixbabysitter → babysit

cherries → cherry (cf. Modern French cérise historically withinitial /

>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time



>tS/)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 11 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.

end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping

• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium

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Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)

beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)

middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).

clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)

English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouse

clipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전

backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Clipping is the removal of part of a word to create a shortenedform of the word.end of word being removed - (apocope)beginning of a word removed - (apheresis)middle of the word removed - (syncope).clipping in Korean: 모과 < 목과 (‘quince’), 가난 < 간난(‘hardship’), 기저기 < 기저귀 (diaper)English: advertisement < ad, mutt < muttonhead, pub < publichouseclipped compound : sci-fi < science-fiction, 교카충 <교통카드충전backformation versus clipping


ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time


• backformation makes a new word of a different category: edit < editor

• clipping makes a shortened form of the same word: gym < gymnasium

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time



ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 28

Words over Time

Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)

portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).

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Words over Time

Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaning

clipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28

Words over Time

Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expression

English: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28

Words over Time

Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)

Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28

Words over Time

Portmanteaus (similar to clipped compounds)portmanteau gives rise to a new word with a new meaningclipped compound is an abbreviation for a longer expressionEnglish: motel (from motor + hotel), intercom (from internal +communication)Japanese: karaoke is a portmanteau of kara (Japanese for ‘empty’)and okesutora (borrowed from Greek, meaning ‘orchestra’).

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 28

Words over Time

Borrowing - widespread

earliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28

Words over Time

Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)

thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28

Words over Time

Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)

Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28

Words over Time

Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican English

also from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28

Words over Time

Borrowing - widespreadearliest English borrowings (6th and 7th centuries): wine, butter,fork, kitchen, and inch (from Latin)thousands of borrowing to present day (kimchi, moose, safari, etc.)Korean - borrowed historically from Chinese and currently fromAmerican Englishalso from Mongolian (업진), Portuguese (빵), etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 28

Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.

morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

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Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.

string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

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Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholic

pease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28

Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemic

reanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28

Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.

apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 28

Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napron

reanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

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Words over Time

Reanalysis - creation a novel representation for a linguistic form.morphological reanalysis: alcoholic - alcohol-ic.string -aholic reanalyzed as a morpheme: workaholic and chocoholicpease - historically a mass noun - monomorphemicreanalyzed as pea-s.apron was historically napronreanalysis with the indefinite article: a napron → an apron(cf.nape of the neck)

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Early Indo-European Studies

Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and Greek

These survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm

English Frenchfather pèrefoot piedfish poisson

Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /

>tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’

to Cantonese /b5k^gIN/ and Korean 북경.)

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Sound correspondences noted for Sanskrit, Latin and GreekThese survive in modern languages – extensively studied by JakobGrimm





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Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront V

hundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /



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Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/

hemp/cannibis; hound/canineMandarin: /k/ softened to /



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Romance: /k/ ‘softened’ to /s/ in French and Portuguese beforefront Vhundred: Latin ‘centum’ with /k/; French ‘cent’ with /s/hemp/cannibis; hound/canine

Mandarin: /k/ softened to />tC/ before /i/ (cf. Mandarin ‘Beijing’


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Comparative Reconstruction


track sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguages

construct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are related

English, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 28


Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestor

French, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.

Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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Comparative Reconstructiontrack sound changes to determine relationships among dialects andlanguagesconstruct a cladogram of how langauges are relatedEnglish, German, Dutch, etc. have once common ancestorFrench, Spanish, Portuguese have another common ancestor.Along with Hindi, all these languages have one common ancestor:Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

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PIE

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Historical Sound Changes

Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected

(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)

Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring sound

Total assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)

Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)

Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring sound

verb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Regularity of Sound Change - all sounds equally affected(actually a bit more complicated, but we’ll assume that it’suniversal)Assimilation - changing a sound to take on the features of aneighbouring soundTotal assimilation - all features change: Latin /okto/ → Italian/otto/ (‘eight’)Partial assimiliation - only some features change: PIE/swep-nos/ → Latin /somnus/ (synchronic in Korean: 춥다/춥네)Dissimilation - changing a sound to become more distinct from aneighbouring soundverb → verbal; luna → lunar (cannot have two /l/ sounds)

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Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.

alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >

tS / _ j,[-back] d → >dZ / _ j,[-back]

s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]

Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ>tS]

“wait your turn”synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)

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Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.

t → >tS / _ j,[-back] d → >

dZ / _ j,[-back]s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]



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Palatalization (구개음화) – A type of assimilation.alveolar sound becomes post-alveolar or palatal before a palatalglide or a front vowel.t → >


s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]



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s → S / _ j,[-back] z → Z / _ j,[-back]Proto-Germanic /sprekijo/ → Old English /spæc/ [spæ

>tS]


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>tS]

“wait your turn”

synchronic: Tuesday, duke (depends on dialect and level offormality)

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>tS]


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Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.

Latin → Old French‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [

>tsEnt]

(Recall affrication in Quebec French is a synchronic process: ‘you’ -‘tu’ [

>tsy])

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Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.Latin → Old French

‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [>tsEnt]


>tsy])

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Affrication – A stop becoming an affricate.Latin → Old French‘centum’ [kentum] → ‘cent’ [

>tsEnt]


>tsy])

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Umlaut – The change in vowel quality as the result of thepresence of a vowel in another syllable.

Pre-OE 1 Pre-OE 2 Old English Modern English[gos] [gos] [gos] [gus] ‘goose’[gosi] [gøsi] [gøs] [gis] ‘geese’[mus] [mus] [mus] [maU

“s] ‘mouse’

[musi] [mysi] [mys] [maI“s] ‘mice’

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segments

heard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:

spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghetti

Early Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern English

wæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → wasp

also ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Metathesis – The transposition of two segmentsheard often in child English:spaghetti → pasghettiEarly Old English → Later Old English → Modern Englishwæps → wæsp → waspalso ‘ask’ (pronounced [æks] - hold over from Middle English

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Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.

Consonants typically progress through the stages shown belowdebuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/

pre-Japanese /pana/ → Japanese /hana/ (‘hill’)

voiceless stop

voiceless fricative

voiced stop

voiced fricative

nasal

liquid

glide

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Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.Consonants typically progress through the stages shown below

debuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/


voiceless stop

voiceless fricative

voiced stop

voiced fricative

nasal

liquid

glide

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Lenition (연음화) - weakening of a sound.Consonants typically progress through the stages shown belowdebuccalization - consonant loses its place of articulation andbecomes /h/ or /Q/


voiceless stop

voiceless fricative

voiced stop

voiced fricative

nasal

liquid

glide

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voiceless stop → voiced stop

Latin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)

Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)

voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricative

Proto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)

voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasal

pre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)

Note also syncope of /n/

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voiceless stop → voiced stopLatin /skopa/ → Spanish /eskoba/ (‘broom’)Latin /natare/ → Spanish /nadar/ (‘swim’)voiceless stop → voiced fricativeProto-Dravidian /tapu/ → Kannada /tavu/ (‘decrease’)voiced stop → nasalpre-Basque /zabanu/ → Basque /zamau/ (‘table cloth’)Note also syncope of /n/

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Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtime

eventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappearsOld English → Middle English → Modern English

Old English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale

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Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtimeeventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappears

Old English → Middle English → Modern EnglishOld English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale

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Vowel Reduction - vowel tends to become more centralized overtimeeventually becomes a schwa /@/ or eventually disappearsOld English → Middle English → Modern English

Old English Middle English Modern Englishstanas [a] stones [@] stonesstanes [e] stones [@] stone’snama [a] name[@] nametalu [u] tale [@] tale

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Elision - loss of a sound

final stage of lenitionLatin Old French Modern Frenchaugustus aoust août (Quebec [au]; France [u] ‘August’fri:gidus froit froid [fXwO] ‘cold’spatha espee épée ‘sword’

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Elision - loss of a soundfinal stage of lenition

Latin Old French Modern Frenchaugustus aoust août (Quebec [au]; France [u] ‘August’fri:gidus froit froid [fXwO] ‘cold’spatha espee épée ‘sword’

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epenthesis - the addition of a sound

epenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod

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epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant cluster

epenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod

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epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).

example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod

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epenthesis - the addition of a soundepenthesis of a vowel to break up a consonant clusterepenthesis of a consonant to break up a vowel cluster (also calledvowel hiatus).example: Proto-Slavic *gordu → East Slavic gorodu → ModernRussian gorod

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