ENG 2003 - 언어학개론Historical Linguistics 2

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 1 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-forms

Consider following Germanic formsEnglish German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changes

Lenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically

/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible

/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Reconstruction

“undo” sound changes to figure out proto-formsConsider following Germanic forms

English German Dutch Proto-Germanicmother Mutter moeder *moderbrother Bruder broer *broðarhouse Haus huis *husam

undo phonetically plausible changesLenition: C becomes voiced intervocalically/apa/ → /aba/ plausible/aba/ → /apa/ implausible

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian

*filu

hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’

*vita

vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’

*vinu

vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’

*pinu

pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’

*fakere

haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian*fi

lu

hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’*

v

i

ta

vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’*

v

i

nu

vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’

*pinu

pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’*fa

kere

haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian*fi

lu

hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’*

v

i

ta

vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’*

v

i

nu

vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’*pin

u

pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’*fa

kere

haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian*fi

l

u hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’*

v

i

t

a vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’*

v

i

n

u vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’*pinu pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’*fa

k

er

e

haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian*fi

l

u hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’*

v

ita vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’*

v

i

n

u vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’*pinu pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’*fakere haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Proto-Romance Spanish Portuguese Italian Sardinian Romanian*filu hilo fiu filo filu fir ‘string’*vita vida vida vita bita vit@ ‘life’*vinu vino viñu viño binu vin ‘wine’*pinu pino pinu pino pinu pin ‘pine tree’*fakere haTer fazer fare fakere far ‘to do’

first and last example: /f/ in Proto-Romance underwent debuccalization inSpanish to become /h/

followed by /i/ and /a/, respectively in all forms

‘pine’ - *pin∼ in all forms

vowel reduction: /u/ → /o/ in Spanish and Italian

vowel elision in Romanian and in ‘to do’

C lenition in ‘life’ and ‘to do’ /k/ underwent various changes or elision

Majority Rules - choose most frequent item if no other way to decide

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 16

Comparative Historical Linguistics

Reconstruct the protoforms of the following words from variousTurkic languages.

Proto- Azer-form baijani Turkish Kumic Tuvin English

Gaz kaz kaz kas to digGal kal kal — to stayGar kar kar xar snowGa

>tS ka

>tS ka

>tS kaS to run

Gol kol kol xol hand

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Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialects

If two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the treephylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguagessuper-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationshipisolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialectsIf two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the tree

phylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguagessuper-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationshipisolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialectsIf two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the treephylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguages

super-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationshipisolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialectsIf two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the treephylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguagessuper-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationship

isolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialectsIf two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the treephylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguagessuper-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationshipisolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.

Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Genetic Classification

Cladograms (tree diagrams) show historical relationships amonglanguages and dialectsIf two daughter languages had the same source, they sprout off thesame mother node on the treephylum or langauge family - largest known grouping of a set oflanguagessuper-family (or super-phylum) - proposed family that lacksenough evidence to support a historical relationshipisolate - language that is not known to be related to any otherlanguage in the world.Basque, Haida, Zuni, etc.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 16

Altaic Super-family

Altaic Hypothesis - Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic families areall related to a hypothesized Proto-Altaic family.

not widely-held, but bitterly debatedstronger version - Koreanic and Japonic are related to Altaic, tooeven stronger - Ainu, too

Supra-Macro-Altaic

AinuMacro-Altaic

JaponicKoreanicMicro-Altaic

MongolicTungusicTurkic

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 16

Altaic Super-family

Altaic Hypothesis - Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic families areall related to a hypothesized Proto-Altaic family.not widely-held, but bitterly debated

stronger version - Koreanic and Japonic are related to Altaic, tooeven stronger - Ainu, too

Supra-Macro-Altaic

AinuMacro-Altaic

JaponicKoreanicMicro-Altaic

MongolicTungusicTurkic

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 16

Altaic Super-family

Altaic Hypothesis - Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic families areall related to a hypothesized Proto-Altaic family.not widely-held, but bitterly debatedstronger version - Koreanic and Japonic are related to Altaic, too

even stronger - Ainu, tooSupra-Macro-Altaic

AinuMacro-Altaic

JaponicKoreanicMicro-Altaic

MongolicTungusicTurkic

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 16

Altaic Super-family

Altaic Hypothesis - Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic families areall related to a hypothesized Proto-Altaic family.not widely-held, but bitterly debatedstronger version - Koreanic and Japonic are related to Altaic, tooeven stronger - Ainu, too

Supra-Macro-Altaic

AinuMacro-Altaic

JaponicKoreanicMicro-Altaic

MongolicTungusicTurkic

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 16

Altaic Super-family

Altaic Hypothesis - Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic families areall related to a hypothesized Proto-Altaic family.not widely-held, but bitterly debatedstronger version - Koreanic and Japonic are related to Altaic, tooeven stronger - Ainu, too

Supra-Macro-Altaic

AinuMacro-Altaic

JaponicKoreanicMicro-Altaic

MongolicTungusicTurkic

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 6 / 16

Turkic

35 languages - Turkish, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, etc.

spoken from Turkey, across central Asia, to northeastern Asia.SOV, agglutination, and no grammatical gender

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Turkic

35 languages - Turkish, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, etc.spoken from Turkey, across central Asia, to northeastern Asia.

SOV, agglutination, and no grammatical gender

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 16

Turkic

35 languages - Turkish, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, etc.spoken from Turkey, across central Asia, to northeastern Asia.SOV, agglutination, and no grammatical gender

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Tungusic

mostly endangered: Manchu - 60 speakers

Xibe 30 000 speakers in ChinaSOV, postpositions

ExamplebiI

terethat

niyalma-iperson-gen

emgiwith

gene+hego+pst

[Manchu]

‘I went with that person.’

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Tungusic

mostly endangered: Manchu - 60 speakersXibe 30 000 speakers in China

SOV, postpositions

ExamplebiI

terethat

niyalma-iperson-gen

emgiwith

gene+hego+pst

[Manchu]

‘I went with that person.’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 16

Tungusic

mostly endangered: Manchu - 60 speakersXibe 30 000 speakers in ChinaSOV, postpositions

ExamplebiI

terethat

niyalma-iperson-gen

emgiwith

gene+hego+pst

[Manchu]

‘I went with that person.’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 16

Tungusic

mostly endangered: Manchu - 60 speakersXibe 30 000 speakers in ChinaSOV, postpositions

ExamplebiI

terethat

niyalma-iperson-gen

emgiwith

gene+hego+pst

[Manchu]

‘I went with that person.’

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Mongolic

Mongolian, Dagur, Santa

SOV (some instances of SVO due to contact with Chineselanguages)

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Mongolic

Mongolian, Dagur, SantaSOV (some instances of SVO due to contact with Chineselanguages)

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Koreanic

Korean and Jeju; Yukjin may be a separate language

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQCmBGrx1UQMiddle Korean root allomorphy:[namo] ‘tree’; [namk-oy] ‘in the tree’Modern Korean: 나무; 나무에Yukjin: [namo] ‘tree’; [naNk-E] ‘in the tree’

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Koreanic

Korean and Jeju; Yukjin may be a separate languagehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQCmBGrx1UQ

Middle Korean root allomorphy:[namo] ‘tree’; [namk-oy] ‘in the tree’Modern Korean: 나무; 나무에Yukjin: [namo] ‘tree’; [naNk-E] ‘in the tree’

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Koreanic

Korean and Jeju; Yukjin may be a separate languagehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQCmBGrx1UQMiddle Korean root allomorphy:[namo] ‘tree’; [namk-oy] ‘in the tree’

Modern Korean: 나무; 나무에Yukjin: [namo] ‘tree’; [naNk-E] ‘in the tree’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 16

Koreanic

Korean and Jeju; Yukjin may be a separate languagehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQCmBGrx1UQMiddle Korean root allomorphy:[namo] ‘tree’; [namk-oy] ‘in the tree’Modern Korean: 나무; 나무에

Yukjin: [namo] ‘tree’; [naNk-E] ‘in the tree’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 10 / 16

Koreanic

Korean and Jeju; Yukjin may be a separate languagehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQCmBGrx1UQMiddle Korean root allomorphy:[namo] ‘tree’; [namk-oy] ‘in the tree’Modern Korean: 나무; 나무에Yukjin: [namo] ‘tree’; [naNk-E] ‘in the tree’

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Japonic and Ainu

Japanese and Okinawan

Ainu - extremely endangered, spoken in Hokkaido

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Japonic and Ainu

Japanese and OkinawanAinu - extremely endangered, spoken in Hokkaido

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Indo-European

hundreds of languages

origin thought to be inland - North of Black Sea and Caspian Seacommon words for land animals in all IE languagesno common words for sea animalshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD2yPqODlBA

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Indo-European

hundreds of languagesorigin thought to be inland - North of Black Sea and Caspian Sea

common words for land animals in all IE languagesno common words for sea animalshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD2yPqODlBA

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 16

Indo-European

hundreds of languagesorigin thought to be inland - North of Black Sea and Caspian Seacommon words for land animals in all IE languages

no common words for sea animalshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD2yPqODlBA

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 16

Indo-European

hundreds of languagesorigin thought to be inland - North of Black Sea and Caspian Seacommon words for land animals in all IE languagesno common words for sea animals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD2yPqODlBA

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 16

Indo-European

hundreds of languagesorigin thought to be inland - North of Black Sea and Caspian Seacommon words for land animals in all IE languagesno common words for sea animalshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD2yPqODlBA

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 16

Sino-Tibetan

Two branches: Sinitic - contains all Chinese languages

Tibeto-Burman - Tibetan, Burmese, etc.Sinitic languages are tonal and typically SVO

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Sino-Tibetan

Two branches: Sinitic - contains all Chinese languagesTibeto-Burman - Tibetan, Burmese, etc.

Sinitic languages are tonal and typically SVO

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 16

Sino-Tibetan

Two branches: Sinitic - contains all Chinese languagesTibeto-Burman - Tibetan, Burmese, etc.Sinitic languages are tonal and typically SVO

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Austroasiatic

stretches from south-east Asia to north-western India

Vietnamese and Khmer - only official languages in this familylexical words are bisyllabic: light syllable followed by heavysyllable: Khmer [t2tu@l] ‘receive’

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Austroasiatic

stretches from south-east Asia to north-western IndiaVietnamese and Khmer - only official languages in this family

lexical words are bisyllabic: light syllable followed by heavysyllable: Khmer [t2tu@l] ‘receive’

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 16

Austroasiatic

stretches from south-east Asia to north-western IndiaVietnamese and Khmer - only official languages in this familylexical words are bisyllabic: light syllable followed by heavysyllable: Khmer [t2tu@l] ‘receive’

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Kra-Dai Family

About 100 languages: Thai and Lao

Proto-Kra-Dai not worked outFamily not well understood

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Kra-Dai Family

About 100 languages: Thai and LaoProto-Kra-Dai not worked out

Family not well understood

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Kra-Dai Family

About 100 languages: Thai and LaoProto-Kra-Dai not worked outFamily not well understood

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Austronesian Family

covers vast area

includes: Tagalog, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Malay, and Javaneseextensive infixationcomplex voice system (active, passive, etc.)

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Austronesian Family

covers vast areaincludes: Tagalog, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Malay, and Javanese

extensive infixationcomplex voice system (active, passive, etc.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 16

Austronesian Family

covers vast areaincludes: Tagalog, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Malay, and Javaneseextensive infixation

complex voice system (active, passive, etc.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 16

Austronesian Family

covers vast areaincludes: Tagalog, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Malay, and Javaneseextensive infixationcomplex voice system (active, passive, etc.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 16