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TABLE OF CONTENT M/S

1.0 INTRODUCTION 21.1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE 2

1.2 COMMUNICATION 3

1.3 COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH 3

2.0 THE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS 3

2.1 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS 4

2.1.1 Types of Communication Based on 4

Communication Channels

2.1.2 Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose 5

2.2 PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATIONS 6

2.3 MODELS OF COMMUNICATIONS 7

2.3.1 Linear Model 8

2.3.2 Interactive Model 9

2.3.3 Transactional Model 10

2.4 FORMS OF ORAL COMMMUNICATION 10

2.4.1 Interpersonal Communication 11

2.4.2 Small Group Communication 12

2.4.3 Public Communication 13

3.0 CONCLUSION 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY 15


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1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis assignment is written to explore the importance of English language in todays

world and how it affects us in our daily life. It also highlights the importance of English

language in world of communication, to the extent that if we lack in command of English

language we surely will be left behind in this fast age of technology.

Another focus on this written essay is the importance of communication. Forms, types

and models of communication were explained in details so that whoever read these essays

know that to succeed in our career we must excel in good command of English

communications.

1.1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English is originated as a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon

kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the

influence of the Anglican medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic,

political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and theUnited

Kingdom from the 18th century, via theBritish Empire,and of the United States since the

mid-20th century, it has been widely dispersed around the world, become the leadinglanguage of international discourse, and has acquired use aslingua francain many regions. It

is widely learned as a second language and used as an official language of the European

Union and manyCommonwealth countries, as well as in many world organizations. It is the

third most natively spoken language in the world.

Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared

educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely

varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more

than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the

official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology,

computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international

negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages


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1.2 COMMUNICATION

The etymology of communication (Latin, communicare, to share material goods or

ideas, meanings, information) indicates some form of transfer in a reciprocal or unidirectional

mode (to communicate withversus to communicate to). In modern English, communication

applies both to the general and selective circulation of messages and to their technological

means of conveyance. Moreover, it can refer either to the process of communication or to its

products.

By definition, communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information.

Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver

need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time ofcommunication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.

Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative

commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the

sender.(http://en.wikipedia.org/)

1.3 COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

Communication in English has become so important that it is taken as a prime form of

communication in todays world. Those who can master it can have maximum benefit from

it. Leaders from every nation use English as their common language. It is applied more so in

the business community around the world.

2.0 THE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS

Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication,

typically relies on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of

the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal

communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication thebody language

and voice tonality plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than

the intended content of the spoken words. With good body language and voice tonality,

audience can understand the content better. (http://en.wikipedia.org/)

A great presenter must capture the attention of the audience and connect with them.

For example, out of two persons telling the same joke one may greatly amuse the audience
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due to his body language and tone of voice while the second person, using exactly the same

words, bores and irritates the audience. Visual aid can help to facilitate effective

communication and is almost always used in presentations for an audience.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/)

2.1 TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS

Communication can occur via various processes and methods and depending on the channel

used and the style of communication there can be various types of communication.

2.1.1 Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels

Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be

broadly classified as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal

communication includes written and oral communication whereas the non-verbal

communication includes body language, facial expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures

used for communication.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The

oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral

communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the

phone or on the voice chat over the Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are

influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of

speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written

communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written

communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity

and precision of language.

Nonverbal Communication

Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is

speaking, which will include the body posture, the hand gestures, and overall body

movements. The facial expressions also play a major role while communication since

the expressions on a persons face say a lot about his/her mood. On the other hand


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gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non

verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards,

or even photographs, sketches and paintings.

2.1.2 Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose

Based on the style of communication, there can be two broad categories of

communication, which are formal and informal communication that have their own set of

characteristic features.

Formal Communication

Formal communication includes all the instances where communication has to occur

in a set formal format. Typically this can include all sorts of business communication

or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal

and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters

are used for communication. Formal communication can also occur between two

strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence formal communication is

straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it.

Informal Communication

Informal communication includes instances of free unrestrained communication

between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Informal communication

requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends

and family. Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines.

Informal conversations need not necessarily have boundaries of time, place or even

subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones can

simply go on and on.


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2.2 PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATIONS

If the purpose of communication is to achieve common understanding or to create

new or better awareness, then communicating vision requires a clear and compelling

message.

Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the

communication that helps human beings to connect with each other as individuals and as

independent groups. Communication is the very basis, which drives the process of

development in all the fields. Here are some of the reasons, which explain why

communication is important.

Information Dissemination:

It is owing to the process of communication that we are able to send and receive

information. Various mass media are an important communication tool for information

dissemination.

Expressing Emotions/Ideas:

Imagine a life without expressing yourself through words (spoken and written),

expressions and even arts and craft or painting,music ordance.Communication helps

people express their ideas and emotions.

Education:Communication plays an important role in the process of imparting knowledge as well.

Communication is instrumental in the process of education since it helps the educator

and the students to interact with each other. Building Relationships:

Communication facilitated dialogue, exchange of ideas as well as expression of human

emotions between people. Thus, it helps to build and maintain relationships - be it

business communication orinterpersonal communication.

Entertainment:Movies, music,television shows,theatre, or even anecdotes narrated by people aretypesof communication,which are a source of entertainment for us.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-mass-media.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/arts-crafts/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-paintings/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/music/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/dancing/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/business-communications/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/interpersonal-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/tv-shows/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/tv-shows/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/interpersonal-communication.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/business-communications/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/dancing/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/music/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-paintings/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/arts-crafts/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-mass-media.html


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Decision-making:Communication helps in the process of decision making, be it an individual decision or

even groupdecision making.

2.3 MODELS OF COMMUNICATIONS

Models are representations. In each case, the model is designed to provide a simplified

view of some more complex object, phenomenon, or process, so that fundamental properties or

characteristics can be high-lighted and examined. Models highlight some features that their

designers believe are particularly critical, and there is less focus on other features. Thus, by

examining models, one learns not only about the object, situation, or process, but also about the

perspective of the designer.(http://www.bookrags.com/research/)

In communication study, models function in this same way, allowing for the

simplification of complex dynamics to help scholars and students better understand the

components and processes that are involved. As with other models, communication models also

provide important insights into the perspectives of the designers.

In the late 1940s, and through the 1950s and 1960s, a number of new communicationmodels were advanced. Many of the new models preserved the basic themes of the Aristotelian

perspective. In 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model that they called the

"Mathematical Model of Communication." Based on their research with telephones and

telephonic communication, the model also used boxes and arrows to represent the communication

process. However, their view was more complex. They began with the "information source" box

and then, using arrows as the connections, progressed on to boxes for the "transmitter," the

"channel," the "receiver," and, finally, the "destination."

Box-and-arrow models of communication, of which there have been many over the years,

emphasize the components of communication (e.g., a sender, message, and receiver) and the

direction of influence. Where arrows go from left to right, that is, from a sender to a receiver, the

implication is that it is the sender who, through messages or speeches, brings about

communication influences on the receiver. (http://www.bookrags.com/)
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/decision-making/http://www.bookrags.com/research/)http://www.bookrags.com/research/)http://www.bookrags.com/http://www.bookrags.com/http://www.bookrags.com/research/)http://www.buzzle.com/articles/decision-making/


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Berlo's Model (1960): The Ingredients of Communication

Berlo's model shows the important elements in the communication process. The

variables indicate the characteristics of the sender and the receiver affecting their

communication and understanding. This model is known as the SMCR Model (Source,

Message, Channel, Receiver).

Other types of models that have become popular emphasize communication networks

the flow of messages among individuals in a group or organization, for example. Such a model

for a hypothetical group is depicted in Figure 3. Each circle represents an individual, and the

arrows denote messages.

Communication models serve to clarify the nature of communication, to provide a guide

for research, and to offer a means of displaying research findings. Such models are a tool by

which scholars, practitioners, and students can illustrate their thinking about what they consider

to be the most important aspects of communication.

2.3.1 Linear Model

Communication studies, especially as it developed in the United States after the

1950s, relied on linear models of communication to study modern masscommunication

systems. In its most extreme form, it was labelled the bullet theory of communication,

since it represented the processes of mass communication as acting like a series of bullets

fired by senders aiming to reach their designated targets with pellet like messages. Bias was

studied as a measurable deflection of messages from a publicly available standard of truth.

Media effects were studied in how they impinged on audiences presumed to be largely

passive in their responses, capable only of simple actions like switching the TV on or off or

buying a product (or voting for a politician) or not. Variation was studied, following classic

stratification theory, to reveal the differences attributable to class, gender, age, and ethnicity.


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Effective communication (communication that reached its intended target) was something

that could be learned and taught.

This positivist model of communication and the paradigm with which it was

associated gave communication studies a dubious reputation among semiotically informed

students of the mass media. Semioticians investigate more complex relationships and

mediations between a message and its referent than the simple facts of truth or bias. For most

brands of semiotics, interconnections of systems of signs lead to a systemic lack of perfect fit

between signs and referents that is not a deliberate effect of a particular text but a recurring

feature, expressing the historically constituted conditions of the coding system or ideological

tendencies that are shared by senders and receivers. However, the effects model did contain

its own implicit semiotic theory, and its object of study was relevant to general semiotics: the

form and function of sign systems operating in technologically advanced mass societies.

Communications is still a valid term for referring to much of what is studied by semiotics,

and this has been reflected in the increasing use, under other names, of semiotic theories

applied to the mass media in departments of communications studies.

2.3.2 Interactive Model

Interactive communications is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether

human, machine or art form, are active and can have an effect on one another. It is adynamic,

two-way flow of information.

Many forms of communication previously thought one-way, like books and

television, have become interactive with the rise of computers, the Internet, and digital and

mobile devices. These developing collaborative technologies, or new media, have rapidly

increased the opportunities for interactive communication across mediums, disciplines,cultures, social classes, locations, and even time.

Interactive communication is a modern term that encompasses these evolving forms

of conversation. It is a primary characteristic of the present Information Age. New

experiments ininteraction design are evolving on a daily basis.

Interactive communication forms include basic dialogue and nonverbal

communication, gamebooks, interactive fiction and storytelling, hypertext, interactive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertexthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic


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television and movies, photo and video manipulation, video sharing, video games, social

media,user-generated content,interactive marketing and public relations, augmented reality,

ambient intelligence, and virtual reality.

2.3.3 Transactional Model

"...communication development is viewed as a transactional process that involves a

developmental interaction between the child and communicative partners. This perspective

emphasizes the reciprocal, bidirectional influence of the communication environment, the

responsiveness of communicative partners, and the child's own developing communicative

competence. For example, this model assumes that the increasing readability or clarity of the

child's communicative behaviour may influence the parent's style and frequency of contingentresponsiveness in ways that will further scaffold the child's developing competence during

the transition to linguistic communication (Wetherby, Warren, & Reichle, 1998, p. 2)."

In transactional model introduced by Sameroff and Chandler's in their 1975 model,

developmental outcomes at any point in time are seen as a result of a continuous dynamic

interplay among child behaviour, caregiver responses to the child's behaviour, and

environmental variables that may influence both the child and the caregiver. Children are

viewed as active participants who learn to affect the behaviour and attitudes of others through

active signalling and who gradually learn to use more sophisticated and conventional means

to communicate through caregivers' contingent social responsiveness (Dunst, Lowe, &

Bartholomew, 1990).

The fundamental assumption of the transactional model is that development is

facilitated by a bidirectional, reciprocal interaction between the child and his or her

environment. A change in the child may trigger a change in the environment, which in turnaffects the child and so on. In this way, both the child and the environment change over time

and affect each other in a reciprocal fashion, and early achievements pave the way for

subsequent development (Warren & Yoder, p. 368).

2.4 FORMS OF ORAL COMMMUNICATION

Oral communication is the most fundamental forms of communication. It happens

every day to all of us, whether its official or just a chat between friends. There are many
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known forms of communication. Among them, some are widely accepted as fundamentals to

the communications fields as those listed below:

2.4.1 Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is the process that helps us express our feelings, ideas,

and thoughts and share them with the people around us. Efficient interpersonal

communication is a very good quality that helps people in every aspect of life be it personal

or professional. Interpersonal communication is the process where a person expresses his

thoughts, converts the thoughts into a well designed message and sends the message across a

communication channel (oral, visual, written, etc) and the receiver receives the message and

responds to the message and sends his reply back via the communication channel.

Interpersonal communication can be a formal dialogue between two people at a workplace, or

even an informal chat between two friends. Communication can occur with or without words

and through a number of communication media. Here are the various channels of

communication that can be used in interpersonal communication:

1. Oral Communication (Speaking face-to-face or on the phone)

2. Written Communication (Writing emails, letters, instant messaging and sms)

3. Visual Communication (Body Language or sign language)

2.4.1.1 Styles of Interpersonal Communication

There are various styles of interpersonal communication, which are as follows:

Controlling Style of Interpersonal Communication: The controlling style is actually a

style of interpersonal communication wherein the sender leaves little or no room for the

receiver to provide feedback or reply. People who are generally senior in workplace hierarchy

use it to communicate with their subordinates and although this style might prove to be an

efficient form of communication during crisis situations, it can intimidate the receiver or the

audience and can actually create a communication gap.


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Egalitarian Style of Interpersonal Communication: This style of communication

encourages the participants to express their ideas and hence creates a co-operative and

healthy atmosphere.

Structuring Style of Interpersonal Communication:The structuring style of interpersonal

communication is generally used to communicate specific goals and bring co-ordination to an

organization. To avoid making this a one-way conversation it is always better to modify this

style and keep it more open to responses from the audience.

Dynamic Style of Interpersonal Communication: This is style of interpersonal

communication is a high-energy approach which involves use of motivating words and

phrases to encourage the person to get inspired and achieve a certain goal. However this style

cannot function when the receiver does not have enough knowledge about the required action

desired out of him/her.

Relinquishing Style of Interpersonal Communication: The relinquishing style of

interpersonal communication is highly open for ideas to the extent that it can transfer the

responsibility of the communication to the receiver. This style of communication works well

when the sender and the receiver are equally interested in carrying the conversation ahead.

Withdrawal Style of Interpersonal Communication: It is ironical to call this process a

style of interpersonal communication since the withdrawal style is basically the failure or

lack of communication. This is a style of interpersonal communication in which the person

shows complete disinterest to participate in the communication process or carry it forward.

2.4.2 Small Group Communication

Communication in small groups is interpersonal communication within groups of

between 3 and 20 individuals. This generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal

interactions withsocial clustering.It can take many forms, from serious issue to petty matter

relating to daily life hassle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_clustering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communication


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2.4.3 Public Communication

Public communication usually also referred as public speaking. Public speaking is the

process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to

inform, influence, or entertain the listeners.

The objectives of a public speaker's presentation can range from simply transmitting

information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Professional public

speakers often engage in ongoing training and education to refine their craft. This may

include seeking guidance to improve their speaking skillssuch as learning better

storytelling techniques, for example, or learning how to effectively use humor as a

communication toolas well as continuous research in their topic area of focus.


In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements,

often expressed as "whois saying whatto whomusing what mediumwith what effects?" The

purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating

people to act, to simply telling astory.Goodorators should be able to change the emotions of

their listeners, not just inform them.Interpersonal communication and public speaking have

several components that embrace such things as motivational speaking, leadership/personaldevelopment, business, customer service, large group communication, and mass

communication. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as

motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communication


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3.0 CONCLUSION

A successful person always has good communication skills in their pocket. They can

represent themselves in the best way possible so that everyone can affect by their charm.

They always looked as caring and responsible. People feel that they can always relate to

them.

Communication is not just a process. It's an art of first listening or reading the

information, comprehending it, processing it and then transferring it. There is a huge amount

of effort that goes into communication. Gesticulations, voice modulation, body language and

the spoken language are some of the important aspects of communication. If the other person

is unable to comprehend any of these factors of communication, then the process of

communication fails. (3,124 words)


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.bookrags.com/research/

Shannon, Claude E., and Weaver, Warren. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of

Communication.Urbana: University of Illinois Press

Thayer, Lee. (1968). Communication and Communication Systems.Homewood, IL: Irwin.

Watzlawick, Paul; Beavin, Janet H.; and Jackson, Don D. (1967).Pragmatics of Human

Communication.New York: W. W. Norton.
http://en.wikipedia.org/http://www.bookrags.com/research/models-of-communication-eci-02/http://www.bookrags.com/research/models-of-communication-eci-02/http://en.wikipedia.org/


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