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Bahasa Inggris English

Lecture 1Yohana Nugraheni, S.Kom, MT

yohananugraheni.wordpress.com

yohana_biz@yahoo.com

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Assessment

UAS/Final Test :30% UTS/Mid Test : 20% Assignment : 30% Quiz, class participation, attendance: 20%

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A FLIGHT ANNOUNCEMENT'Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. On behalfof British Island Airways, Captain Massey and hiscrew welcome you on board the flight toSouthampton. Our flight time will beapproximately forty-five minutes, and we shall be

climbing to an altitude of eight thousand feet andcruising at a speed of two hundred and fifty miles

per hour.'

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Grammatical Unit

The grammatical units of English are Words Phrases Clauses Sentences.

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Words

There are eight main word classes in English.1. Verb 2. Noun

3. Adjective4. Adverb 5. Pronoun

6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Determiner

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Words

There are eight main word classes in English.1. Verb: climb, eat, welcome, be2. Noun: aircraft, country, lady, hour

3. Adjective: good, cold, quick4. Adverb: quickly, always, approximately5. Pronoun: we, you, them, myself

6. Preposition: to, of, at, on7. Conjunction: and, but, so8. Determiner: the, an, those

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Verb

A verb describes what a person or thing doesor what happens. For example, verbs describe:

an action run, hit an event rain, occur a situation be, seem, have a change become, grow

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Noun

A noun is a word that identifies: a person ( woman, boy, doctor, neighbor ) a thing ( dog, building, tree, country ) an abstract idea ( truth, danger, birth, happiness ).

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Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes a noun,giving extra information about it.

For example: a sweet taste a red apple a technical problem an Italian woman

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Adverb An adverb is a word thats used to give information about a verb,

adjective, or other adverb.

how something happens or is done: She stretched lazily . He walked slowly . The town is easily accessible by road. They nearly always get home late

where something happens: I live here . Shes traveling abroad . The children tiptoed upstairs .

when something happens: They visited us yesterday . I have to leave soon .

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Pronoun

A pronoun is used in place of a noun that hasalready been mentioned or that is alreadyknown, often to avoid repeating the noun.

For example: Kate was tired so she went to bed. Kierans face was close to mine . That is a good idea. Anything might happen.

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Preposition A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with .

Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronounsand they show the relationship between the noun orpronoun and other words in a sentence.

They describe, for example: the position of something:

Her bag was under the chair. The dog crawled between us and lay down at our feet. His apartment was over the store.

the time when something happens: They arrived on Sunday. The class starts at 9 a.m. Shortly after their marriage they moved to Colorado.

the way in which something is done: We went by train. They stared at each other without speaking.

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Conjuction A conjunction (also called a connective ) is a word

such as and, because, but, for, if, or, and when .Conjunctions are used to connect phrases ,

clauses , and sentences . For example :

You can have ice cream or strawberries. He plays football and soccer. The weather was cold but clear. I waited at home until she arrived. He went to bed because he was tired.

http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/phrases-americanhttp://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/clauses-americanhttp://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/sentences-americanhttp://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/sentences-americanhttp://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/clauses-americanhttp://oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/phrases-american

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Determiner

A determiner is a word that introduces anoun, such as a/an, the, every, this, those, ormany (as in a cat, the cat, this cat, those cats,every cat, many cats ).

The determiner the is sometimes known asthe definite article and the determiner a (oran ) as the indefinite article .

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Phrase

Phrase : Noun phrase Verb phrase

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Clause

A clause has a subject and a verb.

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Sentence A sentence can be a single clause.

On behalf of British Island Airways, Captain Massey and hiscrew welcome you on board the flight to Southampton.

A written sentence begins with a capital letter (On) and

ends with a mark such as a full stop. We can also combine two or more clauses in one sentence.

For example, we can use and to link the clauses.Our flight time will be approximately forty-five minutes, andwe shall be climbing to an altitude of eight thousand feetand cruising at a speed of two hundred and fifty miles anhour.

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Each phrase plays a part in the clause or sentence.Here are some examples.

Subject +Verb+Adverbial: The flight is leaving shortly.

Subject +Verb+Complement : The weather is very good. My father was a pilot.

Subject+ Verb+Object: I was reading a newspaper. Two stewards served lunch.

Subject+ Verb+Object+Adverbial The aircraft left London at three o'clock.

We must book the tickets next week.

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Subject - Noun phrase: the flight, I, two stewards Verb - Verb phrase: is, served, must book Object - Noun phrase: a newspaper, lunch

Complement Adjective phrase: very good Noun phrase: a pilot

Adverbial Adverb phrase: shortly Prepositional phrase: at three o'clock Noun phrase: next week