eng terminology 050602

8/6/2019 Eng Terminology 050602

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Pharmaceutical

Terminology

Doungkamol Leaokittikul, PhD


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adsorbent

= a drug that binds other chemicals ontoits surface, used to reduce the freeavailability of toxic chemicals, e.g.

activated charcoal, kaolin.

adsorption = the action of a substancein attracting and holding other materialsor particles on its surface.

absorption = the uptake of substances

into or across tissues.


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aerosols = products packaged under

pressure that contain therapeuticallyactive ingredients that are released as afine mist, spray, or foam on actuation of

the valve assembly.

aromatic waters = clear, saturatedsolutions of volatile oils or other aromaticsubstances in water. They are used orally,

topically, or pharmaceutically for thecharacteristics of the aromatic materialthey contain.


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Peppermint water NF XIV

Rx Peppermint oil 2 mLPurified water 100 mL

Talcum 15 g

Use: Carminative

(From: USP XXI, NF 16, 1985, p. 1343;Remington Vol.II, 1995, p. 1389)


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creams = semisolid preparationscontaining one or more drug substancesdissolved or dispersed in a suitable base.

elixirs = sweetened, flavored,hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oraladministration. They may benonmedicated or medicated and are usedin the same manner as syrups.

emulsion = a type of disperse system inwhich one liquid is dispersed throughout

another liquid in the form of fine droplets.


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Mineral oil emulsion (Oil in water emulsion)

Rx

Mineral oil 500 mLAcacia (finely powder) 125 g

Syrup 100 gVanillin 40 mg

Alcohol 60 mL

Purified water to make 100 mL Use: lubricating cathartic

Dose: 30 mL


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implants = small, sterile, solid dosageforms containing concentrated drug forimplantation in the body where they

continuously release their medicationover prolonged periods.

inhalations = finely powdered drugsubstances, solutions, or suspensions ofdrug substances administered by thenasal respiratory route for local orsystemic effects. Special devices are used

to facilitate administration.


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injections= sterile preparations intended forparenteral administration by needle orpressure syringe.

Drugs may be injected into most anyvessel or tissue of the body, but the mostcommon routes are

intravenous (IV),

intramuscular (IM), and

subcutaneous (SC).


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liniments = alcoholic or oleaginoussolutions, suspensions, or emulsions ofmedicinal agents intended for externalapplication to the skin, generally byrubbing.

lotions = liquid preparations intended for

external application to the skin.

lozenges = solid preparations

containing one or more medicinal agentsin a flavored, sweetened base intendedto dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the

mouth, releasing medication generallyfor localized effects.


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Magmas and Gels = fine pharmaceuticalsuspensions in which the suspensoid hasa high degree of physical attraction to

the aqueous vehicle, forming agelatinous mixture that maintains thatuniformity and stability of the

suspension. Magma and gels areadministered orally.

ointments = semisolid preparationsintended for topical application.


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pastes = semisolid dosage forms thatcontain one or more drug substancesintended for topical application.

plasters = solid or semisolid adhesivemasses spread across a suitable backing

material and intended for externalapplication to a part of the body forprotection or for the medicinal benefit ofadded agents.


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powders = dry mixtures of finely dividedmedicinal and nonmedicinal agents

intended for internal or external use.

solutions = liquid preparations thatcontain one or more chemical substances(solute/s) dissolved in a solvent or

mixture of solvents.

spirits = alcoholic or hydroalcoholicsolutions of volatile substances.Depending on their contents, some

spirits are used orally for medicinalpurposes and others as flavoring agent.


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suspensions = preparations containing

finely divided, undissolved drug particlesdispersed throughout a liquid vehicle.

suppositories = solid dosage formsintended for insertion into body orificeswhere they melt, soften, or dissolve andexert localized or systemic effect. Theyare commonly used rectally and

vaginally, and occasionally urethrally.

syrups = concentrated, aqueous

solutions of a sugar or sugar substitute.


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Calamine suspension

Calamine 80 g

Zinc oxide 80 g

Glycerin 20 mL

Bentonite magma 250 mL

Calcium hydroxide sol. qs. to 1000 mL

Use: Astringent, Protectant


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tablets = solid dosage forms containing

one or more medicinal substances withor without added pharmaceuticalingredients. Among the pharmaceutical

agents used are diluents, disintegrants,colorants, binders, solubilizers, andcoatings.

tinctures = alcoholic or hydroalcoholic

solutions of either pure chemicalsubstances or of plant extractions. Mostchemical tinctures are applied topically

(e.g., iodine tincture).


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contraindication

= any condition which renders aparticular line of treatment improperor undesirable.

e.g Tetracyclinepregnant, children

side effect = a consequence other thanthat for which an agent is used,especially an adverse effect on another

organ system.

- Chlopheniramine maleate --sedative


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drug interaction

= the action of one drug upon theeffectiveness or toxicity of another

(or others).


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analgesic = an agent that relieves pain

without causing loss of consciousness.e.g. aspirin (ASA), paracetamol

antipyretic = an agent that relieves orreduces fever, e.g. paracetamol

(acetaminophen)

antihistamine = a drug thatcounteracts the effect of histamine, e.g.chlorpheniramine maleate


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antifungal = an agent that destroys or

suppresses the growth or reproductionof fungi, e.g. griseofulvin, ketoconazole

anti-inflammatory = an agent thatcounteract or suppress inflammation.

e.g. ASA, Ibuprofen

antipruritic = an agent that counteractsitching, e.g. Hydroxyzine HCl, Menthol


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anesthetic = an agent that produces

anesthesia.- Local anesthetic

- General anesthetic

antibacterial

= an agent that destroys or suppresses

growth or reproduction of bacteria,

e.g. penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin


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antiseptic = a substance that inhibits thegrowth and development ofmicroorganisms but does not necessarily

kill them, e.g. iodine (in iodine tincture)

disinfectant = an agent that disinfects,

particularly one used on inanimateobjects, e.g. formaldehyde


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antitussis = an agent that suppresses

coughing, e.g. dextromethorphan HCl

bronchodilator = an agent which causesdilatation of the bronchi, e.g. theophylline

expectorant = an agent that promotesexpectoration (the coughing up andspitting out of material from the lungs,

bronchi, and trachea).


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placebo = an inactive substance or

preparation given to satisfy the patientssymbolic need for drug therapy, and usedin controlled studies to determine the

efficiency of medicinal substances.e.g. lactose tablet

astringent = an agent that causescontraction, usually locally after topical

application.e.g. alum, tannin, salt of zinc, aluminium,bismuth


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antidote = an agent that counteracts a

poison, e.g. activated charcoal.

hypnotic = an agent that induces sleep,

e.g. chloral hydrate.

sedative = a drug that allays irritabilityand excitement, e.g. phenobarbital


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antieczematic = an agent that is

effective against eczema, e.g. coal tar.

keratolytic = an agent that promotekeratolysis, e.g. salicylic acid, lacticacid

rubefacient =an agent that reddensthe skin

counterirritant = an agent whichproduces counterirration.


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protectant

=an agent affording defense againstharmful influence.

e.g. methyl cellulose ophthalmic

protectant

emollient = an agent that softens or

soothes the skin, or soothes anirritated internal surface.

e.g. fixed oil, wax in cold cream

humectant = a moistening or diluent

medicine.e.g. glycerin, sorbitol


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diluent = an agent that dilutes or

renders less potent or irritant.

suppository base = diluent that is usedto prepare suppository.

stiffening agent = an agent that

increases thickening of ointment.


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antacid = an agent which counteracts

acidity, e.g. Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2

antiflatulent = an agent that relieves orprevents flatulence, e.g.simethicone

carminative =an agents that relievesflatulence, e.g. peppermint spirit


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antispasmodic = an agent that

prevents or relieves spasms, e.g.atropine sulphate

solubility = concentration of solute insaturated solution at specified

temperature.

solubilizing agent = an agent that

makes more soluble.


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Descriptive terms for solubility

Very soluble less than 1 Freely soluble From 1 to 10

Soluble From 10 to 30

Sparingly soluble From 30 to 100

Slightly soluble From 100 to 1000

Very slightly soluble From 1000 to 10,000

Insoluble More than 10,000


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degradation, deterioration

= becoming degraded(oxidation, hydrolysis)

stability = the state of being stable

(for dosage formsboth physical and

chemical stability)

shelf-life = the length of time a productcan be stored without deteriorationoccuring.


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deliquescence = the condition of

becoming moist or liquefied as a resultof absorption on water from the air.

hygroscopic = readily absorbingmoisture

eng terminology 050602

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