engleski - kemija

8/9/2019 Engleski - kemija

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1. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

The text deals with defnition o cheist!"# co$osition o atte!# s"nthesis#

anal"sis and $!o$e!ties.

%e said that cheist!" is ex$e!iental and &'antiti(e st'd" a)o't co$osition o

atte! and chan*es that ta+e $lace in atte!.

The!e a!e two t"$es o chan*es , cheical and $h"sical. - $h"sical chan*e in(ol(es

chan*es onl" in $!o$e!ties# )'t cheical chan*e in(ol(es chan*es in co$osition

and $!o$e!ties. Cheical chan*es a!e 's'all" acco$anied )" !elise o ene!*" in

the o! o heat o! elect!icit".

'!the!o!e# we tal+ed a)o't co$osition o atte!. The" can )e in the o! o

$'!e s')stances o! ixt'!es. /'!e s')stances a" )e eleents o! co$o'nds.

Eleents cannot )e deco$osed and the" a!e )'ildin* )loc+s o atte!.

Co$o'nds a!e co)inations o eleents and the" can )e deco$osed into

eleents which a+e the '$. In ixt'!es eleents ha(e not lost thei! identit" andwe can !eco*ni0e the )" thei! $!o$e!ties.

Most o eleents a!e etals and the" ha(e l'ste!# a!e allea)le and cond'ct heat

o! elect!icit".

Nonetals a!e *ases and )!ittle solids and the" a!e noncond'cto!s and lac+ l'ste!.

Next we tal+ed a)o't s"nthesis and anal"sis. S"nthesis is the o!ation o a

co$o'nd !o si$le! eleents. -nal"sis is deco$osition o co$o'nd into

si$le! co$o'nds o! eleents.

Matte! can exist in th!ee states2 the solid# li&'id and *aseo's state and states can

chan*e !o one to anothe!.

In the end we said soethin* a)o't $!o$e!ties. The!e a!e $h"sical and cheical

$!o$e!ties. Cheical $!o$e!ties incl'de )eha(io! with ode! ate!ials. Cheical

$!o$e!ties a!e colo!# sell# sha$e# ha!dnes# densit"# sol')ilit" and )oilin* and

eltin* $oints.


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3. /HYSIC-4 -ND CHEMIC-4 CH-N5ES

The text deals with $h"sical and cheical chan*es.

%e said that in $h"sical chan*es the!e is no chan*e in co$osition o the olec'les

o! o!'la 'nits. o! exe$le# $h"sical chan*es a!e ice eltin* and wate! )oilin*.These a!e $h"sical chan*es )eca'se ice# wate! and stea all a!e co$osed o H3O

olec'les.

Secondl"# in cheical chan*e new s')stances a!e )ein* o!ed. The" cannot )e

!e(e!sed )" the o$$osite o the $!ocess. Cheical chan*es a!e 's'al" acco$onied

)" $h"sical chan*es and the" a!e initiated )" heatin*.

O)se!(in* cheical chan*es we can !e(eal cheical $!o$e!ties o a s')stance. o!

exa$le# i etal !eacts with oxi*en at !oo te$e!at'!e# it is said to )e an acti(e

etal. I not# the" a!e not acti(e etals 6these a!e sil(e! and *old7.


3/7

8. SO4UTIONS

The text deals with defnition# cha!acte!istics# t"$es# states and co$onents o

sol'tions. %e said soethin* a)o't sol')ilit" o li&'ids# 'sa*e in dail" lie and

soethin* a)o't t"$es o $a!ticles.Sol'tion is hoo*eneo's ixt'!e o olec'lesi0e $a!ticles o! salle!. The" a!e

ostl" clea!# ne(e! clo'd" and soeties a!e colo!ed.

The!e a!e two t"$es od sol'tions# sat'!eted and s'$e!sat'!ated. In sat'!ated

sol'tions it is i$ossi)le to dissol(e o!e sol'te )'t )" s$ecial ani$'lations# we

can $!od'ce a sol'tion that is holdin* o!e dissol(ed s')stance than is no!al and

we call it s'$e!sat'!ated sol'tions. The" a!e 'nsta)le.

Sol'tions ostl" a!e in li&'id state# )'t soeties can )e in solid state 6soe allo"s

o etals7 o! *aseo's state 6atos$he!e , sol'tion o *ases7.

Co$onents o a sol'tion a!e sol(ent and sol'te. Sol(ent is s')stance that dissol(ethe sol'te 6o! exe$le tea7 and sol'te is dissol(ed s')stance 6ex. s'*a!7.

'!the!o!e# one li&'id can dissol(e in anothe! and we called it isci)le li&'id. I

two li&'ids cannot dissol(e one in anothe!# the a!e said to )e iisci)le.

%e 'se sol'tions in o'! dail" lie in ood# o! cleanin*# to (a!nish# to thinn a $aint

and so on.

In the end# we said soethin* a)o't $a!ticles in sol'tions. The" can )e colloidal and

s's$ended. S's$ended $a!ticles a!e (isi)le and can e se$a!ated )" flte!in*.

Colloidal $a!ticles a!e inte!ediate in si0e )etween those in sol'tions and in

s's$ension.


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9. -CIDS# :-SES -ND NEUTR-4I;-TION

The text deals with classifcation o eleents and co$'nds# acids 6incl'din* thei!

$!o$e!ties and t"$es7# $H scale# )ases and ne't!ali0ation.

%e said that we need classifcation )eca'se o desc!i)in* o! $!edictin* $!o$e!tiesand 'sa*e. Eleents a!e classifed into etals and nonetals. Co$o'nds can )e

o!*anic and ino!*anic and ino!*anic a!e acids# )ases# salts and oxides.

Mo!eo(e!# we tal+ed a)o't acids. -cids a!e co(alent co$o'nds which contain

h"d!o*en< ost acids also contain ox"*en.

6/RO/ERTIES2 7 The" ha(e h"d!oni' ion# contain !e$lacea)le h"d!o*en# ne't!ali0e

)ases# cond'ct elect!icit" and t'!n )l'e lit's !ed. The" can )e $!od'ced )"

heatin* a salt o the acid with s'l$h'!ic acid o! )" the !eaction o wate! with with

acid anh"d!ides.

The ost i$o!tant acids a!e h"d!ochlo!ic acid# s'l$h'!ic# nit!ic and acetic acids.

%e 'se $H scale to dete!ine a de*!ee o acidit" o! al+alinit". It is a scale !o = to

19. -ll )elo(e > a!e acids# e&'al > is ne't!al and a)o(e > is al+alinine.

'!the!o!e# we said that )ases a!e h"d!oxides o etals o! etalic !adicals. The"

a!e elect!o(alent co$o'nds and the" dissociate into ions. The" ha(e )iite! taste#

eel soa$"# ne't!ali0e acid# cond'ct elect!icit" and t'!n !ed lit's )l'e. The" can )e

$!od'ced )" addin* an acti(e etal to wate! o! )" co)inin* a salt with a sol')le

)ase.

In the end# we said soethin* a)o't ne't!ali0ation. Ne't!ali0ation is the 'nion o

h"d!oni' ions with h"d!oxil ions to o! wate!. /!od'cts o ne't!ali0ation a!e wate!

and salt.


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?. -TOMIC STRUCTURE

The text deals with defnition and (alence od ato and $e!iodic ta)le.

i!st we said soethin* a)o't ato. -to is co$lex 'nit ade o $!otons#

ne't!ons and elect!ons. /!otons and ne't!ons a!e o'nd in the n'cleo's o atowhich does not chan*e in !eactions while elect!ons a!e o'nd in ene!*" le(els o!

shells and the" chan*e in !eactions. Elect!ons dete!ine (alence o an ato and

n'cleo's contains ost o the ass.

'!the!o!e# we ex$lained ene!*" le(els. %hen ato a)so!) ene!*"# elect!ons a"

o(e to a hi*he! ene!*" le(el# )'t when the elect!ons o(e to a lowe! ene!*" le(el#

ene!*" is eitted and the" all ha(e tendenc" to achie(e 'll shell.

/e!iodic ta)le contains the )asic $!o$e!ties o eleents and it hel$s 's to $!edict

$ossi)le !eactions and o!'las.

Mo!eo(e!# we tal+ed a)o't (alence o atos. @alence is a n')e! o elect!ons it*ains# loses o! sha!es in cheical !eactions. The!e a!e elect!o(alent and co(alent

co$o'nds. The elect!o(alent co$o'nds a!e $!od'ced )" t!anse! o elect!ons and

these a!e *ene!all" solids. The co(alent co$o'nds a!e $!od'ced )" sha!in*

elect!ons and these a!e *ases and li&'ids.

The!e also a!e !adicals. Radical is a *!o'$ o atos that acts li+e a sin*le ato and

the" a" contain oth t"$es o )onds.


6/7

A. THE CHEMIC-4 4-:OR-TORY

In this 'nit we tal+ed a)o't the cheical la)o!ato!".

The ti$ical la)o!ato!" consist o a la!*e !oo with )alance !oo# a !ea*ent !oo

and soeties a da!+!oo. The )alance !oo is s$eciall" const!'cted to )e !ee!o exte!nal dist'!)ances. The anal"tical )alance is 'sed o! the wei*hin* o

sa$les.

The !ea*ent !oo is 'sed o! sto!in* cheicals and the" a!e sto!ed in la)elled

)ottles.

Each la)o!ato!" 'st ha(e )enches# sin+s# d!"in* cha)e!s# 'e c'$)oa!d#

distilled wate!# :'nsen )'!ne!# testt')es# )ea+e!s# flte! 'nnels# flte! $a$e!# wi!e

*a'0es and so on.


7/7

>. :UNSEN :URNER

In this 'nit we tal+ed a)o't :'nsen )'!ne!.

:'nsen )'!ne! is a de(ice which acilitate co)'stion )" ixin* *as and ai!. The

ao'nt o ai! and ao'nt o *as can )e cont!olled and diBe!ent *as and ai! !atioaBect the ae.

It is const!'cted o )ase and )a!!el. :a!!el is a t')e which contains o$enin*s that

cont!ol the ao'nt o ai! and t')e is th!eaded on the inside o one end. %hen the

)a!!el is !eo(ed !o )ase o the )'!ne!# the!e a!e sall o!ifce in the cente! o

this a!ea.

Mo!eo(e!# )ase has a needle (al(e which consists o a needle and a seat. This (al(e

cont!ols the ow o *as in the )'!ne!.

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