english for academic reading and writing

English for Academic Reading and Writing

Chin-cheng Huang ( 黃金誠 )Fooyin University

Department of Applied Foreign Languages

[email protected]

ESP Classification by Professional Area

EGPEnglish for (academic) science and technology

EAP English for (academic) medical purposes

English for (academic) legal purposes

ESP English for management, finance and economics

E for professional purposes E for medical p

EOP E for business p

E for vocational purposes Pre-vocational E

Vocational E

Vocabulary 字彙： 2000 word familiesGrammar 文法： Basic sentence pattern

Listening 聽 passive skillsReading 讀 receptive skills

Speaking 說 active skillsWriting 寫 creative skills

Translation expertise

Academic performance

The Pyramid of English Proficiency

Technological Students’ Problems

They lack:

confidence

motivation

Interesting

They have limited English competence.

Solutions

1. Need analysis

2. Focus on what you need

3. Constantly reading and writing

4. Apply what you know to decode what you don’t know

5. Increase your vocabulary knowledge

6. Happy learning

Influence of Vocabulary Size on Reading Comprehension

Hu and Nation (2000): Even reading a fiction text for pleasure, a reader should possess approximately 98% coverage of the vocabulary in a reading text.

Nation and Hwang (1995): Two thousand word families of general service vocabulary and the University Word List (UWL) might cover about 95% running words in general academic texts.

Influence of Vocabulary Size on Reading Comprehension

Laufer (1989, 1992): An L2 reader had to recognize 95% (around 3,000 high-frequency words) of the running words of a general text; s/he then can correctly gain adequate information from the reading text.

Hirsh and nation (1992): A reader who is able to read novels for pleasure should know 95%-98% of the running words (about 5,000 words families).

Vocabulary Knowledge

High-frequency wordsAcademic wordsTechnical wordsLow-frequency words

Word Acquisition

2,000 sight wordsAlphabetic orderBelongings/TopicParts of speechWord familyAffix, suffix Word rootsCompound wordsFrom know words to unknown words

Alphabetic Order (2)

J— jacket, jam, January, jazz, jealous, jeans, jeep, job, jog, join, joke, journalist, joy, judge, juice, July, jump, June, junior high school, just

K—kangaroo, keep, ketchup, key, kick, kid, kill, kilogram, kilometer, kind, kindergarten, king, kingdom, kiss, kitchen, kite, kitten, knee, knife, knock, know, knowledge, koala

Belonging/Topics (1)

1. People --- adult, baby, boy, child, couple, customer, fool,

genius, gentleman, giant, girl, guest, guy, hero, host, kid, king, lady, male, man, master, neighbor, partner, people, person, prince, princess, queen, stranger, teenager, visitor, woman, youth

9. Money --- bill, cash, cent, change, coin, credit card, dollar,

money, price --- borrow, buy, charge, cost, earn, lend, pay,

spend --- cheap, expensive


10. Food & drink --- fruit, apple, banana, grape, guava, lemon, mango, orange, papaya,

peach, pear, pineapple, strawberry , tangerine, tomato, watermelon. --- vegetable, bean, cabbage, carrot, corn, lettuce, nut, onion, potato,

pumpkin, meat --- beef, bread, bun, burger, cereal, chicken, dumpling, egg, fast food,

fish, flour, food, French fries, ham, hamburger, hot dog, instant noodle, noodle, pizza, pork, rice, salad, sandwich, seafood, shrimp, soup, spaghetti, steak, tofu

--- breakfast, brunch, dinner, lunch, meal, snack, supper --- beer, coffee, Coke, drink, ice, juice, liquid, milk, milk shake, soda, soft

drink, tea, water --- cake, candy, cheese, chocolate, cookie, dessert, doughnut, ice

cream, moon cake, pie, popcorn, toast --- butter, ketchup, cream, jam, oil, pepper, soy-sauce, salt, sugar,

vinegar --- hungry, full, thirsty --- bitter, delicious, hot, sour, sweet, yummy --- bake, boil, burn, cook, eat, order --- menu, diet


37. Other adverbs --- always, ever, never, often, seldom,

sometimes, usually --- actually, again, also, away, too, almost,

altogether, especially, even, finally, hardly, least, maybe, nearly, perhaps, probably, rather, really, so, still, then, together, very, quite, yet

--- aloud --- abroad, ahead, everywhere, anywhere,

somewhere --- either, neither, no, nor, not, yes (yeah)

Parts of speech (1)

Articles & Determiners

a, an, the, this, that, those, my, our, your, his, her, its, their

Pronouns & reflexives

I, me, we, us, you,….

all, another, any, anybody, anyone….

mine, ours, yours, hers, theirs

myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves….

Parts of speech (2)

Wh-wordHow, what, which, who, whose, when,

where, whether, while, whyBe & Auxiliaries

am, do, could….Prepositions

about, above, across, after….ConjunctionsAlthough, and, as, because, but, however, if....

Parts of speech (3)

Interjections

hello, hey, hi, oh, oops, uh-uh, wow….

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Word family

be 含 be, been, being, am, are, is, was, were

Defer, deferred, deferring, deference, deferent, deferents

Survive, survives, survived, surviving, survival, survivals, survivor, survivors, survivor’s, survivalist, survivalists, survivability

Affix

Ab, abs-- (away, from)Abdicate, abnormal, abominate, aboriginal, abrupt, absence, absolute, absolve, absorb, abstract, abundant, abuse

Uni-- (one)

Uniform, unify, union, unique, unison, unit, unite, unity, universal, universe

Suffix

Abolish, accomplish, admonish, anguish, astonish, banish, blandish, blemish, brandish, burnish, cherish, demolish, diminish, dish, distinguish, embellish, establish, extinguish, famish, finish, refinish, fish, overfish, flourish, furnish, refurbish, garnish, impoverish, languish, lavish, nourish, undernourish, perish, pish, plenish, deplenish, replenish, polish, publish, republish, punish, ravish, relinquish, relish, skirmish, tarnish, vanish, evanish, vanquish, varnish, whish, wish, unwish.

Word Roots (1)

--ane” 烷”bane—bugbane, carbane, fleabane, henbane, murbane,

ratsbane, urbane, inurbanecane—arcane, chicane, hurricane, sugarcaneDanefane--profanelane—air lane, plane, sealanemane—balletomane, humanepane--marchpanesane--insanevane—dogvane, paravanewane

Root words (2)

see vis look specthear audi say dict

speak log speak loqu speak parl speak fabl, fabul language lingu tongue glot, gloss letter liter read leg write scrib, script write scrib, cript paint pict laugh rib, ris blow flat breathe spir, hal

will vol, volunt know sci, cogn(Adopted from 蔣爭 (1990) 。飛越英文單字計憶難關：英文單字分解記憶法。台北：笛藤。 )

Compound words

bakehouse, bathhouse, boathouse, beerhouse, blockhouse, bordinghouse, cavehouse, chophouse, clubhouse, coffeehouse, countinghouse, cowhouse, customhouse, deckhouse, dyehouse, farmhouse, firehouse, flophouse, gashouse, greenhouse, guardhouse, guesthouse, guesthouse, icehouse, lighthouse, outhouse, packhouse, packinghouse, penthouse, pesthouse, playhouse, poorhouse, pothouse, porterhouse, powerhouse, roadhouse, showhouse, smokehouse, statehouse, storehouse, sugarhouse, summerhouse, teahouse, tollhouse, treasurehouse, warehouse, washhouse, weighthouse, wheelhouse, White House, workhouse. (pp.674-75)

From Known words to Unknown words

book

1. 書2. 卷3. 唱詞腳本4. 帳冊 keep books 記帳5. 支票簿6. 記載賭注的帳冊

Academic Words

Coxhead’s Academic Words List (AWL): 570 words

Nation’s University Words List (UWL): 868 words

Grammar (A)

Types of Sentence1. Declarative sentence2. Interrogative sentence3. Imperative sentence4. Exclamatory sentence

5. Simple sentence 6. Compound sentence7. Complex sentence8. Compound-complex sentence

Grammar (B)

Parts of Speech:1. Nouns (n.)2. Verbs (V.)3. Pronouns (pron.)4. Adjectives (adj.)5. Adverbs (adv.)6. Articles7. Prepositions (prep.)8. Conjunctions (conj.)9. Demonstrative (Dem.)

Grammar (C)

1. NP (noun phrase)

2. VP (Verb phrase)

3. AP (Adjective phrase)

4. PP (Preposition phrase)

Reading Strategies (1)

1. Getting an overview from abstracts;

2. Checking the keywords;

3. Using all the features of the text such as titles, headings, typeface ( 字體 ), tables and figures ;

4. Skimming for content and meaning;

5. Scanning for specifics;

6. Identifying organizational patterns;

Reading Strategies (2)

7. Understanding relations within a sentence and between sentences;

8. Using cohesive markers;

9. Predicting, inferring, and guessing;

10. Identifying main ideas, supporting ideas and details (examples);

11. Processing and evaluating the information during reading;

12. Taking notes.

Getting an Overview from AbstractsAbstract

Managers in the service sector are under pressure to demonstrate that their services are customer-focused and that continuous performance improvement is being delivered. It is essential that customer expectations are properly understood and measured under the constraints that organizations must manage. The majority of the work to date has attempted to use the SERVQUAL (service quality) methodology in an effort to measure service quality. In this study, firstly the concept and factors of service quality are examined. Then a fuzzy AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is structured to evaluate the proposed service quality framework. A case study in healthcare sector in Turkey is presented to clarify the methodology.

Checking the Keywords

Service quality; SERVQUAL; Healthcare quality; Fuzzy AHP

A recommender mechanism based on case-based reasoning

Chen-Shu Wanga, , Heng-Li Yang

Keywords

Recommender mechanism; Case-based reasoning; Multiple stage reasoning;

Genetic algorithm; Artificial intelligence application

Using All the Features of the Text

Titles:

Strategic analysis of healthcare service quality using fuzzy AHP methodology

Gülçin Büyüközkan, Gizem Çifçi, Sezin Güleryüz

Expert Systems with Applications Volume 38, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 9407–9424


Title:A framework for designing robust food

supply chains Jelena V. Vlajic, ,Jack G.A.J. van der Vorst , René Haijema

International Journal of Production Economics Volume 137, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 176–189

Analysis of outsourcing cost-effectiveness using a linear programming model with fuzzy multiple goals

Wang, Earl Juei1; Chen, Yen Chun1; Wang, Wen Shi1; Su, Tai Sheng2

International Journal of Production Research, Volume 48, Number 2, January 2010 , pp. 501-523(23)

Using All the Features of the Text (Headings & subheadings)

A Study of the Dispatching Order System to Support Module Structured Production System for the Demand Synchronized Production

Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design System, and Manufacturing , 2010, 4(2)

1. Introduction (Background)

2. Module Structured Production System (MSPS)

2.1 Definition and configuration of the system

2.2 Flexible configuration

Using All the Features of the Text (Headings & subheadings)

3. Dispatching Order System 3.1 Problems and requirements of demand-synchronized

production suing MSPS

3.2 Configuration and procedure of dispatching order system

3.3 Operation flow of dispatching order system

3.4 Calculation method of evaluation values

3.5 Features of dispatching order system

4. Evaluation of Dispatching Order System

5. Conclusion


Typefaces:In this section, some fundamental definitions and

features about the concepts of “supply chain”, “supply chain management” are proposed.

In this paper we use the term supply chain. as it is defined by the last of the quotes above.

The objective of supply chain management is to be able to have the right products in the right quantities (at the right place) at the right moment at minimal cost.

Using All the Features of the Text (tables)

Table 1. Characteristic differences between traditional ways of managing the supply chain and SCM (Cooper, Ellram, 1993) mentioned in (Vrijhoef, Koskela, 1999)

Element Traditional management Supply chain management

Inventory management Independent efforts Joint reduction of channel

approach inventories

Total cost approach Minimize firm costs Channel-wide cost efficiencies

Time horizon Short term Long term

Using All the Features of the Text (figures)

Skimming for Content and Meaning

To read something quickly to find the main facts, information, or ideas in an article

Read the first sentence and last sentence of a paragraph

Scanning for Specifics

To examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing

Applying 2 or 3 keywords or target terms to scan a passage

Identifying Organizational Patterns

Genres:

1. Note: nursing note

2. Memorandum (Memo)

3. E-mail

4. Report: business report;

5. Resume

6. Letters: business letters

Identifying Organizational Patterns

7. Newspapers, magazines

8. story, novel

9. Legal documents: Contract & agreement

10. Present illness (PI) ( 病史 )

11. Journal articles

12. Theses, dissertations

Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences

1. Temporal overlap: while, meanwhile

2. Temporal sequence: first, second, third, next, and then, last, finally.

3. Reason-result: because, since, because of, therefore, and therefore, so, and so, thus, as a result, so…that.

4. Means-purpose: to, for, by, using…

Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences (2)

5. Statement-example: such as, for example, for instance, like, particularly, including....

6. Statement-amplification: and, as well as, also, an also, furthermore, moreover

7. Statement-exception: besides, except, in addition (to)

Understanding Relations Within a Sentence and Between Sentences (3)

8. Concession-comment: although, though, but, however, even though

9. Condition-consequence: if, even if, in case of, unless, so long as

10. Compare-contrast: Based on, according to, regarding to, with regard to, concerning, on the other hand, both A and B, as…as, 比較級 , 最高級

Using Cohesive Markers

Conjunctions:

Co-ordinate conjunctions: and, both and, not only…but also, as well as, neither (nor), never…but, What is more (worse); moreover, furthermore, likewise, besides, in addition, similarly, further, indeed, also

Adversative conjunctions: but, however, indeed …but, It is true…but, whereas, on the contrary, while, only, still, yet, but yet, nevertheless, on the other hand

Using Cohesive Markers

Alternative conjunctions: or, not…but, either…or, otherwise

Illative conjunctions: so, thus, ( and) consequently, therefore, then, so then, (and) accordingly, hence

Explanatory conjunctions: for, such as, that is (to say), namely, for instance, to wit

Subordinate conjunctions: that, when, as , while, which, who, what, where+ cl.

Meanwhile, thus

Predicting, Inferring, and Guessing

Regarding to the title, heading or subheading, and figures or tables to predict the content

Based on the facts or numerical data to infer the unmentioned events or results

Applying what you know to guess the familiar words, terms, and contents that you are reading

Identifying Main Ideas, Supporting Ideas and Details

Main ideas: It is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. Supporting ideas: It usually follows the main idea

sentence or starts from the second sentence of the paragraph.

Details: They are used to described supporting each idea. They usually include one or more examples.

Inferences: Based on the information you read, you may infer some results that are not showed in the texts.

Criticize: According to the texts you read, offer the shortages or lacks of them.

Comments: Write down your feelings, opinions, views, or systematic suggestions.

Processing and Evaluating the Information during Reading

Holding your original attempt

Taking the information that you really need

Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the information

Extracting, highlighting, and recording the relevant information

Taking Notes

It may be the use of layout, capital letters, headings, systems of numbering, indentation, underlining, abbreviation symbols etc. One tendency of linear note-taking is that it is apt to become unnecessarily lengthy, whereas only a maximum of 10 per cent of the original is normally needed for recall purposes.

Taking notes 綜合評論彙整成表格決策模式決策模式隸屬函隸屬函

數型態數型態組合目標運算子組合目標運算子優缺點優缺點

ZimmermaZimmermann [28]nn [28]

線性函數線性函數小中取大小中取大計算容易，可以轉成計算容易，可以轉成 LPLP 模式求解，模式求解，可得可得 ParetoPareto 最佳解；缺點為線性最佳解；缺點為線性隸屬函數無法充分代表一般決策隸屬函數無法充分代表一般決策者之行為。者之行為。

Leberling Leberling [15][15]

雙曲線雙曲線函數函數

小中取大小中取大計算容易，為計算容易，為 ZimmermannZimmermann 模式模式之延伸，可得之延伸，可得 ParetoPareto 最佳解；缺最佳解；缺點為須考量實際情況是否為雙曲點為須考量實際情況是否為雙曲線函數。線函數。

Hannan [2]Hannan [2] 區段區段線性線性函數函數

●● 小中取大小中取大●● 最小離差值加權最小離差值加權總合總合●● 最小離差值優先最小離差值優先順序總合順序總合

採區段線性函數與實務情況需要採區段線性函數與實務情況需要較符，並可依據實際需要選擇三較符，並可依據實際需要選擇三種運算子來組合各目標函數，顧種運算子來組合各目標函數，顧及各目標之重要性及決策者對不及各目標之重要性及決策者對不同目標之偏好順序，可得同目標之偏好順序，可得 ParetoPareto最佳解。最佳解。

綜合評論彙整成表格決策模式決策模式隸屬函數型態隸屬函數型態組合目標運組合目標運

算子算子優缺點優缺點

Luhandjula Luhandjula [16][16]

線性函數線性函數最小和界線最小和界線可以轉成可以轉成 LPLP 模式求解，計算容易，模式求解，計算容易，可得可得 ParetoPareto 最佳解；線性隸屬函最佳解；線性隸屬函數無法充分代表一般決策者之行數無法充分代表一般決策者之行為。為。

Sakawa Sakawa [22][22]

線性函數線性函數指數函數指數函數

雙曲線函數雙曲線函數反雙曲線函數反雙曲線函數區段線性函數區段線性函數

小中取大小中取大適用於五種不同型態隻力鼠函數，適用於五種不同型態隻力鼠函數，並已發展出交談式電腦程式求解。並已發展出交談式電腦程式求解。缺點為屬於非線性規劃模式，利缺點為屬於非線性規劃模式，利用二分法求算逼近妥協解過程較用二分法求算逼近妥協解過程較為複雜。為複雜。

Hsu and Hsu and Tzeng [1]Tzeng [1]

同同 SakawaSakawa 模模式式

最小離差值加權最小離差值加權總合總合

結合結合ZimmermannZimmermann 、、 HannanHannan 、、 SakawaSakawa模式之優點，利用最小加權總合模式之優點，利用最小加權總合來結合目標函數，涵蓋五種不同來結合目標函數，涵蓋五種不同隸屬函數型態；缺點為屬於非線隸屬函數型態；缺點為屬於非線性規劃模式，利用二分法求算逼性規劃模式，利用二分法求算逼近妥協解過程較為複雜。近妥協解過程較為複雜。

Writing an abstract (1)

Including research purpose(s), research question(s), research method(s), result(s) or finding(s), and implication

Research purposes:

This article presents ….

The present study aims to ….

The main purpose of this (the) XXX study (research) is to ….

例 :This work presents a linear programming model with fuzzy multiple goals for analysing cost effectiveness during vendor selection.

Research purposes:

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model on the role that information systems (IS) architecture planning plays in enhancing IS outsourcing's impact on IS performance and to empirically test the model.

Research purposes:

This work presents a novel interactive multiple fuzzy objective linear programming (MFOLP) model for solving the aggregate production planning (APP) decision problem in a fuzzy environment.

Research method(s)

In order to sustain a competitive advantage, a manufacturer needs to anticipate this dynamic environment and offer the right amount of the right products at the right time to the right markets. Therefore, companies need to understand and analyze the different influencing factors. Many of these factors occur at periodical intervals and demonstrate a cyclic behavior. This article proposes a number of models and methodologies for anticipating and managing the different occurring cycles.

Research method(s)

Survey data were gathered and structural equation modeling technique is used to test hypotheses.

Research method(s)

The majority of the work to date has attempted to use the SERVQUAL (service quality) methodology in an effort to measure service quality. In this study, firstly the concept and factors of service quality are examined. Then a fuzzy AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is structured to evaluate the proposed service quality framework.

Result(s) or finding(s)

The implementation results demonstrate that ….

The results (findings) show (reveal) that ….

Results showed that the image projected by the vendors was a major factor in their selection, while reliability, responsiveness, and customer empathy were less important.


Therefore, the analytical results of this study, regardless of application outcomes or analysis methodology, provide decision criteria for manufacturing firms and introduce a new area of academic research.


The empirical test clearly demonstrates the important role that IS architecture planning plays in enhancing IS outsourcing's impact on IS performance. In other words, it shows that IS architecture planning provides a blueprint for establishing necessary technical and administrative platforms, based on which IS outsourcing can be effectively implemented to positively impact IS performance. Consequently, the key proposition in the conceptual model of the study has been empirically validated.

Implication

The empirical support of the key proposition that IS architecture planning enhances IS outsourcing's impact on IS performance makes it very clear that IS management should make due efforts to improve their understandings of various IS components, associated business processes, and their interactive relationships for better IS outsourcing management. Further, the identification of the antecedents of IS architecture planning will enlighten practitioners about how to improve their IS architecture planning competence.


避免 :1. 分段敘述2. 出現框格、數據或公式3. 列點說明4. 使用加粗、底下劃線、圖、表5. 應用註解6. 解釋專有名詞


7. 出現極端性字眼8.以不確定性時間表達9.出現問卷份數10. 用 { }和「」符號11.記載圖表編號

王貳瑞 (2003) 。學術論文寫作。東華書局。


Application of a linear programming model with fuzzy multiple goals for virtual business investments

Abstract

This article assesses the feasibility of virtual business investment planning models with specific virtual settings. The multiple criteria approach with fuzzy goals is deployed to analyze the available options as the model


is formulated in compliance with long-term settings. The model is developed to determine the optimum solution and suitable virtual options. The multiple objective approach is utilized to determine the cost and revenue interactions between capital limitations and profitability from a long-term viewpoint of outsourcing effectiveness in terms of virtual decisions.


The implementation is designed to survey the parameter variations of outsourcing quantities and escalation factors. The implementation results demonstrate that the use of both LP and multiple objective models enables business planners to employ a theoretical rigor not found in simpler decision models for virtual concepts.


Key words: fuzzy multiple, virtual business investment, outsourcing effectiveness

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