EnglishinNursing;Grammar

SethoHadisuyatmana,S.Kep.Ns

Background

•  Englishiss>llnecessaryassecondlanguage•  Oneofthemainproblemininterna>onalvacanciescompe>>onislanguageproficiency

•  StandardwriEenenglishiss>lltobeanissue•  Thefundamentalbasistounderstandenglishbesidesitscultureisgrammar

Problemstatement

•  Doeslearninggrammarhaveasignificantchangetounderstandanddelivermessageinenglish?

Goals

1.  Ac>veandPassiveSentence2.  NounClause3.  Gerund4.  DirectandIndirectSentence5.  Condi>onalSentence

ACTIVEANDPASSIVESENTENCETopic1

Features

•  Ac>vesentenceusedtoemphasizetheworkingsubject(S+V+O).

•  Passivesentenceasaconsidera>onwhenthedoerisnotneessary(S+be+V3).

PresentForms

•  Simple:Tobe+V3– Exp:IaminvitedtoJonah’sparty

•  Con>nuous:Tobe+being+V3– Exp:Waitforamoment,theclassisbeingpreparedforlecture.

•  Perfect:has/vebeen+V3– Exp:Theroomlooksnice,Ithinkithasbeencleanedamomentearlier.

PastForms

•  Simple:tobe+V3– Exp:Canyoutellmewhenwasyourhousebuilt?

•  Con>nuous:tobe+being+V3– Whenshecame,hercarwasbeingcleaned

•  Perfect:hadbeen+V3– Theyhadbeendonewiththepaperbythe>meshecall.

FutureandCondi>onalForms

•  Tobe+Par7ciple+Future7me– Hewillbeawardedbachelorbythe>mehefinishhisfinaltask.

• Need+tobe+Par7ciple• Itneedstoberescheduled• Thecomputerisneedtoberepaired

NOUNCLAUSETopic2

WhatisNounClause

•  ANounclauseisaclausethatthepurposeistoexplainthenouninsideasentence.

•  TypicalofNounClause:– NCbeginingwithaques>onwords– NCbeginingwithwetherorif– Ques>onWordsfollowedbyInfini>ves– NCbeginingwiththat

NC begining with a question words QuesCon Noun

Wheredoesshelive?Whatdidhetellusabout?Whenwilltheycome?

Shenevertellwhereshelives.Icouldnothearwhathetoldus.Weneverknowwhentheywillarrive

Whostandsthere?Whathappened

Idon’tknowwhostandsthereIdon’tknowwhathapened

Whoishe Iwonderwhoheis

Whatshouldwedo WhatweshouldwedonextiscallthePIC

NCBeginingWithWetherorIfYes/NoQuesCon NounClause

WillShecome a.  Idon’tknowwethershewillcomeornot.b.  We’llneverknowifshecomeun>lthisgameoverc.  Iwonderwetherornotshewillcomed.  Iamnotsureifshewillcomeornote.  Wethershecomesornotisnotimportanttome

Ques>onWordsFollowedByInfini>ves

1.  Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo2.  Idon’tknowwhattodo3.  Pamcan’tdecidewethertogoorstayat

home4.  PleasetellmehowIcangettothebus

sta7on5.  Johntolduswheretofindit

NCBeginingwithThatorOmiEedThat

Ithinkthatsheisbeau>ful↓

Ithinksheisbeau>ful

Thatthehousewasburntisonlyahoax

↓

Itisonlyahoaxthatthehousewasburnt

GERUNDTopic3

WhatandHow•  Gerundisaverbaddedwith“‐ing”tobeactasnoun.•  Exp:

–  Idontlikehercooking– Losingthismatchisnotanop>on– AcolarbraceisneededforsupporCngthebrokenneck?

– Playingtennisinthissuchweatherisnotrecommended

TheUseofGerunds

A. GerundasSubjectsB.  GerundasObjectsC.  GerundasModifiers

D. Nega>veformsGerund

A.GerundsasSubject

•  HavingfiaypercentofonehundredpercentisbeEerthannottohaveanything

• WriCngthedocumenta>onisoneofanurse’sdu>es.

•  Fallingfromthebedhasmadehiminjured

B.GerundsasObjects1.  AaerverbsS+V

+Gerund

•  admit(mengakui)•  appreciate(menghargai)

•  avoid(menghindari)•  can’thelp

•  consider(memper7mbangkan)

•  complete(menyelesaikan)

•  delay(menunda)

•  deny(menyangkal)

•  regret(menyesali)

•  report(melaporkan)

•  resent(menyesali)•  resist(bersikeras)

•  resume(memulailagi)•  risk(mengambilresiko)

•  suggest(menyarankan)

•  begin(mulai)•  can’tstand(7daktahan)

•  con7nue(melanjutkan)•  dislike(7daksuka)

•  dread(takut)

•  hate(benci)

• enjoy(menikma7)• finish(menyelesaikan)• mind(keberatan)• miss(merindukan)• postpone(menunda)• prac7ce(berla7h)• quit(berhen7)• recall(mengingat)• like(suka)• love(cinta)• prefer(lebihsuka)• start(mulai)• stop(berhen7)• remember(ingat)• forget(lupa)

2.Preposi>on+Gerunds•  Verb+Preposi>on+Gerund

–  Hestopsmokingbecauseofhisdoctor’sadvice.–  Hewaslookingforwardforhisfirstjobinterview–  Tinagaveuptryingtosavethepa>entaaerhewasstopbreathing.

•  Adjec>ve+Preposi>on+Gerund–  Thoseeldersareaccustomedtosleepingaaerten–  Thesurgeonisfondoflisteningtorockmusic.

•  Noun+Preposi>on+Gerund–  Themanagernevergiveanexcuseforbeinglate–  ThereisnopossibilityofresuscitaCngthepa>entnow

C.GerundsasModifier

•  AOerdoingalloftheprocedures,youhavetomakeagoodnursingdocumenta>on.

•  Onthefirstinstalla>on,yououghttoreadthemanualprocedurebeforeoperaCngthemachine.

•  BesidesassisCngthedoctor,thenursesalsohavetheirownindependentresponsibili>es.

•  YouarenotallowedtotexCngwhiledriving.

D.NounbeforeGerunds

•  Thefamilyislookingforwardforyourcomingnextweek

•  ThenursedoesnotapproveofpaCent’sproposingforacake

•  Herejectedhercallingforahelp

E.Nega>veGerunds

•  Sheinsistednotseeingherdogaaertheaccident.

•  ThestudentswereworriednotgeRngagoodgrades.

DIRECTANDINDIRECTSPEECHTopic4

TheVersus

•  Sayingexactlywhatsomeonehassaidiscalleddirectspeech– Example:Shesaid,“Jerrywon’tfailthis>me”

• Whereasindirectspeechisreportedspeech– Example:ShesaidthatJerrywouldnotfailatthat>me.

TheFormulaDirect speech Indirect speech

Present simple Rick said, "It's raining today."

› Past simple Rick said it was raining that time.

Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching CHN online."

› Past continuous She said she was teaching CHN online.

Present perfect simple She said, "I've been Working as lecture since 2009."

› Past perfect simple He said he had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

› Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

TheFormulaDirectSpeech IndirectSpeech

Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."

› Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."

› Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

› Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

› Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

ModalsareSome>mesChangeDirect speech Indirect speech

will › would can › could must › had to shall › should may › might • Thereisnochangeto;could,would,should,mightandoughtto.• Youcanusethepresenttenseinreportedspeechifyouwanttosaythatsomethingiss>lltruei.e.mynamehasalwaysbeenandwillalwaysbeLynneso:‐

• Like:DirectShesaid,“MynameisLynne”IndirectShesaidhernamewasLynne,orShesaidhernameisLynne

IF‐CONDITIONALTopic5

TheUse

If‐clause,MainClause#

•  If clause: present, main clause: future •  If clause: past, main clause: present

Formula

type if clause main clause

I Simple Present will-future (or Modal + infinitive)

II Simple Past would + infinitive *

III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *

•  IfIstudy,Iwillpasstheexam.Type1•  IfIstudied,Iwouldpasstheexam.Type2•  IfIhadstudied,Iwouldhavepassedtheexam.Type3

•  IwillpasstheexamifIstudy•  IwouldpasstheexamifIstudied•  IwouldhavepassedtheexamifIhadstudied